View source for Luoyang

{{Short description|City in Henan, China}}
{{other uses}}
{{for|the old city|The Old City of Luoyang}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|image5                         =  20230124 Yingtian Gate at Night 01.jpg|
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|caption1 =[[Longmen Grottoes]]
|caption2=[[White Horse Temple]]
|caption3=''[[Paeonia suffruticosa|Mudan]]'' in Luoyang
|caption4= [[Baiyun Mountain (Henan)|Baiyun Mountain]]
|caption5= Yingtian Gate
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| seat                            = [[Luolong District]]
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| leader_name                     = [[Li Ya (politician)|Li Ya]]
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| population_total                = 7,056,699
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| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=河南省统计局、国家统计局河南调查总队 |title=《河南统计年鉴－2017》 |date=November 2017 |publisher=[[China Statistics Press]] |isbn=978-7-5037-8268-8 |url=http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm |access-date=2018-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115105251/http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm |archive-date=2018-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm|title=河南统计年鉴—2017|accessdate=2018-12-03|work=www.ha.stats.gov.cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115105251/http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm|archive-date=2018-11-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]] 
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 382.0&nbsp;billion<br />[[US$]] 57.5&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 56,410<br />US$ 8,493
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'''Luoyang''' <!--Chinese in infobox-->({{lang-zh|s=洛阳|t=洛陽|p=Luòyáng}}) is a city located in the confluence area of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo River]] and the [[Yellow River]] in the west of [[Henan]] province, China. Governed as a [[prefecture-level city]], it borders the provincial capital of [[Zhengzhou]] to the east, [[Pingdingshan]] to the southeast, [[Nanyang, Henan|Nanyang]] to the south, [[Sanmenxia]] to the west, [[Jiyuan]] to the north, and [[Jiaozuo]] to the northeast. As of December 31, 2018, Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up (or metro) area made of the city's five out of six urban districts (except the [[Jili District]] not continuously urbanized) and [[Yanshi District]], now being conurbated.<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/henan/admin/|title=China: Hénán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153510/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-henan-admin.php|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of 2022, Luoyang Municipality had jurisdiction over 7 municipal districts, 7 counties and 1 development zone. The permanent population was 7.079 million as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=洛阳市2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/2/10/29/35/10976430.html?eqid=a6f40db4000141ae00000002644780c8 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.ly.gov.cn |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030062938/https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/2/10/29/35/10976430.html?eqid=a6f40db4000141ae00000002644780c8 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=中经数据 |url=https://wap.ceidata.cei.cn/detail?id=AG2CUFKkxKc= |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=wap.ceidata.cei.cn |archive-date=2024-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122555/https://wap.ceidata.cei.cn/detail?id=AG2CUFKkxKc= |url-status=live }}</ref>

Situated on the [[Central Plain (China)|central plain]] of China, Luoyang is among the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities#East Asia|oldest cities in China]] and one of the [[History of China#Ancient China|cradles of Chinese civilization]]. It is the earliest of the [[Historical capitals of China|Four Great Ancient Capitals of China]].

==Etymology==
The name "Luoyang" originates from the city's location on the north or sunny ([[Yin and yang#Toponymy|"yang"]]) side of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo River]]. Since the river flows from west to east and the sun is to the south of the river, the sun always shines on the north side of the river. Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including '''Luoyi''' ({{lang|zh|洛邑}}) and '''Luozhou''' ({{lang|zh|洛州}}), but Luoyang has been its primary name.  It has also been called '''Dongdu''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=東都 |l=eastern capital}}) during the [[Tang dynasty]], '''Xijing''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=西京 |l=western capital}}) during the [[Song dynasty]], or '''Jingluo''' ({{lang-zh|c=京洛|l=capital Luo}}).  During the rule of [[Wu Zetian]], the only [[empress regnant|female emperor]] in Chinese history, the city was known as '''Shendu''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=神都|l=divine capital}}). Luoyang was renamed '''Henanfu''' ({{lang|zh|河南府}}) during the [[Qing dynasty]] but regained its former name in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luoyang {{!}} China, Map, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Luoyang |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Classical era===
[[File:天子驾六.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|Museum of Luoyang Eastern Zhou Royal Horse and Chariot Pits]]
Several cities – all of which are generally referred to as "Luoyang" – have been built in this area. In 2070&nbsp;BC, the [[Xia dynasty]] king [[Tai Kang]] moved the Xia capital to the intersection of the Luo and Yi and named the city [[Zhenxun]] ({{lang|zh-hant|斟鄩}}). In 1600&nbsp;BC, [[Tang of Shang]] defeated [[Jie of Xia|Jie]], the final Xia dynasty king, and built Western Bo,  ({{lang|zh|西亳}}), a new capital on the Luo River. The ruins of Western Bo are located in Luoyang Prefecture.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1036&nbsp;BC a settlement named Chengzhou ({{lang|zh|成周}}) was constructed by the [[Duke of Zhou]] for the remnants of the captured [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] nobility. The Duke also moved the [[Nine Tripod Cauldrons]] to [[Chengzhou]] from the [[Zhou dynasty]] capital at [[Haojing]]. A second Western Zhou capital, [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)|Wangcheng]] (also: Luoyi) was built {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} west of Chengzhou.  Wangcheng became the capital of the [[Eastern Zhou dynasty]] in 771&nbsp;BC.  The Eastern Zhou dynasty capital was moved to Chengzhou in 510&nbsp;BC. Later, the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] capital of Luoyang would be built over Chengzhou.  Modern Luoyang is built over the ruins of Wangcheng, which are still visible today at Wangcheng Park.<ref>China.org.cn, 2009</ref>

[[Qin Shi Huang|Qin Shi Huang's]] chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]] visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital but was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to [[Chang'an]] instead for his capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=538–541|editor2-last=Salkin|editor2-first=Robert}}</ref>

===Han dynasty===
[[File:China-henan-luoyang-white-horse-temple-entrance-20040506.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|[[White Horse Temple]] gate]]
In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]].<ref name="Hymes">{{cite book |author=[[Robert Hymes]] |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |editor=John Stewart Bowman |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/13 13] |url-access=registration}}</ref>  The city walls formed a rectangle 4&nbsp;km south to north and 2.5&nbsp;km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo River]] just outside the northern eastern walls.  The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3&nbsp;km apart and connected by The Covered Way.  In 26 AD, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the eminent Founder, [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Emperor Gao]] of Former Han were inaugurated.  The Imperial University was restored in 29 AD. In 48 AD, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56 AD, the main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed.<ref name="Rafe">{{cite book |last1=de Crespigny |first1=Rafe |title=Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004324916 |pages=16–52}}</ref>

