View source for Maar

{{Short description|Low-relief volcanic crater}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Maar USGS.jpg|thumb|The ten-day [[phreatomagmatic eruption]] that formed the [[Ukinrek maars]]]]
[[File:Devil Mountain Lakes.jpg|thumb|The [[Devil Mountain Lakes]] on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska – the largest maar-based lakes in the world]]

A '''maar''' is a broad, low-[[Terrain|relief]] [[volcanic crater]] caused by a [[phreatomagmatic eruption]] (an explosion which occurs when [[groundwater]] comes into contact with hot [[lava]] or [[magma]]). A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]], which may also be called a maar.<ref name="Thomas2000">David S.G. Thomas and Andrew Goudie (eds.), ''The Dictionary of Physical Geography'' (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 301. {{ISBN|0-631-20473-3}}.</ref>

Maars range in size from {{convert|20|to|3000|m|abbr= on|sigfig=2|lk=on}} across and from {{convert|5|to|200|m|sigfig=1|abbr= on}} deep.<ref name="Lorenz1986">{{cite journal |last1=Lorenz |first1=V. |title=On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff rings |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=October 1986 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=265–274 |doi=10.1007/BF01081755|bibcode=1986BVol...48..265L |s2cid=128423499 }}</ref><ref name="Lorenz2007">{{cite journal |last1=Lorenz |first1=Volker |title=Syn- and posteruptive hazards of maar–diatreme volcanoes |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=January 2007 |volume=159 |issue=1–3 |pages=285–312 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.02.015|bibcode=2007JVGR..159..285L }}</ref> Most maars fill with water to form natural lakes. Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of [[volcanic rock]]s and rocks torn from the walls of the [[diatreme]].<ref name="Lorenz2007"/>

==Etymology==
The name ''maar'' comes from a [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] dialect word used for the circular lakes of the [[Daun (Germany)|Daun]] area of Germany. The word evolved from its first use in German in the modern geological sense in 1819 and is now used in English and in the geological sciences as the term for the explosion crater, even if water from rainfall might always have drained from the crater after the formation event. This extension in meaning was due to recognising that the lake may no longer exist. Since maar lakes are formed after initially ground or subsurface water interacts with a [[magma]] intrusion to create an explosion crater, the name came to be used for the crater type as well.<ref group=Note name="Notes">
Notes:
*  According to German Wikipedia's [[:de:Maar#Namensherkunft|''"Maar"'']] article, in 1544 in his book [[Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)|''Cosmographia'']], [[Sebastian Münster]] (1488–1552) first applied the word "maar" (as ''Marh'') to the [[:de:Ulmener Maar|Ulmener Maar]] and the [[Laacher See]].{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=[[WP:CIRCULAR]]|date=December 2021}} See:  Sebastian Münster, ''Cosmographia'' (Basel, Switzerland:  Heinrich Petri, 1544), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G3JOAAAAcAAJ p. 341.]  From p. 341:  ''"Item zwen namhafftiger seen seind in der Eyfel / einer bey de schloß Ulmen / und ein ander bey dem Closter züm Laich / die seind sere tieff / habe kein ynflüß aber vil außflüß / die nennet man Marh unnd seind fischreich."''  (Also two noteworthy lakes are in the Eifel, one by the Ulmen castle, and another by the monastery at Laich; they are very deep; [they] have no streams flowing in but many flowing out; one calls them "maars" and [they] are rich in fish.)
*  In 1819, [[:de:Johannes Steininger|Johann Steininger]] (1794–1874), a secondary-school teacher from Trier, coined the term "maar" in its modern sense.  See:  Steininger, J., ''Geognostische Studien am Mittelrhein'' [Geological studies on the middle Rhein] (Mainz, (Germany):  Kupferberg, 1819).
*  In 1825, [[George Julius Poulett Scrope]] (1797–1876) introduced the term "maar" into English.  See:  Scrope, G.P., ''Considerations on Volcanoes'' (London, England:  Philipps, 1825), [https://archive.org/details/considerationso00scrogoog/page/n201 p. 166.]
*  Horst Noll, a geologist at the University of Köln (Cologne), Germany, said that the local term ''maar'' might even have derived from the Latin word ''mare'' (i.e. sea) and been introduced into local language during the Roman occupation of the West Eifel.  See:  Noll, H. (1967) "Maare und Maar-ähnliche Explosionskrater in Island. Ein Vergleich mit dem Maar-Vulkanismus der Eifel" (Maars and maar-like explosion craters in Iceland.  A comparison with the maar-volcanism of the Eifel.), Special publication of the Geological Institute of the University of Köln, p. 1.
*  Wilhelm Meyer, ''Geologie der Eifel'' [Geology of the Eifel] (Stuttgart, Germany:  Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1986), p. 311.
*  Herbert Lutz and Volker Lorenz (2013) [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-013-0743-0/fulltext.html "Early volcanological research in the Vulkaneifel, Germany, the classic region of maar–diatreme volcanoes: the years 1774–1865."]  On-line publication of Springer International Publishing, Berlin, Germany.
*  [https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=maar The American Heritage Dictionary] states that the word "maar" derives from the Latin ''mare'' (sea), as does the German language [http://universal_lexikon.deacademic.com/102150/Maar Universal Lexikon].
</ref> The present definition of the term<ref name="Thomas2000"/> relates to both its common and scientific discourse use in language over two centuries. Depending upon context there may be other descriptors available to use in the geological sciences such as the term tuff ring or ''maar-diatreme'' volcanoes.<ref name="White2011">{{cite journal|first1=J.D.L. |last1=White|first2= P.-S. |last2=Ross |title=Maar-diatreme volcanoes: A review|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=201 |issue= 1–4 |year=2011 |pages=1–29 |issn=0377-0273 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.010 |bibcode=2011JVGR..201....1W |url=http://espace.inrs.ca/1913/1/White-Ross-maar-diatreme-review_2011-web%5B2%5D.pdf }}</ref> These last are volcanoes produced by explosive eruptions that cut deeply into the country rock with the maar being "''the crater cut into the ground and surrounded by an ejecta ring''".<ref name="White2011"/> A 2011 geological clarification of a maar is "''Maar volcanoes are distinguished from other small volcanoes in having craters with their floor lying below the pre-eruptive surface''".<ref name="White2011"/>

