View source for Mór Jókai

{{Short description|Hungarian novel writer (1825–1904)}}
{{Eastern name order|Jókai Mór}}
{{Expand Hungarian|topic=bio|date=August 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name          = Mór Jókai
| image         = Maurus Jokai Litho.jpg
| alt           = Mór Jókai in 1879
| caption       = Mór Jókai
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|df=yes|1825|2|18}}
| birth_place   = [[Komárom]], Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now [[Komárno]], Slovakia)
| death_date    = {{death date and age|df=yes|1904|5|5|1825|2|18}}
| death_place   = [[Budapest]], Austria-Hungary
| resting_place = [[Kerepesi Cemetery]]
| occupation    = Author
| notableworks  = ''[[The Man with the Golden Touch]]'' (''Az aranyember'')<br>''[[The Heartless Man's Sons]]'' (''A kőszívű ember fiai'')
| language      = [[Hungarian (language)|Hungarian]]
| citizenship   = 
| education     = 
| movement      = [[Neo-romanticism]]
| spouse        = [[Róza Laborfalvi]] (1848–1886)<br>[[Bella Nagy]] (1899–1904)
| children      = 
| relatives     = 
| awards        = 
}}
[[File:Jókai Mór litográfia.jpg|thumb|Jókai in 1854; lithograph by [[Miklós Barabás]]]]
'''Móricz Jókay of Ásva''' {{IPA|hu|ˈmoːr ˈjoːkɒi|}} (18 February 1825 – 5 May 1904), known as '''Mór Jókai''', was a Hungarian [[novelist]], [[dramatist]] and [[revolutionary]]. Outside of [[Hungary]], he was also known as '''Maurice Jókai''' or '''Maurus Jókai''' or '''Mauritius Jókai'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius Jókai: De duabus salicibus enyediensibus |url=https://antikva.hu/magyar-irodalom/de-duabus-salicibus-enyediensibus}}</ref> He was a leader of the outbreak of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] in [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]]. His [[Romance novel|romantic novels]] became widely popular among the elite of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] England, where he was often compared to [[Charles Dickens]] by the press.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Hebbert|author2=Norm Longley|author3=Dan Richardson|title=Rough Guide. Hungary|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|year=2002|page=212|isbn=9781858289175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuEQsiwrldoC&q=j%C3%B3kai+%22queen+victoria%22&pg=PA212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=University of London. School of Slavonic and East European Studies|author-link=University of London|title=The Slavonic and East European Review, Voluma 8|publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]]|year=1929|page=359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZsIAQAAIAAJ&q=j%C3%B3kai+%22queen+victoria%22}}</ref> One of his most famous admirers was [[Queen Victoria]] herself.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lóránt Czigány|title=The Oxford history of Hungarian literature from the earliest times to the present|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|year=1984|page=222|isbn=9780198157816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prZiAAAAMAAJ&q=j%C3%B3kai+%22queen+victoria%22}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Komárom]] in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] to József Jókai of Ásva (1781–1837), a member of the Ásva branch of the ancient Jókay noble family; his mother was noblewoman Mária Pulay (1790–1856).{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} As a boy, he was timid and his health delicate, so he was educated at home until the age of ten, when he was sent to [[Bratislava|Pozsony]] (today Bratislava, [[Slovakia]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} He then attended the [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] college of [[Pápa]] ({{Interlanguage link|Calvinist College of Pápa|lt=Pápai Református Kollégium|hu|Pápai Református Kollégium}}), where he first met [[Sándor Petőfi]] and [[Sándor Kozma]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

When Jókai was twelve, his father died. His family wanted him to become a [[lawyer]] like his father had been, and he completed his education in [[Kecskemét]] and [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]] to that end. He won his first case as an independent lawyer.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} 

==Career==
Jókai was bored by his work as a lawyer, and he was encouraged in his art by the praise the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] gave his first play ({{Langx|hu|Zsidó fiú|lit=Jewish Boy}}).{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 1845, he moved to Pest where Petőfi introduced him to literary circles. Within the year his first noted novel ({{Langx|hu|Hétköznapok|lit=Working Days}}) was published as a serial by ''{{Interlanguage link|Pesti Divatlap|lt=|hu|}},'' followed by a hardcover edition in 1846. It was received with widespread critical acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} The following year, Jókai was appointed the editor of ''{{Interlanguage link|Életképek|lt=|hu|}}'', the then-leading Hungarian [[literary magazine]], and gathered a circle of young writers around himself.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