For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China. In AD 68, the [[White Horse Temple]], the first [[Buddhist]] temple in China, was founded in Luoyang.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The temple still exists, though the architecture is of later origin, mainly from the 16th century. [[An Shigao]] was one of the first monks to popularize [[Buddhism]] in Luoyang.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The diplomat [[Ban Chao]] restored the [[Silk Road]] during the Eastern Han dynasty, thus making Luoyang the eastern terminus of the Silk  Road during the Han dynasty.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 166 AD, the first [[Sino-Roman relations|Roman mission]], sent by "the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun" ([[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius Antoninus]], r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in [[Rinan]] Commandery in what is now central [[Vietnam]].<ref>Hill (2009), p. 27.</ref>

The late 2nd century saw China decline into [[anarchy]]:

<blockquote>The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the [[Yellow Turbans]], who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.<ref>Hill (2009), p. xvi,</ref></blockquote>

===Wei and Jin dynasties===
On April 4, 190 AD,<ref>{{cite book|last=Cullen|first=Christopher|title=Heavenly Numbers: Astronomy and Authority in Early Imperial China|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017|isbn=9780198733119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_U-DwAAQBAJ|page=336|postscript=none|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122553/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_U-DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}; {{cite book|editor1-last=Twitchett|editor1-first=Denis Crispin|editor2-last=Loewe|editor2-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge History of China. Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1986|isbn=9780521243278|page=348}}</ref> Chancellor [[Dong Zhuo]] ordered his soldiers to ransack, pillage, and raze the city as he retreated from [[Campaign against Dong Zhuo|the coalition set up against him]] by regional lords all over China. The court was subsequently moved to the more defensible western city of [[Chang'an]] (modern Xi'an). Following a period of disorder, during which warlord [[Cao Cao]] held the last Han emperor [[Han Xiandi|Xian]] in [[Xuchang]] (196–220), Luoyang was restored to prominence when his son Cao Pi, [[Cao Pi|Emperor Wen]] of the [[Cao Wei|Wei dynasty]], declared it his capital in 220 AD. The [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]], successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after [[Rome]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare. 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=50}}</ref>

At the start of the 4th century, Luoyang was subjected to repeated attacks during the [[War of the Eight Princes]] and [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians]] under the Jin. In 311 AD, rebel forces of the [[Xiongnu]]-led [[Han-Zhao]] dynasty sacked and razed the city in an event known as the [[Disaster of Yongjia]].<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 56–57] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 }}</ref> For the next two centuries, Luoyang would cease as a major population hub, but remained a hotly contested region among various states to come.<ref name=":1" /> It was the site of a [[Battle of Luoyang (328–329)|pivotal battle]] in 328 between the Han-Zhao and [[Later Zhao]] dynasties which established the latter as a hegemonic power in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=58}}</ref> The city changed hands several times throughout the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] period, as it was also controlled by the [[Former Yan]], [[Former Qin]] and [[Later Qin]] dynasties. The Jin dynasty, which had relocated south of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze river]] after the upheaval, was even able to recover the city on a few occasions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Northern Wei===
[[File:Longmen Grottoes 3.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|[[Longmen Grottoes]]]]
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Luoyang_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Luoyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.45
| s = 洛阳
| t = 洛陽
| l = "Northern Bank of the Luo [River]"
| p = Luòyáng
| w = Lo<sup>4</sup>-yang<sup>2</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|l|uo|4|.|yang|2}}
| j = Lok<sup>6</sup>-joeng<sup>4</sup>
| y = Lohk-yèuhng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|l|ok|6|.|j|oeng|4}}
| tl = Lo̍k-iông
| order = st
}}In winter 416, during [[Emperor Wu of Song|Liu Yu's]] northern expedition against the Later Qin, Luoyang fell to the Jin general [[Tan Daoji]]. In 422, the city was captured by [[Xianbei]]-led [[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty]]. The [[Liu Song|Liu Song dynasty]], which succeeded the Jin, briefly recovered the city in 430, but by the 460s, Luoyang was definitively under Wei control. In 493 AD, as part of his [[sinicization]] campaign, [[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei]] moved the capital from [[Datong]] to Luoyang, moving over 150,000 people to the site by 495,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=98}}</ref> and started the construction of the [[rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] [[Longmen Grottoes]]. More than 30,000 [[Buddhist]] statues from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves. Many of these sculptures were two-faced. At the same time, the [[Shaolin Temple]] was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the [[Mount Song]] right next to Luoyang City. The [[Yongning Pagoda|Yongning Temple]] ({{lang|zh-hans|永宁寺}}), the tallest pagoda in China, was also built in Luoyang. The city reached a population of 600,000 at its height during the Northern Wei.<ref name=":2" /> The city was destroyed by the warlord [[Gao Huan]], who captured the city and forced its population to move to his capital at [[Ye (Hebei)|Ye]] in 534.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=103}}</ref> The old city was the site of numerous battles between [[Western Wei]] (and its successor [[Northern Zhou]]) and [[Eastern Wei]] (and its successor [[Northern Qi]]) between 538 and 575.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Sui and Tang dynasties===
When [[Emperor Yang of Sui]] took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father [[Emperor Wen of Sui]]'s work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Robert B.|last=Marks|title=China: Its Environment and History|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History|isbn=978-1442212756|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122554/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History#v=snippet&q=China%3A%20Its%20Environment%20and%20History&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 116</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schinz|first=Alfred|year=1996|title=The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China|publisher=Edition Axel Menges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380|isbn=3930698021|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122555/https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380#v=snippet&q=The%20Magic%20Square%3A%20Cities%20in%20Ancient%20China&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 167–169.</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|
| image1 = 20210220 A model of Luoyang in Sui and Tang dynasty, Henan Museum.jpg| 
| image2 = 洛阳明堂天堂遗址中明堂的复原模型 (cropped).jpg
| footer = Model of Luoyang palace city during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the {{ill|Bright Hall|zh|明堂}} of Luoyang ''(right)'' commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 ''chi'' = 93m tall).<ref>《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。</ref>
}}
[[File:Luoyang Pavilion.jpg|thumb|''The Luoyang Pavilion'' by Li Zhaodao (675–758)]]

