View source for MIM-104 Patriot

{{Short description|American surface-to-air missile system since 1981}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = MIM-104 Patriot
| image              = U-s-service-members-stand-by-a-patriot-missile-battery-in-gaziantep-turkey.jpg
| image_size         = 325px
| caption            = A Patriot system in [[Turkey]]
| origin             = United States
| type               = Mobile [[surface-to-air missile]]/[[anti-ballistic missile]] system
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_missile         = 
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = Since 1981; initial operational capacity 1984<ref name="M104" />
| used_by            = See ''[[#Operators|operators]]''
| wars               = [[Gulf War]]<br />[[Iraq War]]<br />[[2006 Lebanon War]] <br />[[2014 Gaza War]]<br />[[Syrian Civil War]]<br />[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]<br />[[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]<br />[[Saudi Arabian–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)]]<br />[[Russo-Ukrainian war]]<br />[[Gaza war]]<br />[[Iran-Israel war]]<!-- Production history -->
| designer           = [[Raytheon Missiles & Defense|Raytheon]], [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes]], and RCA
| design_date        = 1969
| manufacturer       = [[Raytheon Missiles & Defense|Raytheon]], [[Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control|Lockheed Martin]], and [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]]
| unit_cost          = '''Domestic cost:''' About US$1.09&nbsp;billion (FY 2022) for a battery;<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.csis.org/analysis/patriot-ukraine-what-does-it-mean|title = Patriot to Ukraine: What Does It Mean?|website = [[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]]|date = June 5, 2023 | last1=Cancian | first1=Mark F. | last2=Karako | first2=Tom }}</ref> US$4&nbsp;million for a single PAC-3 MSE missile<ref>{{cite web |title=What the Patriot missile can do for Ukraine |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/patriot-missile-ukraine-explainer/#:~:text=How%20much%20does%20the%20Patriot,its%20July%20missile%20defense%20report |website=CBS News |access-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref><br />'''Export cost:''' About US$2.37–2.5&nbsp;billion for a battery; US$6–10&nbsp;million (FY 2018) for a single missile<ref>{{cite web |title= A Look at Turkey's PAC-3+ IAMDS Procurement Activities |url=https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/a-look-at-turkey-s-pac-3-iamds-procurement-activities-3332 |website=Defenceturkey.com |access-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>
| production_date    = 1976–present
| number             = {{unbulleted list
 |1,106 launchers in U.S. (483 were in service in 2010)
 |Over 250 launchers exported to 18 countries<ref name="DefNews4924">{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/04/09/how-patriot-proved-itself-in-ukraine-and-secured-a-fresh-future/ |title=How Patriot proved itself in Ukraine and secured a fresh future |date=April 9, 2024 |publisher=Defense News |access-date=April 9, 2024|first=Jen|last=Judson}}</ref>
 |Over 10,000 missiles manufactured
 }}
| variants           = ''See {{section link||Variants}}''
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 
| length             = 
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
| crew               = <!-- Vehicle specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|160|km|mi
|abbr=on}} (max)
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = * PAC-2 GEM+: {{convert|5630|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} 
* PAC-3: {{convert|6170|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| guidance           = 
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''MIM-104 Patriot''' is a mobile interceptor missile [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) system, the primary such system used by the [[United States Army]] and several allied states. It is manufactured by the U.S. defense contractor [[Raytheon]] and derives its name from the [[radar]] component of the weapon system. The AN/MPQ-53 at the heart of the system is known as the "Phased Array Tracking Radar to Intercept on Target",<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2012 |title=US sends 400 troops with Patriot missile batteries to Turkish frontier |work=Daily Telegraph}}</ref> which is a [[backronym]] for "Patriot". In 1984, the Patriot system began to replace the [[Nike Hercules]] system as the U.S. Army's primary [[high to medium air defense]] (HIMAD) system and the [[MIM-23 Hawk]] system as the U.S. Army's medium tactical air defense system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=November 13, 1984 |title=Patriot missile ready for field |work=United Press International |quote=The first deployment to Western Europe of the Army's new Patriot anti-aircraft missile will begin later this month, six months later than scheduled because of testing problems, the Army said Tuesday. The non-nuclear missile system, which can track up to 50 targets at a time and guide five missiles, is intended to improve the air defenses of the NATO alliance and will replace the old Nike Hercules system and several battalions of Hawk missiles, an Army announcement said.}}</ref> In addition to defending against aircraft, Patriot is the U.S. Army's primary terminal-phase [[anti-ballistic missile]] (ABM) system. {{as of|2016}}, the system is expected to stay fielded until at least 2040.<ref name="armytimes15march16">{{cite web |url= https://www.armytimes.com/your-army/2016/03/15/raytheon-unveils-new-patriot-radar-at-ausa-global-16/ |title= Raytheon Unveils New Patriot Radar at AUSA Global 16 |date= March 16, 2016|author=  Jen Judson and Tony Lombardo|publisher=  Army Times |access-date=October 8, 2025 }}</ref>

Patriot uses an advanced aerial interceptor missile and high-performance radar systems. Patriot was developed at [[Redstone Arsenal]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], which had previously developed the [[Safeguard Program|Safeguard]] ABM system and its component [[LIM-49A Spartan|Spartan]] and [[hypersonic speed|hypersonic]] [[Sprint (missile)|Sprint]] missiles. The symbol for Patriot is a drawing of a [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]–era [[Minutemen (militia)|minuteman]].

The MIM-104 Patriot has been widely exported. Patriot was one of the first tactical systems in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to employ [[Lethal autonomous weapon|lethal autonomy]] in combat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/976797da-7b8b-4e86-84f4-4052f394d2e1|title=Patriot Wars: Automation and the Patriot Air and Missile Defense System|last=Hawley|first=John K.|date=February 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143306/http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/976797da-7b8b-4e86-84f4-4052f394d2e1|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> The system saw poor performance in the 1991 [[Gulf War]], without any confirmed interceptions of Iraqi [[Scud missiles]], but made successful intercepts in the 2003 [[Iraq War]]. It has also been used by Saudi and Emirati forces in the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemen conflict]] against [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] missiles. In August 2014 batteries first downed [[UAVs]] when [[Israeli Air Defense Command]] engaged two [[Hamas]] drones during [[Operation Protective Edge]]. In September 2014, Patriot first shot down a crewed aircraft, when an Israeli battery intercepted a [[Syrian Air Force]] [[Sukhoi Su-24]] .<ref name="ynetnews.com" /> Since 2023, Patriot systems have been used by Ukraine in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]], downing Russian [[Sukhoi Su-34|Su-34]] and [[Sukhoi Su-35|Su-35]] fighters, [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopters, and [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal|Kinzhal]] ballistic missiles.

==Introduction==
Prior to the Patriot, Raytheon was involved in a number of surface to air missile programs, including FABMDS (Field Army Ballistic Missile Defense System), AADS-70 (Army Air-Defense System – 1970) and SAM-D (Surface-to-Air Missile – Development).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delaney|first=William P.|title=Perspectives on Defense Systems Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7K2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|year=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-02935-3|page=64}}</ref> In 1975, the SAM-D missile successfully engaged a drone at the [[White Sands Missile Range]]. In 1976, it was renamed the PATRIOT Air Defense Missile System. The MIM-104 (Mobile Interceptor Missile 104) Patriot combined several new technologies, including the MPQ-53 [[passive electronically scanned array]] radar and [[track-via-missile]] guidance.

Full-scale development of the system began in 1976 and it was deployed in 1984.<ref name=":0" /> Patriot was used initially as an anti-aircraft system. In 1988, it received an upgrade providing limited capability against [[tactical ballistic missile]]s (TBM), designated PAC-1 (Patriot Advanced Capability 1). The most recent upgrade by manufacturer Lockheed Martin, designated PAC-3, is a nearly total system redesign of the interceptor missiles, this time designed from the outset with the capability to engage and destroy tactical ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/patriot/|title=CSIS Missile Threat Defense Project: Patriot|author=CSIS|access-date=October 3, 2024}}</ref> The Army plans to upgrade the Patriot system as part of the [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense]] system designed to tie into a broader air defense architecture using an Integrated Battle Command System (IBCS).<ref name="DefNews4924" />

===Patriot equipment===
[[File:Soldiers from the 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade at work.jpg|thumb|left|Soldiers from the 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade conducting reload from a Guided Missile Transporter (GMT)]]
The Patriot system has four major operational functions: communications, command and control, radar surveillance, and missile guidance. The four functions combine to provide a coordinated, secure, integrated, mobile air defense system.

The Patriot system is modular and highly mobile. A [[#Patriot battalion|battery]]-sized element can be installed in less than an hour. All components, consisting of the fire control section (radar set, engagement control station, antenna mast group, electric power plant) and launchers, are truck- or trailer-mounted. The radar set and launchers (with missiles) are mounted on M860 semi-trailers, which are towed by [[Oshkosh Corporation|Oshkosh]] M983 [[Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|HEMTTs]].

[[File:Operator in de ICC (Information Coordination Central center) van een Nederlandse Patriot-batterij bij Brakstadt in Noorwegen (2009 D040309-C1204).jpg|thumb|right|An operator in the Information Coordination Central (ICC) monitors the actions of the battery via his display]]
Missile reloading is accomplished using a [[Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|M985 HEMTT]] truck with a Hiab crane on the back. This crane is larger than the standard Grove cranes found on regular [[Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|M977 HEMTT]] and M985 HEMTT cargo body trucks. The crane truck, known as a Guided Missile Transporter (GMT), removes spent missile canisters from the launcher and replaces them with fresh missiles. Because the crane nearly doubles the height of the HEMTT when not stowed, crews informally refer to it as the "scorpion tail". A standard M977 HEMTT with a regular-sized crane is sometimes referred to as the Large Repair Parts Transporter (LRPT).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The heart of the Patriot battery is the fire control section, consisting of the AN/MPQ-53 or −65/65A Radar Set (RS), the AN/MSQ-104 or −132 Engagement Control Station (ECS), the OE-349 Antenna Mast Group (AMG), and the EPP-III Electric Power Plant (EPP). The system's missiles are transported on and launched from either the M901 Launching Station (LS), which can carry up to four PAC-2 missiles; the M902 LS, with sixteen PAC-3 missiles; or the M903 LS, which can be configured to carry PAC-2, PAC-3, and MSE/SkyCeptor missiles in various combinations. A Patriot [[battalion]] is also equipped with the Information Coordination Central (ICC), a command station designed to coordinate the launches of a battalion and uplink Patriot to the [[Joint Tactical Information Distribution System|JTIDS]] or [[Multifunctional Information Distribution System|MIDS]] network.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

====AN/MPQ-53, -65 and -65A Radar Set====
The AN/MPQ-53/65 Radar Set is a [[passive electronically scanned array]] radar equipped with [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]], electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM), and [[track-via-missile]] (TVM) guidance subsystems.
The AN/MPQ-53 Radar Set supports PAC-2 units, while the AN/MPQ-65 Radar Set supports PAC-2 and PAC-3 units. The main difference between these two radars is the addition of a second [[travelling-wave tube]] (TWT), which gives the −65 radar increased search, detection, and tracking capability. The radar antenna array consists of over 5,000 elements that "deflect" the radar beam many times per second.

The radar antenna array contains an IFF interrogator subsystem, a TVM array, and at least one "sidelobe canceller" (SLC), which is a small array designed to decrease interference that might affect the radar. Patriot's radar is somewhat unusual in that it is a "detection-to-kill" system, meaning that a single unit performs all search, identification, track, and engagement functions. Most other SAM systems, by contrast, require several different radars to perform all functions necessary to detect and engage targets.

[[File:JASDF Patriot RS(RadarSet) tsuiki 20121028 113836.jpg|thumb|A detailed view of an AN/MPQ-53 Radar Set]]
The beam created by the Patriot's flat phased array radar is comparatively narrow and highly agile compared to that of a moving dish. This characteristic gives the radar the ability to detect small, fast targets like ballistic missiles, or low [[radar cross-section]] targets such as [[stealth aircraft]] or [[cruise missile]]s. The power and agility of Patriot's radar is also highly resistant to countermeasures, including [[electronic countermeasures|ECM]], radar jamming, and use of [[radar warning receiver|RWR]] equipment. Patriot is capable of quickly changing frequencies to resist jamming. However, the radar can suffer from "blind spots."<ref name="DefNews4924" />

[[File:Raytheons GaN-based AESA Radar Prototype.jpg|thumb|An AN/MPQ-65A AESA radar set]]
The Army is planning upgrades to the Patriot system's radar components, including a new digital processor that replaces the one used since the system's introduction. In 2017, the Patriot got a new AN/MPQ-65A [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar that has greater range and sharper discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/army-missile-defense-must-step-up-its-game-heidi-shyu/ |first=Sydney J. Jr. |last=Freedberg |title=Army Missile Defense Must Step Up Its Game: Heidi Shyu |website=Breaking Defense.com |date=August 12, 2015 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120132/https://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/army-missile-defense-must-step-up-its-game-heidi-shyu/ |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix4kse6ZRBo |title=Patriot GaN-Based AESA |author=Raytheon Technologies |date=March 10, 2016 |website=YouTube |access-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103044720/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix4kse6ZRBo|archive-date=November 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The main [[gallium nitride]] (GaN)-based AESA array measures {{convert|9|x|13|ft|m|abbr=on}}, is a bolt-on replacement for the current antenna, and is oriented toward the primary threat; two new rear panel arrays are a quarter the size of the main array and let the system look behind and to the sides, providing 360-degree coverage.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--not stated--> |title=New Raytheon radar showcases reliability, 360-degree capability |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-raytheon-radar-showcases-reliability-360-degree-capability-300462177.html |agency=PRNewswire|work=Raytheon Company| date=May 23, 2017|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--not stated--> |title=Future drones, planes, missiles no match for new Raytheon radar|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/future-drones-planes-missiles-no-match-for-new-raytheon-radar-300213373.html|agency=PRNewswire|work=Raytheon Company| date=February 2, 2016|access-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref> The GaN AESA radar also has up to 50 percent less maintenance costs.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=AESA radar with 360-degrees coverage moves toward production readiness |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aesa-radar-with-360-degrees-coverage-moves-toward-production-readiness-300158463.html |language=en |last= |first= |access-date=August 29, 2024 |website=PR Newswire}}</ref> Instead of shining a single transmitter through many lenses, the GaN array uses many smaller transmitters, each with its own control, increasing flexibility and allowing it to work even if some transmitters do not.<ref name="armytimes15march16"/>

In October 2017, the Army announced Raytheon's Lower-Tier Air and Missile Defense System (LTAMDS) radar had been selected as the Patriot system's new radar. Unlike the previous radar which could only watch one part of the sky at a time primarily to detect ballistic missiles, the LTAMDS has 360-degree coverage to detect low flying and maneuvering drones and cruise missiles.<ref name="DefNews4924" /> The design has one large main array flanked by two smaller arrays, with the main panel still focused on high-altitude threats and the side panels, which are half the size with twice the power of the previous radar set, able to detect slower threats from considerable distance. Raytheon was awarded a {{US$|383}}{{nbsp}}million contract to build the first six radars to enter service in 2022.<ref>[https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/ltamds-raytheon-to-build-linchpin-of-army-air-missile-defense/ LTAMDS: Raytheon To Build Linchpin Of Army Air & Missile Defense]. ''Breaking Defense''. October 17, 2019.</ref>

====AN/MSQ-104 and -132 Engagement Control Station====
[[File:JASDF MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 Engagement Control Station(Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great) at Nara Base 20150606-01.JPG|thumb|An AN/MSQ-132 ECS vehicle of a Japanese Patriot unit]]
[[File:Communicatiesysteem-van-de-patriot.jpg|thumb|Operator stations (pre-PDB 7)]]
The AN/MSQ-104 or AN/MSQ-132 Engagement Control Station (ECS) is the nerve center of the Patriot firing battery, costing approximately {{US$|6}}{{nbsp}}million per unit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harpoon database encyclopedia |url=http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/entry1493.aspx |access-date=October 5, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730051438/http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/entry1493.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2014 }} (a database for the computer game [[Harpoon (series)|Harpoon]])</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2014}} The ECS consists of a shelter mounted on the bed of an [[M939 Truck#Models|M927 5-Ton Cargo Truck]] or on the bed of a [[Light Medium Tactical Vehicle]] (LMTV) cargo truck. The main subcomponents of the ECS are the Weapons Control Computer (WCC), the Data Link Terminal (DLT), the [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] communications array, the Routing Logic Radio Interface Unit (RLRIU), and the two-person stations that serve as the system's human machine interface. The ECS is air conditioned, pressurized (to resist chemical/biological attack), and shielded against [[electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP) or other such electromagnetic interference. The ECS also contains several [[SINCGARS]] radios to facilitate voice communications.

The WCC is the main computer within the Patriot system. This computer controls the operator interface, calculates missile intercept algorithms, and provides limited fault diagnostics. It was designed as a 24-bit parallel militarized computer with fixed- and floating-point capability, organized in a multiprocessor configuration that operates at a maximum clock rate of {{frequency|6|MHz}}. Compared to modern personal computers, this represents very limited processing power, so the computer has been upgraded several times during Patriot's service life. The latest variant fielded in 2013 has performance improved by several orders of magnitude.

The DLT connects the ECS to Patriot's Launching Stations. It uses either a [[SINCGARS]] radio or fiber optic cables to transmit encrypted data between the ECS and the launchers. Through the DLT, the system operators can remotely emplace, slew or stow launchers, perform diagnostics on launchers or missiles, and fire missiles.

The UHF communications array consists of three UHF radio "stacks" and their associated patching and encrypting equipment. These radios are connected to the antennas of the OE-349 Antenna Mast Group, which are used to create UHF "shots" between sister Patriot batteries and their associated ICC. This creates a secure, real-time data network (known as PADIL, Patriot Data Information Link) that allows the ICC to centralize control of its subordinate firing batteries.

The RLRIU functions as the primary [[Router (computing)|router]] for all data coming into the ECS. The RLRIU gives a firing battery an address on the battalion data network, and sends/receives data from across the battalion. It also "translates" data coming from the WCC to the DLT, facilitating communication with the launchers.

Patriot's crew stations are referred to as Manstation 1 and 3 (MS1 and MS3). These are the stations where Patriot operators interface with the system. The manstations consist of a monochrome (green and black) screen surrounded by various Switch Indicators. Each manstation also has a traditional [[QWERTY]] keyboard and isometric stick, a tiny [[joystick]] that functions much like a [[Personal computer|PC]] [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]]. It is through these switch indicators and the Patriot user interface software that the system is operated. With newer upgrades, the operator's monochrome screen and physical switches have been replaced with two {{convert|30|in|abbr=on}} touchscreen LCDs and a standard keyboard/mouse at both stations.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

====OE-349 Antenna Mast Group====
[[File:JASDF Patriot AMG(AntennaMastGroup) ashiya 20161009 100600.jpg|thumb|upright|OE-349/MRC Antenna Mast Group]]
The OE-349 Antenna Mast Group (AMG) is mounted on an M927 5-Ton Cargo Truck. It includes four 4&nbsp;kW antennas in two pairs on remotely controlled masts. Emplacement of the AMG can have no greater than a 0.5-degree roll and a 10-degree crossroll. The antennas can be controlled in azimuth, and the masts can be elevated up to {{convert|100|ft|11|in|m|sp=us}} above ground level. Mounted at the base of each pair of antennas are two high-power amplifiers associated with the antennas and the radios in the co-located shelter.

It is through these antennas that the ECS and ICC send their respective UHF "shots" to create the PADIL network. The polarity of each shot can be changed by adjusting the "feedhorn" to a vertical or horizontal position. This enables a greater chance of communication shots reaching their intended target when terrain obstacles may otherwise obscure the signal.

====EPP-III Electric Power Plant====
[[File:JASDF MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2 Electric Power Plant(Nissan Diesel Big Thumb, 49-0182) left rear view at Kasuga Air Base November 25, 2017.jpg|thumb|left|EPP-III Electric Power Plant vehicle of JSDF]]
The EPP-III Diesel-Electric Power Plant (EPP) is the power source for the ECS and Radar. The EPP consists of two 150&nbsp;kilowatt diesel engines with 400&nbsp;hertz, 3-phase generators that are interconnected through the power distribution unit. The generators are mounted on a trailer or modified [[Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|M977 HEMTT]]. Each EPP has two {{convert|100|USgal|L|adj=on}} fuel tanks and a fuel distribution assembly with grounding equipment. Each diesel engine can operate for more than eight hours with a full fuel tank. The EPP delivers its power to the Radar and ECS through cables stored in reels alongside the generators. It powers the AMG via a cable routed through the ECS.