At the outbreak of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|revolution of 1848]], Jókai was enthusiastic about its revolutionary cause. Before the revolution, he had been a moderate [[Liberalism|liberal]] who opposed excesses, but the revolutionary victories of April and May 1849 persuaded him support [[Lajos Kossuth]]'s deposition of the then-reigning [[House of Habsburg]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} When the revolutionary war ended in defeat, he was present at the [[surrender at Világos]] (today [[Șiria|Şiria]], [[Romania]]) in August 1849. He intended to commit [[suicide]] to avoid imprisonment, but his wife, [[Róza Laborfalvi]] helped him escape on foot through Russian lines to Pest.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

For the next fourteen years Jókai was politically suspicious to the regime. He devoted himself to the rehabilitation of the [[Hungarian language]],{{Clarification needed|reason=Rehabilitation from what?|date=July 2023}} writing thirty [[Novel|novels]] and volumes of [[Fairy tale|tales]], [[Essay|essays]], and [[literary criticism]]. His renowned works ''Erdély aranykora'' ('The Golden Age of [[Transylvania]]'), its [[sequel]] ''Török világ Magyarországon'' ('The [[Turkish people|Turks]] in Hungary'), ''Egy magyar nábob'' ('A Hungarian [[Nabob]]'), its sequel ''Kárpáthy Zoltán'', ''Janicsárok végnapjai'' ('The Last Days of the [[Janissary|Janissaries]]'), and ''Szomorú napok'' ('Sad Days') were written during this time.

After the re-establishment of the Hungarian [[constitution]] by the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Jókai took an active part in politics. He was a long-time supporter of [[Kálmán Tisza|Kálmán Tisza's]] administration, sitting for over twenty years in [[parliament]] and founding the government paper ''{{Interlanguage link|A Hon|lt=|hu|}}'' in 1863.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 1897, [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|King Francis Joseph]] appointed him a member of the [[Upper house|Upper House]]. In 1899, he caused a country-wide scandal by marrying [[Bella Nagy]], a twenty-year-old actress.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Jókai died in [[Budapest]] on 5 May 1904. He was buried with his first wife (who had died in 1886) in the [[Fiume Road Graveyard]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Writings==
[[File:Mór Erdélyi - Jókai in his study - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jókai in his study;<br />photograph by {{ill|Mór Erdélyi|hu|Erdélyi Mór (fotográfus)}}]]Jókai was an extremely prolific writer, especially after 1870.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} He devoted most of his time to literature. Among the finest of his later works are ''[[The Man with the Golden Touch|Az arany ember]]'' ('A Man of Gold', translated into English under the title ''The Man with the Golden Touch''), the most popular ''A kőszívű ember fiai'' (''The Heartless Man's Sons''), the heroic chronicle of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], and ''A tengerszemű hölgy'' (''Eyes like the Sea''), the latter of which won the Hungarian Academy's prize in 1890.{{Clarification needed|reason=What prize?|date=July 2023}}

His ''Jövő század regénye'' (''Novel of the Next Century,'' 1872) is an important early work of [[science fiction]], though the term did not yet exist at the time.<ref>[http://www.editoreric.com/greatlit/lit-SciFi.html The Greatest Literature of All Time – Science Fiction<!-- Bot-generated title -->] at www.editoreric.com</ref> In spite of its romantic elements, this monumental two-volume novel includes some acute observations and foresights, such as the prediction of a [[Russian Revolution|revolution in Russia]] and the establishment of a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian state]] there, or the arrival of [[aviation]]. Because it could be read as a satirical allegory on [[Leninism]] and [[Stalinism]], the book was tacitly banned in Hungary in the decades of Socialism (only a 'Critical Edition' was published in 1981.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moly.hu/konyvek/jokai-mor-a-jovo-szazad-regenye|title = A jövő század regénye · Jókai Mór · Könyv| date=23 March 2019 }}</ref>

His writings became a major influence in the works of [[Gyula Krudy]].

==Collected editions==
Collections of his works:
* Összes művei. Nemzeti (Jubileumi) Kiadás. (Complete Works, "National Edition") 1894-1898, 100 vols.
* Hátrahagyott művei. (Late and Uncollected Works; the Sequel of the "National Edition") 1912, 10 vols.
* Összes művei. Centenáriumi kiadás. (Complete Works, "Centenary Edition") 1925-1932, 100 vols.
* Összes művei. Kritikai kiadás. (Complete Works, "Critical Edition") 1962-, in advance.