During the [[Tang dynasty]], Luoyang was Dongdu ({{lang|zh-hant|東都}}), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world.<ref>Abramson (2008), p. viii.</ref>

During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history – [[Wu Zetian|Empress Wu]], moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is now in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was heavily damaged during the [[An Lushan Rebellion]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Epitaph]]s were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese  husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow  |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=109-135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116|access-date=}}</ref> Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815.  This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=155-156, 149, 150, viii, xv |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=164 |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abramson|first=Marc S.|series=Encounters with Asia|author-link=|date=2011|title=Ethnic Identity in Tang China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20|location=|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=20|isbn=978-0812201017|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123533/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=%22vast%20numbers%20of%20non-Han%20women%20served%20in%20subordinate%20positions%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Luoyang in Han Dynasty.gif|282x282px|thumb|Map of Luoyang during the Eastern Han dynasty when it was the capital of China]]

During the short [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], Luoyang was the capital of the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] (only for a few years before the court moved to [[Kaifeng]]) and [[Later Tang]] dynasty.

===Later history===
During the Northern [[Song dynasty]], Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a prominent cultural center, housing some of the most important philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period.<ref name=":0" />

During the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], Luoyang was the "Middle Capital".

Since the [[Yuan dynasty]], Luoyang was no longer the capital of China in the rest of the ancient dynasties. During the Yuan and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties, Luoyang was razed and rebuilt twice. Its walls were destroyed by peasant rebels in the late Ming period. The city walls were then rebuilt during the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=":0" /> The population was reduced to that of an average county. However, for one last time, Luoyang city was the capital of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] for a brief period of time during the Japanese invasion. By 1949, Luoyang's population was 75,000.

===People's Republic of China===

After the People's Republic of China was established, Luoyang was revived as a major heavy industrial hub. In the [[first five-year plan (China)|first five-year plan of China]], 7 of 156 Soviet-aided major industrial programmes were launched in Luoyang's [[Jianxi District]], including Dongfanghong Tractor Factory, Luoyang Mining Machines Factory and Luoyang Bearing Factory. Later, during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] construction, a group of heavy industry factories was moved to or founded in Luoyang, including Luoyang Glass Factory. Industrial development significantly shifted Luoyang's demographic makeup, and about half of Luoyang's population are new immigrants after 1949 from outside the province or their descendants.

==UNESCO World Heritage Site==
* [[Longmen Grottoes]], added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 2000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1003 | title=Longmen Grottoes | access-date=2019-12-26 | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226031721/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1003/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Grand Canal (China)|The Grand Canal]] – Huiluo Barn, Hanjia Barn, added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443 | title=The Grand Canal | access-date=2019-12-26 | archive-date=2018-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707185836/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Silk Road UNESCO World Heritage Sites|Silk Roads]] – Han Wei Luoyang City Site, Dingding Gate Site of Sui Tang Luoyang City, Xin'an [[Hanguguan|Hangu Guan]] Site, added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442 | title=Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor | access-date=2019-12-26 | archive-date=2018-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201702/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Ancient city sites ==
* [[Erlitou culture|Erlitou Site]] ([[Zhenxun]]) of [[Xia dynasty]]
* Yanshi Shang City Site (Xibo) of [[Shang dynasty]]
* Wangcheng Site of [[Zhou dynasty|Eastern Zhou dynasty]]
* Luoyang City Site of [[Han dynasty|Han]] and [[Cao Wei|Wei dynasty]]
* Luoyang City Site of [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty]]

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Luòyáng Museum.jpg|thumb|219x219px|Luoyang Museum]]
[[File:Luòyáng HST station.jpg|216x216px|thumbnail|[[Luoyang Longmen railway station]] ([[High-speed rail|HSR]])]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ni49-7.jpg|thumb|Map including Luoyang (labeled as LO-YANG (HONANFU) {{lang|zh-hant|洛陽}}) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955)]]
The [[prefecture-level city]] of Luoyang administers 7 [[district of China|districts]] and 7 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]]:

*Districts
**[[Jianxi District]]
**[[Xigong District]]
**[[Laocheng District]]
**[[Chanhe Hui District]]
**[[Luolong District]]
**[[Yanshi District]]
**[[Mengjin District]]
*Defunct District
**[[Jili District]], now part of [[Mengjin District]] 
*Counties
**[[Xin'an County]]
**[[Luoning County]]
**[[Yiyang County, Luoyang|Yiyang County]]
**[[Yichuan County, Henan|Yichuan County]]
**[[Song County]]
**[[Luanchuan County]]
**[[Ruyang County]]
[[File:洛阳白马寺齐云塔.jpg|thumb|right|295x295px|Qiyun Pagoda in [[White Horse Temple]]]]

During the [[2010 Chinese census|2010 census]], the 5 "built-up" urban districts held a population of 1,857,003, making it the fourth-largest city in [[Henan]]. The entire area of Luoyang's municipal government held 6,549,941 inhabitants total.

{| class="wikitable"
! Map
|-
| align="center"| <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Luoyang.png|width=575|link=}} 
{{Image label|x=1510|y=510|scale=575/2130|text=[[Laocheng District|'''1''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1420|y=520|scale=575/2130|text=[[Xigong District|'''2''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1580|y=530|scale=575/2130|text=[[Chanhe Hui District|'''3''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1420|y=590|scale=575/2130|text=[[Jianxi District|'''4''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1670|y=260|scale=575/2130|text=[[Jili District|'''5''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1540|y=660|scale=575/2130|text=[[Luolong District|'''Luolong''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1800|y=580|scale=575/2130|text=[[Yanshi District|'''Yanshi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1500|y=360|scale=575/2130|text=[[Mengjin District|'''Mengjin''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1120|y=360|scale=575/2130|text=[[Xin'an County|'''Xin'an<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=470|y=1600|scale=575/2130|text=[[Luanchuan County|'''Luanchuan<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1030|y=1470|scale=575/2130|text=[[Song County|'''Song<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1450|y=1410|scale=575/2130|text=[[Ruyang County|'''Ruyang<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=980|y=820|scale=575/2130|text=[[Yiyang County, Luoyang|'''Yiyang<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=370|y=1020|scale=575/2130|text=[[Luoning County|'''Luoning<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1480|y=910|scale=575/2130|text=[[Yichuan County, Henan|'''Yichuan<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=200|scale=575/2130|text=[[Laocheng District|'''1. Laocheng''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=270|scale=575/2130|text=[[Xigong District|'''2. Xigong''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=340|scale=575/2130|text=[[Chanhe Hui District|'''3. Chanhe Hui''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=410|scale=575/2130|text=[[Jianxi District|'''4. Jianxi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=480|scale=575/2130|text=[[Jili District|'''5. Jili''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|}