====M901/902/903 Launching Station====
[[File:Ken H. MIM-104 Patriot(PAC-2 & PAC-3) (5092719479).jpg|thumb|upright|M901 (PAC-2) and M902 (PAC-3) Launching Stations]]
The M90x Launching Stations are remotely operated, self-contained units. The ECS controls operation of the launchers through each launcher's DLT, via fiber optic or VHF (SINCGARS) data link.

Integral levelling equipment permits emplacement on slopes of up to 10 degrees. Each launcher is trainable in azimuth and elevates to a fixed, elevated launch position. Precise aiming of the launcher before launch is not necessary; thus, no extra lags are introduced into system reaction time. Each launcher is capable of providing detailed diagnostics to the ECS via the data link.

The launching station contains four major equipment subsystems: the launcher generator set, the launcher electronics module (LEM), the launcher mechanics assembly (LMA), and the launcher interconnection group (LIG). The generator set consists of a 15&nbsp;kW, 400&nbsp;Hz generator that powers the launcher. The LEM is used for the real-time implementation of launcher operations requested via data link from the ECS. The LMA physically erects and rotates the launcher's platform and its missiles. The LIG connects the missiles themselves to the launcher via the Launcher Missile Round Distributor (LMRD).

====Patriot guided missile====
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Patriot missile
| image              = Patriot missile launch b.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = Four Patriot PAC-2 or sixteen Patriot PAC-3 missiles can be fired from the highly mobile [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]]
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = 
| is_missile         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 
| used_by            = <!-- Production history -->
| designer           = Raytheon
| design_date        = 
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          = US$1 to 6 million<ref name="US Army Budget FY2011">{{cite web |url=http://asafm.army.mil/Documents/OfficeDocuments/Budget/BudgetMaterials/FY11//pbhl.pdf |title=US Army Budget FY2011 |date=February 2010 |website=[[Assistant Secretary of the Army (Financial Management and Comptroller)|Office of the ASA(FM&C)]] |access-date=April 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211060216/http://asafm.army.mil/Documents/OfficeDocuments/Budget/BudgetMaterials/FY11//pbhl.pdf |archive-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref>
| production_date    = 
| number             = over 10,000<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0244.htm |title=MIM-104 Patriot |date=August 12, 2008 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |access-date=August 26, 2008}} {{dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref>
| variants           = Standard, ASOJ/SOJC, PAC-2, PAC-2 GEM, GEM/C, GEM/T (or GEM+), PAC-3, PAC-3 MSE, PAAC-4 (SkyCeptor)
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = See {{section link||Variants}}
| weight             = 
| length             = 
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
| crew               = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling            = 
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = 
| yield              = <!-- Missile specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = 
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mobile trainable round semi-trailer
| transport          = 
}}

The first fielded variant was the MIM-104A "Standard". It was optimized solely for engagements against aircraft and had very limited capability against ballistic missiles. It had a range of {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and a speed in excess of Mach 2. The MIM-104B "anti-standoff jammer" (ASOJ) is a missile designed to seek out and destroy [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] emitters.

The MIM-104C PAC-2 missile was the first Patriot missile that was optimized for ballistic missile engagements. The GEM series of missiles (MIM-104D/E) are further refinements of the PAC-2 missile. The PAC-3 missile is a new interceptor, featuring a Ka band active radar seeker, employing "hit-to-kill" interception, in contrast to previous interceptors' method of exploding in the vicinity of the target, destroying it with shrapnel, and several other enhancements which dramatically increase its lethality against ballistic missiles. The specific information for these different kinds of missiles are discussed in the "[[#Variants|Variants]]" section.

The first seven of these are in the larger PAC-2 configuration of a single missile per canister, of which four can be placed on a launcher. PAC-3 missile canisters contain four missiles, so that sixteen rounds can be placed on a launcher. The missile canister serves as both the shipping and storage container and the launch tube. Patriot missiles are referred to as "certified rounds" as they leave the factory, and additional maintenance is not necessary on the missile prior to it being launched.

The PAC-2 missile is {{convert|5.8|m|ftin}} long, weighs about {{convert|900|kg|lb}}, and is propelled by a solid-fueled rocket motor.

====Patriot missile design====
The PAC-2 family of missiles all have a fairly standard design, the only differences between the variants being certain internal components. They consist of (from front to rear) the [[radome]], guidance section, warhead section, propulsion section, and control actuator section.

The radome is made of slip cast fused silica approximately {{convert|16.5|mm}} thick, with a nickel alloy tip, and a composite base attachment ring bonded to the slip cast fused silica and protected by a molded silicone rubber ring. The radome provides an aerodynamic shape for the missile and [[microwave]] window and thermal protection for the [[Radio frequency|RF]] seeker and electronic components.

The Patriot guidance section consists primarily of the modular digital airborne guidance system (MDAGS). The MDAGS consists of a modular midcourse package that performs all of the required guidance functions from launch through midcourse and a terminal guidance section. The TVM seeker is mounted on the guidance section, extending into the radome.
The seeker consists of an antenna mounted on an inertial platform, antenna control electronics, a receiver, and a transmitter. The Modular Midcourse Package (MMP), which is located in the forward portion of the warhead section, consists of the navigational electronics and a missile-borne computer that computes the guidance and autopilot algorithms and provides steering commands according to a resident computer program.

The warhead section, just aft of the guidance section, contains the [[proximity fuze]]d warhead, safety-and-arming device, fuzing circuits and antennas, link antenna switching circuits, auxiliary electronics, inertial sensor assembly, and signal data converter.

The propulsion section consists of the [[rocket]] motor, external heat shield, and two external conduits. The rocket motor includes the case, nozzle assembly, propellant, liner and insulation, pyrogen igniter, and propulsion arming and firing unit. The casing of the motor is an integral structural element of the missile airframe. It contains a conventional, casebonded solid rocket propellant.

The Control Actuator Section (CAS) is at the aft end of the missile. It receives commands from the missile autopilot and positions the fins. The missile fins steer and stabilize the missile in flight. A fin [[Servomechanism|servo]] system positions the fins. The fin servo system consists of [[hydraulic]] actuators and valves and an electrohydraulic power supply. The electrohydraulic power consists of a battery, motor pump, oil reservoir, gas pressure bottle, and accumulator.

==Variants==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Missile specifications<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Janes Information Services|Janes]] |url=https://customer.janes.com/display/JLAD0244-JAAD |title=Patriot |date=October 12, 2023 |website=Janes Land Warfare Platforms: Artillery & Air Defence |publisher=Jane's Group UK Limited. |publication-place=[[Coulsdon]], [[Surrey]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/patriot/ |title=Patriot |author=Missile Defense Project |date=August 23, 2023 |orig-date=June 14, 2018 |website=Missile Threat |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]] |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=[[Janes Information Services|Janes]] |url=https://customer.janes.com/display/JLADA015-JAAD |title=Davidʼs Sling |date=June 8, 2023 |website=Janes Land Warfare Platforms: Artillery & Air Defence |publisher=Jane's Group UK Limited. |publication-place=[[Coulsdon]], [[Surrey]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 29, 2024}}</ref>
|-
!
! [[#MIM-104A|MIM-104A]]
! [[#MIM-104D (PAC-2/GEM)|MIM-104D]]/E PAC-2
! [[#MIM-104F (PAC-3)|MIM-104F PAC-3]]
! [[#PAC-3 MSE|MIM-104F PAC-3 MSE]]
! [[#SkyCeptor (PAAC-4)|SkyCeptor]]
|-
! Mass
| {{cvt|907.2|kg|lb}}
| {{cvt|900|kg|lb}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|315|kg|lb}}
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
! Length
| {{cvt|5.3|m|ftin}}
| {{cvt|5.3|m|ftin}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|5.2|m|ftin}}
| {{cvt|5.3|m|ftin}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|3.38|m|ftin}} without booster ({{Estimation}})<br />{{cvt|4.95|m|ftin}} with booster ({{Estimation}})
|-
! Diameter
| {{cvt|410|mm|in}}
| {{cvt|410|mm|in}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|255|mm|in|0}}
| {{cvt|290|mm|in}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|230|mm|in}} missile ({{Estimation}})<br />{{cvt|305|mm|in|0}} booster ({{Estimation}})
|-
! Wingspan
| {{cvt|870|mm|in}}
| {{cvt|863|mm|in|0}} ({{Estimation}})
| Unknown
| Unknown
| {{cvt|460|mm|in}} missile ({{Estimation}})<br />{{cvt|490|mm|in}} booster ({{Estimation}})
|-
! [[Missile guidance|Guidance<br />type]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Track-via-missile]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Active radar homing]]
| Dual mode ([[Infrared homing|IR homing]] and [[active radar homing]])
|-
! Guidance<br />seeker
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Semi-active radar homing|Semi-active radar]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Active radar seeker
| IR seeker; active radar seeker
|-
! Warhead
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Fragmentation Warhead
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Kinetic energy weapon|Hit-to-kill]]
|-
! Warhead<br />weight
| {{cvt|91|kg|lb}}
| {{cvt|84|kg|lb}}
| {{cvt|8.2|kg|lb}}
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
! Detonation<br />mechanism
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | RF [[Proximity fuze|proximity]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Impact fuze|Impact]]
| N/A
|-
! Motor
| colspan=4 style="text-align: center;" | Solid propellant, single-stage [[rocket motor]]
| Two-stage, dual-pulse [[rocket motor]]s ({{Estimation}})
|-
! Max altitude
| {{cvt|18300|m|ft}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|32000|m|ft}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{ubl|Aerial target:<br />{{cvt|24000|m|ft}} (est)|Ballistic missile target:<br />{{cvt|20000|m|ft}} ({{Estimation}})}}
| {{cvt|36000|m|ft}}
| {{cvt|50000|m|ft}} ({{Estimation}})
|-
! Max speed
| {{cvt|1190|m/sec|ft/sec Mach}}
| {{cvt|1190|m/sec|ft/sec Mach}}
| Unknown
| Unknown
| {{cvt|1887|m/sec|ft/sec Mach}} ({{Estimation}})
|-
! Max range
| {{cvt|105|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{cvt|160|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})
| {{ubl|Aerial target:<br />{{cvt|80|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})|Ballistic missile target:<br />{{cvt|40|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})}}
| {{ubl|Aerial target:<br />{{cvt|120|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})|Ballistic missile target:<br />{{cvt|60|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})}}
| {{ubl|Aerial target:<br />{{cvt|180|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})|Ballistic missile target:<br />{{cvt|75|km|nmi mi}} ({{Estimation}})}}
|}

===MIM-104A===
Patriot was first introduced with a single missile type: the MIM-104A. This was the initial "Standard" missile, still known as "Standard" today. In Patriot's early days, the system was used exclusively as an anti-aircraft weapon, with no capability against ballistic missiles. This was remedied during the late 1980s when Patriot received its first major system overhaul with the introduction of the Patriot Advanced Capability missile and concurrent system upgrades.

==={{Anchor|MIM-104B|PAC-1}} MIM-104B (PAC-1)===
Patriot Advanced Capability (PAC-1), known today as the PAC-1 upgrade, was a software-only upgrade. The most significant aspects of this upgrade were changing the way the radar searched and the way the system defended its assets. Instead of searching low to the horizon, the top of the radar's search angle was lifted to near vertical (89 degrees) from the previous angle of 25 degrees. This was done as a counter to the steep parabolic trajectory of inbound ballistic missiles. The search beams of the radar were tightened, and while in "TBM search mode" the "flash," or the speed at which these beams were shot out, was increased significantly.

While this increased the radar's detection capability against the ballistic missile threat set, it decreased the system's effectiveness against traditional atmospheric targets, as it reduced the detection range of the radar as well as the number of "flashes" at the horizon. Because of this, it was necessary to retain the search functions for traditional atmospheric threats in a separate search program, which could be easily toggled by the operator based on the expected threat.

The ballistic missile defense capability changed the way Patriot defended targets. Instead of being used as a system to defend a significant area against enemy air attack, it was now used to defend much smaller "point" targets, which needed to lie within the system's TBM "footprint". The footprint is the area on the ground that Patriot can defend against inbound ballistic missiles.

During the 1980s, Patriot was upgraded in relatively minor ways, mostly via its software. The most significant of these was a special upgrade to discriminate and intercept artillery rockets in the vein of the [[multiple rocket launcher]], which was seen as a significant threat from North Korea. This feature has not been used in combat and has since been deleted from [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] Patriot systems, though it remains in South Korean systems. Another upgrade the system saw was the introduction of another missile type, designated MIM-104B and called "anti stand-off jammer" (ASOJ) by the Army. This variant is designed to help Patriot engage and destroy [[radar jamming and deception|ECM]] aircraft at standoff ranges. It works similar to an [[anti-radiation missile]] in that it flies a highly [[lofted trajectory]] and then locates, [[home-on-jam|homes in on]], and destroys the most significant emitter in an area designated by the operator.

==={{Anchor|MIM-104C|PAC-2}} MIM-104C (PAC-2)===
During the late 1980s, tests began to indicate that, although Patriot was certainly capable of intercepting inbound ballistic missiles, it was questionable whether the MIM-104A/B missile was capable of destroying them reliably. This necessitated the introduction of the PAC-2 missile and system upgrade.

For the system, the PAC-2 upgrade was similar to the PAC-1 upgrade. Radar search algorithms were further optimized, and the beam protocol while in "TBM search" was further modified. PAC-2 saw Patriot's first major missile upgrade, with the introduction of the MIM-104C, or PAC-2 missile. This missile was optimized for ballistic missile engagements. Major changes to the PAC-2 missile were the size of the projectiles in its blast-fragmentation warhead, changed from around 2&nbsp;grams to around 45&nbsp;grams, and the timing of the [[pulse-Doppler radar]] fuze, which was optimized for high-speed engagements, though it retained its old algorithm for aircraft engagements if necessary.

Engagement procedures were optimized, changing the method of fire the system used to engage ballistic missiles. Instead of launching two missiles in an almost simultaneous salvo, a brief delay between 3 and 4 seconds was added, in order to allow the second missile launched to discriminate a ballistic missile warhead in the aftermath of the explosion of the first.

PAC-2 was first tested in 1987 and reached Army units in 1990, just in time for deployment to the Middle East for the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]]. It was there that Patriot was first regarded as a successful ABM system and proof that ballistic missile defense was indeed possible. The complete study on its effectiveness remains classified.

In April 2013, [[Raytheon]] received U.S. Army approval for a second recertification, extending the operational life of the worldwide inventory of Patriot missiles from 30 to 45 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Army-to-Extend-Patriot-Missiles-Service-Life-to-45-Years_n000011365.aspx |title=US Army to Extend Patriot Missiles Service Life to 45 Years |website=Deagel.com |date=April 1, 2013 |access-date=April 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518125324/http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Army-to-Extend-Patriot-Missiles-Service-Life-to-45-Years_n000011365.aspx |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2302|title=Raytheon: Raytheon's Patriot missiles receive US Army service life extension - Apr 1, 2013|website=Raytheon News Release Archive}}</ref>

==={{Anchor|MIM-104D|GEM}} MIM-104D (PAC-2/GEM)===
There were more upgrades to PAC-2 systems throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century, mostly centering on software. The PAC-2 missiles were modified significantly—four separate variants became known collectively as '''guidance enhanced missiles (GEM)'''.

The main upgrade to the original GEM missile was a new, faster proximity fuzed warhead. Tests had indicated that the fuze on the original PAC-2 missiles were detonating their warheads too late when engaging ballistic missiles with an extremely steep ingress, and as such it was necessary to shorten this fuze delay. The GEM missile was given a new "low [[Noise (radio)|noise]]" seeker head designed to reduce interference in front of the missile's radar seeker, and a higher performance seeker designed to better detect low [[radar cross-section]] targets.<ref name="M104">{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-104.html |title=Raytheon MIM-104 Patriot |first=Andreas |last=Parsch |website=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411014329/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-104.html |archive-date=April 11, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The GEM was used extensively in [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Operation Iraqi Freedom]] (OIF), during which air defense was highly successful.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.operationtelic.co.uk/documents/32aamdc-oif-patriot-sep03.pdf |title=32nd AAMDC: Operation Iraqi Freedom |website=OperationTelic.co.uk |date=September 2003 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |quote=9 of 9 vs TBM with no loss of life or equipment. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606040157/http://operationtelic.co.uk/documents/32aamdc-oif-patriot-sep03.pdf |archive-date=June 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==={{Anchor|MIM-104E|GEM+|GEM-T}} MIM-104E (PAC-2/GEM+)===
Just prior to OIF, it was decided to further upgrade the GEM and PAC-2 missiles. This upgrade program produced missiles known as the GEM-T and the GEM-C, the "T" designator referring to tactical ballistic missiles, and the "C" designator referring to cruise missiles. These missiles were both given a totally new nose section, which was designed specifically to be more effective against low altitude, low RCS targets like cruise missiles. The GEM-T was given a new fuze which was further optimized against ballistic missiles and a new low noise oscillator which increases the seeker's sensitivity to low radar cross-section targets. The GEM-C is the upgraded version of the GEM, and the GEM-T is the upgraded version of the PAC-2. The GEM+ entered service in November 2002.<ref name=armytechnology-patriot>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/patriot/|title=Patriot Missile Long-Range Air-Defence System|website=army-technology.com|access-date=December 22, 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, Raytheon upgraded the GEM-T guidance system with solid-state gallium nitride (GaN) transmitters.<ref name=GEM-T-GAN>{{cite web|url=http://www.semiconductor-today.com/news_items/2018/oct/raytheon_161018.shtml|title=Raytheon supplying technology for GEM-T, the first missile to harness GaN|website=www.semiconductor-today.com}}</ref> Domestic U.S. production of PAC-2 GEM-T missiles remains ongoing, with a contracted backlog of approximately 1,500 missiles and a near-term demand of an additional 1,000 missiles, while the company is producing roughly 20 missiles a month with plans to expand to 35 missiles a month by the end of 2027.<ref name="DefNewsRamp" />

As of April 2024 a consortium of Patriot operators consisting of Germany, Romania, Spain, and the Netherlands had placed an order for 1,000 PAC-2 GEM-T missiles, with the bulk of production to take place in Germany in a purpose-built [[MBDA]] plant.<ref name="DefNewsRamp" /> On November 18, 2024 [[Boris Pistorius]] participated in a ground-breaking ceremony at the plant site in [[Schrobenhausen]]. "The new facility will cover an area of approximately 6,000 square meters and create more than 300 new jobs. Construction is scheduled for completion in September 2026."<ref name="myi1">{{cite news |title=Germany Will be Able to Supply Ukraine with Domestic Patriot Missiles, but Not Before 2026 |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/germany-will-be-able-to-supply-ukraine-with-domestic-patriot-missiles-but-not-before-2026/}}</ref> General [[Christian Freuding]] maintained in July 2025 that the output of the plant would be "under European control".<ref name="caz1">{{cite news |title=Germany to begin domestic production of Patriot missiles by 2027 &#124; Caliber.Az |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/germany-to-begin-domestic-production-of-patriot-missiles-by-2027}}</ref>

==={{Anchor|MIM-104F|PAC-3|PAC-3 CRI}} MIM-104F (PAC-3 CRI)===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Arrow missile]] -->
[[File:Maintenance check on a Patriot missile.jpg|thumb|A PAC-3 missile launcher, note the four missiles in each canister]]
The PAC-3 upgrade is a significant upgrade to nearly every aspect of the system. It took place in three stages deployed in 1995, 1996 and 2000, and units were designated Configuration 1, 2, or 3.

New software update known as PDB 5 (PDB standing for "post deployment build") was released in 1999 with initial support for Configuration-3 ground units and PAC-3 missiles. The system itself saw another upgrade of its WCC, and the communication setup was given a complete overhaul. Due to this upgrade, PAC-3 operators can now see, transmit, and receive tracks on the [[Link 16]] Command and Control (C2) network using a Class 2M Terminal or [[Multifunctional Information Distribution System|MIDS LVT]] Radio. This capability greatly increases the situational awareness of Patriot crews and other participants on the Link 16 network that are able to receive the Patriot local air picture.

The software can now conduct a tailored TBM search, optimizing radar resources for search in a particular sector known to have ballistic missile activity, and can support a "keepout altitude" to ensure ballistic missiles with chemical warheads or early release [[submunition]]s (ERS) are destroyed at a certain altitude. For Configuration 3 units, the Patriot radar was completely redesigned, adding another [[traveling wave tube]] (TWT) that increased the radar's search, detection, tracking, and discrimination abilities. The new radar is designated AN/MPQ-65. It is capable, among other things, of discriminating whether an aircraft is crewed and which of multiple reentering ballistic objects are carrying ordnance.

