View source for Macaque

{{Short description|Genus of Old World monkeys}}
{{Redirect|Macaca|a racial slur for dark-skinned people|Macaca (term)}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| name = Macaques<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=161–165|id=12100528}}</ref>
| image = Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| image_caption = [[Bonnet macaque]] in [[Manegaon, Maharashtra]], India
| taxon = Macaca
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Barbary macaque|Simia inuus]]''<ref name=msw3/>
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]]<br />(= ''Simia sylvanus'' Linnaeus, [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| display_parents = 2
}}

The '''macaques''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|k|ɑː|k|,_|-|ˈ|k|æ|k}})<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/macaque |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024093320/https://www.lexico.com/definition/macaque |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |title=macaque |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> constitute a [[genus]] ('''''Macaca''''') of [[sociality|gregarious]] [[Old World monkey]]s of the subfamily [[Cercopithecinae]]. The 23 species of macaques inhabit [[species distribution|ranges]] throughout Asia, [[North Africa]], and Europe (in [[Barbary macaques in Gibraltar|Gibraltar]]). Macaques are principally [[frugivore|frugivorous]] (preferring fruit), although their diet also includes seeds, leaves, flowers, and tree bark. Some species such as the long-tailed macaque (''M. fascicularis''; also called the crab-eating macaque) will supplement their diets with small amounts of meat from shellfish, insects, and small mammals. On average, a [[southern pig-tailed macaque]] (''M. nemestrina'') in [[Malaysia]] eats about 70 large rats each year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/22/rat-eating-monkeys-in-malaysia-stun-scientists |title=Rat-eating monkeys in Malaysia stun scientists
|first=Sean|last=Keach |newspaper=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]] |date=October 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/22/asia/macaques-rats-palm-oil-scli-intl-scn/index.html |title=Rat-eating macaques could boost palm oil sustainability in Malaysia |first=Jack|last=Guy |publisher=CNN |date=October 22, 2019}}</ref> All macaque [[social group]]s are arranged around dominant [[matriarchy|matriarchs]].<ref name="Fleagle2013">{{cite book |first=John G.|last=Fleagle |title=Primate Adaptation and Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--PNXm0q2O8C&pg=PA123 |publisher=Academic |page=123 |date=8 March 2013 |isbn=978-0-12-378633-3}}</ref>

Macaques are found in a variety of habitats throughout the Asian continent and are highly [[adaptation|adaptable]]. Certain species are [[synanthrope|synanthropic]], having learned to live alongside humans, but they have become problematic in urban areas in [[Southeast Asia]] and are not suitable to live with, as they can carry transmittable diseases.

Most macaque species are listed as vulnerable to critically endangered on the [[IUCN Red List endangered species (Animalia)|International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List]].

==Description==
Aside from [[human]]s (genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]''), the macaques are the most widespread [[primate]] genus, ranging from [[Japan]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]], and in the case of the [[Barbary macaque]] (''Macaca sylvanus''), to [[Maghreb|North Africa]] and [[Southern Europe]]. Twenty-three<!--as per preceding paragraph and species list below--> macaque species are currently recognized. Macaques are robust primates whose arms and legs are about the same in length. The fur of these animals is typically varying shades of brown or black and their muzzles are rounded in profile with nostrils on the upper surface. The tail varies among each species, which can be long, moderate, short or totally absent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/macaque|title=macaque {{!}} Classification & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-07-02|language=en}}</ref> '' ''Although several species lack tails, and their common names refer to them as [[ape]]s, these are true monkeys, with no greater relationship to the true apes than any other [[Old World monkeys]]. Instead, this comes from an earlier definition of 'ape' that included primates generally.<ref>"ape, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2017. Web. 16 April 2017.</ref>

In some species, skin folds join the second through fifth toes, almost reaching the first [[metatarsus|metatarsal]] joint.<ref>{{cite book| year = 2000
 | last = Ankel-Simons | first = Friderun
 | title = Primate anatomy: an introduction
 | chapter = Hands and Feet | page = 340
 | publisher = Academic Press | isbn = 978-0-12-058670-7
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5fttVRAHA4MC&pg=PA340
}}</ref> The monkey's size differs depending on sex and species. Males from all species can range from {{convert|41|to|70|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} in head and body length, and in weight from {{convert|5.5|to|18|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /> Females can range from a weight of {{convert|2.4|to|13|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. These primates live in troops that vary in size, where males dominate, however the order of dominance frequently shifts. Female dominance lasts longer and depends upon their genealogical position. Macaques are able to swim and spend most of their time on the ground and spend some time in trees. They have large pouches in their cheeks where they carry extra food. They are considered highly intelligent and are often used in the medical field for experimentation due to their remarkable similarity to humans in emotional and cognitive development. Extensive experimentation has led to the long-tailed macaque being listed as endangered.<ref name=":0" />

