View source for Ma'alul

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{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Ma'alul
| native_name             = معلول
| native_name_lang        = ar
| other_name              = Ma'lul, Maalul, Maaloul, Mahlul
| settlement_type         = 
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline           = Ma'alul.jpg
| imagesize               = 250px
| image_caption           = A restored [[Catholic Church of Ma'alul]] in July 2010 
| etymology               = from personal name<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/113/mode/1up 113]</ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_map             = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption     = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map               = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption             = A series of historical maps of the area around Ma&#39;alul (click the buttons)
| pushpin_mapsize         = 200
| coordinates             = {{coord|32|41|44|N|35|14|22|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name               = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position           = 172/233
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type        = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Nazareth Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Nazareth]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1      = Date of depopulation
| established_date1       = 15 July 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR17  xvii], village #138. Also gives cause of depopulation.</ref>
| established_title2      = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes          = <ref name=Hadawi62/>
| unit_pref               = dunam
| area_total_dunam        = 4,698
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of        = 1945
| population_total        = 690,<ref name=1945p8>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p08.jpg  8]</ref><ref name=Hadawi62>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi,  1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Nazareth/Page-062.jpg  62]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1         = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1         = Military assault by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank3_name_sec1        = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1        = [[Migdal HaEmek]], [[Kfar HaHoresh]], [[Timrat]],<ref name="Morris#12">Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR20 xx], settlement #12.</ref><ref name=Khalidi347>Khalidi, 1992, p. 347</ref> and an [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli military]] base
}}
'''Ma'alul''' ({{langx|ar|معلول}}) was a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] village, with a mixed population of primarily Muslims with a substantial minority of [[Palestinian Christians]], that was depopulated and destroyed by [[Israel]] during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]]. Located six kilometers west of the city of [[Nazareth]],<ref name=PR>{{Citation|title=Ma'lul|publisher=Palestine Remembered|access-date=2008-03-31|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Nazareth/Ma%27lul/}}</ref> many of its inhabitants became [[Internally Displaced Palestinians|internally displaced refugees]], after taking refuge in Nazareth<ref name=Rabinowitz>Rabinowitz, 1997, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0xX6UfsmO-EC&pg=PA27 27]</ref> and the neighbouring town of [[Yafa an-Naseriyye]].<ref name=Bokae>{{Citation|title=Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons inside Israel:Challenging the Solid Structures |author=Nihad Bokae'e |date=February 2003 |publisher=[[BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights|Badil]] |url=http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193519/http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2007 }}</ref> Despite having never left the territory that came to form part of Israel, the majority of the villagers of Maalul, and other Palestinian villages like [[Indur|Andor]] and [[Al-Mujidal]], were declared "absentees", allowing the confiscation of their land under the [[Land and Property laws in Israel#The 'Absentees Property Law'|Absentees Property Law]].<ref name=Draper>{{Citation|title=Israel's Arab Minority:The Great Land Robbery|journal=New International|volume= XXIII| issue =  1|date=Winter 1957|pages=7–30|author=H. Draper|author-link=Hal Draper|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1957/xx/tragedy.html|access-date=2008-03-31}}</ref>

Today, much of the former village's lands are owned by the [[Jewish National Fund]].<ref name=Langenbrunner>{{Citation|title=Mourning the departure of Arab Christians|publisher=Catholic New Times|date=December 1, 2002|author=Merrilee Langenbrunner|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MKY/is_18_26/ai_111696863|access-date=2008-03-31}}</ref> All that remains of its former structures are two [[Church (building)|churches]], a [[mosque]] and a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]-era [[mausoleum]], known locally as ''Qasr al-Dayr'' ("Castle of the monastery").<ref name=PR/>

==History==
In 1850, Rabbi Joseph Schwartz   identified Ma'alul with the [[Biblical]] town of [[Nahalal]].<ref name=Keilp194>Keil, 1865, p. [https://archive.org/stream/joshuajudgesrut00keilgoog#page/n214/mode/1up 194]</ref><ref>Schwarz, 1850, p. [https://archive.org/stream/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog#page/n208/mode/2up/search/Nahalal 172]</ref>