[[File:JASDF MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 Missile(dummy model) left side view at Hamamatsu Air Base October 20, 2019.jpg|thumb|right|PAC-3 dummy missile on display at the [[Hamamatsu Air Base]]]]
The PAC-3 upgrade carried with it a new missile design, nominally known as MIM-104F and called PAC-3 by the Army.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |url=http://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/peoWeaponSystems.pdf |chapter=PATRIOT MIM-104F Advanced Capability – 3 (PAC-3) Missile |publisher=Program Executive Office Missiles and Space |title=Weapon Systems Book |date=2012 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |page=97 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016125635/http://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/peoWeaponSystems.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2014 }}</ref> First deployed in 1997, the PAC-3 missile evolved from the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]'s [[ERINT]] missile, and so it is dedicated almost entirely to the anti-ballistic missile mission. Due to miniaturization, a single canister can hold four PAC-3 missiles, as opposed to one PAC-2 missile per canister. The PAC-3 missile is more maneuverable than previous variants, due to 180 tiny pulse solid propellant rocket motors mounted in the forebody of the missile, called Attitude Control Motors, or ACMs, which serve to fine align the missile trajectory with its target to achieve hit-to-kill capability.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name=howstuffworks>{{cite web |title=How Patriot Missiles Work |date=March 10, 2022 |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/patriot-missile.htm |last1=Brain |last2=Gleim |first1=Marshall| first2=Sarah |website=science.howstuffworks.com |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:JASDF MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 Missile(dummy model) side thruster at Hamamatsu Air Base October 20, 2019.jpg|thumb|right|Attitude control motors]]
The most significant upgrade to the PAC-3 missile is the addition of a [[Ka band|K<sub>a</sub> band]] [[Active radar homing|active radar]] seeker. This allows the missile to drop its uplink to the system and acquire its target itself in the terminal phase of its intercept, which improves the reaction time of the missile against a fast-moving ballistic missile target. The PAC-3 missile is accurate enough to select, target, and home in on the warhead portion of an inbound ballistic missile. The active radar gives the warhead a "hit-to-kill" ([[kinetic kill vehicle]]) capability that eliminates the need for a traditional proximity-fused warhead. The missile still has a small explosive warhead, called a ''lethality enhancer'', a warhead which launches 24 low-speed [[tungsten]] fragments in a radial direction to make the missile cross-section greater and enhance the [[kill probability]]. This greatly increases the lethality against ballistic missiles of all types.<ref name="auto3"/>

The PAC-3 upgrade has effectively quintupled the "footprint" that a Patriot unit can defend against ballistic missiles of all types, and has considerably increased the system's lethality and effectiveness against ballistic missiles. It has increased the scope of ballistic missiles that Patriot can engage, which now includes several intermediate ranges. However, despite its increases in ballistic missile defense capabilities, the PAC-3 missile has a shorter range and a smaller explosive warhead compared to older Patriot missiles, making it a less capable interceptor of atmospheric aircraft and [[air-to-surface missile]]s. During initial production run, range was increased and other cost-reducing enhancements were incorporated to the PAC-3 missile, with the final variant renamed PAC-3 Cost Reduction Initiative (CRI).<ref name=pac-3-promo>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=n6BGXQCijys|title=Lockheed PAC-3 promo|date=July 4, 2009|website=YouTube|publisher=Wired|access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name=pac3cri-ibcs>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_july_2021_global_security_army_industry/us_army_has_launched_patriot_pac-3_cri_missile_during_ibcs_flight_test.html|title=US Army has launched Patriot PAC-3 CRI missile during IBCS flight test|publisher=Army Recognition|
date=July 31, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref>

Since the PAC-3 ground units can control both M901 PAC-2 launchers and M902/M903 PAC-2/PAC-3 launchers, Patriot batteries employ a mix of PAC-3 hit-to-kill active missiles and PAC-2 GEM-T blast fragmentation warhead semi-active missiles to counter both ballistic missile and aircraft threats.<ref>{{cite web |title=FY14 ARMY PROGRAMS: Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) |url=https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2014/army/2014patriot.pdf |website=dote.osd.mil |access-date=July 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://armscontrol.org/act/2002-07/pac-3-production-continue-despite-program-shortcomings | title=PAC-3 Production to Continue Despite Program Shortcomings &#124; Arms Control Association }}</ref> While the PAC-2 is able to intercept targets up to an altitude of {{cvt|20|km|ft|abbr=on}}, the PAC-3 can destroy incoming missiles at an altitude of {{cvt|40|km|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2022/06/06/south-korea-to-buy-more-patriot-missiles-upgrade-launchers/ South Korea to buy more Patriot missiles, upgrade launchers]. ''[[Defense News]]''. June 6, 2022.</ref>

Lockheed Martin proposed an air-launched variant of the PAC-3 missile for use on the [[F-15C Eagle]], the [[F-22 Raptor]] and the [[P-8A Poseidon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/04/07/324842/lockheed-proposes-funding-plan-for-air-launched-patriot.html |title=Lockheed proposes funding plan for air-launched Patriot missile |first=Stephen |last=Trimble |date=April 7, 2009 |website=[[Flight International]] |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226064312/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/04/07/324842/lockheed-proposes-funding-plan-for-air-launched-patriot.html |archive-date=December 26, 2010}}</ref>

According to Lockheed Martin, PAC-3 CRI can be quad-packed into a VLS cell; though the Navy is considering the single-packed PAC-3 MSE version as its replacement for the SM-2 missile system, PAC-3 CRI is considered a potential follow-on project offering greater magazine depth as a tradeoff for decreased performance compared to PAC-3 MSE.<ref name=":3" />

===PAC-3 MSE===
{{See also|Medium Extended Air Defense System}}
[[Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control]] is the prime contractor on the PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement upgrade (MSE) to the Patriot air defense system which will make the missile more agile and extend its range by up to 50%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/PAC3MissileSegmentEnhancement/index.html|title=PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement |website=Lockheed Martin |date=2005|access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019124830/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/PAC3MissileSegmentEnhancement/index.html |archive-date=October 19, 2007|url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name=pac3-lockheed>{{cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/pac-3-advanced-air-defense-missile.html |title=PAC-3 Advanced Air Defense Missile |website=Lockheed Martin |date=April 28, 2022 | access-date=May 22, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:MEADS Launch WSMR 2734-1.jpg|thumb|Patriot PAC-3 MSE missile starts from MEADS launcher]]
Patriot's PAC-3 MSE interceptor was selected as the primary interceptor for the new [[Medium Extended Air Defense System|MEADS]] system when its design and development program began in 2004.<ref name=pac-3-white-sands-2004>{{cite web | url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2004-11-18-Lockheed-Martins-PAC-3-Missiles-Successfully-Intercept-Two-Targets-During-Flight-Test-at-White-Sands-Missile-Range | title=Lockheed Martin's PAC-3 Missiles Successfully Intercept Two Targets During Flight Test at White Sands Missile Range }}</ref><ref name=meads-9-year>{{cite web | url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2005-04-20-Germany-Approves-Nine-Year-MEADS-Design-and-Development-Program | title=Germany Approves Nine-Year MEADS Design and Development Program }}</ref> MEADS is designed with [[Plug and fight|plug-and-fight]] capabilities to support data exchange with external sensors and launchers through standardized open protocols for integrated air and missile defense (IAMD), so that MEADS elements can interoperate with allied forces on the move, attaching to and detaching from the battle management network as necessary.<ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2007/august/MEADSUnveilsAdvancedBattl.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126233123/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2007/august/MEADSUnveilsAdvancedBattl.html|date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> MEADS was scheduled to enter service alongside Patriot by 2014, with expectations that existing Patriot batteries will be gradually upgraded with [[Medium Extended Air Defense System|MEADS]] technology in the long run.<ref name=dsbreport2005/> Because of economic conditions, in 2013 the U.S. chose to upgrade its Patriot systems instead of buying the MEADS system.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_05_15_2013_p01-01-578951.xml&p=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616002001/https://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_05_15_2013_p01-01-578951.xml&p=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |title=Italy Looks To Poland As Meads Production Partner |first=Amy |last=Butler |website=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology|AviationWeek.com]] |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=September 27, 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Patriot PAC-3 MSE SIAF-2022.jpg|thumb|M903 LS with 2 PAC-3 (green) and 4 PAC-3 MSE missile containers]]
The PAC-3 Missile Segment upgrade consists of the PAC-3 MSE missile, a very agile hit-to-kill interceptor, the M903 Launching Station, a fire solution computer, and an Enhanced Launcher Electronics System (ELES). The PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement (MSE) interceptor increases altitude and range through a more powerful dual-pulse motor for added thrust, larger fins that collapse inside current launchers, and other structural modifications for more agility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/lockheed-martin-supply-first-pac-3-mse-missiles/ |title=Lockheed Martin to supply first PAC-3 MSE missiles |website=Shephard Media.com |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802224643/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/lockheed-martin-supply-first-pac-3-mse-missiles/ |archive-date=August 2, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The PAC-3 MSE is capable of intercepting longer-range [[theater ballistic missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scout.com/military/warrior/story/1628220-army-patriot-missile-sharpens-target-tracking |first=Kris |last=Osborn |title=Army Extends PATRIOT Missile Tech-Improvement in Lockheed Deal |website=[[Scout.com|Scout]] Warrior |date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204154036/http://www.scout.com/military/warrior/story/1628220-army-patriot-missile-sharpens-target-tracking |access-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref> The U.S. Army accepted the first PAC-3 MSE interceptors in October 2015,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/signed-sealed-delivered-lockheed-martin-delivers-first-upgraded-pac-3-missile-interceptors-300154969.html |title=Signed, Sealed, Delivered: Lockheed Martin Delivers First Upgraded PAC-3 Missile Interceptors |website=PR Newswire |date=October 6, 2015 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106180048/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/signed-sealed-delivered-lockheed-martin-delivers-first-upgraded-pac-3-missile-interceptors-300154969.html |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was declared in August 2016.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The new M903 Launching System has a modular design capable of holding a total of 4 PAC-3 launching canisters (16 missiles), 12 PAC-3 MSE canisters (in 3 rows of 4), or 4 PAC-2 GEM canisters.<ref name=pac3-mse-rocketdyne>[https://www.rocket.com/defense/missile-defense/pac-3-mse PAC-3 MSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175005/https://www.rocket.com/defense/missile-defense/pac-3-mse |date=May 9, 2019 }}. Aerojet Rocketdyne.</ref> It can mix different missiles, such as 6 PAC-3 MSE canisters (in 3 rows of 2) and either two PAC-3 canisters (8 missiles) or two PAC-2 canisters on the same launcher, down to combinations of a single PAC-2 canister, a single PAC-3 canister (4 missiles), 4 PAC-3 MSE canisters (in 2 rows of 2) or 2 PAC-3 MSE canisters in a single row.<ref name=pac3-mse-overview-lockheed>[https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/mfc/documents/pac-3/2022-01-05_LM_PAC-3_MSE_Overview.pdf PAC-3 MSE Overview. DAL202201001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521230219/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/mfc/documents/pac-3/2022-01-05_LM_PAC-3_MSE_Overview.pdf |date=May 21, 2022 }}. Lockheed Martin</ref><ref>[https://www.dvidshub.net/news/403703/orient-shield-21-2-prompts-camp-amani-integrated-bilateral-air-defense-training Orient Shield 21-2 Prompts Camp Amani Integrated Bilateral Air Defense Training]. July 12, 2021. DVIDS</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/MIL_STD/status/1342554956541394944 PATRIOT Advanced Capability (PAC-3) Family of Missiles]. Air Power @MIL_STD on Twitter</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/patriot-missile-system-photos-tour-2018-3 |title=Patriot Missile System Israel Just Used to Shoot Down Syrian Warplane |publisher=Businessinsider.com |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref> In December 2023 it was stated that production of Patriot interceptors was 550 a year and would be increased to 650 a year in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Ukraine, Mideast conflicts place renewed pressure on Patriot units |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/12/13/ukraine-mideast-conflicts-place-renewed-pressure-on-patriot-units/ |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2023, Lockheed Martin showcased integration of PAC-3 MSE missile with [[Mark 41 Vertical Launching System|Mk 41 VLS]] used by [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense|Aegis BMD]] and [[Aegis Ashore]].<ref name=mk41pac3mse>{{cite web|author=Aaron-Matthew Lariosa|url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/sna-2023/2023/01/lockheed-martin-showcases-patriot-integration-with-mk-41-vls|title=Lockheed Martin Showcases Patriot Integration with Mk 41 VLS|publisher=navalnews.com |date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023}}/</ref> Lockheed announced it is spending $100 million to integrate the missile with the Aegis combat system and plans to test whether it can fire the missiles from a vertical launch system tied into Aegis's command-and-control technology and the SPY-1 radar in early 2024.<ref name=DefNewsRamp /> In 2024, it was integrated with Aegis and launched from a Mark 70 Payload Delivery System VLS launcher at White Sands Missile Range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2024-05-20-pac-3-mse-integrated-with-aegis-weapon-system-defeats-target-in-flight-test|title=PAC-3 MSE Integrated With Aegis Weapon System Defeats Target In Flight Test|website=Media - Lockheed Martin}}</ref> The PAC-3 MSE interceptor is viewed as a potential long-term replacement for the [[RIM-67 Standard|SM-2 interceptor]] due to its "high agility" and proven capabilities for "counter-hypersonic, ballistic missile, and cruise missile defense in various tight envelopes".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Patriot PAC-3 Missile Puts Crosshairs On Replacing Navy's Long-Serving SM-2 |url=https://www.twz.com/sea/patriot-pac-3-missile-puts-crosshairs-on-replacing-navys-long-serving-sm-2 |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Chris Mang, of Lockheed Martin's Missiles and Fire Control division, "the missile’s capabilities are only enhanced when it's put in a maritime context and paired with the Aegis system, which has a lot more power than the Army’s radar systems."<ref name=":3" /> The PAC-3 MSE would fill the gap in engagement envelope at low altitudes and shorter ranges against maneuvering threats, where the [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM|SM-6 missile]] (which must first be boosted to high altitudes before diving down on it target) cannot easily engage; According to Mang, the PAC-3 MSE's miniaturized attitude control motors allow it to engage these targets at ranges under a kilometer.<ref name=":3" /> Though PAC-3 MSE is the primary contender for this replacement, PAC-3 CRI missiles are also capable of being fired from the same platforms and are considered a follow-on option if the US Navy shows interest; compared to PAC-3 MSE they provide greater magazine depth (due to quad-pack capability in a VLS cell vs. the MSE's single missile per cell) but are less performant.<ref name=":3" />

==={{Anchor|Patriot Advanced Affordable Capability-4|PAAC-4}} SkyCeptor (PAAC-4)===
{{see also|David's Sling}}
In August 2013, Raytheon and [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] announced plans for Patriot Advanced Affordable Capability-4 (PAAC-4), which would integrate the Stunner interceptor from the jointly-funded [[David's Sling]] program with Patriot PAC-3 radars, launchers, and engagement control stations. The two-stage, multimode seeking Stunner would replace single-stage, radar-guided PAC-3 missiles produced by [[Lockheed Martin]], providing improved operational performance at 20 percent of the $2&nbsp;million unit cost of PAC-3 missiles.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130831/DEFREG04/308310010/Raytheon-Rafael-Pitch-4th-Gen-Patriot-System |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907160415/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130831/DEFREG04/308310010/Raytheon-Rafael-Pitch-4th-Gen-Patriot-System |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 7, 2013 |title=Raytheon-Rafael Pitch 4th-Gen Patriot System |website=Defense News.com |date=August 31, 2013 |access-date=September 27, 2014}}</ref> Israeli program officials have said that a previous teaming agreement between Raytheon and Rafael would allow the U.S. company to assume prime contractor status, and produce at least 60 percent of the Stunner missile in the United States.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2016 Raytheon announced that it had been authorized to bid SkyCeptor, a Stunner derivative, as part of its Polish Patriot bid.<ref>{{cite web | title = Skyceptor | url = https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/what-we-do/missile-defense/air-and-missile-defense-systems/davidssling | publisher = Raytheon | access-date = April 15, 2022 | archive-date = April 15, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220415235255/https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/what-we-do/missile-defense/air-and-missile-defense-systems/davidssling | url-status = dead }}</ref> In March 2017 it was announced that Poland will acquire 8 Patriot batteries, with the majority of missiles deployed being SkyCeptors and only a small number of Patriot PAC-3 MSE missiles.<ref>{{Citation | title = Poland seeks to finalize 7,5 b contract for 8 Raytheon batteries by November | url = http://blog.executivebiz.com/2017/04/report-poland-seeks-to-finalize-7-5b-contract-for-8-raytheon-patriot-batteries-by-november/ | work = Executive biz | date = April 3, 2017 | access-date = April 8, 2022 | archive-date = November 8, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231108192411/https://executivebiz.com/2017/04/report-poland-seeks-to-finalize-7-5b-contract-for-8-raytheon-patriot-batteries-by-november/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ultimately, Poland did not procure SkyCeptor missiles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland to buy six more Patriot missile batteries says MoD |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-to-buy-six-more-patriot-missile-batteries-says-mod-30564 |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=www.thefirstnews.com |language=en}}</ref> ordering a new short-range air defence system based on [[CAMM (missile family)|CAMM and CAMM-ER]] missiles, integrated with Patriot batteries through the [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System|IBCS]] battle command system.

[[ROMARM|Electromecanica Ploiești]], [[Romania]], will start local production of SkyCeptor missile interceptors by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Romania to overhaul state defence firms to boost production |url=https://www.eureporter.co/world/romania/2022/12/15/romania-to-overhaul-state-defence-firms-to-boost-production/ |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=eureporter.co | language=en}}</ref>

===Upgrades===
PAC-3 system upgrades continue under the International Engineering Services Program (IESP) which includes all countries that rely on the Patriot for integrated air and missile defense - as of 2022, the United States of America, The Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Taiwan, Greece, Spain, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Romania, Sweden, Poland, Bahrain, and Switzerland.<ref name=raytheon-wmi-2020>{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/news/2020/05/19/patriots-warfighter-machine-interface|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523115052/https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/news/2020/05/19/patriots-warfighter-machine-interface|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 23, 2022|title=Patriot's Warfighter Machine Interface completes end-to-end software testing|website=www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com}}</ref>

The PDB 6 software update was released in 2004.<ref name=raytheon-pdb6>{{cite web|url=https://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=470|title=Patriot Guidance Enhanced Missiles Destroy Two Surrogate Ballistic Missile Targets During Successful Test Flight|website=Raytheon News Release Archive}}</ref> This update allowed Configuration-3 to discriminate targets of all types, including [[anti-radiation missile]] carriers, helicopters, [[unmanned aerial vehicles]], and [[cruise missiles]].

The PDB 7 system upgrade was released in 2013. It improves radar search capabilities with a transition to digital signal processing, resulting in much better reliability and 30% longer range comparing to analog circuits. Processing power of the new command and control computer is higher by several orders of magnitude. Operator's monochrome CRT displays with hard-wired buttons were replaced by two {{convert|30|in|mm|adj=on}} color touchscreen LCD monitors.<ref name=raytheon-pdb7>{{cite web|url=https://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2359|title=Raytheon: Raytheon launches latest software to revolutionize Patriot, provide advanced capabilities to soldiers - Jun 17, 2013|website=Raytheon News Release Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Raytheon Unveils New Modernized Patriot System Interface |publisher=Raytheon Company |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/raytheon-unveils-new-modernized-patriot-system-interface-98814204.html |last= |first= |website=www.prnewswire.com}}</ref>
<ref name="pdb7-mms">{{cite press release |title=US Army awards Raytheon $71.7 million to continue modernizing Patriot fleet |publisher=Raytheon |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-army-awards-raytheon-717-million-to-continue-modernizing-patriot-fleet-228597781.html |last= |first= |website=www.prnewswire.com}}</ref><ref name=mms-infographic>{{cite web |title=PATRIOT MODERN MAN STATION: Situational Awareness at the Warfighter's Fingertips |url=https://www.raytheon.com/sites/default/files/capabilities/rtnwcm/groups/gallery/documents/digitalasset/rtn_194015.pdf |publisher=Raytheon |access-date=July 11, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611053835/https://www.raytheon.com/sites/default/files/capabilities/rtnwcm/groups/gallery/documents/digitalasset/rtn_194015.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref>

The PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement (MSE) upgrade was fielded in 2015. It includes a new fin design and a more powerful rocket engine.