===2021 administrative reorganization===
With the 2017 designation of Zhengzhou as a National Central City, Henan Province in 2020 proposed a new development plan for Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area, which called for the development of Luoyang as a sub-central city. As part of this development, authorities decided to expand the urban area of Luoyang. This not only facilitated planning and coordinated use of resources and infrastructure in Luoyang, but also allowed for better integration towards Zhengzhou, as Yanshi, Jili and Mengjin previously separated the Luoyang urban area from Zhengzhou.<ref name="news.sina.com.cn">{{cite web | url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021-03-28/doc-ikkntiam9617153.shtml | title=河南洛阳扩容，撤县设区还香吗？ | date=28 March 2021 | access-date=2021-09-23 | archive-date=2024-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710124101/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021-03-28/doc-ikkntiam9617153.shtml | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 March 2021, the central government approved a major administrative reorganization of Luoyang city. [[Yanshi District|Yanshi]] City was reorganized into an urban district (Yanshi District), while [[Jili District|Jili]] District  and [[Mengjin District|Mengjin]] County were merged into Mengjin District. This reorganization effectively doubled the urban area of Luoyang.<ref name="news.sina.com.cn"/>

==Geography==
As [[#Names|its name states]], the Old Town of Luoyang is located on the north bank of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo]], a southern tributary of the middle reaches of the [[Yellow River]]. The districts of the modern urban center include both banks and some of the surrounding mountains.

The countryside controlled by the municipal government includes still more rugged land: mountains comprise 45.51% of the total area; hills, 40.73%; and plains, 13.8%.<ref>{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|洛阳市人民政府网站}}}} [Luòyángshì Rénmín Zhèngfǔ Wǎngzhàn, ''Luoyang Municipal People's Government Website''] op.&nbsp;cit. {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|北京2008年奥运火炬接力官方网站}}}} [Běijīng 2008 Nián Àoyùn Huǒjù Jiēlì Guānfāng Wǎngzhàn, ''Beijing 2008 Torch Relay Official Website'']. {{nowrap|[http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/cn/journey/luoyang/luoyangnews/n214275161.shtml {{lang|zh|〈洛阳地理及气候概况〉}}]}} ["''Luòyáng Dìlǐ Jí Qìhòu Gàikuàng''", "Overview of Luoyang's Geography and Climate"]. 20&nbsp;Mar&nbsp;2008. Accessed 16&nbsp;Jan&nbsp;2014. {{in lang|zh}}</ref>