==Distribution and habitat==
Macaques are highly [[adaptability|adaptable]] to different habitats and climates and can tolerate a wide fluctuation of temperatures and live in varying landscape settings. They easily adapt to human-[[built environment]]s and can survive well in [[urban wildlife|urban settings]] if they are able to obtain food. They can also survive in completely [[natural environment|natural settings]] absent of humans.

The ecological and geographic ranges of the macaque are the widest of any non-human primate. Their habitats include the tropical rainforests of [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], arid mountains of [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], and temperate mountains in [[Algeria]], [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Morocco]], and [[Nepal]]. Some species also inhabit villages and towns in cities in Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=John |date=August 1999 |title=Monkeys on the Move: The Natural Symbolism of People-Macaque Conflict in Japan |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=622–647 |doi=10.2307/2659114 |jstor=2659114 |s2cid=143569917 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> There is also an introduced population of [[rhesus macaque]]s in the [[United States|US]] state of [[Florida]] consisting, essentially, of monkeys abandoned when a failed boat ride-safari was shut down in the mid-20th century.

A probable Early Pliocene macaque [[Molar (tooth)|molar]] from the [[Red Crag Formation]] ([[Waldringfield]], United Kingdom), represents one of the oldest and northernmost records of the genus in Europe reported to date.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pickford |first1=M. |last2=Gommery |first2=D. |last3=Ingicco |first3=T. |year=2023 |title=Macaque molar from the Red Crag Formation, Waldringfield, England |journal=Fossil Imprint |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.37520/fi.2023.003 |s2cid=265089167 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Ecology and behavior==
===Diet===
Macaques are mainly [[Frugivore|frugivorous]], although some species have been observed feeding on insects. In natural habitats, they have been observed to consume certain parts of over one hundred species of plants including the buds, fruit, young leaves, bark, roots, and flowers. When macaques [[synanthrope|live amongst people]], they raid agricultural [[crop]]s such as wheat, rice, or [[sugarcane]]; and garden crops like tomatoes, bananas, melons, mangos, or [[papaya]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque/cons |title=Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Conservation |website=pin.primate.wisc.edu |language=en |access-date=2018-07-02}}</ref> In human settings, they also [[begging in animals|rely heavily]] on direct handouts from people. This includes peanuts, rice, [[legume]]s, or even prepared food.

===Group structure===
Macaques live in established social groups that can range from a few individuals to several hundred, as they are social animals. A typical social group possess between 20 and 50 individuals of all ages and of both sexes. The typical composition consists of 15% adult males, 35% adult females, 20% infants, and 30% juveniles, though there exists variation in structure and size of groups across populations.{{citation needed|date=August 2022|reason=old link =http://science.jrank.org/pages/4035/macaques.html}}

[[File:Macaque monkey's premotor areas.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The [[premotor cortex]] of macaques is widely studied.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boussaoud |first1=D. |last2=Tanné-Gariépy |first2=J. |last3=Wannier |first3=T. |last4=Rouiller |first4=E. M. |title=Callosal connections of dorsal versus ventral premotor areas in the macaque monkey: A multiple retrograde tracing study |journal=BMC Neuroscience |volume=6 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/1471-2202-6-67 |year=2005 |pmid=16309550 |pmc=1314896 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy, with different classifications of despotism depending on species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsumura |first=S |date=1999 |title=The evolution of "egalitarian" and "despotic" social systems among macaques |journal=Primates |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1007/BF02557699 |pmid=23179529 |s2cid=23652944 |via=SpringerLink Journals}}</ref> If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-ranking macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.<ref>{{cite video |title=The Life of Mammals |host=[[David Attenborough]] |year=2003 |publisher=[[BBC Video]]}}</ref>

===Reproduction and mortality===
The reproductive potential of each species differs. Populations of the rhesus macaque can grow at rates of 10% to 15% per year if the environmental conditions are favorable. However, some forest-dwelling species are [[endangered species|endangered]] with much lower reproductive rates.{{citation needed|date=August 2022|reason=old link =http://science.jrank.org/pages/4035/macaques.html}} After one year of age, macaques move from being dependent on their mother during infancy, to the juvenile stage, where they begin to associate more with other juveniles through rough tumble and playing activities. They sexually mature between three and five years of age. Females will usually stay with the social group in which they were born; however, young adult males tend to disperse and attempt to enter other social groups. Not all males succeed in joining other groups and may become solitary, attempting to join other social groups for many years.{{citation needed|date=August 2022|reason=old link =http://science.jrank.org/pages/4035/macaques.html}} Macaques have a typical lifespan of 20 to 30 years.