In 2017, the AN/MPQ-65 radar was upgraded with active electronically scanned array (AESA) solid-state gallium nitride (GaN) transmitters in place of conventional traveling-wave tubes with a [[passive electronically scanned array|passive array of transmitters]]. The new radar has been redesignated AN/MPQ-65A.<ref name=army-pdb8/> It includes a bolt-on replacement antenna array and two smaller rear panel arrays which provide 360-degree coverage.

During 2018–2023, Raytheon Company will further enhance the system under a modernization task order from the [[United States Army]], resulting in Configuration-3+. The order includes five annual, [[indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity]] task order awards with a total contract ceiling of more than $2.3&nbsp;billion, funded by Patriot partner states. The initial $235&nbsp;million award was allocated in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defpost.com/u-s-patriot-partners-invest-2-3-billion-patriot-iamd-system/ |title=U.S., Patriot Partners to Invest up to $2.3 Billion in Patriot IAMD System |website=Defpost.com |date=February 1, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065045/https://defpost.com/u-s-patriot-partners-invest-2-3-billion-patriot-iamd-system/ |archive-date=February 3, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The PDB 8 upgrade released in 2018 includes redesigned fire control computers which support MSE capabilities, new weapons control computers with increased processing power, and software enhancements to radar search and target detection and identification which help reduce friendly fire incidents.<ref name=raytheon-pdb8>{{cite web|url=https://raytheon.mediaroom.com/2018-03-05-Eight-U-S-Allies-watch-newest-Patriot-upgrade-in-live-fire-test|title=Raytheon: Eight U.S. Allies watch newest Patriot upgrade in live fire test - Mar 5, 2018|website=Raytheon News Release Archive}}</ref><ref name=army-pdb8>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/225044/patriot_force_halfway_thru_major_modernization|title=Patriot force halfway thru major modernization|website=www.army.mil|date=August 22, 2019 }}</ref> The latest PDB 8.1 software started testing in 2019 and will reach operational status by 2023. It adds a revamped game-style GUI named ''Warfighter to Machine Interface'' (WMI) which employs 3D graphics to render the terrain and the airspace.<ref name=raytheon-wmi-2021>{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/news/2021/08/16/patriot-progress-continues|title=Patriot progress continues, as modernization outpaces changing threats|website=www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com|access-date=May 1, 2022|archive-date=April 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403230521/https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/news/2021/08/16/patriot-progress-continues|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=raytheon-wmi-2019>{{cite web|url=https://raytheon.mediaroom.com/2019-06-17-Patriot-TM-air-and-missile-defense-system-upgrading-to-gamer-style-interface|title=Raytheon: Patriot™ air and missile defense system upgrading to gamer-style interface - Jun 17, 2019|website=Raytheon News Release Archive}}</ref><ref name=raytheon-wmi-2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/patriot-warfighter-machine-interface|title=The soldier's perspective - New missile defense tech delivers a 3-D view for speed and accuracy &#124; Raytheon|website=www.raytheon.com|date=September 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114132147/https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/patriot-warfighter-machine-interface|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=pdb81wmi>{{cite web|url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/raytheon-wmi-patriot-pdb-8-1/|title=Raytheon integrates new interface into Patriot PDB 8.1 upgrade|website=army-technology.com|date=June 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpyNkH1NU7M|title=Game-changing command and control for missile defense|website=YouTube |author=Raytheon Technologies |date=October 9, 2017|access-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307135126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpyNkH1NU7M|archive-date=March 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:LTAMDS.jpg|thumb|Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor]]
Future upgrades to the Patriot system will include the new Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor or LTAMDS<ref name=raytheon-ghosteye>{{Cite news|url=http://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/news/2020/10/02/soldiers-see-and-touch-full-scale-ltamds|title=Soldiers See – And Touch – Full-Scale LTAMDS|website=www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com|access-date=May 1, 2022|archive-date=April 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403234258/https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/news/2020/10/02/soldiers-see-and-touch-full-scale-ltamds|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=RTX's Raytheon Conducts Successful Test with LTAMDS and PAC-2 GEM-T Missile |url=https://www.rtx.com/news/news-center/2025/02/12/rtxs-raytheon-conducts-successful-test-with-ltamds-and-pac-2-gem-t-missile |access-date=February 12, 2025 |website=United Technologies |language=en}}</ref> with support for a [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System]] (IBCS) - which will integrate Patriot's LTAMDS, AN/MPQ-53 and AN/MPQ-65/65A radars with [[AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel]] and [[AN/TPS-80|AN/TPS-80 G/ATOR]],<ref name=joint_ibcs>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/army-ibcs-joint-up-to-a-point/ Army IBCS: Joint, Up To A Point]. Breaking Defense. May 15, 2020</ref> GhostEye MR ([[NASAMS]]), MFCR and SR from [[MEADS]], [[AN/SPY-1]] and [[AN/SPY-6]] ([[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System|Aegis BMD]]), [[AN/TPY-2]] ([[THAAD]] and [[Ground-Based Midcourse Defense|GMD]]) and [[AN/APG-81]] ([[F-35 Lightning II]]) radars - and [[Aviation transponder interrogation modes|Mode 5]] transponder interrogation in the [[identification friend or foe]] system.<ref name=army-pdb8/> On February 7, 2025, Raytheon's LTAMDS radar successfully completed a live-fire test, detecting and tracking a high-speed cruise missile and guiding a PAC-2 GEM-T interceptor to neutralize the threat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2025 |title=LTAMDS successfully executes Missile Flight Test |url=https://www.army.mil/article/282981/ltamds_successfully_executes_missile_flight_test |access-date=February 12, 2025 |website=www.army.mil |language=en}}</ref> As part of an ongoing U.S. Army test program, LTAMDS continues advancing toward full deployment, with strong international interest and a $2 billion contract to supply radars to the U.S. and Poland.<ref name=":2" />

==Patriot battalion==
In the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], the Patriot System is designed around the [[battalion]] echelon. A Patriot battalion consists of a headquarters battery, which includes the Patriot ICC and its operators, a maintenance company, and between four and six "[[Artillery battery|line batteries]]," which are the actual launching batteries that employ the Patriot systems. Each line battery consists of (nominally) six launchers{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} and three or four [[platoon]]s: Fire Control platoon, Launcher platoon, and a Headquarters/Maintenance platoon - either a single platoon or separated into two separate units, at the battery commander's discretion.

The Fire Control platoon is responsible for operating and maintaining the "big 4," radar, the engagement control station, the antenna mast group, and the electric power plant. The launcher platoon operates and maintains the launchers. The Headquarters/Maintenance platoon(s) provide the battery with maintenance support and a headquarters section. The Patriot line battery is commanded by a [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]] and usually consists of between 70 and 90 soldiers. The Patriot battalion is commanded by a [[lieutenant colonel]] and can include as many as 600 soldiers.

Once deployed, the system requires a crew of only three individuals to operate. The Tactical Control Officer (TCO), usually a lieutenant, is responsible for the operation of the system. The TCO is assisted by the Tactical Control Assistant (TCA). Communications are handled by the third crewmember, the communications system specialist. A "hot-crew" composed of an NCOIC (usually a Sergeant) and one or more additional launcher crew members is on-hand to repair or refuel launching stations. A reload crew is on standby to replace spent canisters after missiles are launched. The ICC crew is similar to the ECS crew at the battery level, except its operators are designated as the Tactical Director (TD) and the Tactical Director Assistant (TDA).

Patriot battalions prefer to operate in a centralized fashion, with the ICC controlling the launches of all of its subordinate launching batteries through the secure UHF PADIL communications network.
[[File:PATRIOT battery in Poland, 2010.JPG|thumb|U.S. soldiers familiarize members of the Polish military with preventive maintenance for Patriot missile systems in [[Morąg]], Poland, June 2010]]

The dismounted Patriot ICC (D-PICC) is a set of equipment which is composed of the same hardware as that at battalion level, but which distributes command and control over the launching batteries, which allows the batteries to disperse over a wider geographic area, with no loss of command and control. D-PICC is deploying to Pacific Command first.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/269249/japan-patriot-battalion-fields-first-operational-dismounted-patriot-information-coordination-central-d-picc|title=Japan Patriot Battalion fields first operational Dismounted Patriot Information Coordination Central (D-PICC)|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114753/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/269249/japan-patriot-battalion-fields-first-operational-dismounted-patriot-information-coordination-central-d-picc|archive-date=April 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fi-aeroweb.com/Defense/Budget-Data/FY2017/LTAMD-ARMY-PROC-FY2017.pdf|title=D-PICC line item in the 2016 Exhibit P-40, Budget Line Item Justification: PB 2017 Army, February 2016|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028210113/http://fi-aeroweb.com/Defense/Budget-Data/FY2017/LTAMD-ARMY-PROC-FY2017.pdf|archive-date=October 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

U.S. Army Patriot battalions have been heavily deployed, and for years maintained the highest operational tempo across any units in the service with the longest deployments.<ref name=DefNews4924 />

===Operation===
==== Engaging a single aircraft ====
Following is the process a PAC-2 firing battery uses to engage a single target (an aircraft) with a single missile:{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the described CONOPS|date=December 2017}}

# A hostile aircraft is detected by the AN/MPQ-65 Radar. The radar examines the track's size, speed, altitude, and heading, and decides whether or not it is a legitimate track or "clutter" created by RF interference.
# If the track is classified by the radar as an aircraft, in the AN/MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station, an unidentified track appears on the screen of the Patriot operators. The operators examine the speed, altitude and heading of the track. Additionally, the IFF subsystem "pings" the track to determine if it has any IFF response.
# Based on many factors, including the track's speed, altitude, heading, IFF response, or its presence in "safe passage corridors" or "missile engagement zones," the ECS operator, the TCO (tactical control officer), makes an ID recommendation to the ICC operator, the TD (tactical director).
# The TD examines the track and decides to certify that it is hostile. Typically, the engagement authority for Patriot units rests with the Regional or Sector Air Defense Commander (RADC/SADC), who will be located either on a [[US Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[guided missile cruiser]] or on a [[USAF]] [[E-3 Sentry|AWACS]] aircraft. A Patriot operator (called the "ADAFCO" or Air Defense Artillery Fire Control Officer) is colocated with the RADC/SADC to facilitate communication to the Patriot battalions.
# The TD contacts the ADAFCO and correlates the track, ensuring that it is not a friendly aircraft.
# The ADAFCO obtains the engagement command from RADC/SADC, and delegates the engagement back down to the Patriot battalion.
# Once the engagement command is received, the TD selects a firing battery to take the shot and orders them to engage.
# The TCO instructs the TCA to engage the track. The TCA brings the system's launchers from "standby" into "operate".
# The TCA presses the "engage" switch indicator. This sends a signal to the selected launcher and fires a missile selected automatically by the system.
# The AN/MPQ-65 Radar, which has been continuously tracking the hostile aircraft, "acquires" the just-fired missile and begins feeding it interception data. The Radar also "illuminates" the target for the missile's [[semi-active radar]] seeker.
# The monopulse receiver in the missile's nose receives the reflection of illumination energy from the target. The [[track-via-missile]] uplink sends this data through an antenna in the missile's tail back to the AN/MPQ-65 set. In the ECS, computers calculate the maneuvers that the missile should perform in order to maintain a trajectory to the target and the TVM uplink sends these to the missile.
# Once in the vicinity of the target, the missile detonates its proximity fused warhead.

==== Engaging a ballistic missile ====
Following is the process a PAC-3 firing battery uses to engage a single [[tactical ballistic missile]] with two PAC-3 missiles:{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the described CONOPS|date=December 2017}}

# A missile is detected by the AN/MPQ-65 radar. The radar reviews the speed, altitude, behavior, and radar cross-section of the target. If this data lines up with the discrimination parameters set into the system, the missile is presented on the screen of the operator as a ballistic missile target.
# In the AN/MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station, the TCO reviews the speed, altitude, and trajectory of the track and then authorizes engagement. Upon authorizing engagement, the TCO instructs his TCA to bring the system's launchers into "operate" mode from "standby" mode. The engagement will take place automatically at the moment the computer defines the parameters that ensure the highest probability of kill.
# The system computer determines which of the battery's launchers have the highest probability of kill and selects them to fire. Two missiles are launched 4.2 seconds apart in a "ripple".
# The AN/MPQ-65 radar continues tracking the target and uploads intercept information to the PAC-3 missiles which are now outbound to intercept.
# Upon reaching its terminal homing phase, the Ka band active radar seeker in the nose of the PAC-3 missile acquires the inbound ballistic missile. This radar selects the radar return most likely to be the warhead of the incoming missile and directs the interceptor towards it.
# The ACMs (attitude control motors) of the PAC-3 missile fire to precisely align the missile on the interception trajectory.
# The interceptor flies straight through the warhead of the inbound ballistic missile, detonating it and destroying the missile.
# The second missile locates any debris which may be a warhead and attacks in a similar manner.

==Operational history==
===Persian Gulf War (1991)===

====Trial by fire====
Prior to [[Gulf War|the First Gulf War]], ballistic missile defense was an unproven concept in war. During Operation Desert Storm, in addition to its anti-aircraft mission, the Patriot was assigned to shoot down incoming Iraqi [[Scud]] or [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]] short range ballistic missiles launched at Israel and [[Saudi Arabia]]. The first combat use of Patriot occurred January 18, 1991, when it engaged what was later found to be a computer glitch.<ref name="DACS Working Paper">{{cite web |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch:80/serviceengine/Files/ISN/19691/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/600a9352-1c22-46c3-870d-f60dc987403e/en/Casualties_Scud_Attacks.pdf |first1=George N. |last1=Lewis |first2=Steve |last2=Fetter |first3=Lisbeth |last3=Gronlund|author3-link= Lisbeth Gronlund |title=Casualties and Damage from Scud Attacks in the 1991 Gulf War |date=March 1993 |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Defense and Arms Control Studies Program |access-date=May 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102043600/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/19691/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/600a9352-1c22-46c3-870d-f60dc987403e/en/Casualties_Scud_Attacks.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There were actually no Scuds fired at Saudi Arabia on January 18.<ref name="United Kingdom Ministry of Defence">{{cite web |url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/al_jub_ii/al_jub_ii_refs/n50en122/british_mod.htm |title=A Review of the Suggested Exposure of UK Forces to Chemical Warfare Agents in Al Jubayl During the Gulf Conflict |date=January 2000 |website=Office of the Special Assistant for the Gulf War Illnesses |access-date=May 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110095650/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/al_jub_ii/al_jub_ii_refs/n50en122/british_mod.htm |archive-date=November 10, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This incident was widely misreported as the first successful interception of an enemy ballistic missile in history.

Throughout the war, Patriot missiles attempted engagement of over 40 hostile ballistic missiles. The success of these engagements, and in particular how many of them were real targets, is still controversial. Postwar video analysis of presumed interceptions by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) professor [[Theodore Postol]] suggests that no Scud was actually hit.<ref name="fas_starwars">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/ |title=House Government Operations Committee – The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the Gulf |date=April 7, 1992 |website=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=June 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030115043508/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/ |archive-date=January 15, 2003}}</ref><ref name="fas_postollewis">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/pl920908.htm |title=Postol/Lewis Review of Army's Study on Patriot Effectiveness |last1=Postol |first1=Theodore |last2=Lewis |first2=George |website=Federation of American Scientists |date=September 8, 1992 |access-date=June 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402044331/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/pl920908.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> This analysis is contested by [[Peter D. Zimmerman]], who claimed that photographs of the fuselage of downed Scud missiles in Saudi Arabia demonstrated that the Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia and were riddled with fragments from the lethality enhancer of Patriot Missiles.<ref name="fas_insidethearmy">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/zimmerman.htm |title=A Review of the Postol and Lewis Evaluation of the White Sands Missile Range Evaluation of the Suitability of TV Video Tapes to Evaluate Patriot Performance During the Gulf War |access-date=June 13, 2009 |first=Peter D. |last=Zimmerman |website=Inside The Army |date=November 16, 1992 |pages=7–9 |via=Federation of American Scientists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224183852/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/zimmerman.htm |archive-date=December 24, 2013}}</ref>

====Failure at Dhahran====
On February 25, 1991, an Iraqi [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein Scud]] missile hit the barracks in [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]], killing 28 soldiers from the U.S. Army's [[14th Quartermaster Detachment]].<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |last=Apple |first=R. W. Jr. |date=February 26, 1991 |title=War In The Gulf: Scud Attack; Scud Missile Hits a U.S. Barracks, Killing 27 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/world/war-in-the-gulf-scud-attack-scud-missile-hits-a-us-barracks-killing-27.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610220238/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/world/war-in-the-gulf-scud-attack-scud-missile-hits-a-us-barracks-killing-27.html |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A government investigation revealed that the failed intercept at Dhahran had been caused by a [[Software bug|software error]] in the system's handling of timestamps.<ref name="GAO report IMTEC 92-26">{{cite web |url=https://www.gao.gov/products/IMTEC-92-26 |title=Patriot missile defense, Software problem led to system failure at Dharhan, Saudi Arabia; GAO report IMTEC 92-26 |website=[[Government Accountability Office|US Government Accounting Office]] |date=February 27, 1992 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106065753/https://www.gao.gov/products/IMTEC-92-26 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://mate.uprh.edu/~pnm/notas4061/patriot.htm |first=Robert |last=Skeel |title=Roundoff Error and the Patriot Missile |journal=SIAM News |date=July 1992 |volume=25 |number=4 |page=11 |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] |access-date=May 8, 2013 |via=[[University of Puerto Rico at Humacao]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702180720/http://mate.uprh.edu/~pnm/notas4061/patriot.htm |archive-date=July 2, 2010 }}</ref> The Patriot missile battery at Dhahran had been in operation for 100 hours, by which time the system's internal clock had drifted by one-third of a second. Due to the missile's speed this was equivalent to a miss distance of 600 meters.

The radar system had successfully detected the Scud and predicted where to look for it next. However, the timestamps of the two radar pulses being compared were converted to [[Floating-point number|floating point]] differently: one correctly, the other introducing an error proportionate to the operation time so far (100 hours) caused by the truncation in a 24-bit fixed-point register. As a result, the difference between the pulses was wrong, so the system looked in the wrong part of the sky and found no target. With no target, the initial detection was assumed to be a spurious track and the missile was removed from the system.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-26-mn-1889-story.html |first1=Bob |last1=Drogin |first2=Patt |last2=Morrison |title=Iraqi Missile Slams Into GIs' Barracks; 27 Killed : Scud attack: 98 are hurt in the deadliest such strike of the war. Quarters were for Pennsylvania reserve unit |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 26, 1991 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321025325/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-02-26/news/mn-1889_1_scud-attack |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/patriot.html |first=Douglas N. |last=Arnold |title=The Patriot Missile Failure |website=University of Minnesota |date=August 23, 2000 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908191840/https://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/patriot.html |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> No interception was attempted, and the Scud impacted on a makeshift barracks in an [[Al Khobar]] warehouse, killing 28 soldiers, the first Americans to be killed from the Scuds that Iraq had launched against [[Saudi Arabia]] and Israel.

Two weeks earlier, on February 11, 1991, the Israelis had identified the problem and informed the U.S. Army and the PATRIOT Project Office, the software manufacturer.<ref name="GAO report IMTEC 92-26" /> As a stopgap measure, the Israelis had recommended rebooting the system's computers regularly. The manufacturer supplied updated software to the Army on February 26.

There had previously{{when|date=May 2024}} been failures{{clarify|date=May 2024}} in the MIM-104 system at the [[Joint Defense Facility Nurrungar]] in Australia, which was charged with processing signals from satellite-based early launch detection systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/167.html |title=Nurrungar played fateful role in Desert Storm tragedy |first=Cameron |last=Stewart |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=February 18, 1999 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |via=Hartford Web Publishing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114457/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/167.html |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Success rate vs. accuracy====
{{see also|Theodore Postol#Patriot missiles in Operation Desert Storm}}
On February 15, 1991, President [[George H. W. Bush]] traveled to Raytheon's Patriot manufacturing plant in [[Andover, Massachusetts]], during the Gulf War. He declared, the "Patriot is 41 for 42: 42 Scuds engaged, 41 intercepted!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2711&year=1991&month=2 |title=Remarks to Raytheon Missile Systems Plant Employees in Andover, Massachusetts |first=George H. W. |last=Bush |website=George H. W. Bush Presidential Library |date=February 15, 1991 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010230752/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2711&year=1991&month=2 |archive-date=October 10, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The President's claimed success rate was over 97% at that point in the war.