== Maar lakes and dry maars ==
''Maar lakes'', also referred to simply as ''maars'', occur when [[groundwater]] or [[precipitation]] fills the funnel-shaped and usually round hollow of the maar depression formed by volcanic explosions. Examples of these types of maar are the three maars at Daun in the [[Eifel]] mountains of [[Germany]].

A ''dry maar'' results when a maar lake dries out, becomes [[Aggradation|aggraded]] or [[silted up]]. An example of the latter is the [[Eckfelder Maar]]. Near [[Steffeln]] is the [[Eichholzmaar]] (also called the ''Gussweiher'') which has dried out during the last century and is being renaturalised into a maar. In some cases the underlying rock is so porous that maar lakes are unable to form. After winters of heavy snow and rainfall many dry maars fill partially and temporarily with water; others contain small [[bog]]s or often artificial ponds that, however, only occupy part of the hollow.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023|reason=I cannot understand how artificial ponds would form in a maar, and since there is no source, I cannot check if perhaps this is a mistranslation.}}

== Distribution ==
The largest known maars are found at [[Cape Espenberg|Espenberg]] on the [[Seward Peninsula]] in northwest Alaska. These maars range in size from {{convert|4|to|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter and a depth up to {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}. These eruptions occurred in a period of about 100,000 years, with the youngest (the Devil Mountain Maar) occurring about 17,500 years ago. Their large size is due to the explosive reaction that occurs when [[magma]] comes into contact with [[permafrost]]. Hydromagmatic eruptions are increasingly explosive when the ratio of water to magma is low. Since permafrost melts slowly, it provides a steady source of water to the eruption while keeping the water to magma ratio low. This produces the prolonged, explosive eruptions that created these large maars. Examples of the Seward Peninsula maars include North Killeak Maar, South Killeak Maar, Devil Mountain Maar and Whitefish Maar.<ref>{{Citation
  | last1 = Begét
  | first1 = James E.
  | last2 = Hopkins
  | first2 = David M.
  | last3 = Charron
  | first3 = Steven D.
  | title = The Largest Known Maars on Earth, Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska
  | journal = Arctic
  | volume = 49
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 62–69
  | date = March 1996
  | url = http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic49-1-62.pdf
  | doi = 10.14430/arctic1184
  | access-date = 2009-03-04
  | archive-date = 2017-03-11
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170311162752/http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic49-1-62.pdf
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>