===As invasive species===
[[File:Monkey Kai Bae.jpg|thumb|''M. fascicularis'' on a [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] at [[Ko Chang]], Thailand]]

Certain species under the genus ''Macaca'' have been transplanted to different parts of the world, where they become [[invasive species|invasive]], while others remain [[threatened species|threatened]]. The [[crab-eating macaque|long-tailed macaque]] (''M. fascicularis'') is listed as an invasive alien species in [[Mauritius]], along with the [[rhesus macaque]]s (''M. mulatta'') in Florida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/wecdept/2016/12/20/mapping-macaques-studying-floridas-non-native-primates/ |title=Mapping Macaques: Studying Florida's Non-Native Primates |publisher=UF/IFAS Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department |date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2018-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite this, the former is listed as [[Endangered species|endangered]].

The long-tailed macaque causes severe damage to parts of its range where it has been [[introduced species|introduced]] because the populations grow unchecked due to a lack of predators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque/cons |title=Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (''Macaca fascicularis'') Conservation |website=pin.primate.wisc.edu |language=en |access-date=2018-07-02}}</ref> On the island of Mauritius, they have created serious conservation concerns for other [[endemism|endemic species]]. They consume seeds of native plants and aid in the spread of exotic weeds throughout the forests. This changes the composition of the habitats and allows them to be rapidly overrun by invasive plants.

Long-tailed macaques are also responsible for the near extinction of several bird species on Mauritius by destroying the nests of the birds and eating the eggs of [[critically endangered]] species, such as the [[pink pigeon]] and Mauritian green parrot.<ref name="www.upane.it">{{cite web |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=139 |title=GISD |publisher=Upane |website=iucngisd.org |access-date=2018-07-02}}</ref> They have been known to eat crops from human farms and gardens, sparking [[Human–wildlife conflict|human-wildlife conflicts]].

In Florida, a group of rhesus macaques inhabit [[Silver Springs State Park]]. Humans often feed them, which may alter their movement and keep them close to the river on weekends where high human traffic is present.<ref name=":2" /> The monkeys can become aggressive toward humans, largely due to human ignorance of macaque behavior. They carry potentially fatal human diseases, including the [[herpes B virus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Stephanie |date=March 1998 |title=B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States? |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |language=en-us |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=117–21 |doi=10.3201/eid0401.980117 |pmid=9452406 |pmc=2627675 |issn=1080-6040}}</ref>

==Relations with humans==
Several species of macaque are used extensively in [[animal testing]], particularly in the [[neuroscience]] of [[visual perception]] and the [[visual system]].

Nearly all (73–100%) captive rhesus macaques are [[Asymptomatic carrier|carriers]] of the [[herpes B virus]]. This [[virus]] is harmless to macaques, but infections of humans, while rare, are potentially fatal, a risk that makes macaques [[Pet monkey|unsuitable as pets]].<ref>{{cite journal
 | title = B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: an Emerging Threat in the United States?
 | first = Stephanie R. | last = Ostrowski | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 4 | issue = 1
 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 | doi = 10.3201/eid0401.980117 | pages=117–121
 | display-authors=etal | pmid=9452406 | pmc=2627675| year = 1998
 }}</ref>

Urban performing macaques also carried [[simian foamy virus]], suggesting they could be involved in the [[zoonosis|species-to-species jump]] of similar retroviruses to humans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322150850/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/051208-1906.asp|title=News &#124; University of Toronto|archive-date=March 22, 2006|website=www.utoronto.ca|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref>

===Population control===
Management techniques have historically been controversial, and public disapproval can hinder control efforts. Previously, efforts to remove macaque individuals were met with public resistance.<ref name=":2" /> One management strategy that is currently being explored is that of [[Neutering|sterilization]]. Natural resource managers are being educated by scientific studies in the proposed strategy. Effectiveness of this strategy is estimated to succeed in keeping populations in check. For example, if 80% of females are sterilized every five years, or 50% every two years, it could effectively reduce the population.<ref name=":2" /> Other control strategies include planting specific trees to provide protection to native birds from macaque predation, live trapping, and the vaccine [[porcine zona pellucida]] (PZP), which causes infertility in females.<ref name="www.upane.it"/>