===Ottoman era===
Incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, '' Ma'alul''  appeared  in the [[daftar|census]] of 1596,   located  in the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of [[Tiberias]] under the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa']]'' ("district") of [[Safad]] with a population of seventy-seven. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as goats and beehives.<ref name=Hutterothp190>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 189. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 346.</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that  the register that  Hütteroth and  Abdulfattah  studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref> 

Ma'alul, and the neighbouring towns and villages of Nazareth, Mejdal, Yafa, [[Jebatha]] and [[Kneffis]] paid taxes to the monks of Nazareth, who bought the right to collect these taxes from the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] authorities in 1777 for two hundred dollars. Thirty years later, they again purchased this right, though this time for two thousands five hundred dollars, owing to the rise in the price of cereals and ground rents.<ref name=DeHaasp361>De Haas, 1934, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ppStwAACAAJ&pg=PA361  361]</ref>  [[Pierre Jacotin]] called  the village ''Matoun'' on his map from 1799.<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 167] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref>

In 1859 the population was estimated to be 280, who cultivated  42 [[faddan]]s of land.<ref name=SWP>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp.  [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/274/mode/1up  274] - [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/322/mode/1up  322]-[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/335/mode/1up  335] Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 347</ref>  In 1875  [[Victor Guérin]] found   Ma'alul  to have 350 inhabitants; all Muslim except about 30 "[[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Schismatic Greek]]s."<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n400/mode/1up 387]-390</ref>

By the late nineteenth century, the village was made of [[adobe]] bricks, built on a hill, Just outside the village was a magnificent Roman [[mausoleum]], called Qasr al-Dayr.<ref name=SWP/>

A population list from about 1887 showed that  ''Ma'lul'' had about  650 inhabitants; all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n207/mode/1up  182]</ref>

===British Mandate era===
[[File:Maloul.1930s.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ma'alul church, in the 1930s]]
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the people of Ma'alul were tenants of the [[Sursuq family]] of [[Beirut]], absentee landlords who had acquired the  village lands earlier. In 1921 the Sursuqs sold all but 2,000 [[dunam]]s of Ma'alul's land to the [[Zionist]] [[Palestine Land Development Company]].<ref>a total of 16,000 dunams, with 90 families, according to [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/ShawSursockTable.png List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine], evidence to the [[Shaw Commission]], 1930</ref> Zionist pioneers founded the [[moshav]] of [[Nahalal]] on that land the same year. The remaining 2,000 dunums were insufficient to support the village's population, so at the request of the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate]] government, the company agreed to lease an additional 3,000 dunams to the villagers until 1927. The villagers had the option to buy this land before the lease expired.<ref name=Khalidi347/>

According to the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]]'s   [[1922 census of Palestine]], ''Ma'alul'' had 436 inhabitants; 186 Muslims and 250 Christians,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n40/mode/1up 38]</ref>  where all the Christians were  Orthodox.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n52/mode/1up 50]</ref> By the  [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] the population had decreased to 390;   228 Muslims, and 162 Christians, in a total of  90 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills,  1932,  p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 74]</ref>

In  the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of  Ma'alul was 690; 490 Muslims and  200 Christians,<ref name=1945p8/>   with a total  of  4,698 [[dunam]]s of land, according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi62/>  Of this, a total of 650 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 3,462 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Nazareth/Page-109.jpg  109]</ref> while 29 dunams were built-up land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi,  1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Nazareth/Page-159.jpg  159]</ref>

[[File:Ma’alul.jpg|thumb|Ma’alul 1947. Photograph from Palmach archives.]]

===1948, and aftermath===
The village was captured by the Israeli army on 15 July 1948 during [[Operation Dekel]]. The villagers were forced to leave and the houses destroyed.<ref name=Khalidi347/>

In 1949 an Israeli military base was built on village land.<ref>[[Ilan Pappe|Pappe]], 2006, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&pg=PA216 216]</ref>

[[Walid Khalidi]] describes the remains of  Ma'alul in 1992:<blockquote>
The village site is now covered with a pine forest planted by the [[Jewish National Fund]] and dedicated to the memory of prominent Jews and some non-Jewish Americans and Europeans. A military base is also on the site. The mosque and two churches still stand, and are used intermittently as cow sheds by the residents of Kibbutz [[Kefar ha-Choresh]]. Overlooking Wadi al-Halabi, between the village site and the site of al-Mujaydil, is an Israeli plastics factory. Cactus, olive trees, and fig trees grow on the site, which is strewn with piles of stones. A few tombs in the Muslim cemetery across from the mosque can be seen. The main village site also contains the remains of houses.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 348</ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Nazareth/Ma'lul/index.html]</blockquote>