Maars occur in western North America, [[Patagonia]] in South America, the [[Eifel]] region of [[Germany]] (where they were originally described), and in other geologically young volcanic regions of Earth. Elsewhere in Europe, La Vestide du Pal, a maar in the [[Ardèche]] department of France, is easily visible from the ground or air. [[Kilbourne Hole]] and Hunt's Hole, in southern [[New Mexico]] near [[El Paso, Texas]], are maars. The Crocodile Lake in [[Los Baños, Laguna|Los Baños]] in the Philippines, though originally thought to be a volcanic crater, is a maar. The [[carbon dioxide]]-saturated [[Lake Nyos]] in northwestern [[Cameroon]] is another example, as is [[Zuñi Salt Lake]] in [[New Mexico]], a shallow [[saline lake]] that occupies a flat-floored crater about {{convert|6500|ft|abbr=on}} across and {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}} deep. Its low rim is composed of loose pieces of [[basalt]]ic lava and [[wall rock]]s ([[sandstone]], [[shale]], [[limestone]]) of the underlying [[diatreme]], as well as chunks of ancient [[crystalline]] rocks blasted upward from great depths. Maars in [[Canada]] are found in the [[Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field]] of east-central [[British Columbia]] and in [[kimberlite]] fields throughout Canada. Another field of maars is found in the [[Pali-Aike Volcanic Field]] in [[Patagonia]], South America.<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Pali Aike'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18657]</ref> and in the Sudanese [[Bayuda Volcanic Field]]. The [[Auckland volcanic field]] in the urban area of [[Auckland]], New Zealand, has several maars, including the readily accessible [[Lake Pupuke]] in the North Shore suburb of [[Takapuna]].

[[Arizona]]'s [[Meteor Crater]] was for many years thought to be a maar of volcanic origin but it is now known to be an [[impact crater]].<ref name="Meteor_LPI">{{cite web | url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/treiman/greatdesert/workshop/metcrat1/index.html | title=Meteor Crater I | publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]] | work=The Great Desert: Geology and Life on Mars and in the Southwest | date=6 September 2003 | accessdate=22 February 2024 | author=Treiman, A.}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
==== Eifel maars ====
[[File:maare.jpg|thumb|The three maars at Daun (from front to rear): the Gemündener, Weinfelder and Schalkenmehrener Maar]]
[[File:WeinfelderMaar.jpg|thumb|Weinfelder Maar]]
[[File:SchalkenmehrenerMaar.jpg|thumb|Schalkenmehrener Maar]]
In the [[Volcanic Eifel]] there are about 75 maars. Both lake-filled and dry maars are typical, though the latter are more common. The last eruptions took place at least 11,000 years ago, and many maars are older, as evidenced by their heavy [[erosion]] and less obvious shapes and volcanic features.<ref name="WMeyer1">{{cite book| first= Wilhelm |last=Meyer|title= Geologie der Eifel| volume= 1|publisher= Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung| location= Stuttgart| year= 1986| pages=311ff| isbn= 978-3-510-65127-6}}</ref>