===Climate===
Luoyang has a highly continental dry-winter [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cwa''). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−18.2|°C|0}} (unofficial record of {{convert|-20|°C|0}}) was on January 17, 1936)<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国各地城市的历史最低气温 |url=https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404203050792315805 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=weibo.com}}</ref> to {{convert|44.2|°C|0}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Luoyang ([[Yanshi|Yanshi District]]), elevation {{convert|190|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
|Jan high C = 	6.5
|Feb high C = 	10.5
|Mar high C = 	16.5
|Apr high C = 	23.3
|May high C = 	28.5
|Jun high C = 	32.9
|Jul high C = 	33.0
|Aug high C = 	31.3
|Sep high C = 	27.4
|Oct high C = 	21.9
|Nov high C = 	14.6
|Dec high C = 	8.4
|Jan mean C = 	1.0
|Feb mean C = 	4.5
|Mar mean C = 	10.2
|Apr mean C = 	16.7
|May mean C = 	22.1
|Jun mean C = 	26.7
|Jul mean C = 	27.8
|Aug mean C = 	26.3
|Sep mean C = 	21.8
|Oct mean C = 	15.9
|Nov mean C = 	8.7
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|Jan low C = 	-3.2
|Feb low C = 	-0.4
|Mar low C = 	4.9
|Apr low C = 	10.7
|May low C = 	16.2
|Jun low C = 	21.3
|Jul low C = 	23.7
|Aug low C = 	22.4
|Sep low C = 	17.4
|Oct low C = 	11.2
|Nov low C = 	4.1
|Dec low C = 	-1.4
|Jan record high C = 20.2 |Jan record low C = -19.5
|Feb record high C = 28.0 |Feb record low C = -19.1
|Mar record high C = 33.0 |Mar record low C = -9.9
|Apr record high C = 38.5 |Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record high C = 41.9 |May record low C = 1.9
|Jun record high C = 43.4 |Jun record low C = 9.2
|Jul record high C = 42.0 |Jul record low C = 15.6
|Aug record high C = 41.7 |Aug record low C = 12.9
|Sep record high C = 40.3 |Sep record low C = 6.9
|Oct record high C = 35.2 |Oct record low C = -2.4
|Nov record high C = 30.5 |Nov record low C = -8.4
|Dec record high C = 24.4 |Dec record low C = -18.5
|year high C =  |year low C = 
|year high F =  |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	7.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 	10.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 	19.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 	33.5
|May precipitation mm = 	49.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 	64.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 	113.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 	95.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 	69.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	37.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 	24.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 	5.1
|Jan humidity = 	59
|Feb humidity = 	58
|Mar humidity = 	55
|Apr humidity = 	58
|May humidity = 	59
|Jun humidity = 	59
|Jul humidity = 	73
|Aug humidity = 	76
|Sep humidity = 	72
|Oct humidity = 	68
|Nov humidity = 	67
|Dec humidity = 	60
|Jan precipitation days = 	3.5
|Feb precipitation days = 	3.9
|Mar precipitation days = 	4.9
|Apr precipitation days = 	5.6
|May precipitation days = 	7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 	7.7
|Jul precipitation days = 	10.4
|Aug precipitation days = 	10.0
|Sep precipitation days = 	8.7
|Oct precipitation days = 	6.5
|Nov precipitation days = 	5.2
|Dec precipitation days = 	2.8
|Jan sun = 	133.6
|Feb sun = 	141.5
|Mar sun = 	177.3
|Apr sun = 	204.7
|May sun = 	220.4
|Jun sun = 	204.4
|Jul sun = 	182.5
|Aug sun = 	176.7
|Sep sun = 	153.3
|Oct sun = 	151.3
|Nov sun = 	145.7
|Dec sun = 	146.4
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	43
| Feb percentsun = 	45
| Mar percentsun = 	48
| Apr percentsun = 	52
| May percentsun = 	51
| Jun percentsun = 	47
| Jul percentsun = 	42
| Aug percentsun = 	43
| Sep percentsun = 	42
| Oct percentsun = 	44
| Nov percentsun = 	47
| Dec percentsun = 	48
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 	3.7
|Feb snow days = 	3.2
|Mar snow days = 	1.0
|Apr snow days = 	0.2
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	0.9
|Dec snow days = 	2.4
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather China<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101180901.shtml? |script-title=zh:洛阳 – 气象数据 – 中国天气网 |website=weather.com.cn |access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> data.ac.cn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.data.ac.cn/zrzy/g03.asp?name=%E6%97%A0&pass=%E6%97%A0&danwei=%E6%97%A0&kubian=G03&kuming=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93 |script-title=zh:气候资源数据库 |website=data.ac.cn |date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915085240/http://www.data.ac.cn/zrzy/g03.asp?name=%E6%97%A0&pass=%E6%97%A0&danwei=%E6%97%A0&kubian=G03&kuming=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=Jan 2014}}{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| location = Mengjin, elevation {{convert|329|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan high C = 5.4
| Feb high C = 9.1
| Mar high C = 15.0
| Apr high C = 21.9
| May high C = 27.1
| Jun high C = 31.3
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 29.7
| Sep high C = 25.8
| Oct high C = 20.5
| Nov high C = 13.5
| Dec high C = 7.5
| Jan mean C = 0.5
| Feb mean C = 3.8
| Mar mean C = 9.3
| Apr mean C = 15.8
| May mean C = 21.2
| Jun mean C = 25.6
| Jul mean C = 26.6
| Aug mean C = 25.1
| Sep mean C = 20.9
| Oct mean C = 15.4
| Nov mean C = 8.5
| Dec mean C = 2.5
| Jan low C = -3.1
| Feb low C = -0.2
| Mar low C = 4.8
| Apr low C = 10.6
| May low C = 15.9
| Jun low C = 20.6
| Jul low C = 22.8
| Aug low C = 21.7
| Sep low C = 17.0
| Oct low C = 11.3
| Nov low C = 4.6
| Dec low C = -1.2
| Jan record high C = 20.5
| Jan record low C = -17.2
| Feb record high C = 26.7
| Feb record low C = -15.7
| Mar record high C = 32.3
| Mar record low C = -8.2
| Apr record high C = 38.7
| Apr record low C = -2.4
| May record high C = 40.5
| May record low C = 4.6
| Jun record high C = 43.7
| Jun record low C = 10.0
| Jul record high C = 41.5
| Jul record low C = 15.4
| Aug record high C = 41.0
| Aug record low C = 11.7
| Sep record high C = 37.7
| Sep record low C = 5.7
| Oct record high C = 34.3
| Oct record low C = -1.9
| Nov record high C = 29.3
| Nov record low C = -11.7
| Dec record high C = 23.9
| Dec record low C = -13.5
| year high C = 
| year low C = 
| year high F = 
| year low F = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 9.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 12.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 23.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 40.3
| May precipitation mm = 53.4
| Jun precipitation mm = 68.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 123.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 100.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 88.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 43.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 27.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 6.3
| Jan humidity = 53
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 54
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 57
| Jun humidity = 59
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 72
| Oct humidity = 64
| Nov humidity = 60
| Dec humidity = 53
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 3.8
| Feb precipitation days = 4.3
| Mar precipitation days = 5.7
| Apr precipitation days = 6.1
| May precipitation days = 7.3
| Jun precipitation days = 7.8
| Jul precipitation days = 10.9
| Aug precipitation days = 10.3
| Sep precipitation days = 9.2
| Oct precipitation days = 6.9
| Nov precipitation days = 5.5
| Dec precipitation days = 3.2
| year precipitation days = 
| Jan sun = 142.3
| Feb sun = 144.6
| Mar sun = 182.1
| Apr sun = 213.0
| May sun = 227.9
| Jun sun = 206.8
| Jul sun = 177.3
| Aug sun = 177.7
| Sep sun = 159.9
| Oct sun = 162.3
| Nov sun = 153.3
| Dec sun = 158.4
| year sun = 
| Jan percentsun = 45
| Feb percentsun = 46
| Mar percentsun = 49
| Apr percentsun = 54
| May percentsun = 52
| Jun percentsun = 48
| Jul percentsun = 41
| Aug percentsun = 43
| Sep percentsun = 43
| Oct percentsun = 47
| Nov percentsun = 50
| Dec percentsun = 52
| year percentsun = 
| Jan snow days = 4.3
| Feb snow days = 4.0
| Mar snow days = 1.9
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 1.5
| Dec snow days = 3.0
| year snow days = 
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref>
{{cite web|title=Experience Template |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Culture==
[[File:20231119 Yingtian Gate 02.jpg|thumb|Museum of the site of Yingtian Gate, with recreations of Bright Hall (明堂) and Heaven Hall (天堂) rebuilt in the Tang dynasty style behind it.]]
;Sites
[[File:Guanlin Templ.JPG|thumb|228x228px|right|Guanlin Temple in May 2007]]
[[File:Drum tower in Luoyang old city.jpg|thumb|Drum tower in the old city]]
The [[Longmen Grottoes]] south of the city were listed on the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Sites]] in November 2000. Guanlin{{mdash}}a series of temples built in honor of [[Guan Yu]], a hero of the [[Three Kingdoms period]]{{mdash}}is nearby. The [[White Horse Temple]] is located {{convert|12|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} east of the modern town.

The [[Luoyang Museum]] (established 1958) features ancient relics dating back to the [[Xia dynasty|Xia]], [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], and [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasties]]. The total number of exhibits on display is 1,700.<ref>''China Culture''. "[http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_29944.htm Luoyang Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215165628/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_29944.htm |date=2016-02-15 }}".</ref> China's only tomb museum, the [[Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum]], opened to the public in 1987 and is situated north of the modern town.