On April 7, 1992, [[Theodore Postol]] of MIT, and Reuven Pedatzur of [[Tel Aviv University]] testified before a [[U.S. House of Representatives|House Committee]] claiming that, according to their independent analysis of video tapes, the Patriot system had a success rate of below 10%, and perhaps even a zero success rate.<ref name="fas_Postol">{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407p.htm |title= Optical Evidence Indicating Patriot High Miss Rates During the Gulf War |first=Theodore A. |last= Postol |website=Federation of American Scientists |date= April 7, 1992 |access-date=January 29, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090415122817/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407p.htm |archive-date= April 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="fas_Pedatzur">{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407r.htm |title=The Israeli Experience Operating Patriot in the Gulf War |first=Reuven |last=Pedatzur |website= Federation of American Scientists |date=April 7, 1992 |access-date=June 13, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141209235250/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407r.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref>

On April 7, 1992, Charles A. Zraket of [[Harvard Kennedy School]] and [[Peter Zimmerman]] of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], a [[think tank]] funded by the United States government and Raytheon, testified about the calculation of success rates and accuracy in Israel and Saudi Arabia and discounted many of the statements and methodologies in Postol's report.<ref name="fas_Zraket">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407m.htm |title=Testimony of Charles A. Zraket |first=Charles A. |last=Zraket |website=Federation of American Scientists |date=April 7, 1992 |access-date=June 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112034900/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407m.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fas_Zimmerman">{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407z.htm |title=Testimony of Peter D. Zimmerman |first=Peter D. |last=Zimmerman |website=Federation of American Scientists |date=April 7, 1992 |access-date=June 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520002222/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/h920407z.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> According to Zimmerman, it is important to note the difference in terms when analyzing the performance of the system during the war:
* Success rate – the percentage of Scuds destroyed or deflected to unpopulated areas
* Accuracy – the percentage of hits out of all the Patriots fired

In accordance with the standard firing doctrine, on average four Patriots were launched at each incoming Scud{{snd}} in Saudi Arabia an average of three Patriots were fired. The large number of missiles fired suggests low confidence in individual missiles and that a higher rate of successful interceptions was achieved through brute force. For example, if a Patriot has a 50% individual success rate, two missiles will intercept 75% of the time, and three will intercept 87.5% of the time. Only one has to hit for a successful interception, but this does not mean that the other missiles would not also have hit.

The Iraqi redesign of the Scuds also played a role. Iraq had redesigned its Scuds by removing weight from the warhead to increase speed and range, but the changes weakened the missile and made it unstable during flight, creating a tendency for the Scud to break up during its descent from [[near space]]. This presented a larger number of targets as it was unclear which piece contained the warhead.

According to the Zraket testimony, there was a lack of [[High speed photography|high quality photographic equipment]] necessary to record the interceptions of targets. Therefore, Patriot crews recorded each launch on [[standard-definition]] videotape, which was insufficient for detailed analysis. Damage assessment teams videotaped the Scud debris that was found on the ground. Crater analysis was then used to determine if the warhead was destroyed before the debris crashed or not. Part of the reason for the 30% improvement in success rate in Saudi Arabia compared to Israel is that the Patriot merely had to push the incoming Scud missiles away from military targets in the desert or disable the Scud's warhead in order to avoid casualties, while in Israel the Scuds were aimed directly at cities and civilian populations.

The Saudi Government also censored any reporting of Scud damage by the Saudi press. The Israeli Government did not institute the same type of censorship. Patriot's success rate in Israel was examined by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) who did not have a political reason to play up Patriot's success rate.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} The IDF counted any Scud that exploded on the ground, regardless of whether or not it was diverted, as a failure for the Patriot. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army, which had many reasons to support a high success rate for Patriot, examined the performance of Patriot in Saudi Arabia.

Both testimonies state that part of the problems stem from its original design as an anti-aircraft system. Patriot was designed with [[proximity fuze|proximity fuse]]d warheads, which are designed to explode immediately prior to hitting a target spraying shrapnel out in a fan in front of the missile, either destroying or disabling the target. These missiles were fired at the target's center of mass. With aircraft this was fine, but considering the much higher speeds of tactical ballistic missiles, as well as the location of the warhead, usually in the nose, Patriot most often hit closer to the tail of the Scud due to the delay present in the [[proximity fuse]]d warhead, thus not destroying the missile's warhead and allowing it to fall to earth.

In response to the testimonies and other evidence, the staff of the House Government Operations Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security reported, "The Patriot missile system was not the spectacular success in the Persian Gulf War that the American public was led to believe. There is little evidence to prove that the Patriot hit more than a few [[Scud]] missiles launched by Iraq during the Gulf War, and there are some doubts about even these engagements. The public and the [[United States Congress]] were misled by definitive statements of success issued by administration and Raytheon representatives during and after the war."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/operate.htm |title=Star Wars – Operations |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209210030/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/operate.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref>

===US-led invasion of Iraq (2003)===
Patriot was deployed to Iraq a second time in 2003, this time to provide air and missile defense for the forces conducting [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] (OIF). Patriot PAC-3, GEM, and GEM+ missiles both had a very high success rate, intercepting [[Al-Samoud 2|Al-Samoud 2 and Ababil-100]] tactical ballistic missiles.<ref name= dsbreport2005>{{cite web |url= http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005-01-Patriot_Report_Summary.pdf |title=Patriot Report Summary |website= Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition |date=January 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060226111836/http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005-01-Patriot_Report_Summary.pdf |archive-date= February 26, 2006}}</ref> No longer-range ballistic missiles were fired during that conflict. The systems were stationed in Kuwait and Iraq, and successfully destroyed a number of hostile surface-to-surface missiles using the new PAC-3 and guidance enhanced missiles.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=F-16 vs Patriot friendly fire incident on 24 March 2003 in Iraq {{!}} Key Aero |url=https://www.key.aero/forum/modern-military-aviation/44425-f-16-vs-patriot-friendly-fire-incident-on-24-march-2003-in-iraq |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=www.key.aero |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last=AXE |first=DAVID |date=July 11, 2016 |title=That Time an Air Force F-16 and an Army Missile Battery Fought Each Other |url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/that-time-an-air-force-f-16-and-an-army-missile-battery-fought-each-other-bb89d7d03b7d |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=War Is Boring |language=en}}</ref>

Patriot missile batteries were involved in three friendly fire incidents. On March 23, 2003, a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]] was shot down, killing both crew members, Flight Lieutenant Kevin Barry Main (pilot) and Flight Lieutenant David Rhys Williams (navigator/WSO). On March 24, 2003, a USAF [[F-16CJ Fighting Falcon]] fired a [[AGM-88 HARM|HARM anti-radiation missile]] at a Patriot missile battery after the Patriot's radar had [[Radar lock-on|locked onto]] and prepared to fire at the aircraft, causing the pilot to mistake it for an Iraqi surface-to-air missile system because the aircraft was in air combat operations and was on its way to a mission near Baghdad. The HARM destroyed the Patriot's radar system with no casualties.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto1"/> Afterwards the Patriot Radar was examined and continued to operate, but was replaced due to a chance that a fragment might have penetrated it and gone undetected.{{Clarify|reason=Many sources say the HARM destroyed the Patriot's radar. So, how did the radar system continue to operate?|date=April 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article787.html |title=U.S. F-16 fires on Patriot missile battery in friendly fire incident |first=Lieven |last=Dewitte |website=F-16.net |date=March 25, 2003 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205414/http://www.f-16.net/news_article787.html |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 2, 2003, two PAC-3 missiles shot down a USN [[F/A-18 Hornet]], killing U.S. Navy Lieutenant Nathan D. White of [[VFA-195]], [[Carrier Air Wing Five]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-21-war-patriot21-story.html |title=Vaunted Patriot Missile Has a 'Friendly Fire' Failing |date=April 21, 2003 |first=Charles |last=Piller |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722035312/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/21/news/war-patriot21 |archive-date=July 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/atsugi-memorial-service-honors-pilot-killed-in-iraq-1.4579|title=Atsugi memorial service honors pilot killed in Iraq|last=Gittler|first=Juliana|date=April 19, 2003|newspaper=Stars and Stripes|access-date=September 27, 2014}}<!--ref for VFA-195 / CVW 5--></ref>

=== Post-2003 service in Iraq ===
A US Army Patriot battery in [[Erbil, Iraq]] shot down at least one Iranian ballistic missile during the [[April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel|2024 Iranian strikes in Israel]].<ref name="theintercept20240415">{{Cite news |last1=Klippenstein |first1=Ken |last2=Boguslaw |first2=Daniel |date=April 15, 2024 |title=U.S., Not Israel, Shot Down Most Iran Drones and Missiles |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/04/15/iran-attack-israel-drones-missiles/ |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Service with Israel===
[[File:Yahalom-MIM-104D-Patriot--Independence-Day-2017-Tel-Nof-IZE-026.jpg|thumb|An Israeli Patriot launcher on display for [[Yom Ha'atzmaut]] 2017]]

The [[Israeli Air Defense Command]] operated '''MIM-104D Patriot (PAC-2/GEM+)''' batteries with Israeli upgrades. The [[Israel Defense Forces]]' designation for the Patriot weapon system was "'''Yahalom'''" ({{langx|he|יהלום}}, ''diamond''). On April 30, 2024, the [[Israeli Air Force]] published an article stating that their Patriot batteries would be decommissioned in two months, being replaced by "more advanced air systems". According to ''The War Zone'', the Patriot was replaced by the [[David's Sling]] and [[Arrow (missile family)|Arrow]] systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fabian |first1=Emmanuel |date=April 30, 2024 |title=Israel to mothball Patriot air defenses after decades of mostly gathering dust |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-to-mothball-patriot-air-defenses-after-decades-of-mostly-gathering-dust/ |website=Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="Newdick">{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |title=Dozens Of Israeli Patriot Missiles Sent To Ukraine |url=https://www.twz.com/land/dozens-of-israeli-patriot-missiles-sent-to-ukraine |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=The War Zone |date=January 29, 2025}}</ref> Following the announcement, Ukraine initiated talks on obtaining retired Israeli Patriot systems in April 2024. On January 28, 2025, a US defense official confirmed to the ''[[CNN]]'' that 90 ex-Israeli interceptors were transferred to Ukraine via the United States. Reportedly Kyiv will also receive components for the system, including radars, after being refurbished in the US.<ref name="Newdick" />

====Operation Protective Edge (2014)====
During [[Operation Protective Edge]], Patriot batteries of the Israeli Air Defense Command intercepted and destroyed two [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s launched by [[Hamas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Gaza-drone-shot-down-over-Ashdod-362666 |title=Gaza drone enters Israel, is shot down over Ashdod by IAF |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718003752/http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Gaza-drone-shot-down-over-Ashdod-362666 |archive-date=July 18, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Gaza-drone-downed-by-IAF-363280 |title=Gaza drone downed by IAF |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717224004/http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Gaza-drone-downed-by-IAF-363280 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The interception of a Hamas drone in July 2014, was the first time in the history of the Patriot system's use that it successfully intercepted an enemy aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141116/DEFREG04/311160018/Israel-Air-Force-Hones-Patriot-Batteries-UAV-Defense |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141122174958/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141116/DEFREG04/311160018/Israel-Air-Force-Hones-Patriot-Batteries-UAV-Defense |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 22, 2014 |title=Israel Air Force Hones Patriot Batteries for UAV Defense |website=DefenseNews.com |date=November 16, 2014}}</ref>

====Syrian civil war (2014–)====
In Israeli service in the Syrian civil war, Patriot has primarily been active in drone and air defense, rather than a missile defense capacity. In August 2014, a Syrian unmanned aerial vehicle was shot down by an Israeli Air Defense Command MIM-104D Patriot missile near [[Quneitra]], after it had penetrated the airspace over the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights.<ref name="ynetnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4574214,00.html |title=IDF: Syrian fighter jet shot down over Golan|first=Ahiya|last=Raved|website=[[Ynetnews]] |date= September 23, 2014 |access-date= September 27, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924065942/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4574214,00.html |archive-date=September 24, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, a [[Syrian Air Force]] [[Sukhoi Su-24]] was shot down in similar circumstances.<ref name="ynetnews.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israeli-patriot-downs-syrian-su-24-404050/ |title=Israeli Patriot downs Syrian Su-24|first=Arie|last=Egozi|website=FlightGlobal|date=September 23, 2014 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530152010/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israeli-patriot-downs-syrian-su-24-404050/ |archive-date=May 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2014, Israeli Patriots have missed several Syrian drones, including two misses in July 2016<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2784979 |title= "Патриот" не смог сбить российский беспилотник, случайно залетевший в Израиль |trans-title="Patriot" failed to bring down Russian drones, who accidentally flew into Israel|date=August 7, 2016 |website=[[Russia-24]] |access-date= January 5, 2018 |language= ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106064830/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2784979 |archive-date=January 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and another in June 2018;<ref>{{cite news |title=IDF fires Patriot missile toward UAV approaching Israel's Golan Heights |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-fires-Patriot-missile-toward-UAV-approaching-Israels-Golan-Heights-560726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626190713/https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-fires-Patriot-missile-toward-UAV-approaching-Israels-Golan-Heights-560726 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2018 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> as well as several successful shootdowns against Syrian drones in April 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.786119 |title=Israel Shoots Down Syrian Drone Over Golan Heights|first=Gili|last=Cohen|date=April 27, 2017|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|access-date= January 5, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171225233043/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.786119 |archive-date=December 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> July 11 and 13, 2018,<ref>{{cite news |title=IDF intercepts Syrian drone that penetrated 10 kilometers into Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-patriot-missile-fired-toward-incoming-drone-from-syria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711154906/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-patriot-missile-fired-toward-incoming-drone-from-syria/ |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |access-date=July 11, 2018 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel fires Patriot missile against drone on Syrian border |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Patriot-missile-fired-against-drone-on-Syrian-border-562445 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714021957/https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Patriot-missile-fired-against-drone-on-Syrian-border-562445 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=July 13, 2018 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> as well as against a Hezbollah intelligence drone attempting to infiltrate Israel in September 2017 through the [[Golan Heights|Golan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5018768,00.html |title=IDF fires Patriot to intercept Hezbollah drone in Golan Heights|date=September 19, 2017|website=Ynetnews|access-date= January 5, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180224213007/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5018768,00.html |archive-date=February 24, 2018|url-status=live|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav|last2=Raved|first2=Ahiya}}</ref> On July 24, 2018, an Israeli Patriot missile shot down a Syrian [[Sukhoi Su-22]] fighter which had crossed into Israeli airspace.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5315821,00.html |title=IDF shoots down Syrian fighter jet with Patriot missiles|date=July 24, 2018|work=Ynetnews|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724133249/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5315821,00.html |archive-date=July 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Service with Saudi Arabia===
Patriot has continued to see usage in Saudi Arabia against [[Houthi insurgency|Houthi]] [[Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict|missile attacks]]. In June 2015, a Patriot battery was used to shoot down a Scud missile, fired at Saudi Arabia by [[Houthi]] rebels in response to the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/06/412451669/saudis-shoot-down-scud-missile-fired-by-houthi-rebels-in-yemen |first=Scott|last=Neuman|title=Saudis Shoot Down Scud Missile Fired By Houthi Rebels In Yemen|website=NPR|date=June 6, 2015 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083743/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/06/412451669/saudis-shoot-down-scud-missile-fired-by-houthi-rebels-in-yemen |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another Scud was fired at an electricity station in [[Jizan Province]] and intercepted by a Saudi Patriot in August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-idUSKCN0QV0NQ20150826 |title=Saudi military intercepts Scud missile fired by Yemeni forces|website=Reuters.com|date=August 26, 2015 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123005053/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/26/us-yemen-security-idUSKCN0QV0NQ20150826 |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Saudi Arabia claims that another long-range ballistic missile was fired toward [[Mecca]] and intercepted by a Saudi Patriot in October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/yemens-houthis-accused-firing-missile-mecca-161028132859767.html |title=Saudi Arabia intercepts Houthi missile near Mecca|website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]|date=October 28, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010236/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/yemens-houthis-accused-firing-missile-mecca-161028132859767.html |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Houthi sources said that the missile's intended target was the air force base in [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in Jeddah, 65&nbsp;km (40{{nbsp}}miles) north-west of Mecca.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-missiles-idUSKCN12S016 |title=Yemen's Houthis launch missile toward Saudi holy city, coalition says|website=Reuters.com|date=October 28, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193629/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-missiles-idUSKCN12S016 |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2018, another missile, apparently fired from Yemen, was intercepted by a Patriot missile over Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/25/middleeast/saudi-arabia-intercepts-missile/index.html |title=Saudi Arabia intercepts missile over capital city|author1=Amir Vera |author2=Nic Robertson|work=CNN|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326032912/https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/25/middleeast/saudi-arabia-intercepts-missile/index.html |archive-date=March 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Videos showed one interceptor exploded just after launch and another did a "U turn" midair toward Riyadh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/3/26/doubt-cast-on-saudi-claims-of-houthi-missile-interception |title=Doubt cast on Saudi missile interception claims|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/28/patriot-missiles-are-made-in-america-and-fail-everywhere/ |title=Patriot Missiles Are Made in America and Fail Everywhere|first=Jeffrey|last=Lewis|date=March 28, 2018 }}</ref> During the [[Abqaiq–Khurais attack]] in September 2019, the six battalions of Patriot missile defense systems owned by Saudi Arabia failed to protect its oil facilities from attacks by multiple drones and suspected cruise missiles.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|title=Billions spent on U.S. weapons didn't protect Saudi Arabia's most critical oil sites from a crippling attack|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/09/17/billions-spent-us-weapons-didnt-protect-saudi-arabias-most-critical-oil-sites-crippling-attack/ |date=September 17, 2019 |newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref> The United States removed two of its four Patriot antimissile batteries securing oil fields in Saudi Arabia in May 2020, following an easing of tensions with Iran. They were to be replaced by Saudi's own Patriot batteries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-07/u-s-withdrawing-some-patriot-missile-batteries-from-middle-east |title=U.S. Withdrawing Some Patriot Missile Batteries From Middle East|access-date=May 7, 2020|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=May 7, 2020 }}</ref> In February 2021, a Patriot battery intercepted a ballistic missile over Riyadh that was fired by Houthis as a [[Formula E]] race was held on the outskirts of the city in [[Diriyah]], attended by Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia 'intercepts ballistic missile over Riyadh'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/28/saudi-arabia-intercepts-ballistic-missile-attack-over-riyadh |access-date=February 28, 2021|website=aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Service with the United Arab Emirates===
According to Brigadier General Murad Turaiq, the commander of some of the Yemeni forces allied to the Saudi-led coalition currently fighting in Yemen, Patriot air defense systems deployed to Yemen by the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) have successfully intercepted two ballistic missiles fired by Houthi forces. General Turaiq told the Abu Dhabi-based [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|''The National'']] newspaper on November 14, 2015, that the first missile was shot down late the previous day in the [[Al-Gofainah]] area and a second was intercepted before it hit the building hosting the control centre for forces operating in [[Marib]] and Al-Baydah provinces. [[Airbus]] Defence and Space satellite imagery obtained by [[IHS Jane's]] showed two Patriot fire units, each with two launchers, deployed at the Safir airstrip in Marib province on October 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/55999/uae-patriots-credited-with-two-intercepts-in-yemen |title=UAE Patriots credited with two intercepts in Yemen|website=Janes.com|first=Jeremy|last=Binnie|date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113084524/http://www.janes.com/article/55999/uae-patriots-credited-with-two-intercepts-in-yemen |archive-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref>