===== Water-filled maars of the Eifel =====
<!--In the following table, which is sorted by default by name, are several columns that are sortable by clicking the symbols at the top:-->
{| class="wikitable sortable toptextcells"
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
! Name<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:90%; ">[[Geographical coordinates|Geo-coordinates]]</span>
! Location<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:90%; ">near/between</span>
! Area<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:90%; ">in [[hectare|ha]]</span>
! Depth<ref name="mWs" /><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:90%; ">in [[metre|m]]</span>
! class="unsortable" | Remarks
|-
| [[Eichholzmaar]] ({{coord|50|16|19|N|6|33|54|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Eichholzmaar}}) || [[Duppach]], [[Steffeln]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|1.1}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|3.2}} || Smallest permanent Eifel maar lake
|-
| [[Gemündener Maar]] ({{coord|50|10|39|N|6|50|11|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Gemündener Maar}}) || Gemünden || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|7.2}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|39.0}} || 
|-
| [[Holzmaar]] ({{coord|50|7|9|N|6|52|43|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Holzmaar}}) || [[Eckfeld]], [[Gillenfeld]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|6.8}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|21.0}} || Crossed by a stream
|-
| [[Immerather Maar]] ({{coord|50|7|19|N|6|57|31|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Immerather Maar}})
| [[Immerath, Rhineland-Palatinate|Immerath]], [[Strotzbüsch]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|6.0}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|2.9}} || Shallowest of all Eifel maar lakes
|-
| [[Meerfelder Maar]] ({{coord|50|6|2|N|6|45|23|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Meerfelder Maar}}) || [[Deudesfeld]], [[Meerfeld]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|24.0}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|17.0}} ||
|-
| [[Pulvermaar]] ({{coord|50|7|52|N|6|55|34|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Pulvermaar}}) || [[Gillenfeld]], [[Immerath, Rhineland-Palatinate|Immerath]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|38.48}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|72.0}} || Deepest and largest maar lake in Germany
|-
| [[Schalkenmehrener Maar]] ({{coord|50|10|10|N|6|51|29|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Schalkenmehrener Maar}}) || Gemünden, [[Schalkenmehren]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|21.6}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|21.0}} || 
|-
| [[Ulmener Maar]] ({{coord|50|12|36|N|6|58|59|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Ulmener Maar}}) || [[Ulmen (Eifel)|Ulmen]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|6.0}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|37.0}} || Most recent maar in the Eifel
|-
| [[Weinfelder Maar]] ({{coord|50|10|35|N|6|51|1|E|region:DE-RP_type:landmark|name=Weinfelder Maar}}) || Gemünden, [[Schalkenmehren]] || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|16.8}} || style="text-align:right" | {{Nts|51.0}} || Also called the ''Totenmaar''
|}

===== Dry maars of the Eifel =====
[[File:20170521 02 Schalkenmehrener Maar 04.jpg|thumb|Schalkenmehrener "dry" Maar]]
[[File:20170522 14 Trockenmaar am hohen List 1.jpg|thumb|The Trockenmaar on the Hohe List<br />(1 km SW of Schalkenmehren)]]
In the Eifel and Volcanic Eifel there are numerous dry maars:
* [[Mosbrucher Weiher]] (4&nbsp;km SE of [[Kelberg]])
* [[Booser Doppelmaar]] (W of [[Boos (Eifel)|Boos]]; near Kelberg)
* [[Dreiser Weiher]] (W of [[Dreis-Brück]], N of [[Daun]])
* [[Dürres Maar]] (SW of [[Gillenfeld]])
* Duppacher Weiher (near [[Duppach]], NW of [[Gerolstein]])
* Geeser Maar (E of [[Gerolstein]], N of Gees)
* [[Eckfelder Maar]] (near [[Eckfeld]])
* Eigelbacher Maar (near Kopp, county of [[Daun]]; maar basin: c. 1200 m × 1200 m)
* [[Hitsche Maar]] (NW of the Dürre Maar, smallest Eifel maar; [[Diameter|Ø]] = 60 m)
* Immerather Risch ([[Middle Low German]]: ''risch'' = reed bed; N of the Immerather Maar)
* Gerolsteiner Maar (NE of [[Gerolstein]])
* [[Schalkenmehrener Maar]] E (of [[Schalkenmehren]])
* Schönfelder Maar (SW of [[Stadtkyll]]-Schönfeld)
* Steffelner Laach or "Laach Maar" (near [[Steffeln]])
* Dehner Maar (near [[Reuth (Eifel)|Reuth]])
* Walsdorfer Maar ("Schilierwiese"; S of [[Walsdorf (Eifel)|Walsdorf]]; maar basin: c. 1150 m × 1000 m)
* Wollmerather Maar (near [[Wollmerath]])