==Works==
[[Image:Jokai3.JPG|thumb|300px|Statue of Mór Jókai by [[Alajos Stróbl]] in Jókai Square, Budapest]]{{Incomplete list|date=July 2023}}

=== Translated into English ===

==== Collections of short stories ====

* ''Hungarian Sketches in Peace and War'' ({{Langx|hu|Forradalmi- és csataképek|lit=Images of Revolution and Battle}}), 1854. A selection translated by Imre Szabad.

==== Novels ====
* ''Midst the Wild Carpathians'' ({{Langx|hu|Erdély aranykora|links=no|lit=The Golden Age of Transylvania}}), 1852. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain in 1894, and again under the title ''The Golden Age in Transylvania'' by T. László Palotás in 2022.
* ''The Slaves of the Padishah (''{{Langx|hu|Török világ Magyarországon|links=no|lit=Turkish World in Hungary}}), 1852. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain in 1902.
* ''The Corsair King'' ({{Langx|hu|A kalózkirály|links=no|lit=The Pirate King}}), 1852–1853. Transl. by Mary J. Safford in 1901.
* ''A Hungarian Nabob'' ({{Langx|hu|Egy magyar nábob|links=no|lit=}}), 1853. Translated by R. Nisbet Bain in 1898.
* ''Halil the Pedlar'' ({{Langx|hu|A fehér rózsa|links=no|lit=The White Rose}}), 1854. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain in 1901, and again under the title ''The White Rose'' by T. László Palotás in 2023. It was adapted into the 1919 Hungarian silent drama film ''[[White Rose (1919 film)|Fehér rózsa]]'' ('White Rose').
* ''The Lion of Janina'' ({{Langx|hu|Janicsárok végnapjai|links=no|lit=The End Days of the Janissaries}}), 1854. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain in 1897 and again under the title ''The Last Days of the Janissaries'' by T. László Palotás in 2023.
* ''The Day of Wrath'' ({{Langx|hu|Szomorú napok|links=no|lit=Sad Days}}), 1848–1856. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain in 1900.
* ''Poor Plutocrats'' ({{Langx|hu|Szegény gazdagok|links=no|lit=The Poor Rich}}), 1860. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain, 1899)
* ''The New Landlord'' ({{Langx|hu|Az új földesúr|links=no|lit=The New Feudal Lord}}), 1863. Transl. by Arthur J. Patterson in 1868.
* ''Debts of Honor'' ({{Langx|hu|Mire megvénülünk|links=no|lit=By the Time We Grow Old}}), 1865. Transl. by [[Arthur Yolland]] in 1900.
* ''The Baron's Sons'' ({{Langx|hu|A kőszívű ember fiai|links=no|lit=The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man}}), 1869. Transl. by Percy Favor Bicknell in 1900 and adapted into a {{Interlanguage link multi|A kőszívű ember fiai (film)|hu|3=A kőszívű ember fiai (film)|lt=1965 Hungarian film}}.
* ''Black Diamonds'' ({{Langx|hu|Fekete gyémántok|links=no|lit=}}), 1870. Transl. by Frances Gerald in 1896.
* ''[[The Man with the Golden Touch|Modern Midas: The Man with the Golden Touch]]'' ({{Langx|hu|Az arany ember|links=no|lit=The Golden Man}}), 1872. Transl. by [[Laura Curtis Bullard]] and Emma Herzog in 1888, and also by [[Edmund Hegan Kennard|Agnes Hegan Kennard]], titled ''Timar's Two Worlds'', in 1894. It has been adapted into multiple films, first in 1918, among them the 1962 Hungarian movie ''[[The Man of Gold (film)|Az aranyember]].''
* ''Manasseh. A Romance of Transylvania'' ({{Langx|hu|Egy az Isten|links=no|lit=One is God}}), 1876. Transl. by Percy Favor Bicknell in 1901.
* ''The Nameless Castle'' ({{Langx|hu|Névtelen vár|links=no|lit=}}), 1877. Transl. by Sarah Elisabeth Boggs in 1898.
* ''Pretty Michal'' ({{Langx|hu|Szép Mikhál|links=no|lit=}}), 1877. Translated by R. Nisbet Bain in 1891.
* ''The Strange Story of Ráby'' ({{Langx|hu|Rab Ráby|links=no|lit=Ráby the Prisoner}}), 1879. Transl. by [[Anonymity|anonymous]] in 1909.
* ''Told by the Death's Head'' ({{Langx|hu|Egy hírhedett kalandor a 17. századból|links=no|lit=An Infamous Adventurer from the 17th Century}}), 1879. Transl. by Sarah Elisabeth Boggs in 1903.
* ''The Green Book'' ({{Langx|hu|Szabadság a hó alatt, vagy a Zöld könyv|links=no|lit=Freedom under the Snow, or the Green Book}}), 1897. Transl. by Ellis Wright, Mrs Waugh in 1897.
* ''Peter the Priest'' ({{Langx|hu|Páter Péter|links=no|lit=Father Peter}}), 1881. Transl. by S. L. Waite and A. L. Waite in 1897.
* ''Eyes Like the Sea'' ({{Langx|hu|A tengerszemű hölgy|links=no|lit=The Lady with See-Eyes}}), 1890. Transl. by R. Nisbet Bain in 1893.
* ''Dr. Dumány's Wife'' ({{Langx|hu|Nincsen ördög|links=no|lit=There is No Devil}}), 1891. Transl. by Frances Steinitz in 1891.
* ''The Yellow Rose'' ({{Langx|hu|Sárga rózsa|links=no|lit=Yellow Rose}}), 1893. Transl. by Beatrice Danford in 1909.