The [[Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory]] (also known as the Dengfeng Observatory or the Tower of Chou Kong) stands {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} south-east of Luoyang. It was constructed in 1276 during the [[Yuan dynasty]] by [[Guo Shoujing]] as a giant [[gnomon]] for "the measurement of the sun's shadow". Prior to the [[Jesuit China Missions]], it was used for establishing the [[summer solstice|summer]] and [[winter solstice]]s in traditional [[Chinese astronomy]].<ref>[[Needham, Joseph]]. ''[[Science and Civilisation in China]]''.</ref>

Luoyang is the foundation of Confucianism, the birth of Taoism, the first transmission of Buddhism, the formation of metaphysics, and the origin of neo-Confucianism. All kinds of cultural thoughts are integrated and symbiosis here, and the [[compass]], [[Papermaking|paper making]] and [[printing]] among the [[Four Great Inventions|four great inventions]] of ancient China were born here. Luoyang is also the cultural root and ancestral lineage of the global Chinese, more than 100 million Hakka ancestral home in the world, 70% of China's clan name originated here, Heluo culture represented by "Hetu Luoshu" is the ancestral source of Chinese civilization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=基本概况 |url=https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/m/2/49/50/index.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.ly.gov.cn |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030063641/https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/m/2/49/50/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Cuisine
[[Water Banquet]], which is one of the famous banquets passed on for generations in the history of Chinese cuisine, consists of 8 cold and 16 warm dishes all cooked in various broths, gravies, or juices. The water here has two meanings: one is that all the hot dishes have soup-tang soup water; the other is that each dish is served after another smoothly just like flowing water. It comprises a wide selection of ingredients, simple and versatile, diverse tastes, sour, spicy, sweet and salty, comfortable and delicious.

;Botany
Luoyang is also celebrated for the cultivation of [[Paeonia suffruticosa|peonies]], its city flower. Since 1983, each mid-April the city hosts the Peony Culture Festival of Luoyang. More than 19 million tourists visited Luoyang during the 2014 festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=河南频道_凤凰网 |url=http://hn.ifeng.com/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=hn.ifeng.com |archive-date=2024-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123535/http://hn.ifeng.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Music
"Spring in Luoyang" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s={{nowrap|{{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|洛阳|春}}}} |p=Luòyáng Chūn}}), an ancient Chinese composition, became popular in [[Korea]] during the [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty]] (918–1392) and is still performed in its ''[[dangak]]'' (Koreanized) version ''Nakyangchun'' ({{nowrap|{{Korean|labels=no|낙양춘}}}}). [[Lou Harrison]], an American composer, has also created an arrangement of the work.

;Dialect
{{main|Luoyang dialect}}
Residents of Luoyang typically speak a dialect of [[Zhongyuan Mandarin]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Although Luoyang's dialect was a [[prestige dialect]] of [[dialects of Chinese|spoken Chinese]] from the [[Warring States period]] of the [[Eastern Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] until the [[Ming dynasty]], it differs from the [[Beijing dialect|Beijing form]] of [[Mandarin dialects|Mandarin]] which became the basis of the [[Standard Chinese|standard modern dialect]].

;Outer space
Asteroid&nbsp;(239200)&nbsp;2006&nbsp;MD13 is named after Luoyang.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
=== Archaeological Site Conservation Mobile Lab ===
The Luoyang Municipal Institute of Archaeology operates a mobile laboratory for the on-site conservation of artifacts during excavations. This vehicle is equipped with tools for emergency stabilization, cleaning, and preliminary analysis of unearthed objects, particularly fragile organic materials and metals, allowing for immediate intervention before transfer to a full conservation facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=洛阳市文物局考古发掘现场保护移动实验室项目 |url=http://wwj.ly.gov.cn/ |website=洛阳市文物局 |access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology]] {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|洛阳理工学院}})}}
*[[Henan University of Science and Technology]] {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|河南科技大学}})}}
*Luoyang Normal University {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|洛阳师范学院}})}}
*PLA Foreign Language Institute, formerly known as the Luoyang PLA College of Foreign Languages {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|解放军洛阳外语学院}})}}

==Transportation==
The city can be reached by highways, trains or planes. Long-distance buses are also an option although they generally tend to take longer. High-speed rail is the most common way to get into the city from either [[Xi'an]] or [[Zhengzhou]].
Luoyang has a bus system of around 30+ lines.
Taxis are also a common sight in the city.

=== Subway ===
{{main|Luoyang Subway}}
Line 1 of Luoyang Subway opened 28 March 2021.<ref name=lyd28>{{cite web|url=http://news.lyd.com.cn/system/2021/03/26/031994407.shtml|title=官宣！洛阳地铁1号线3月28日开通 中西部非省会城市第一个|date=2021-03-26|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2021-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327122759/http://news.lyd.com.cn/system/2021/03/26/031994407.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Line 2 opened on 26 December 2021.

=== Rail ===
;Conventional speed
The main station for conventional rail services is [[Luoyang railway station]] on the [[Longhai railway]]. [[:zh:关林站|Guanlin railway station]] on the [[Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway]] has a far less frequent service, only seeing north–south trains or vice versa that don't stop at Luoyang railway station.

;High-speed
[[Luoyang Longmen railway station]] sees high-speed services on the [[Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway]].
[[File:Panorama of Luoyang.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Luoyang]]

=== Road ===

*[[File:20231231 Wangcheng Avenue in Luoyang 02.jpg|thumb|Wangcheng Avenue in Luoyang]][[G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway]]
*[[G36 Nanjing–Luoyang Expressway]]
*[[G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway]]
*[[China National Highway 207]]
*[[China National Highway 310]]

=== Air ===
Luoyang is served by [[Luoyang Beijiao Airport]].