===== Broader use of the term ''maar'' =====
The following volcanic features are often colloquially referred to as a "maar" or "maar lake", although they are not, strictly speaking, maars:
* [[Windsborn Crater Lake]] and [[Hinkelsmaar]] in the Manderscheid Volcano Group near [[Bettenfeld]], crater lakes of the Mosenberg (Eifel)|Mosenberg
* [[Laacher See]] near [[Maria Laach Abbey|Maria Laach]], lake in a [[caldera]] of the Laacher See volcano
* Strohner Märchen (south of the [[Pulvermaar]]), [[volcanic pipe]] which has become a maar
* [[Papenkaule]], a [[volcanic crater]], and the associated eruption site of the Hagelskaule
* Elfenmaar near [[Bad Bertrich]], an almost entirely eroded [[stratovolcano]]
* [[Rodder Maar]] near [[Niederdürenbach]], the origin of which is unclear <ref name="WMeyer2" />

==== Maars outside the Eifel ====
In Germany there are also several maars outside of the Eifel. A well-known example is the [[Messel pit]], a former maar lake near [[Messel]] in the county of [[Darmstadt-Dieburg]] and which is known for its well preserved [[fossil]]s. In addition in the [[Swabian Jura]] and the [[Albvorland]] (the Swabian Volcano) there are maar-forming volcanoes. Because the over 350 eruption points were only active in the Upper [[Miocene]] 17 to 11&nbsp;million years ago, all the maars, apart from the dry maar, [[Randecker Maar]] and the Molach, are only detectable geologically. In the [[Ore Mountains]] near [[Hammerunterwiesenthal]], the Hammerunterwiesenthal Maar formed about 30&nbsp;million years ago during the Oligocene; the maar measures 2 kilometres from east to west and 1.4 kilometres from north to south.

=== Rest of Europe ===
[[File:Gour de Tazenat.JPG|thumb|[[Gour de Tazenat]], [[Chaîne des Puys]], France]]
The [[Chaîne des Puys]] in France contains numerous maars; [[Lake Albano]] in the [[Alban Mountains]] is a complex maar, and there is also a submarine maar ([[Kolumbo]]) near [[Santorini]] in Greece. The [[Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field]] in Spain contains numerous maars; a typical example being the maar of Hoya del Mortero at Poblete in the [[Province of Ciudad Real]].

Active maars were commonplace in [[Fife]] and [[Lothian]], Scotland during the [[Carboniferous]] period.<ref name="vms">{{cite book |last1=Upton |first1=B. G. J. |title=Volcanoes and the Making of Scotland |date=2015 |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVxwDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1780465418 |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> The location of one such maar was Elie Ness.<ref name="gernonupton">{{cite journal |last1=Gernon |first1=T M |last2=Upton |first2=B G J |last3=Ugra |first3=R |last4=Yucel |first4=C |last5=Taylor |first5=R N |last6=Elliot |first6=H |title=Complex subvolcanic magma plumbing system of an alkali basaltic maar-diatreme volcano (Elie Ness, Fife, Scotland) |journal=Lithos |year=2016 |volume=264 |pages=70–85 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2016.08.001 |bibcode=2016Litho.264...70G |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024493716302171 |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Americas ===
[[File:Kilbourne Hole aerial Jan 2019.jpg | thumb | [[Kilbourne Hole]] in the [[Potrillo volcanic field]] of New Mexico]]

Active maar volcanoes are mainly known outside Europe.

In the US there are numerous maar areas, such as in Alaska ([[Ukinrek maars]], [[Nunivak]] in the [[Bering Sea]]); in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] ([[Battle Ground Lake]]); in [[Oregon]] ([[Fort Rock basin]] with the maars of [[Big Hole (Oregon)|Big Hole]], [[Hole-in-the-Ground]], [[Fort Rock basin#Table Rock|Table Rock]]); in [[Death Valley National Park]], [[California]] ([[Ubehebe Crater]]); in [[Nevada]] ([[Soda Lakes]]); as well as the maars of the [[White Rock Canyon]], [[Mount Taylor (New Mexico)|Mount Taylor]], the [[Potrillo volcanic field|Potrillo]] volcanic fields ([[Kilbourne Hole]] and [[Hunt's Hole]]), and [[Zuñi Salt Lake]] in New Mexico.