==Documentary: Ma'loul Celebrates its Destruction==

Ma'alul was the object of the 1985 documentary film by [[Michel Khleifi]]; ''Ma'loul Celebrates its Destruction''.<ref>[[Hamid Dabashi|Dabashi, Hamid]], and [[Edward Said|Said, Edward]] (preface) (2006): ''Dreams Of A Nation: On Palestinian Cinema'', Verso Books, London, United Kingdom,  {{ISBN|1-84467-088-0}}, Chapter 4: Bashir Abu-Manneh: Towards Liberation: Michel Khleifi's ''Ma'loul'' and ''Canticle'' (p. 58-69)</ref><ref>Gertz, Nurith; Khleifi, George  (2008): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Tbb1hYKoPkC Palestinian Cinema: Landscape, Trauma, and Memory],''  Indiana University Press.  {{ISBN|0-253-22007-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Tbb1hYKoPkC&pg=PA80 p.80-81]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book 
| editor =Barron, J. B. 
| title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 
| url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 
| publisher =Government of Palestine 
| year =1923 }} 
*{{cite book
|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder
|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
|year=1881
|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft
|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]
|volume=1}}  
*{{cite book
|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945
|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}} 
*{{cite book
|title=History of Palestine - The Last Two Thousand Years
|first1=J.|last1=De Haas|author-link=Jacob de Haas
|publisher=Macmillan|year=1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ppStwAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book
|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin
|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1
|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale
|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book
|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine
|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi
|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book 
|last1=Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|last2=Abdulfattah|first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah
|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ 
|year=1977 
|publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 
|isbn=3-920405-41-2 }} 
*{{cite journal 
| author = Karmon, Y. 
| title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine 
| url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 
| journal = Israel Exploration Journal 
| volume = 10 | issue = 3,4
| year = 1960 
| pages = 155–173; 244–253 
| access-date = 2015-04-13 
| archive-date = 2019-12-22 
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 
| url-status = dead }} 
*{{cite book|title=Joshua, Judges, Ruth, tr. by J. Martin|first=C.F.|last=Keil|author-link=Carl Friedrich Keil|year=1865|publisher=Oxford University|url=https://archive.org/details/joshuajudgesrut00keilgoog}}
*{{cite book
|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ
|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi
|year=1992
|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]
|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book 
| editor = Mills, E. 
| title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas 
| url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine
 | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
*{{cite book
|last=Morris|first=B.|author-link=Benny Morris
|title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6}}
*{{cite book
|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer
|year=1881
|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} 
*{{cite book
|last=Pappé|first=I.|author-link=Ilan Pappé
|year=2006
|url=https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp|url-access=registration
|title=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
|location=London and New York|publisher=Oneworld|isbn=1-85168-467-0}}
*{{cite book
|title=Overlooking Nazareth: The Ethnography of Exclusion in Galilee|first=Dan|last=Rabinowitz|year=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-56495-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xX6UfsmO-EC}}
*{{cite book 
|last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode 
|date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century 
|publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2017-11-02 
|archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal 
| last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher 
| title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka 
| journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund 
| volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale 
| year = 1888 }}
*{{cite book |title=A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine |first=Joseph |last=Schwarz |publisher=Macmillan |year=1850 |url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog |others=Translated by Isaac Leeser }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Nazareth/Ma'lul/index.html Welcome To Ma'lul]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49281 Ma'alul],  [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5:  [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8368 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.05.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/nazareth/malul.htm Ma'lul], at [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131016092025/http://jalili48.com/pub/xENShowGallery.aspx?Sub=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&Sub2=Ma3lul Ma3lul photos]}} from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
*[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-palestinian-narrative-has-won-1.351497 The Palestinian narrative has won], By Oudeh Basharat, [[Haaretz]], 24.03.2011
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

[[Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:District of Nazareth]]