===Cloning===
{{See also|List of animals that have been cloned}}

In January 2018, scientists in China reported in the journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'' the first creation of two [[crab-eating macaque]] [[cloning|clones]], named [[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua]], using [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] – the same method that produced [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]].<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen|display-authors=etal|title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172|issue=4|pages=881–887.e7|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180124">{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20180124">{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref>

==Species==
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[Macaca]] |authority-name=[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] |authority-year=1799 |species-count=24}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Arunachal macaque]] |binomial=M. munzala
|image=File:Macaca munzala 86945796.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Anindya Sinha|Sinha]], [[Aparajita Datta|Datta]], [[M. D. Madhusudan|Madhusudan]], Mishra |authority-year=2005
|range=[[Eastern Himalayas]] |range-image=File:Arunachal Macaque area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNArunachalmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=EN |population=250
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNArunachalmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Assam macaque]] |binomial=M. assamensis
|image=File:Assamese macaque AJTJ P1020178.JPG |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkeys
|authority-name=[[John McClelland (doctor)|McClelland]]|authority-not-original=yes |authority-year=1840
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. a. assamensis'' (Eastern Assamese macaque)
| ''M. a. pelops'' (Western Assamese macaque)
}}
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Assam_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNAssammacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNAssammacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Barbary macaque]] |binomial=M. sylvanus
|image=File:Macaca_sylvanus.Mother_and_baby.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkey and baby
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Northwestern Africa |range-image=File:Macaca_sylvanus_range_map.png |range-image-size=175px
|size={{convert|45|–|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWBarbarymacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and caves<ref name="IUCNBarbarymacaque"/>
|hunting=Plants, caterpillars, fruit, seeds, roots, and fungi<ref name="ADWBarbarymacaque"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBarbarymacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bonnet macaque]] |binomial=M. radiata
|image=File:Bonnet_macaque_(Macaca_radiata)_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg |image-size=106px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. r. diluta'' (Pale-bellied bonnet macaque)
| ''M. r. radiata'' (Dark-bellied bonnet macaque)
}}
|range=Southern India |range-image=File:MacacaRadiataMap.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest, savanna, and shrubland<ref name="IUCNBonnetmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, foliage, and insects, as well as bird eggs and lizards<ref name="ADWBonnetmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBonnetmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Booted macaque]] |binomial=M. ochreata
|image=File:Macaca_ochreata.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Drawing of gray monkey
|authority-name=[[William Ogilby|Ogilby]] |authority-year=1841 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]] |range-image=File:Booted_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest and savanna<ref name="IUCNBootedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBootedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Celebes crested macaque]] |binomial=M. nigra
|image=File:Kuifmakaak_(8721744168).jpg |image-size=119px |image-alt=Gray monkey
|authority-name=[[Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest|Desmarest]] |authority-year=1822 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Sulawesi |range-image=File:Celebes_Crested_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|44|–|57|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail<ref name="ADWCelebescrestedmacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNCelebescrestedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, as well as insects, shoots, leaves, and stems<ref name="ADWCelebescrestedmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNCelebescrestedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Crab-eating macaque]] |binomial=M. fascicularis
|image=File:Crab-eating_macaque_(Macaca_fascicularis)_Phang_Nga.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Stamford Raffles|Raffles]]|authority-not-original=yes |authority-year=1821
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand= |title=Ten subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. f. atriceps'' (Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. aureus'' (Burmese long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. condorensis'' (Con Song long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. fascicularis'' (Common long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. fusca'' (Simeulue long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. karimondjawae'' (Kemujan long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. lasiae'' (Lasia long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. philippensis'' ([[Philippine long-tailed macaque]])
| ''M. f. tua'' (Maratua long-tailed macaque)
| ''M. f. umbrosus'' ([[Nicobar long-tailed macaque]])
}}
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Crab-eating_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|40|–|47|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|50|–|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail
|habitat=Forest, intertidal marine, caves, inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna<ref name="IUCNCrab-eatingmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, crabs, flowers, insects, leaves, fungi, grasses, and clay<ref name="ADWCrab-eatingmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNCrab-eatingmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Formosan rock macaque]] |binomial=M. cyclopis