In Central Mexico, the Tarascan volcanic field contains several maars in the states of [[Michoacán]] and [[Guanajuato (state)|Guanajuato]]. The [[Lake Río Cuarto|Río Cuarto]] and [[Lake Hule|Hule]] maars are in Costa Rica. In Nicaragua is the maar of Laguna de Xiloa, part of the [[Apoyeque]] volcano. From South America, there are known maars in [[Chile]] (e.g. [[Cerro Overo]] and [[Cerro Tujle]] in northern Chile). [[Jayu Quta (Ladislao Cabrera)|Jayu Khota]] is a maar in [[Bolivia]].

=== Middle East and Africa ===
The maar of [[Lake Ram]]<ref name="Neumann" /> lies on the [[Golan Heights]]; further south maars occur in Africa ([[Bilate Volcanic Field]] and [[Haro Maja]] in the [[Butajiri]]-[[Silti]]-Volcanic Field, Ethiopia, the [[Bayuda]] Volcanic Field in the Sudan and [[Lake Nyos]] in the [[Oku Volcanic Field]] in Cameroon). In [[Saudi Arabia]] the [[Al Wahbah crater]] formed as a result of a maar eruption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grainger |first1=David J. |title=Al Wahbah volcanic explosion crater, Saudi Arabia |journal=Geology Today |date=January 1996 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2451.1996.00006.x|bibcode=1996GeolT..12...27G }}</ref>

=== Asia and Oceania ===
[[File:Blue Lake Mount Gambier SA.jpg|thumb|[[Blue Lake / Warwar]], a maar at [[Mount Gambier]], South Australia]]

In Japan there are maars in the [[Kirishima, Kagoshima|Kirishima]]-[[Yakushima|Yaku]] volcanic field in the [[Kirishima-Yaku National Park]] on [[Kyushu]]. These include the several maars of the [[Ibusuki volcanic field]] such as [[Lake Unagi]].<ref name="Inakura2014">{{cite journal|first1=Hirohito |last1=Inakura |first2= Hideto |last2=Naruo |first3=Mitsuru |last3=Okuno |first4=Tetsuo |last4=Kobayashi|title= Eruptive History of Ikeda Volcano, Ibusuki Area, Southern Kyushu, Japan|journal=Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan|year= 2014|volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=255–268|issn=0453-4360 |doi=10.18940/kazan.59.4_255 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kazan/59/4/59_KJ00009747307/_article/-char/en}}</ref> On [[Honshu]] in [[Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park]] there is Kagamiike Pond as well as many on the volcanic island of [[Miyake-jima]], [[Izu Islands]] (Furumio, Mi'ike, Mizutamari, Shinmio).{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Koranga Maar and Numundo Maar are in [[Papua New Guinea]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} Kawah Masemo maar is on [[Mount Sempu]] volcano in Indonesia.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} The San Pablo Volcanic Field in the [[Province of Laguna]] on the island of [[Luzon]] in the Philippines contains maars.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The [[Newer Volcanics Province]] in the States of [[South Australia]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia, has numerous maars, such as [[Mount Gambier (volcano)|Mount Gambier]], [[Mount Schank]] and [[Tower Hill (volcano)|Tower Hill]], whose complex system of nested maars is enclosed by one of the largest maars in the world.<ref name=hh>{{cite web | title=History & Heritage | website=Tower Hill (Worn Gundidj Corporation)| url=http://www.towerhill.org.au/index.php/about-reserve/history | access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=vro>{{cite web|url=http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/glenregn.nsf/pages/eruption_points_tower_hill|website=Victorian Resources Online|title=Tower Hill|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

{{wide image | File:Tower Hill Lake and Wildlife Reserve, Victoria.jpg | 800px | Tower Hill Lake at Tower Hill Wildlife Preserve, one of the world's largest maars}}