=== Talisman Sabre Exercise ===
In July 2021, the US Army used a battery of Patriot missiles in the [[Exercise Talisman Saber]] in the [[Shoalwater Bay Training Area]] in [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=US Army Launches Patriot Missiles During Talisman Saber 21|url=https://www.army.mil/article/248526/us_army_launches_patriot_missiles_during_talisman_saber_21|access-date=July 20, 2021|website=www.army.mil|date=July 17, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The US Army test fired Patriot PAC-2 interceptor missiles and successfully intercepted target drones.<ref>{{cite web|last=GDC|date=July 17, 2021|title=US Army Test Fires Patriot Missiles In Talisman Sabre Exercises|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/07/18/us-army-test-fires-patriot-missiles-in-talisman-sabre-exercises/|access-date=July 20, 2021|website=Global Defense Corp|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Service with Eastern Europe===
====Patriot sales and contributions to Poland and Ukraine====
Russia's 2014 invasion of Crimea led to a "sales burst" for the Patriot system, with Romania, Poland, and Sweden signing onto the system between the start of the invasion and the wider invasion of Ukraine in 2022.<ref name=DefNews4924 /> In response to [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], on March 9, 2022, the [[United States European Command|U.S. European Command]] announced that it would send two Patriot air defense systems to Poland to "proactively counter any potential threat to U.S. and Allied forces and [[NATO]] territory".<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. to Send Patriot Missile Systems to Poland |first=Nancy A. |last=Youssef |date=March 9, 2022 |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-03-09/card/u-s-to-send-patriot-missile-systems-to-poland-Jb2ydLPC30HkBQ9jSvOm |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> Poland asked Germany to transfer the Patriots to Ukraine. Germany declined.<ref>{{cite web |title= Poland will place German Patriot missiles on its territory |date=December 7, 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-will-place-german-patriot-missiles-its-territory-2022-12-07/ |access-date=December 19, 2022 |website=Reuters |first=Pawel |last=Florkiewicz |language=en}}</ref> On December 19, Ukraine President [[Zelenskyy]] talked about negotiating personally with US President [[Biden]] over a potential transfer of Patriot missile systems. He said they offer "a (better) distance, radius of reflection, protection". Ukrainian Foreign Minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] said that this was the most difficult diplomatic issue they had faced.<ref>{{cite web |title= Zelenskyy says he's personally overseeing transfer of Patriot air defense systems to Ukraine |date=December 19, 2022 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/zelenskyy-says-personally-overseeing-transfer-090900880.html |access-date=December 19, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |language=en }}</ref> One day later, the Biden administration announced it would be delivering another $1.85&nbsp;billion in aid to Ukraine that would include a Patriot battery<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Lolita C. |last1=Baldor |first2=Tara |last2=Copp |date=December 20, 2022 |title=US to send $1.8 billion in aid, Patriot battery, to Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-zelenskyy-b90ce5a55b1f6b820d03da96612b3796 |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> During a meeting with Zelenskyy in front of the press at the [[White House]] on December 21, Biden confirmed that the United States would send a Patriot battery to Ukraine, noting that it would take "months" to train the "dozens" of soldiers needed to operate the system, probably in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2022 |first1=Becky |last1=Sullivan |first2=Tom |last2=Bowman |title=The U.S. will send a Patriot air defense system to Ukraine. How will it help? |access-date=December 22, 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/21/1144662505/us-ukraine-patriot-missile-system |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="patriot battery">{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2022 |title=US to send $1.8 billion in aid, Patriot battery, to Ukraine |url= https://news.yahoo.com/ukraines-zelensky-planning-visit-us-231802111.html |first1=Hugo |last1=Bachega |first2=Ben|last2=Tobias |access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=Yahoo! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2022 |title= Explainer-What is the Patriot missile defense system? |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-usa-patriot-explainer-idUSKBN2T51G0 |access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Providing a Patriot missile system is seen as a symbol of Western engagement in the conflict, although its range is only local.<ref name="patriot battery"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 21, 2022 |title= Why the US Is Giving Ukraine a Patriot Air-Defense System |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/why-the-us-is-giving-ukraine-a-patriot-air-defense-system/2022/12/21/96b2e840-814f-11ed-8738-ed7217de2775_story.html |first=Courtney |last=McBride |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |access-date=December 22, 2022 }}</ref>

Other nations subsequently announced plans to send their own Patriot batteries. On January 5, 2023, Germany announced that it would supply one Patriot battery to Ukraine as a part of their own military aid package.<ref>{{Cite web | date=January 5, 2023 |title= Gemeinsame Presseerklärung im Anschluss an ein Telefonat zwischen dem Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten, Joseph R. Biden Jr., und dem Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Olaf Scholz |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/gemeinsame-presseerklaerung-im-anschluss-an-ein-telefonat-zwischen-dem-praesidenten-der-vereinigten-staaten-joseph-r-biden-jr-und-dem-bundeskanzler-der-bundesrepublik-deutschland-olaf-scholz-2156622 | access-date=January 5, 2023 | website=Bundesregierung | language=de }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gebauer |first1=Matthias |last2=Kormbaki |first2=Marina |last3=Schulz |first3=Benjamin |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Ukraine-Krieg: Bundesregierung kündigt Lieferung von »Marder«-Schützenpanzern an |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ukraine-krieg-bundesregierung-kuendigt-lieferung-von-marder-schuetzenpanzern-an-a-b6c8e74b-fd4c-4621-860f-b1fd207a6187 |access-date=January 5, 2023 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> On January 17, 2023, the Netherlands announced it too will send one launcher, and added a second launcher on January 20.<ref name="dutchsend">{{Cite web | date=January 17, 2023 |title= Mark Rutte op bezoek in Washington 'Nederland heeft intentie om Patriot-luchtafweer naar Oekraïne te sturen' |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/1521780026/nederland-heeft-intentie-om-patriot-luchtafweer-naar-oekraine-te-sturen | access-date=January 17, 2023 | website=De Telegraaf | language=nl }}</ref> The Dutch government announced it will send launchers (Dutch: ''lanceerinrichtingen'') and missiles, not complete systems (a battery) which includes radars, etc.<ref name="dutchsend" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Nederland stuurt twee Patriot-lanceerinrichtingen naar Oekraïne |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5360554/patriot-luchtafweer-raketsystemen-oekraine-rusland |access-date=January 20, 2023 |website=RTL Nieuws |language=nl |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120183926/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5360554/patriot-luchtafweer-raketsystemen-oekraine-rusland |url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 19, a German government website announced that the country had delivered a Patriot system to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web | date=April 19, 2023 |title= Ukraine updates: Germany says Patriots delivered to Kyiv |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-updates-germany-says-patriots-delivered-to-kyiv/a-65367387 | access-date=April 19, 2023 | website=DW | language=english }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=April 18, 2023 | title=Germany Says It Delivered Patriot Missile Battery To Ukraine | url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/germany-says-it-delivered-patriot-battery-to-ukraine | access-date=April 19, 2023 | website=The Drive | author=HOWARD ALTMAN | language=english | archive-date=April 18, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418221503/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/germany-says-it-delivered-patriot-battery-to-ukraine | url-status=dead }}</ref> A second Patriot battery was delivered on April 27<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Patriot division already on combat duty - Air Force |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3701746-second-patriot-division-already-on-combat-duty-air-force.html |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=www.ukrinform.net |date=April 27, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> from the United States. On August 9, 2023, it was announced that Germany would provide an additional complete Patriot battery to Ukraine. The system was delivered on December 13 after the Ukrainian crew completed training in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Media: Scholz says second Patriot air defense system to arrive in Ukraine this year |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/12/13/media-scholz-says-second-patriot-air-defense-system-to-arrive-in-ukraine-this-year/ |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=Euromaidan Press |language=en-US}}</ref>
So, during 2023, three Patriot batteries were delivered to Ukraine.

====Patriot operations in the Russo-Ukrainian War====
Patriot has had a successful track record in Ukraine during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], successfully intercepting a wide range of Russian weaponry and aircraft.<ref name=DefNews4924 /> It has shot down Russian aircraft like Su-34 fighters flying nearly 100 miles away, and intercepted missiles as far as 130 miles away, according to defense NGO reports.<ref name="DefNews4924" /> During October 2023, under a program called "[[FrankenSAM]]" Western and Soviet air defence technologies are being combined in Ukraine. One of three programs involves a Ukrainian radar guiding a Patriot missile. It has been tested and is expected to be operational by winter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/28/us/politics/air-defense-ukraine-frankensam.html |title=Desperate for Air Defense, Ukraine Pushes U.S. for 'Franken' Weapons |date=October 18, 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

===== Aircraft interceptions - May 2023 =====
On May 13, 2023, a Patriot battery was allegedly used to destroy at least four (possibly five) aircraft belonging to a Russian strike package over Bryansk Oblast, Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Axe |first=David |title=A Ukrainian Patriot Missile Crew Shot Down Five Russian Aircraft In Two Minutes—And Possibly Forced The Kremlin To Rethink Its Tactics |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/07/03/a-ukrainian-patriot-missile-crew-shot-down-five-russian-aircraft-in-two-minutes-and-possibly-forced-the-kremlin-to-rethink-its-tactics/ |access-date=July 13, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Visually confirmed losses included a [[Su-34]], [[Su-35]], and two [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopters.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1657502865286471680 |user=RALee85 |title=The Russian Air Force lost a Su-34 Bomber, Su-35S fighter, and two Mi-8 helicopters today (one was a Mi-8MTPR-1 with a Rychag-AV) over Klintsy, Bryansk Oblast. https://t.me/milhelipilot/1148 https://t.me/voenacher/44520 https://t.me/breakingmash/43996 https://t.me/breakingmash/44010 https://t.me/bazabazon/17634 |first=Rob |last=Lee}}</ref> On May 19, U.S. defense officials and congressional staffers told [[CNN]] that a Patriot system had been used by the Ukrainian army to shoot down at least one Russian jet a few weeks before.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/18/politics/us-allies-f-16-jets-ukraine/index.html |title=US signals to allies it won't block their export of F-16 jets to Ukraine |first1=Natasha |last1=Bertrand |first2=Kylie |last2=Atwood |first3=Oren |last3=Liebermann |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=May 18, 2023 |access-date=May 19, 2023}}</ref> The spokesman of the Ukrainian Air Force later confirmed the shoot down of a Russian Su-34, Su-35, two Mi-8MTPR EW helicopters, and an Mi-8 transport helicopter by the Patriot system.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/bryansk_massacre_ukraines_air_force_tells_how_five_russian_aircraft_were_shot_down_in_five_minutes_by_the_american_patriot_sam_system-8701.html | title="Bryansk Massacre": Ukraine's Air Force Tells How Five russian Aircraft Were Shot Down in Five Minutes by the American Patriot SAM System &#124; Defense Express }}</ref>

===== Missile defense =====
[[File:Remains of Russian missiles and drones in Kyiv (2023-05-12) 10.jpg|thumb|Debris presented by Ukraine in May 2023, stated to be from a Kinzhal missile]]
During a night time attack on the Kyiv region on May 4, 2023, Ukraine air defense claimed a hypersonic [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]] ballistic missile was shot down by a Patriot missile defence system.<ref name=DefNews4924 /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2023 |title=Ukraine downs hypersonic Russian missile using Patriot defense system |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-hypersonic-russia-missile-patriot-defense/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.jpost.com/international/article-742614/amp |last=Stare |first=Michael |title=Pentagon confirms downing of Russian 'hypersonic' missile by Ukraine |date=May 10, 2023 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512042028/https://m.jpost.com/international/article-742614/amp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=reuters-hypersonic>{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2023 |title=Ukraine says it downed hypersonic Russian missile with Patriot system |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-it-downed-hypersonic-russian-missile-with-us-air-defence-system-2023-05-06/|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost-Kinzhal">{{cite news |last1=Stern |first1=David |title=Ukraine says it shot down hypersonic Russian missile with Patriot system |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/06/hypersonic-missile-patriot-ukraine-russia/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=May 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506193847/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/06/hypersonic-missile-patriot-ukraine-russia/ |archive-date=May 6, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Neuman |first1=Scott |title=Ukraine says its newly fielded U.S. Patriot system downed a Russian hypersonic missile |website=[[NPR]] |date=May 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605065205/https://www.npr.org/2023/05/06/1174505616/ukraine-patriot-defense-russian-hypersonic-missile-kinzhal |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |url-status=live |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/06/1174505616/ukraine-patriot-defense-russian-hypersonic-missile-kinzhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian PAC-3 Patriot missile downs Russian undetectable Kh-47 Kynzhal Hypersonic Missile |date=May 5, 2023
|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/patriot/ |website=army-technology.com |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref> [[Yurii Ihnat]], the spokesman for the Ukrainian Air Force, initially denied the claim of interception,<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Kinzhal hypersonic missiles over Kyiv on 4 May – Ukrainian Air Force |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/05/5/7400832/ |date=May 5, 2023 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en}}</ref> but on May 6 it was finally confirmed by Commander of the UAF [[Mykola Oleschuk]].<ref name=reuters-hypersonic/><ref name="WashingtonPost-Kinzhal"/> Prior to this interception, intercepting a Kinzhal missile was only a "theoretical" capability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2023 |title=US does not doubt veracity of Ukraine's statement about Kinzhal interception – CNN |publisher=Ukrainska Pravda |url=https://news.yahoo.com/us-does-not-doubt-veracity-202749998.html}}</ref> Unnamed US officials claimed the missile was aimed at the Patriot system which intercepted it, and that the Ukrainians fired multiple Patriot missiles at different angles to intercept the Kinzhal missile.<ref name="CNN-disputes-Kinzhal">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/12/politics/russia-patriot-missiles-ukraine/index.html |title=Russia tried to destroy US-made Patriot system in Ukraine, officials say |first1=Natasha |last1=Bertrand |first2=Oren |last2=Liebermann |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref> A Pentagon spokesman later confirmed that Ukraine downed the Kinzhal missile.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pentagon: Ukraine used U.S.-made Patriot to down Russian hypersonic missile|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/may/9/pentagon-ukraine-used-us-made-patriot-down-russian/|date=May 9, 2023|access-date=May 10, 2023|website=The Washington Times}}</ref>

On May 16, 2023, the Ukrainian Air Force claimed to have shot down eighteen missiles, including six Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missiles, and uncertain number of attack drones.<ref name="UA+RU disputes Kinzhal" /><ref name="Kinzhal-claimed-hit" >{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/air-defence-systems-repelling-attacks-ukraine-early-tuesday-officials-2023-05-16/ |title= In first, Kyiv says it shoots down volley of Russian hypersonic missiles|publisher=Reuters | author= Gleb Garanich |author2=Sergiy Karazy |date=May 16, 2023}}</ref> The Russian Defense Ministry stated in response that six Kinzhal missiles hadn't even been fired, and furthermore claimed that a Patriot battery in Kyiv was destroyed by a Kinzhal missile, citing social media footage.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/05/16/russia-destroys-key-us-supplied-air-defence-system-kyiv/ |title= Russia 'destroys' key US-supplied air defence system in largest bombardment of Kyiv|publisher=The Telegraph | author=Joe Barnes |date=May 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Kinzhal-claimed-hit" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Ellie |title=Ukraine Shoots Down Six Hypersonic Missiles Fired by Russia—Kyiv |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-shoots-down-six-russia-kinzal-hypersonic-missiles-1800561 |website=Newsweek |date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=NEWSWEEK DIGITAL LLC |access-date=May 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name="UA+RU disputes Kinzhal">{{cite web |last1=Voitovych |first1=Olga |last2=Chernova |first2=Anna |title=Russia claims it hit a US-made Patriot air defense system, while Ukraine says it intercepted all missiles |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-05-16-23/index.html#:~:text=Russia%20claims%20it%20hit%20a%20US%2Dmade%20Patriot%20air%20defense%20system%2C%20while%20Ukraine%20says%20it%20intercepted%20all%20missiles |website=CNN |date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Warner Bros. Discovery Company |access-date=May 16, 2023}}</ref> U.S. officials confirmed that the Patriot system was damaged, but stated that the damage was "minimal" or "insignificant", the radar was intact and that the system could likely be repaired locally without needing to be moved out of Ukraine. The battery was returned to operational status after minor repairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=US officials say damage to Patriot missile defense system was minimal following Russian attack near Kyiv|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/16/politics/patriot-missile-damage-ukraine|date=May 17, 2023|access-date=May 17, 2023|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pentagon confirms damage to Patriot system in Ukraine, says it's already repaired|url=https://kyivindependent.com/pentagon-confirms-damage-to-patriot-system-in-ukraine-says-its-already-repaired/|date=May 18, 2023|access-date=May 18, 2023|website=Kyiv Independent}}</ref> It has not yet been established whether the Patriot had been damaged by the fragments of the downed Russian missile or by a direct hit.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.yahoo.com/patriot-air-defence-system-insignificant-144133087.html |title= Patriot air defense system has "insignificant" damage, US specialists inspect it – CNN |website=News Yahoo!|date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> The following day, U.S. officials told the [[New York Times]] that "a Patriot system had been damaged in the attack but added that the Patriot remained operational against all threats,"<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/05/16/world/russia-ukraine-news |title= U.S. Officials Confirm Damage to Patriot Defense System in Kyiv Attack |website=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 18, 2023}}</ref> while Deputy Pentagon Spokeswoman Sabrina Singh announced that the Patriot system had been fixed, with assistance from the US.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine live briefing: Damaged Patriot system in Kyiv has been fixed, U.S. says |date=May 18, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518064901/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/18/russia-ukraine-war-news/ |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |url-status=live |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/18/russia-ukraine-war-news/}}</ref> In contradiction to the U.S. announcement, the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that the system's multifunctional radar station and five launchers were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/05/18/five-launchers-of-the-us-patriot-anti-aircraft-missile-system-were-completely-destroyed-in-kyiv/|title=Kinzhal Missile Strike Destroyed Five Patriot Launchers in Kiev - Russia|website=moderndiplomacy.eu|date=May 18, 2023}}</ref>

After two missile attacks on May 29, 2023, Ukrainian President Zelenskyy announced that all missiles were intercepted and according to Ukrainian Air Force spokesman, Yuriy Ihnat, these were assumed to likely be [[Iskander-M|Iskander-M ballistic missiles]].<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Ukraine's Zelensky: US Patriot anti-missile systems ensure 100% interception |url=https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-744559/amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530015340/https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-744559/amp |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=May 29, 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Dashcam video captured the debris from an expended PAC-3 CRI missile falling in between passing vehicles.<ref name="pac-3-kyiv-motorists">{{cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=May 31, 2023 |title=Ukraine Situation Report: Spent Patriot Missile Narrowly Misses Kyiv Motorists |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-situation-report-spent-patriot-missile-narrowly-misses-kyiv-motorists |access-date=June 12, 2023 |publisher=The War Zone |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613014644/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-situation-report-spent-patriot-missile-narrowly-misses-kyiv-motorists |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pac-3-little-known">{{cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=June 2, 2023 |title=Patriot PAC-3 Hit-To-Kill Interceptors Also Pack A Little-Known Explosive Warhead |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/patriot-pac-3-hit-to-kill-interceptors-also-pack-a-little-known-explosive-warhead |access-date=June 7, 2023 |publisher=The War Zone |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612112522/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/patriot-pac-3-hit-to-kill-interceptors-also-pack-a-little-known-explosive-warhead |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to a report by the US [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], Russia upgraded 9K720 Iskander and [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]] missiles with a terminal phase maneuvering capability in spring 2025 in order to bypass Ukraine's Patriot systems.<ref>{{cite web | title=FT: Russia modernized Iskander and Kinzhal missiles to outsmart Patriot defenses | website=RBC-Ukraine | date=2025-10-02 | url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ft-russia-modernized-iskander-and-kinzhal-1759392427.html | ref={{sfnref|RBC-Ukraine|2025}} | access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref> A [[Financial Times]] article from October 2025 said, citing current and former Ukrainian and Western officials, that interception rates dropped from 37% in August to 6% in September, allowing Russia to seriously damage key military sites, four drone plants, and critical infrastructure ahead of the winter.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian missile upgrade outpaces Ukraine’s Patriot defences | website=ft.com | date=2025-10-02 | url=https://www.ft.com/content/078b8e70-a58c-47cc-b573-598850dd5685 | ref={{sfnref|Home|2025}} | access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>

==== Losses ====
On March 9, 2024, video footage emerged showing the destruction of an Armed Forces of Ukraine [[convoy]] that allegedly contained at least two M901 Patriot missile launchers near the city of [[Pokrovsk, Ukraine|Pokrovsk]] in Donetsk Oblast. The convoy was reportedly struck by a Russian [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander-M]] ballistic missile. The Armed Forces of Ukraine has not commented on the video.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-9-2024 | title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 9, 2024 | last1=Haward | first1=Christina | last2=Mappes | first2=Grace | last3=Wolkov | first3=Nicole | last4=Bailey | first4=Riley | last5=Barros | first5=George | date=March 9, 2024 | website=Institute for the Study of War | publisher=ISW Press | access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/03/09/a-russian-drone-spotted-a-ukrainian-patriot-air-defense-crew-convoying-near-the-front-line-soon-a-russian-hypersonic-missile-streaked-down/?sh=671e49bc3514 | title=A Russian Drone Spotted a Ukrainian Patriot Air-Defense Crew Convoying Near the Front Line. Soon, A Russian Hypersonic Missile Streaked Down | last=Axe | first=David | date=March 9, 2024 | website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Shvarts | first=Kateryna | date=March 10, 2024 | title=Rosiiany znyshchyly dvi ustanovky ZRK Patriot v Ukraini - Forbes (video) | script-title=uk:Росіяни знищили дві установки ЗРК Patriot в Україні, - Forbes (відео) | trans-title=The Russians destroyed two Patriot air defense systems in Ukraine - Forbes (video) | url=https://www.unian.ua/war/rosiyani-znishchili-dvi-ustanovki-zrk-patriot-v-ukrajini-forbes-video-12568635.html | language=uk | agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] | access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Petrenko | first=Roman | date=March 10, 2024 | title=Foreign media report destruction of two Ukrainian Patriot systems | url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/03/10/7445792/ | work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] | access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html | title=Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine | last1=Mitzer | first1=Stijn | last2=Oliemans | first2=Joost | last3=Janovsky | first3=Jakub | website=Oryx | access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref>