==== Other English editions ====
* ''Life in a Cave:'' short novel for children, translated by Linda Villari, 1884.
* ''In Love with the [[Tsarina|Czarina]]'': short stories, transl. by Lewis Felberman, 1893.
* ''The Tower of Dago'': a short novel, transl. by [[Anonymity|anonymous]], 1899.
* ''A Christian but a Roman'': a short novel, transl. by anonymous, 1900.
* ''Tales from Jókai:'' selected and translated by R. Nisbet Bain, 1904.

=== Not translated into English ===
* ''Hétköznapok'' ('Weekdays'), 1846.
* ''Vadon virágai'' ('Flowers of the Wild'), 1848. Collection of short stories.
* ''Kárpáthy Zoltán'' ('Zoltán Kárpáthy'), 1854. Adapted into the 1966 Hungarian film ''[[Zoltán Kárpáthy|Kárpáthy Zoltán]].''
* ''A régi jó táblabírák'' ('The Good Old Justices'), 1856.
* ''Az elátkozott család'' ('The Cursed Family'), 1858.
* ''Politikai divatok'' ('Political Fashions'), 1862.
* ''Felfordult világ'' ('Upturned World'), 1863.
* ''Szerelem bolondjai'' ('Fools of Love'), 1868.
* ''[[And yet it moves|Eppur si muove]]. És mégis mozog a Föld.'' ('Eppur si muove. And Yet The Earth Moves'), 1872.
* ''A jövő század regénye'' ('The Novel of the Coming Century'), 1872-74.
* ''Enyim, tied, övé'' ('Mine, Thine, His'), 1875.
* ''Egész az északi pólusig!'' ('Right Up to the North Pole!'), 1875.
* ''Az élet komédiásai'' ('Comedians of Life'), 1876.
* ''Görögtűz'' ('[[Greek fire|Greek Fire']]), 1877.
* ''Akik kétszer halnak meg'' ('Those Who Die Twice'), 1881-2.
* ''Szeretve mind a vérpadig'' ('Loving Till the Scaffold'), 1882.
* ''Egy játékos, aki nyer'' ('A Player Who Wins'), 1882.
* ''Bálványosvár'' ('The Castle of Idols'), 1883.
* ''Minden poklokon keresztül'' ('Through All the Hells'), 1883.
* ''A lőcsei fehér asszony'' ('The White Lady of [[Levoča]]'), 1884.
* ''A cigánybáró'' ('The [[Romani people|Gipsy]] Baron'), 1885. Adapted into the 1885 [[operetta]] ''[[The Gypsy Baron]]'' by [[Johann Strauss II|Johan Strauss II]].
* ''Életemből'' ('From my Life'), 1886.
* ''A kiskirályok'' ('The [[Viceroy|Viceroys]]'), 1886.
* ''A három márvány fej'' (The Three Marble Heads), 1887.
* ''A lélekidomár'' ('The Trainer of Souls'), 1888-9.
* ''Gróf Benyovszky Móricz életrajza'' ('The Biography of Count [[Móric Beňovský]]) 1888–1891.
* ''Gazdag szegények'' (Rich Poor), 1890
* ''Rákóczy fia'' ('Rákóczy's Son'), 1891.
* ''A fekete vér'' ('The Black Blood'), 1892.
* ''A két Trenk: Trenk Frigyes'' ('The Two Trenks: Friedrich Trenk'), 1892-3.
* ''Fráter György'' ('[[George Martinuzzi|Frater George]]'), 1893.
* ''De kár megvénülni!'' ('What a Pity to Grow Old!'), 1896.
* ''Öreg ember nem vén ember'' ('An Old Man is no Fool'), 1899.
* ''Egetvívó asszonyszív'' ('A Woman's Heart Fighting the Heavens') 1902.
* ''A mi lengyelünk''" ('Our Man from Poland'), 1903.
* ''Ahol a pénz nem isten'' ('Where Money is not God'), 1904.