[[Foulden Maar]] in [[Otago]], [[New Zealand]], is an important fossil site,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/05/10/577063?slug=dunedins-pompeii-to-be-mined-for-pig-food|title=Dunedin's 'Pompeii' to be mined to make pig food|last=Hancock|first=Farah|date=2019-05-10|website=Newsroom|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=2019-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231084305/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/05/10/577063?slug=dunedins-pompeii-to-be-mined-for-pig-food|url-status=dead}}</ref> but there are many more maars in New Zealand. As already mentioned these include [[Lake Pupuke]], but the [[Auckland volcanic field]] has other easily accessible maars such as the [[Māngere Lagoon|Mangere Lagoon]], [[Ōrākei Basin|Orakei Basin]], [[Panmure Basin]], and [[Pukaki Lagoon]]. Elsewhere a recent example, only 4000 years old, is [[Lake Rotokawau (Bay of Plenty)|Lake Rotokawau]] in the [[Bay of Plenty Region]].<ref name="Beanland1981">{{cite thesis|title=The Rotokawau eruption |last1=Beanland |first1= Sarah |year=1981 |url=http://theses.otagogeology.org.nz/items/show/141 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Bachelor of Science undergraduate thesis - seems to not meet [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] standards|date=February 2024}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="150px" heights="120px">
Image:Totenmaar weinfelder maar eifel.jpg|[[Weinfelder Maar]], one of the three maars originally described
Image:Maar Israel.JPG|The maar at [[Birkat Ram]], the [[Golan Heights]]
Image:Zengena Hayq.JPG|[[Zengena Lake]], a maar in [[Amhara Region]], [[Ethiopia]]
Image:Pinacate_volcanic_field.jpg|[[El Elegante Crater]], in [[Sonoran Desert]], [[Mexico]]
Image:BVFMuweilihCrater.jpg|El Muweilih Crater, a maar in [[Bayuda volcanic field]], Sudan:<ref name="Lenhardt_etal_2018">{{cite journal | title=The monogenetic Bayuda Volcanic Field, Sudan – New insights into geology and volcanic morphology | first1=N. | last1=Lenhardt | first2=S.B. | last2=Borah | first3=S.Z. | last3=Lenhardt | first4=A.J. | last4=Bumby | first5=M.A. | last5=Ibinoof | first6=S.A. | last6=Salih | journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research | date=2018 | volume=356 | pages=211–224 | doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.010| bibcode=2018JVGR..356..211L }}</ref> [[Natron]]-rich clay on the crater floor
File:Hunt's Hole aerial 1.jpg|[[Hunt's Hole]] in the [[Potrillo volcanic field]] of New Mexico
File:Kluft-photo-SodaLake-rim-2018-11.jpg|[[Soda Lakes|Big Soda Lake]] in Nevada
File:Lake Rotokawau.jpg|[[Lake Rotokawau (Bay of Plenty)|Lake Rotokawau]] in New Zealand
</gallery>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Tuff ring}}
* {{annotated link|Tuff cone}}
* {{annotated link|Caldera}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
<references>
<!---->
<ref name="mWs">Seetiefe der Maare bei mittlerem Wasserstand</ref>
<!---->
<ref name="WMeyer2">{{cite web|title=Die Geologie|periodical=Heimatjahrbuch 2006|publisher=Kreis Ahrweiler|url=http://www.kreis.aw-online.de/ausdruckR.php?id=172|access-date=2016-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525224711/http://www.kreis.aw-online.de/ausdruckR.php?id=172|archive-date=2016-05-25|last=Wilhelm Meyer|language=de}} zu ''Ungeklärte Herkunft des Rodder Maars''</ref>
<!---->
<ref name="Neumann">{{cite journal|title=Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Golan heights (Near East)|volume=16|issue=4|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany|first1=F.|last1=Neumann|first2=C.|last2=Schölzel|first3=T.|last3=Litt|first4=A.|last4=Hense|first5=M.|last5=Stein|date=2007|pages=329–346|doi=10.1007/s00334-006-0046-x|bibcode=2007VegHA..16..329N |s2cid=129220670}}</ref>
</references>

== Literature ==
* [https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/maar.php USGS photo glossary: Maar]
* [https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Maars/description_maars.html USGS: Maars and tuff cones]

== External links ==
{{wiktionary | maar}}
{{Commons category|Maars}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5CKY7uE8R8 Formation of volcanoes - maar], animation on YouTube, Czech Geological Survey, 2019, duration 1 min 56 sec. English subtitles available. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080307121308/http://www.volcanodb.com/volcanoes/Maar/ List of Maar Volcanoes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721024821/http://www.volterev.fr/la-vestide-du-pal La Vestide du Pal]

{{Volcanoes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Depressions (geology)]]
[[Category:Maars| ]]
[[Category:Volcanic landforms]]
[[Category:Volcanic craters|.]]