On April 5, 2024, a damaged Ukrainian Patriot launcher was delivered to the United States. It is not yet known exactly where the launcher was damaged.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/a-damaged-ukrainian-patriot-launcher-was-delivered-to-the-united-states/ | title=A damaged Ukrainian Patriot launcher was delivered to the United States | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=April 21, 2024 |website=Militarnyi | access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref>

According to [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]], a Patriot radar was allegedly damaged in a Russian strike and deemed unrepairable by the manufacturer, but was repaired by military technical staff from the German Luftwaffe working sixteen hours a day from Monday to Saturday. The radar was transported back to Ukraine in July 2025 and by early August had been used in a successful intercept of a Russian strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.online.ua/en/ukrainian-patriot-radar-repaired-in-germany-after-being-damaged-by-russian-shelling-895937/|title=Ukrainian Patriot radar repaired in Germany after being damaged by Russian shelling}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/despite-early-doubts-german-military-restores-unrepairable-patriot-radar-for-ukraine-10563|title=Despite Early Doubts, German Military Restores "Unrepairable" Patriot Radar for Ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/57780|title=German Technicians Repair Ukrainian Patriot Radar Raytheon Called Unfixable}}</ref>

According to [[Oryx (website)|Oryx]], on 24 September 2025 a Ukrainian AN/MPQ-53 Patriot radar site was destroyed in an Iskander strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html|title=Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine}}</ref>

===Demands on Patriot systems===

Including the United States, 18 countries operate Patriot missile systems. Outside the US, only Japan's [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] appears to build Patriot missiles, under licence from various US companies. This has led to a demand on the US Army. Patriot batteries are the most deployed units in the US Army by early 2021. Some units have had a 6-month deployment extended up to 15 months.<ref name=DefNews4924 /><ref>{{cite web|url= https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/patriot/|publisher= CSIS |title= Patriot|date=August 23, 2023 |access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mariko Oi">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67798740|publisher=BBC |title= Japan to send Patriot missiles to US which may aid Ukraine|author=Mariko Oi|date=December 22, 2023 |access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="JOSEPH TREVITHICK">{{cite web|url= https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/inadequate-u-s-patriot-missile-force-size-highlighted-by-middle-east-crisis|publisher= The War Zone|title= Inadequate U.S. Patriot Missile Force Size Highlighted By Middle East Crisis|author= JOSEPH TREVITHICK|author2= TYLER ROGOWAY|date= October 30, 2023|access-date= December 30, 2023|archive-date= December 30, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231230111129/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/inadequate-u-s-patriot-missile-force-size-highlighted-by-middle-east-crisis|url-status= dead}}</ref> The missile is currently being used in active service in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/saudi-arabia-intercepted-houthi-missile-headed-toward-israel-report/|publisher=Times of Israel|title= Saudi Arabia intercepted Houthi missile headed toward Israel — report|author=JACOB MAGID|date=October 24, 2023 |access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref> In active use by the [[Israeli Defence Force|IDF]] in the "southern Negev desert".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-unidentified-drone-hits-southern-city-eilat-2023-11-09/|publisher=Reuters|title= Israel strikes Syria after drone hits southern Eilat city - Israeli military|author=Emily Rose|author2=Jonathan Saul |date=November 10, 2023 |access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref> The Patriot missile batteries are also seeing active service in Ukraine, where there are three batteries in service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 29, 2023 |title=Nuclear warfighter: Key characteristics of Russian Tu-22M3 bomber and Kh-22 'blind' missiles |language=en |work=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/world/nuclear-warfighter-key-characteristics-of-russian-tu-22m3-bomber-and-kh-22-blind-missiles/ar-AA1mdgGT|author1= Danylo Kramarenko|author2= Daria Shekina|publisher=MSN|access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref> To refill US stockpiles, Japan has modified its export rules to allow export of missiles to the United States. Previously only specific components could be exported now entire missiles can be exported. They cannot be sent directly to Ukraine, however they can backfill US stockpiles.<ref name="Mariko Oi"/> Recent withdrawal of the missiles from the Middle East were done to help deal with a potential crisis in the Pacific.<ref name="JOSEPH TREVITHICK"/> Likewise Germany has withdrawn its three Patriot units from Poland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 29, 2023 |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67839340 |title= Poland says Russian missile entered airspace then went into Ukraine |publisher=BBC |access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref>

NATO has announced a plan to purchase some 1000 Patriot missiles. A $5.5 billion contract has been awarded to [[Raytheon]] and [[MBDA]] to establish a new production facility in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 3, 2024 |url= https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_221626.htm?selectedLocale=en |title= NATO to buy 1,000 Patriot missiles to enhance Allies' air defences |publisher=Nato|access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> The U.S. is also ramping up production domestically. In 2018, [[Lockheed Martin]] was building 350 PAC-3 MSE missiles annually and was working to ramp up its production to 500 missiles a year prior to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.<ref name=DefNewsRamp>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/04/09/how-companies-plan-to-ramp-up-production-of-patriot-missiles/|title=How Companies Plan to Ramp Up Production of Patriot Missiles|website=Defense News|access-date=April 9, 2024|date=April 9, 2024|first=Jen|last=Judson}}</ref> In December 2023, Lockheed hit their production goal of 500 missiles per year, and is "fully funded by the U.S. Army to build 550 missiles annually" at its new 85,000 square-foot [[Camden, Arkansas]] facility.<ref name=DefNewsRamp /> Lockheed has announced plans to ramp up production of PAC-3 MSE interceptors to 650 annually by 2027, though it notes this will be done through internal investment, having not received Army funding for the production increase.<ref name=DefNewsRamp /> Lockheed also intends to increase export shipments for the missile, with six new international customers signing letters of approval in 2023.<ref name=DefNewsRamp /> [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]], which produces the PAC-3 MSE motor, opened a 51,000 square foot production facility next to Lockheed's Camden site in 2022, and has increased rocket motor production by 60% from 70,000 in 2021 to 115,000 in 2023 across all types including the PAC-3 MSE rocket motor.<ref name="DefNewsRamp" />

On June 20, 2024, the US government is set to announce the suspension of all exports of Patriot missiles and systems “until Ukraine has enough to defend itself from Russia’s air attacks”. This decision affects five countries who have agreed to the suspension.<ref>{{cite news |title= US to redirect Patriot air defence orders to Ukraine |url= https://www.ft.com/content/89fe9d6b-3a0f-42a5-af50-cff7f457a126 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |author=Christopher Miller |publisher=Financial Times|date=June 20, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Romanian government has announced that it will send a “full” Patriot battery to Ukraine, provided that the US government “help(s) cover the gap”.<ref>{{cite news |title= Romania agrees to donate Patriot air defense system to Ukraine |url= https://www.politico.eu/article/romania-agrees-to-donate-patriot-air-defense-system-to-ukraine/#:~:text=The%20Romanian%20government%20today%20promised,States%20help%20cover%20the%20gap. |access-date=June 20, 2024 |author= JOSHUA POSANER |publisher=Politico|date=June 20, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, 90 Patriot air defense interceptors were transferred from [[Israel]] to Ukraine by the United States. [[Axios (website)|Axios]] reported that Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] approved their transfer in September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravid |first1=Barak |title=Scoop: U.S. sending dozens of Patriot missiles from Israel to Ukraine |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/01/28/us-patriot-missiles-ukraine-israel |access-date=January 29, 2025 |work=Axios |date=January 28, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> 

In May 2025, US Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee "frankly, we don’t have" spare Patriot systems for Ukraine, and the US was encouraging NATO allies to donate Patriot missiles and systems from their stock.<ref name=wp-20250526>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/26/ukraine-patriot-missiles-air-defense-raytheon/ |title=Slammed by Russian missiles, Ukraine seeks more U.S. air defense systems |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |author2=Siobhán O'Grady |last3=Francis |first3=Ellen |newspaper=Washington Post |date=May 26, 2025 |access-date=May 29, 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, the Foreign Ministry of Israel denied providing Patriot air defense systems to Ukraine, contradicting an earlier suggestion by its envoy in Kyiv that such a transfer had occurred.<ref>{{cite news|work=Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-denies-sending-patriot-air-defense-systems-to-ukraine/|date=June 10, 2025|title=Israel denies sending Patriot air defense systems to Ukraine}}</ref> On September 27, 2025, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy confirmed that Israel had supplied Ukraine with a Patriot air defense battery, stating that the system was already installed and operational. Zelensky further announced that two additional Patriot batteries would be delivered by Israel in the fall of 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zelensky confirms Israel sent Patriot missile battery to Ukraine, says more coming in fall |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syontwbnel |publisher=YNET |date=September 27, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kensy |first1=Magdalena |title=Ukraine received Patriot system from Israel |url=https://www.euractiv.com/news/ukraine-received-patriot-system-from-israel/ |work=Euractiv |date=September 27, 2025}}</ref>  

== Operators ==

[[File:MIM-104 Patriot operators.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|MIM-104 operators. {{legend|#0b60d4|Current}}]]

Current operators:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG9W1na1rdk |title=Experience the Patriot Evolution |author=Raytheon |date=March 5, 2015 |website=YouTube |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606001638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG9W1na1rdk&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=June 6, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Current ===

;{{EGY}}
* [[Egyptian Air Defense Forces]]: In 1999, Egypt acquired 32 Patriot-3 (MIM-104-F/PAC-3) missile systems from the&nbsp;United States&nbsp;for $1.3 billion.<ref>Wade Boese, "U.S. Announces New Arms Sales to Middle East Worth Billions," ''Arms Control Today'', March 1999, www.armscontrol.org; Anthony Cordesman, "The Military Balance in the Middle East," ''Greenwood Publishing Group'', 2004.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |title=Current Trends Arms Sales in the Middle East |date=March 11, 2019 |work=Arms Control and the New Middle East Security Environment |pages=19–60 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429039119-2 |access-date=August 19, 2024 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429039119-2 |isbn=978-0-429-03911-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

;{{GER}}
* [[German Air Force]] (9 systems with 72 launchers<ref>{{cite news |last=Bashchenko |first=Oleksandra |date=June 13, 2024 |title=Germany to transfer quarter of its Patriot stocks to Ukraine, says Defense Minister |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/germany-to-transfer-quarter-of-its-patriot-1718275053.html |work=[[RBC-Ukraine]] |location=Kyiv, Ukraine |access-date=July 6, 2024 |quote='We will transfer the third Patriot system to Ukraine. Thus, Germany provides Ukraine with a total of 3 systems... This is a quarter of our own stocks of such systems, and we no longer have the opportunity to transfer more. Others can probably give one each,' the minister said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jakes |first=Lara |date=July 4, 2024 |title=Europe Seeks to Solve the 'Patriot Puzzle' in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/04/us/politics/ukraine-nato-patriot-air-defense.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York, New York |access-date=July 6, 2024 |quote=Three of the four Patriots already in Ukraine were given by Germany}}</ref> + 8 systems with 64 launchers on order)<ref>{{cite news |last=Grosse |first=Gregor |date=May 29, 2024 |title=Pistorius will vier weitere Patriot-Systeme für die Bundeswehr |trans-title=Pistorius wants four more Patriot systems for the Bundeswehr |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ukraine/luftverteidigung-pistorius-will-vier-weitere-patriot-systeme-19752591.html |language=de |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |location=Frankfurt, Germany |access-date=July 6, 2024 |quote=Damit strebt Deutschland in Zukunft die Anschaffung von insgesamt acht Patriot-Systemen an. |trans-quote=This means that Germany is aiming to purchase a total of eight Patriot systems in the future.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Frank |first=Dorothee |date=July 3, 2024 |title=Neue Patriot und PAC-2 GEM-T für die Luftverteidigung der Bundeswehr |trans-title=New Patriot and PAC-2 GEM-T for the German Armed Forces’ air defence |url=https://defence-network.com/patriot-pac-2-luftverteidigung-bundeswehr/ |language=de |work=cpm Defence Network |location=Meckenheim, Germany |access-date=July 6, 2024 |quote=Die Beschaffung der Interceptoren geht Hand in Hand mit einer ebenfalls heute abgesegneten „25 Mio Vorlage“ zur Beschaffung von vier weiteren Patriot-Luftverteidigungssystemen. |trans-quote=The procurement of the interceptors goes hand in hand with a "€25 million proposal" for the procurement of four additional Patriot air defense systems, also approved today.}}</ref>
** [[Flugabwehrraketengeschwader 1]]
*** Air Defence Missile Group 21 (Flugabwehrraketengruppe 21)
*** Air Defence Missile Group 24 (Flugabwehrraketengruppe 24)
*** Air Defence Missile Group 26 (Flugabwehrraketengruppe 26)
*** Air Defence Missile Group 61 (Flugabwehrraketengruppe 61)

;{{GRE}}
* [[Hellenic Air Force]]
** 350 Guided Missiles Wing
*** 21st Guided Missile Squadron
*** 22nd Guided Missile Squadron
*** 23rd Guided Missile Squadron
*** 24th Guided Missile Squadron
*** 25th Guided Missile Squadron
*** 26th Guided Missile Squadron

;{{JPN}}
[[File:Japan Air Self-Defense Force MIM-104 Patriot launcher.jpg|thumb|[[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] Patriot PAC-2 launcher]]
* [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]]
** Air Defense Missile Training Unit (ADMTU) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 1st Air Defense Missile Group (1st ADMG) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 2nd Air Defense Missile Group (2nd ADMG) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 3rd Air Defense Missile Group (3rd ADMG) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 4th Air Defense Missile Group (4th ADMG) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 5th Air Defense Missile Group (5th ADMG) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 6th Air Defense Missile Group (6th ADMG) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)

;{{flag|Jordan}}
* [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]]
The RJAF operates three<ref>{{cite book |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |date=2006 |title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780313083624 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |date=2010 |title=Global Security Watch--Jordan |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780313366192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7HsiU7161kC |access-date=March 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426160819/https://books.google.be/books?id=J7HsiU7161kC |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> or four<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1124.htm|title=Jordan To Receive 3 US Patriot Anti-missile Batteries On Feb 6 Diplomats|website=www.informationclearinghouse.info|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511003932/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1124.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2012/02/22/01003-20120222ARTFIG00610-la-jordanie-deploie-des-batteries-patriot-contre-damas.php|title=La Jordanie déploie des batteries Patriot contre Damas|date=February 22, 2012|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214124/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2012/02/22/01003-20120222ARTFIG00610-la-jordanie-deploie-des-batteries-patriot-contre-damas.php|archive-date=April 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Patriot missile batteries, acquired from Germany. Batteries are in operational deployment.

;{{flag|Kuwait}}
* [[Kuwait Air Force]]
In August 2010, the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced that Kuwait had formally requested to buy 209 MIM-104E PAC-2 missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/gulf-states-requesting-abm-capable-systems-04390/ |title=Gulf States Requesting ABM-Capable Systems |website=Defense Industry Daily |access-date=August 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016105641/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/gulf-states-requesting-abm-capable-systems-04390/ |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2012, Kuwait purchased 60 MIM-104F PAC-3 missiles, along with four radars and 20 launchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20120806.aspx |title=Air Defense: Kuwait Versus Iranian Missiles |website=StrategyPage.com |date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020030917/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20120806.aspx |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

;{{NED}}
* [[Royal Netherlands Army]]
** [[Joint Ground-based Air Defence Command]] 802 Squadron (PAC-2 & PAC-3 MSE)<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. agrees to sell Patriot missile systems to Netherlands {{!}} NL Times |url=https://nltimes.nl/2024/08/30/us-agrees-sell-patriot-missile-systems-netherlands |access-date=August 31, 2024 |website=nltimes.nl |date=August 30, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

;{{POL}}
* [[Polish Air Force]] (2 systems + 6 systems on order)
** 3rd "Warsaw" Air Defence Missile Brigade - Sochaczew-Bielice<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Sakshi |date=October 6, 2023 |title=For The 1st Time, Ukraine's NATO Neighbor Deploys Patriot Air Defense System To Protect Its Capital |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/for-the-first-time-ukraines-nato-neighbor-deploys-patriot-air/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>
In March 2018 the Ministry of National Defence signed a deal worth $4.75&nbsp;billion for two Patriot Configuration 3+ batteries, to be delivered in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-raytheon-poland-patriot/poland-signs-4-75-billion-deal-for-u-s-patriot-missile-system-facing-russia-idUSKBN1H417S|title=Poland signs $4.75 billion deal for U.S. Patriot missile system...|first=Lidia|last=Kelly|newspaper=Reuters|date=March 28, 2018|access-date=March 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329083346/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-raytheon-poland-patriot/poland-signs-4-75-billion-deal-for-u-s-patriot-missile-system-facing-russia-idUSKBN1H417S|archive-date=March 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The purchase included Northrop Grumman's [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System]] (IBCS) and four fire units equipped with four AN/MPQ-65 radars, 16 launchers, four Engagement Control Stations, six Engagement Operation Centers, 12 IFCN Relays and 208 PAC-3 MSE missiles.<ref>[http://www.defence24.com/wisla-and-patriot-missiles-pricetag-of-usd-475-billion-contract-concluded Wisła and Patriot Missiles - Pricetag of USD 4.75 billion. Contract Concluded.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101241/http://www.defence24.com/wisla-and-patriot-missiles-pricetag-of-usd-475-billion-contract-concluded |date=April 2, 2018}} defence24.com</ref> In December 2022 the first battery was delivered to Poland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intensyfikujemy wdrażanie Patriotów do służby w Siłach Zbrojnych RP |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/obrona-narodowa/intensyfikujemy-wdrazanie-patriotow-do-sluzby-w-silach-zbrojnych-rp |publisher=Polish Government |access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref><ref name=polish-pac-3-mse>{{cite web |title=PAC-3 MSE Missiles delivered for the Polish Patriot Systems |url=https://defence24.com/armed-forces/pac-3-mse-missiles-delivered-for-the-polish-patriot-systems |publisher=Defence24 |first=Jakub |last=Palowsky |date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> In June 2023, the State Department approved a potential sale of additional IBCS-capable equipment valued at $15&nbsp;billion, which included 12 LTAMDS (GhostEye) radars, 48 M903 launchers, and 644 PAC-3 MSE missiles.<ref name=poland_15bn>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-28/us-backs-15-billion-sale-of-patriot-missile-defense-equipment-to-poland|title=US Backs $15 Billion Sale of Patriot Missile Defense Equipment to Poland|first=Courtney|last=McBride|date=June 28, 2023|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=June 28, 2023}}</ref> Finally, contracts for the purchase of six complete Patriot batteries with a training, service and logistics package were signed and approved by the Minister of National Defense Mariusz Błaszczak on September 5, 2023, at the International Defense Industry Exhibition in Kielce, Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=June 29, 2023 |title=US State Dept. clears $15B sale of missile defense system for Poland |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/06/29/us-state-dept-clears-15b-sale-of-missile-defense-system-for-poland/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> As of April 2025 Poland is manufacturing transport and launch containers for PAC-3 MSE. Lockheed Martin took delivery of the container from the Polish factory at Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze Nr 1 on April 17, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author= Taras Safronov |date=April 17, 2025|title= First containers for Patriot missiles manufactured in Poland |url= https://militarnyi.com/en/news/first-containers-for-patriot-missiles-manufactured-in-poland/#google_vignette |access-date=April 18, 2025|website= militarnyi |language=en}}</ref>

;{{QAT}}
* [[Qatar Emiri Air Force]]
In November 2012, it was announced the export from the United States of 11 Patriot batteries (PAC-3 configuration), 246 MIM-104E GEM-T and 786 PAC-3 missiles and related equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/11/16/2012-27945/36b1-arms-sales-notification |title=36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification |date=November 16, 2012 |website=[[Federal Register]] |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322175229/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/11/16/2012-27945/36b1-arms-sales-notification |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Declared operational in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Qatari air defence commander says Patriot is operational |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84841/qatari-air-defence-commander-says-patriot-is-operational |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127191646/https://www.janes.com/article/84841/qatari-air-defence-commander-says-patriot-is-operational |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |location=Doha |date=November 27, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