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Luoyang is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[La Crosse, Wisconsin]], United States
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Okayama, Okayama]], Japan

==Notable people==
{{colbegin}}
*[[An Chonghui]], chief advisor to Li Siyuan (Emperor Mingzong) of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang
*[[An Jincang]], Tang dynasty court official 
*[[An Lushan]], military general and rebel leader during the Tang dynasty
*[[An Shigao]], early Buddhist missionary to China
*[[Bahram VII]], son of [[Yazdegerd III]], the last [[Shahanshah]] of the [[Sasanian Empire]]
*[[Bai Juyi]], musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Ban Chao]], diplomat, explorer, and military general of the Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Bao Shanju]], cyclist
*[[Chen Dong (astronaut)|Chen Dong]], [[List of Chinese astronauts|astronaut]] of [[Shenzhou 11]] and [[Shenzhou 14]]
*[[Chen Qichang]], communist politician
*[[Cao Cao]], statesman, warlord, and poet during the Han dynasty
*[[Cao Pi]], first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period
*[[Cao Que]], official of the Tang dynasty 
*[[Cao Rui]], second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
*[[Cao Shuang]], military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period 
*[[Chen Yixing]], historian, military general, and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Chen Yuyi]], poet and politician of the Song dynasty
*[[Cheng Hao]], philosopher and politician
*[[Cheng Lin]], singer
*[[Cheng Yi (philosopher)|Cheng Yi]], philosopher and politician of the Song Dynasty
*[[Deng Yu]], statesman and military commander of the early Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Di Renjie]], politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties
*[[Dong Zhuo]], military general, politician, and warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Dou Zhengu]], historian and politician
*[[Du Wei (footballer)|Du Wei]], footballer 
*[[Dugu Xin]], general and official during the Northern and Southern dynasties period 
*[[Fu Yanqing]], military general, monarch, and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
*[[Gao Hong (composer)|Gao Hong]], [[pipa]] player
*[[Gao Xingzhou]],  military general, monarch, and politician
*[[Guo Zhenqian]], politician and banker
*[[Guo Zhongshu]], painter, scholar, calligrapher and philologist during the Five Dynasties period and Song dynasty
*[[Emperor An of Han]], emperor of the Han dynasty 
*[[Emperor Guangwu of Han]], emperor of the Han dynasty
*[[Emperor He of Han]], emperor of the Han dynasty
*[[Emperor Shang of Han]],  infant emperor of the Han dynasty 
*[[Han Chao]], footballer
*[[He Bin]], footballer
*[[He Jin]], military general and politician of the late Eastern Han dynasty
*[[He Lei]], lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army
*[[Guiguzi]], [[feng shui|geomancer]] and numerologist
*[[Ji Bingxuan]], politician  
*[[Ji Xu]],  politician during Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty
*[[Jia Boyan]], footballer
*[[Jia Su]], official of the Tang dynasty
*[[Jia Yi]], poet and politician of the Western Han dynasty
*[[Jiang Shen]], official of the Tang dynasty
*[[Emperor Huai of Jin]], emperor of the Jin Dynasty
*[[Emperor Yuan of Jin]], emperor of the Jin dynasty 
*[[Aowen Jin]], British artist and social commentator
*[[Jing Yanguang]], general and official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
*[[Princess Lanling]], consort of the Rouran khagan [[Yujiulü Anluochen]]
*[[Laozi]], legendary founder of [[Taoism]]
*[[Li Binzhu]], Chinese-Austrian judge and politician
*[[Li Chongmei]], imperial prince of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
*[[Li Conghou]], emperor of the Later Tang dynasty
*[[Li Congrong]], son of [[Li Siyuan]], the second emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
*[[Li Congyi]], imperial prince of the Later Tang dynasty 
*[[Li Cunxu]], Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang, founding emperor of the Later Tang dynasty  
*[[Li He]], poet of the mid-Tang dynasty
*[[Li Hengde]], nuclear physicist and materials scientist 
*[[Li Jue (Tang dynasty)|Li Jue]], military general and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Li Longji]], Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
*[[Li Mian]], judge, military general, musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Li Qiaoming]], general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
*[[Li Shen]], historian, military general, poet, and politician of the Tang dynasty
*[[Li Song (politician)|Li Song]], official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
*[[Emperor Zhongzong of Tang|Li Xian]], Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, fourth and seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty
*[[Li Shizhi]], poet and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Emperor Daizong of Tang|Li Yu]], Emperor Daizong of Tang, emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty
*[[Li Xiang (journalist)|Li Xiang]], journalist
*[[Li Zhaonan]], footballer
*[[Li Zhun]], novelist 
*[[Liang Ji]], military general and politician
*[[Liangqing (monk)|Liangqing]], Buddhist monk and abbot of Famen Temple 
*[[George Lindbeck]], American Lutheran theologian
*[[Linghu Chu]], official of the Tang dynasty
*[[Liu Bian]], 13th emperor of Eastern Han dynasty 
*[[Liu Zhangqing]], poet and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)|Liu Cong]], emperor of the Han-Zhao dynasty
*[[Liu Fangping]], Tang dynasty poet
*[[Liu Faqing]], lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army 
*[[Liu Jingyan]], empress of the Chen dynasty
*[[Liu Qing (prince)|Liu Qing]], crown prince of the Han dynasty
*[[Liu Shan]], second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period
*[[Emperor Xian of Han|Liu Xie]], Emperor Xian of Han 
*[[Liu Yan (Tang dynasty)|Liu Yan]], economist and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Emperor Ming of Han|Liu Yang]], Emperor Ming of Han
*[[Liu Yonghong]], cinematographer
*[[Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)|Liu Yuan]], Emperor Guangwen of Han (Zhao), founding emperor of the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty
*[[Liu Yuxi]], poet
*[[Liu Zhuan]], official of the Tang dynasty
*[[Lu Feng (footballer)|Lu Feng]], footballer
*[[Lu Ji (Shiheng)|Lu Ji]], military general, politician, and writer during the late Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty
*[[Lu Zhuguo]], screenwriter and writer
*[[Ma Chongchong]], footballer
*[[Man Chong]], military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
*[[Men Yang]], footballer
*[[Meng Guang]], official and scholar of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period
*[[Meng Jiao]], poet during the Tang dynasty
*[[Meng Meiqi]], singer, dancer ([[WJSN]] and [[Rocket Girls 101]])
*[[Ouyang Xiu]], historian, calligrapher, epigrapher, essayist, poet, and politician of the Song dynasty
*[[Pan Yue (poet)|Pan Yue]], poet in the Western Jin dynasty
*[[Pang Xi]], official during the Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Qi Kang (official)|Qi Kang]], historian and politician of the Tang Dynasty
*[[Qiao Wei]], footballer
*[[Qiao Xuan]], official during the Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Sang Hongyang]], politician of the Han dynasty
*[[Sang Weihan]], historian, military general, poet, and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 