==Selected filmography==
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|The Hungarian Nabob|it}}'', directed by [[Travers Vale]] (1915, based on the novel ''Egy magyar nábob'')
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Az aranyember (1918 film)|de|3=Der rote Halbmond|lt=Az aranyember}}'', directed by [[Alexander Korda]] (1918, based on the novel ''[[The Man with the Golden Touch]]'')
* ''[[White Rose (1919 film)|White Rose]]'', directed by [[Alexander Korda]] (1919, based on the novel ''A fehér rózsa'')
* ''[[The Gypsy Baron (1927 film)|The Gypsy Baron]]'', directed by [[Frederic Zelnik]] (1927, based on the operetta ''[[The Gypsy Baron]]'')
* ''[[The Gypsy Baron (1935 film)|The Gypsy Baron]]'', directed by [[Karl Hartl]] (1935, based on the operetta ''[[The Gypsy Baron]]'')
* ''[[Az aranyember (1936 film)|Az aranyember]]'', directed by [[Béla Gaál]] (1936, based on the novel ''[[The Man with the Golden Touch]]'')
* ''[[The Gypsy Baron (1954 film)|The Gypsy Baron]]'', directed by [[Arthur Maria Rabenalt]] (1954, based on the operetta ''[[The Gypsy Baron]]'')
* ''[[The Gypsy Baron (1962 film)|The Gypsy Baron]]'', directed by {{ill|Kurt Wilhelm|de|Kurt Wilhelm (Regisseur)}} (1962, based on the operetta ''[[The Gypsy Baron]]'')
* ''[[The Man of Gold (film)|The Man of Gold]]'', directed by [[Viktor Gertler]] (1962, based on the novel ''[[The Man with the Golden Touch]]'')
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|A kőszívű ember fiai (film)|hu|3=A kőszívű ember fiai (film)|lt=A kőszívű ember fiai}}'', directed by [[Zoltán Várkonyi]] (1965, based on the novel ''A kőszívű ember fiai'')
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Egy magyar nábob (film)|hu|3=Egy magyar nábob (film)|lt=Egy magyar nábob}}'', directed by [[Zoltán Várkonyi]] (1966, based on the novel ''Egy magyar nábob'')
* ''[[Zoltán Kárpáthy]]'', directed by [[Zoltán Várkonyi]] (1966, based on the novel ''Zoltán Kárpáthy'')
* ''[[Szaffi]]'', directed by [[Attila Dargay]] (1984, based on the novel ''The Gypsy Baron'')

==Honors==
Three stamps were issued by Hungary in his honor, all on 1 February 1925.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/list/country/6955-Hungary/year/1925|title = Hungary : Stamps &#91;Year: 1925&#93; &#91;1/2&#93;}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Névy László, ''Jókai Mór''
* Hegedűs Sándor, ''Jókai Mórról''
* [[Harold Temperley|H. W. V.  Temperley]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=aqd-dkX_MVMC&pg=PA107 "Maurus Jokai and the Historical Novel"], pp. 107–114, ''Contemporary Review'' (July 1904).
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Jókai, Maurus}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://mek.oszk.hu/html/vgi/kereses/keresesujgy.phtml?tip=gyors&szerzo=Jokai+Mor Works by Mór Jókai] at [[Hungarian Electronic Library]]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=5845| name=Mór Jókai}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mór Jókai |sopt=w}}
* [http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00001/00366/pdf/itk_EPA00001_1991_05-06_505-542.pdf Maurus Jókai’s novels in English translation] (in Hungarian but with an abstract in English at the end) by Judit Kádár (in ''Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények'' "Bulletins in Literary History")
* {{Librivox author |id=1627}}
* [http://www.intratext.com/catalogo/Autori/Aut1357.htm Mór Jókai's works]: text, concordances and frequency lists
* {{imdb name|0433584}}

{{Hungarian literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jokai, Mor}}
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[[Category:Novelists from Austria-Hungary]]
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