;{{ROU}}
[[File:Patriot missile battery Romania 2.jpg|thumb|right|Romanian PAC-2 and PAC-3 MSE launchers]]
* [[Romanian Air Force]]
** 74th Patriot Regiment (PAC-2 GEM-T & PAC-3 MSE)<ref name=":1" />
The [[Romanian Air Force]] received its first system of Patriot surface-to-air missiles in September 2020, with the last three received by 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/romania-defence-usa-patriot/romania-receives-patriot-missiles-from-u-s-to-boost-defences-idINL8N2GE1YJ |title=Romania receives Patriot missiles from U.S. to boost defences |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |location=Bucharest |date=September 17, 2020 |access-date=September 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129211327/https://www.reuters.com/article/romania-defence-usa-patriot/romania-receives-patriot-missiles-from-u-s-to-boost-defences-idINL8N2GE1YJ |archive-date=November 29, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The government of Romania signed in the agreement to purchase seven Patriot Configuration 3 units, complete with radars, a control station, antennas, launching stations, and power plants in November 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nineoclock.ro/letter-of-offer-and-acceptance-for-patriot-systems-purchase-signed-in-presence-of-defmin-u-s-ambassador/ |title=Letter of Offer and Acceptance for Patriot systems' purchase signed in presence of DefMin, U.S. ambassador |newspaper=[[Nine O'Clock]] |location=Bucharest |date=November 29, 2017 |access-date=November 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129211327/http://www.nineoclock.ro/letter-of-offer-and-acceptance-for-patriot-systems-purchase-signed-in-presence-of-defmin-u-s-ambassador/ |archive-date=November 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Included are 168 Patriot Advanced Capability – 3 Missile Segment Enhancement (PAC-3 MSE) and 56 Patriot MIM-104E PAC-2 Guidance Enhanced Missile TBM (GEM-T) missiles. The agreement was valued at around $4&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/romania-acquires-patriot-missiles/|title=Romania Acquires Patriot Missiles|author=Masao Dahlgren|website=missilethreat.csis.org|date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> Another three systems are to enter service with the [[Romanian Land Forces|Land Forces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-received-second-patriot-missile-system-2022|title=Romania received second PATRIOT missile system, defense minister says|work=romania-insider.com|author=Radu Dumitrescu|date=February 8, 2023}}</ref>

;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* [[Royal Saudi Air Defense]]
* Part of "Peace Shield" Air Defense Profile
;{{flag|South Korea}}
* [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] Air Defense & Guided Missile Command
** 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (1st ADAB) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 2nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (2nd ADAB) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)
** 3rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (3rd ADAB) (PAC-2 & PAC-3)

;{{ESP}}
* [[Spanish Army]]
** Regimiento de Artillería antiaérea 73<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organización |url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Murcia/raaa73/Organizacion/index.html |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=Regimiento de Artillería Antiaérea nº 73 - Ejército de Tierra}}</ref>

;{{SWE}}
* [[Swedish Army]]
** Air Defence Regiment (Robot 103A (PAC-2 GEM-T) & Robot 103B (PAC-3 MSE)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmv.se/projekt/luftvarnssystem-103/|title=Luftvärnssystem 103|website=www.fmv.se}}</ref>
Sweden decided in competition with [[Aster (missile family)|Aster 30 SAMP/T]] to request an offer for the Patriot system in November 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmv.se/sv/Nyheter-och-press/Nyheter-fran-FMV/FMV-inleder-forhandlingar-om-anskaffning-av-Patriot-luftvarnssystem/ |title=FMV inleder förhandlingar om anskaffning av Patriot luftvärnssystem |trans-title=FMV initiates negotiations for procurement of Patriot air defense system |first=Henrik |last=Hedberg |website=[[Swedish Defence Materiel Administration]] |date=November 7, 2017 |language=sv |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115210020/http://www.fmv.se/sv/Nyheter-och-press/Nyheter-fran-FMV/FMV-inleder-forhandlingar-om-anskaffning-av-Patriot-luftvarnssystem/ |archive-date=January 15, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in August 2018 an agreement was signed<ref name="Regeringsbeslut1">{{cite news |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/regeringsbeslut-i-dag-sverige-koper-patriot |title=Regeringsbeslut i dag: Sverige köper Patriot |trans-title=Government decision today: Sweden will buy Patriot |first=Jonas |last=Olsson |website=[[Sveriges Television]] |date=August 2, 2018 |language=sv |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> for four units and 12 launchers to form two battalions. No follow-up orders are to be made.
The initial cost for the project was estimated at approximately 10&nbsp;billion SEK. However, the United States has since granted Sweden the option to purchase up to 300 air defense missiles for a maximum value of $3.2&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Regeringsbeslut1"/> This figure, corresponded to 28&nbsp;billion SEK as of July 2018. The system, known as ''Luftvärnssystem 103'' (''Anti-air system 103'') in Sweden, was delivered over the years 2021-2022.<ref name="sweden1">{{cite web |title=Luftvärnssystem 103 |url=https://www.fmv.se/projekt/luftvarnssystem-103/ |website=www.fmv.se |access-date=September 20, 2025 |language=sv}}</ref>

The first Swedish troops were training on the system at [[Fort Sill]] in December 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2018/12/de-svettades-i-usa-for-ett-battre-luftvarn/ |title=De svettades i USA för ett bättre svenskt luftvärn |trans-title=They sweated in the US for a better Swedish anti-aircraft system |first=Carl |last=Sjöstrand |publisher=[[Swedish Armed Forces]] |date=December 7, 2018 |language=sv |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> The [[Swedish Defence Materiel Administration]] accepted the first deliveries in April 2021 and System Integration and Check Out was initiated by [[Swedish Armed Forces]]. The system was officially activated with the Swedish Armed forces in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2021/11/ny-epok-inledd-for-det-svenska-luftvarnet/|title=Ny epok inledd för det svenska luftvärnet|website=Försvarsmakten}}</ref><ref name="swedenfirstdelivery">{{cite web |title=Första fordonen till Patriot levererade |trans-title= |publisher=Swedish Defence Materiel Administration |date=May 2021 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2021/05/forsta-fordonen-till-patriot-levererade |language=sv}}</ref><ref name="locheed_news_Swed2021">{{Cite press release |title=Sweden to Receive First Delivery of World's Most Advanced Air Defense Missile |publisher=Lockheed Martin |date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/sweden-to-receive-first-delivery-of-worlds-most-advanced-air-defense-missile}}</ref> The final unit was delivered in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2022/12/ytterligare-forsvarsmateriel-pa-vag/|title=Ytterligare försvarsmateriel på väg|website=[[Swedish Armed Forces]]|language=SV|access-date=December 22, 2022}}</ref>

;{{TWN-ROC}}
* [[Republic of China Air Force]] GHQ Missile Command

;{{UKR}}
Ukraine currently has 10 Patriot batteries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Germany Delivers Two Patriot Missile Systems to Ukraine, First Launchers Already Arrive |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/germany-delivers-two-patriot-missile-systems-to-ukraine-first-launchers-already-arrive-11508 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=UNITED24 Media |language=en}}</ref> Five batteries have been donated by Germany<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukraine to receive additional Patriot air defence systems from Germany -Zelenskiy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-receive-additional-patriot-air-defence-systems-germany-zelenskiy-2023-08-09/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240710031122/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-receive-additional-patriot-air-defence-systems-germany-zelenskiy-2023-08-09/ |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref> and another three by the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Ukraine |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-ukraine/ |access-date=December 17, 2024 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref> Israel and Romania has donated one battery each.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=ToI |last2=Agencies |date=2025-09-27 |title=Zelensky says Israeli Patriot missile defense system is operating in Ukraine |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/zelensky-says-israeli-patriot-missile-defense-system-is-operating-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barker |first1=Kim |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |last3=Jakes |first3=Lara |last4=Schmitt |first4=Eric |date=May 4, 2025 |title=More American Air Defense Is on the Way to Help Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/04/world/europe/ukraine-russia-war-patriot-systems.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ukraine plans to purchase 27 more systems from the US manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Zelenskiy calls for 27 Patriot systems as Russia steps up missile and drone strikes on Ukraine’s energy grid |url=https://www.intellinews.com/zelenskiy-calls-for-27-patriot-systems-as-russia-steps-up-missile-and-drone-strikes-on-ukraine-s-energy-grid-410759/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.intellinews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ukrainian Air Force]]
** [[96th Anti-aircraft Missile Brigade (Ukraine)|96th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Зеленський присвоїв звання Героя України Сергію Яременку - командиру 96-ї бригади ППО, яка збила 13 "Кинджалів|url=https://censor.net/ua/news/3427586/zelenskyyi_prysvoyiv_zvannya_geroya_ukrayiny_sergiyu_yaremenku_komandyru_96yi_brygady_ppo_yaka_zbyla/ |website=censor.net |language=uk |access-date=June 30, 2023}}</ref>
** [[138th Anti-aircraft Missile Brigade (Ukraine)|138th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine's Military Showed the Patriot PAC 3, Which Is On Combat Duty And Ready to Shoot Down Targets at the Range of 150 Km |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/weapon_and_tech/ukraines_military_showed_the_patriot_pac_3_which_is_on_combat_duty_and_ready_to_shoot_down_targets_at_the_range_of_150_km-6524.html#:~:text=138th%20Anti%2DAircraft%20Missile%20Brigade |website=Defense Express |publisher=Defense Express Media & Consulting Company |access-date=December 26, 2023}}</ref>

;{{UAE}}
* [[United Arab Emirates Army]]
In 2014, the United Arab Emirates closed a deal worth nearly $4&nbsp;billion with Lockheed Martin and Raytheon to buy and operate the latest development of the PAC-3 system, as well as 288 of Lockheed's PAC-3 missiles, and 216 GEM-T missiles. The deal was part of the development of a national defense system to protect the Emirates from air threats.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-seals-deal-for-patriot-missiles |title=UAE seals deal for Patriot missiles |newspaper=The National |location=[[United Arab Emirates]] |date=December 25, 2008 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525011709/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-seals-deal-for-patriot-missiles |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces purchased 452 Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC-3) Missiles Segment Enhanced (MSE) and related equipment for an estimated cost of $2.728&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/united-arab-emirates-uae-patriot-missile-system-and-related-support-equipment|title=United Arab Emirates (UAE) – Patriot Missile System and Related Support Equipment|publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency|date=May 3, 2019|access-date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708024356/https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/united-arab-emirates-uae-patriot-missile-system-and-related-support-equipment|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;{{USA}}
[[File:U-s-service-members-stand-by-a-patriot-missile-battery-in-gaziantep-turkey.jpg|thumb|right|US Army's battery of Patriot PAC-2 and PAC-3 launchers, [[Operation Active Fence]]]]
The US Army operates a total of 1,106 Patriot launchers. In 2023, 480 were in service.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 31, 2023 |title=Chapter Three: North America: Regional trends in 2022 16; United States: defence policy and economics 18; Canada: defence policy 28; Arms procurements and deliveries 29; Armed forces data section 32 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2023.2162715 |journal=The Military Balance |language=en |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=16–49 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2023.2162715 |issn=0459-7222|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has donated three batteries to [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Ukraine |url=https://www.state.gov/bureau-of-political-military-affairs/releases/2025/01/u-s-security-cooperation-with-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref>
* [[United States Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airdefenseartillery.com/ada_website_08/attach/ADA%20Map%20-%20Unit%20Locations%20-%2011x17%20.pdf |title=Air Defense Artillery Unit Locations |website=AirDefenseArtillery.com |date=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917044033/http://airdefenseartillery.com/ada_website_08/attach/ADA%20Map%20-%20Unit%20Locations%20-%2011x17%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 17, 2010}}</ref>
** [[11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (11 ADA BDE)
*** 1st Battalion, [[43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (1-43 ADA)
*** 2nd Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (2-43 ADA)
*** 3rd Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (3-43 ADA)
*** [[5th Battalion, 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (5-52 ADA)
** [[United States Army Air Defense Artillery School|30th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (30 ADA BDE)
*** 3rd Battalion, [[6th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (3-6 ADA)
** [[31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (31 ADA BDE)
*** 3rd Battalion, [[2nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (3-2 ADA)
*** 4th Battalion, [[3rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (4-3 ADA)
** [[69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (69 ADA BDE)
*** 4th Battalion, [[5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (4-5 ADA)
*** 1st Battalion, [[44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (1-44 ADA)
*** 1st Battalion, [[62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (1-62 ADA)
** [[108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (108 ADA BDE)
*** 1st Battalion, [[7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (1-7 ADA)
*** 3rd Battalion, [[4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (3-4 ADA)
* Units permanently stationed overseas
** [[35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (35 ADA BDE), [[South Korea]]
*** [[2nd Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)|2nd Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (2-1 ADA)
*** 6th Battalion, [[52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (6-52 ADA)
** [[38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (38 ADA BDE), [[Japan]]
*** [[1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)|1st Battalion]], [[1st Air Defense Artillery (United States)|1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (1-1 ADA)
** [[52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (52 ADA BDE), [[Germany]]
*** [[5th Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] (5-7 ADA)

=== Future ===

;{{flag|Morocco}}
* [[Royal Moroccan Army]]
** PAC-3 ordered and to be operated by Royal Moroccan Army.<ref>{{cite web|title=US Confirms sale of PATRIOT missiles to Morocco {{!}} The North Africa Post|url=https://northafricapost.com/47000-us-confirms-sale-of-patriot-missiles-to-morocco.html|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=northafricapost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210306-morocco-algeria-engage-in-major-arms-deals-in-light-of-western-sahara-issue/|title=Morocco, Algeria engage in major arms deals in light of Western Sahara issue|date=March 6, 2021}}</ref>

;{{SWI}}
* [[Swiss Air Force]] - Air2030 BODLUV programme
** 5 batteries selected in 2022, contracted in 2023 for US$1,225,368,567<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giovanni |date=March 29, 2023 |title=Raytheon Wins $1.2 Billion Patriot Order for Switzerland |url=https://www.defense-aerospace.com/raytheon-wins-1-2-billion-patriot-order-for-switzerland/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=Defense aerospace |language=en-US |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423065318/https://www.defense-aerospace.com/raytheon-wins-1-2-billion-patriot-order-for-switzerland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Procurement of Five Patriot Firing Units in Support of Switzerland |url=https://www.highergov.com/contract/W31P4Q23C0021/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=www.highergov.com}}</ref>
*** 70 [[MIM-104 Patriot#MIM-104E (PAC-2/GEM+)|Raytheon MIM-104E GEM-T (PAC-2)]] missiles<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESD |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Raytheon and MBDA to Jointly Build PATRIOT Missiles in Germany |url=https://euro-sd.com/2022/12/articles/28560/raytheon-and-mbda-to-jointly-build-patriot-missiles-in-germany/ |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=euro-sd.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*** 3 TOC-C (Tactical Operation Center Coordination)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das Schweizer Patriot-Luftverteidigungssystem |url=https://www.vbs.admin.ch/de/aktuell/meldungen/wissenswertes.detail.news.html/vbs-internet/wissenswertes/2021/210825a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003063319/https://www.vbs.admin.ch/de/aktuell/meldungen/wissenswertes.detail.news.html/vbs-internet/wissenswertes/2021/210825a.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=Eidgenössisches Departement für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport |language=de }}</ref>
*** 5 [[MIM-104 Patriot#AN/MSQ-104 and -132 Engagement Control Station|AN/MSQ-132]] TOC-E (Tactical Operation Center Execution)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message sur l'armée 2022 |url=https://www.vbs.admin.ch/fr/securite/armee/messages-armee/message-armee-2022.html |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=Département fédéral de la défense, de la protection de la population et des sports |language=fr |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002153816/https://www.vbs.admin.ch/fr/securite/armee/messages-armee/message-armee-2022.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1932">{{Cite web |title=Switzerland – Patriot Configuration-3+ Modernized Fire Units and Weapons {{!}} Defense Security Cooperation Agency |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/switzerland-patriot-configuration-3-modernized-fire-units-and-weapons |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=www.dsca.mil}}</ref>
*** 5 [[AN/MPQ-65|AN/MPQ-65A]] radars<ref name=":1932"/>
*** 5 [[MIM-104 Patriot#EPP-III Electric Power Plant|EPP RADAR-V]] electrical generators for radar<ref name=":1932"/>
*** 17 [[MIM-104 Patriot#M901/902/903 Launching Station|M903]] launching stations<ref name=":1932"/>
*** [[MIM-104 Patriot#OE-349 Antenna Mast Group|OE-349 Antenna Mast Group]] ([[Ultra high frequency|UHF communications array]])<ref name=":1932"/>
**72 [[MIM-104 Patriot#PAC-3 MSE|Lockheed Martin PAC-3 MSE]] ordered in 2023 for <small>CHF</small> 300 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message sur l'armée |trans-title=2023: Message about the army |url=https://www.newsd.admin.ch/newsd/message/attachments/75345.pdf |access-date=October 4, 2024 |website=[[Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2023 |title=L'armée suisse acquiert des engins guidés de défense antiaérienne |url=https://www.20min.ch/fr/story/l-armee-suisse-acquiert-des-engins-guides-de-defense-antiaerienne-604794602271 |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[20 minutes (Switzerland)|20 minutes]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=November 3, 2023 |title=armasuisse hat Lenkwaffen PAC-3 MSE für die Schweizer Patriot bestellt |url=https://esut.de/2023/11/meldungen/45452/armasuisse-hat-lenkwaffen-pac-3-mse-fuer-die-schweizer-patriot-bestellt/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Judson |first1=Jen |last2=Sprenger |first2=Sebastian |date=November 1, 2023 |title=Switzerland becomes newest customer of most advanced Patriot missile |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/11/01/switzerland-becomes-newest-customer-of-most-advanced-patriot-missile/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Former ===

;{{flaglist|Israel}}
* [[Israeli Air Force]]
** [[Israeli Air Defense Command]] 
Operated 8 PAC-2/GEM+ "Yahalom" batteries. Replaced by the [[David's Sling]] and [[Arrow (missile family)|Arrow]] systems in 2024. In January 2025, a US defense official confirmed that about 90 interceptors along with one battery was sent to Ukraine.<ref name="Newdick" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=ToI |last2=Agencies |date=2025-09-27 |title=Zelensky says Israeli Patriot missile defense system is operating in Ukraine |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/zelensky-says-israeli-patriot-missile-defense-system-is-operating-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Electronics}}
* {{annotated link|List of surface-to-air missiles|List of medium-range and long-range SAMs}}
*[[List of military electronics of the United States]]
* {{annotated link|Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems}}
* {{annotated link|David's Sling}}
* {{annotated link|Ground-Based Midcourse Defense}}
* {{annotated link|HQ-9}}
* {{annotated link|HQ-22}}
* {{annotated link|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme}}
* {{annotated link|Khordad 15 (air defense system)|Khordad 15 (medium-range air defense system)}}
* {{annotated link|Lockheed Martin ALHTK}}
* {{annotated link|Medium Extended Air Defense System}}
* {{annotated link|National Missile Defense}}
* {{annotated link|S-300 missile system}}
* {{annotated link|S-350 missile system}}
* {{annotated link|S-400 missile system}}
* {{annotated link|S-500 missile system}}
* {{annotated link|SAMP/T}}
* {{annotated link|Sayyad-2}} – very similar to American MIM-104 Patriot launchers<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/316229 |title=Iranian Sayyad-2 missile |website=Mashregh News Agency |language=ar |access-date=May 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520230830/http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/316229/ |archive-date=May 20, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{annotated link|Terminal High Altitude Area Defense}}
* {{annotated link|U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command}}
* {{annotated link|Project Kusha (air defence system)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Patriot missile system|MIM-104 Patriot}}
* [https://www.rocket.com/defense/missile-defense/pac-3-mse Aerojet Rocketdyne PAC-3 MSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175005/https://www.rocket.com/defense/missile-defense/pac-3-mse |date=May 9, 2019 }}
* [https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/patriot/ CSIS Missile Threat – Patriot]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050826224850/http://www.raytheon.com/products/patriot/ Official Raytheon (missile contractor) PATRIOT web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220053147/http://www.armedforces-int.com/projects/Missiles/mim104-patriot.asp MIM-104 Patriot – Armed Forces International]

{{Raytheon}}
{{US missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mim-104 Patriot}}
[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the United States|MIM-104]]
[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Raytheon Company products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]