*[[Shi Yue (Go player)|Shi Yue]], professional Go player
*[[Sima Guang]], historian, politician, and writer in the Song dynasty
*[[Sima Wei]], imperial prince during Jin Dynasty
*[[Sima Yi]], military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
*[[Sima Ying]], imperial prince during Jin dynasty
*[[Sima Yue]], imperial prince and regent for Emperor Hui and Emperor Huai
*[[Sima Zhao]], military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period 
*[[Empress Song (Song dynasty)|Empress Song]], empress consort of the Song dynasty
*[[Song Wo]], military officer and general who served the Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, and Song dynasties
*[[Sun Bu'er]], one of the Taoist Seven Masters of Quanzhen
*[[Sun Ru]], military general, rebel and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Sun Shengwu]], translator and editor
*[[Taishi Ci]], military general during the late Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Emperor Taizu of Song]], founder of the Song dynasty
*[[Touzi Yiqing]], Zen Buddhist monk during the early Song Dynasty
*[[Consort Dowager Wang]], noble consort to [[Li Siyuan]]
*[[Wang Duo (Ming dynasty)|Wang Duo]], calligrapher, painter, and poet in Ming dynasty
*[[Wang Fei (beach volleyball)|Wang Fei]], beach volleyballer
*[[Wang Hao (footballer, born 1989)|Wang Hao]], footballer
*[[Wang Haoran]], footballer
*[[Wang Hesheng (composer)|Wang Hesheng]], composer
*[[Wang Huimin (politician, born 1965)|Wang Huimin]], politician
*[[Wang Jianan (footballer)|Wang Jianan]], footballer
*[[Wang Jianwu]], military officer 
*[[Wang Kai (politician)|Wang Kai]], politician
*[[Wang Luoyong]], actor
*[[Wang Shanshan]], footballer
*[[Wang Shufeng]], politician
*[[Wang Yanqiu]], general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states
*[[Wang Yibo]], actor, singer
*[[Wang Yun (Han dynasty)|Wang Yun]], politician during the late Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Wu Yuanheng]], poet and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Wu Zetian]], Empress of China from 660 to 705
*[[Xi Zheng]], poet and politician during the late Three Kingdoms period
*[[Xiao Zhi (footballer)|Xiao Zhi]], footballer
*[[Xiu Xiu (pentathlete)|Xiu Xiu]], pentathlete
*[[Nora Xu]], model and beauty pageant titleholder
*[[Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei]], emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty 
*[[Xuanzang]], Buddhist monk and hero of the ''[[Journey to the West]]''
*[[Yang Jian (Sui prince)|Yang Jian]], imperial prince of the Sui dynasty
*[[Emperor Wen of Sui|Yang Jian]], Emperor Wen of Sui, founding emperor of the Sui dynasty
*[[Yan Lianke]], writer 
*[[Emperor Yang of Sui]], second emperor of the Sui dynasty 
*[[Yang Kuo]], footballer
*[[Yang Yilin (footballer)|Yang Yilin]], footballer
*[[Yang Yiyang]], sport shooter
*[[Yang Zhao]], crown prince of the Chinese Sui dynasty
*[[Yao Shouzhong]], poet
*[[Yao Sui]], poet
*[[Ye Chun]], Chinese-American writer and literary translator
*[[Yu Hai]], footballer
*[[Yu Zhigang (politician)|Yu Zhigang]], politician
*[[Yuan An]], politician during the Han dynasty
*[[Emperor Wen of Western Wei|Yuan Baoju]], Emperor Wen of Western Wei
*[[Yuan Shao]], military general, politician, and warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty
*[[Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei|Yuan Ziyou]], Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
*[[Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei|Yuan Xu]], Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei
*[[Yuquan Shenxiu]], Chan master
*[[Zang Ba]], military general during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China
*[[Zhang Ce]], official of the Tang dynasty 
*[[Zhang Heng]], polymathic scientist and statesman during the Han dynasty
*[[Zhang Li (footballer, born August 1989)|Zhang Li]], footballer
*[[Louxin Zhang]], Canadian computational biologist
*[[Zhang Quanyi]], Tang dynasty warlord
*[[Zhang Siqing]], politician and magistrate
*[[Zhang Yanshang]], politician serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong
*[[Zhang Yue (Tang dynasty)|Zhang Yue]], historian, military general, poet, and politician
*[[Zhangsun Sheng]], statesman, diplomat and general who served Sui dynasty
*[[Zhangsun Shunde]], general and officer in the early Tang dynasty
*[[Zhangsun Wuji]], chancellor in the early Tang dynasty
*[[Zhang Xiaopei]], politician
*[[Emperor Taizu of Song|Zhao Kuangyin]], Emperor Taizu of Song, founding emperor of the Song dynasty
*[[Zhao Wenfu]], politician
*[[Zhao Yin]], official of the Tang dynasty 
*[[Zheng Xunyu]], judge and politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Zheng Yuqing]], politician during the Tang dynasty
*[[Zhong Hui]], calligrapher, essayist, military general, and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China
*[[Zhou Chi]], official of the Tang dynasty
*[[Zhou Heyang]], professional Go player
*[[Zhu Changxun]], third son of the Ming dynasty Wanli Emperor.
*[[Zhu Shouyin]], military general and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
*[[Zhuge Dan]], military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China
*[[Zu Yong]], poet of the High Tang period
*[[Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei]], emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[Historical capitals of China]]
* [[Sino-Roman Relations]]
* [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luoyang]]
* [[Joraku]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Abramson, Marc. ''Ethnic Identity in Tang China''. University of Pennsylvania Press (Philadelphia), 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4052-8}}.
* Cotterell, Arthur. ''The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire''. Pimlico (London), 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-84595-010-1}}.
* Hill, John E. ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries&nbsp;CE''. BookSurge ([[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]), 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}.
* Jenner, W. J. ''Memories of Loyang''. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1981.
* Yang Hsüan-chih. ''Lo-yang ch'ien-lan chi'', translated by Wang Yi-t'ung as ''A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang.'' Princeton University Press ([[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]), 1984. {{ISBN|0-691-05403-7}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Luoyang}}
{{wikivoyage|Luoyang}}
{{Wiktionary|Luoyang|Loyang|Lo-yang}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190714131119/http://www.ly.gov.cn/ Official website] of the Luoyang Municipal Government {{in lang|zh}}
* "[http://www.china.org.cn/travel/where_to_go/2009-06/24/content_18003940.htm Wangcheng Park in Luoyang]" at China.org

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|years=AD{{nbsp}}25–190|row=1}}
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|years=AD{{nbsp}}196|row=1}}
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{{Henan topics}}
{{Henan}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Major cities along the Yellow River}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Luoyang| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Chinese capitals]]
[[Category:National forest cities in China]]
[[Category:12th-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in China]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Henan]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]