|image=File:YushanNationalPark jdtien 002.jpg |image-size=100px |image-alt=Gray monkeys
|authority-name=[[Robert Swinhoe|Swinhoe]] |authority-year=1862 |authority-not-original=
|range=[[Taiwan]] |range-image=File:Formosan_Rock_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|36|–|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|26|–|46|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWFormosanrockmacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNFormosanrockmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, berries, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, buds, and shoots<ref name="ADWFormosanrockmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown
|direction={{steady|Population steady}}<ref name="IUCNFormosanrockmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Gorontalo macaque]] |binomial=M. nigrescens
|image=File:Macaca_nigrescens.jpg |image-size=135px |image-alt=Black-and-white drawing of monkey
|authority-name=[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] |authority-year=1849 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Sulawesi |range-image=File:Gorontalo_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNGorontalomacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNGorontalomacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Heck's macaque]] |binomial=M. hecki
|image=File:Stavenn Heck's Macaque (Macaca hecki).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Paul Matschie|Matschie]] |authority-year=1901 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Sulawesi |range-image=File:Heck%27s_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest and grassland<ref name="IUCNHecksmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=VU |population=100,000
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNHecksmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Japanese macaque]] |binomial=M. fuscata
|image=File:Japanese_Snow_Monkey_(Macaque)_Mother_Grooms_Her_Young.jpg |image-size=146px |image-alt=Brown monkeys
|authority-name=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] |authority-not-original=yes|authority-year=1875
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. f. fuscata''
| ''M. f. yakui'' ([[Yakushima macaque]])
}}
|range=Japan |range-image=File:Japanese_Macaque_area.svg |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNJapanesemacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, seeds, flowers, nectar, leaves, and fungi<ref name="ADWJapanesemacaque"/>
|iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown
|direction={{steady|Population steady}}<ref name="IUCNJapanesemacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Lion-tailed macaque]] |binomial=M. silenus
|image=File:Lion-tailed_Macaque_in_Bristol_Zoo.jpg |image-size=141px |image-alt=Gray and brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southwestern India |range-image=File:Lion-tailed Macaque area.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|40|–|61|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|24|–|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWLion-tailedmacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNLion-tailedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, as well as leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, insects, lizards, tree frogs, and small mammals<ref name="ADWLion-tailedmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=2,400–2,500
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNLion-tailedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Moor macaque]] |binomial=M. maura
|image=File:Macaca Maura Satwa Endemik Sulawesi Selatan 01.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray monkeys
|authority-name=[[Heinrich Rudolf Schinz|Schinz]] |authority-year=1825 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Sulawesi |range-image=File:Moor_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest and grassland<ref name="IUCNMoormacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNMoormacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Muna-Buton macaque]] |binomial=M. brunnescens
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Paul Matschie|Matschie]] |authority-year=1901 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia |range-image=File:Répartition du macaque de Buton-Muna.jpg |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNMuna-Butonmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNMuna-Butonmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Northern pig-tailed macaque]] |binomial=M. leonina
|image=File:Macaca_leonina_mother_with_baby_-_Khao_Yai.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray monkey and baby
|authority-name=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] |authority-year=1863 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Northern_Pig-tailed_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNNorthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Leaves, seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bamboo shoots, rice, gums, insects, larvae, termite eggs and spiders<ref name="IUCNNorthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNNorthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Pagai Island macaque]] |binomial=M. pagensis
|image=File:Beruk_Mentawai_Macaca_pagensis.JPG |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.|G. S. Miller]] |authority-year=1903 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Mentawai Islands Regency|Mentawai Islands]] in Indonesia |range-image=File:Pagai_Island_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNPagaiIslandmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=CR |population=2,100–3,700
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNPagaiIslandmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Rhesus macaque]] |binomial=M. mulatta
|image=File:Rhesus_macaque_(Macaca_mulatta_mulatta),_male,_Gokarna.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]] |authority-year=1790 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southern and southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Rhesus Macaque area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|45|–|64|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|19|–|32|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWRhesusmacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest, savanna, and shrubland<ref name="IUCNRhesusmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, crayfish, crabs, spiders, plants, gums and pith<ref name="IUCNRhesusmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown
|direction={{population change unknown}}<ref name="IUCNRhesusmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Siberut macaque]] |binomial=M. siberu
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Agustín Fuentes|Fuentes]] |authority-year=1995
|range=[[Siberut]] island in Indonesia |range-image=File:Siberut_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNSiberutmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, as well as mushrooms, leaves, crabs, crayfish, pith, sap, shoots and flowers<ref name="IUCNSiberutmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNSiberutmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Southern pig-tailed macaque]] |binomial=M. nemestrina
|image=File:(Macaca.nemestrina-1-PragueZOO.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkeys
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Southern_Pig-tailed_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|46|–|57|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|13|–|26|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWSouthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest and shrubland<ref name="IUCNSouthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, insects, seeds, leaves, dirt, and fungus, as well as birds, termite eggs and larvae, and river crabs<ref name="ADWSouthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNSouthernpig-tailedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Stump-tailed macaque]] |binomial=M. arctoides
|image=File:Macaca arctoides, Stump-tailed macaque - Kaeng Krachan National Park (23274848523).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown and red monkeys
|authority-name=[[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I. Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1831 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Stump-tailed Macaque area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|48|–|65|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|3|–|7|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="ADWStump-tailedmacaque"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNStump-tailedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, seeds, flowers, roots, leaves, frogs, crabs, birds, and bird eggs<ref name="ADWStump-tailedmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNStump-tailedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Tibetan macaque]] |binomial=M. thibetana
|image=File:Emei_shan.jinding.Old_Tibetan_macaque.jpg |image-size=119px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]] |authority-year=1870 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. t. esau''
| ''M. t. guiahouensis''
| ''M. t. huangshanensis''
| ''M. t. thibetana''
}}
|range=East China |range-image=File:Tibetan_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest and caves<ref name="IUCNTibetanmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, as well as flowers, berries, seeds, leaves, stems, stalks, and invertebrates<ref name="IUCNTibetanmacaque"/>
|iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNTibetanmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Tonkean macaque]] |binomial=M. tonkeana
|image=File:Macaca_tonkeana_groupe.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Group of gray monkeys
|authority-name=[[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer|von Meyer]] |authority-year=1899 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Island of Sulawesi |range-image=File:Tonkean_Macaque_area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|1|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 10% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNTonkeanmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNTonkeanmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Toque macaque]] |binomial=M. sinica
|image=File:Macaca sinica - 01.jpg |image-size=120px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=1771 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. s. aurifrons'' (Pale-fronted toque macaque)
| ''M. s. opisthomelas'' (Highland toque macaque)
| ''M. s. sinica'' (Common toque macaque)
}}
|range=[[Sri Lanka]] |range-image=File:Toque Macaque range map.svg |range-image-size=117px
|size={{convert|36|–|53|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus at least {{convert|36|–|53|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNToquemacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit as well as tree flowers, buds, and leaves<ref name="ADWToquemacaque"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNToquemacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[White-cheeked macaque]] |binomial=M. leucogenys
|image=File:Macaca leucogenys female.jpg |image-size=146px |image-alt=Brown monkey
|authority-name=Li, Zhao, Fan |authority-year=2015 |authority-not-original=
|range=Northeastern India |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|36|–|77|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus about {{convert|9|–|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info, 25% tail-->
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNWhite-cheekedmacaque"/>
|hunting=Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates<ref name="PrimWorld140142"/><!--Genus info-->
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNWhite-cheekedmacaque"/>
}}
{{Species table/end}}

=== Prehistoric (fossil) species ===
* ''[[Macaca anderssoni|M. anderssoni]]'' <small>Schlosser, 1924</small>
* ''[[Macaca jiangchuanensis|M. jiangchuanensis]]'' <small>Pan et al., 1992</small><ref>{{cite book |last=Hartwig |first=Walter Carl |title=The primate fossil record |page=273 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-66315-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC&pg=PA273 <!-- | quote = Species: ''Macaca jiangchuanensis'' Pan ''et al.'', 1992<br />Type specimen YV 3000, a mandibular corpus of a male with P<sub>3</sub>—M<sub>3</sub> (Pan et al., 1992)<br />Age and Geographic range Early Pleistocene, Yunnan, southwestern China -->
}}</ref>
* ''[[Macaca libyca|M. libyca]]'' <small>Stromer, 1920</small>
* ''[[Macaca majori|M. majori]]'' <small>Schaub & Azzaroli in Comaschi Caria, 1969</small> (sometimes included in ''M. sylvanus'')
* ''[[Macaca florentina|M. florentina]]'' <small>Cocchi, 1872</small>

==See also==
* [[B virus]]
* [[Kayabukiya Tavern]]
* [[Macaque brain development timeline]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="IUCNStump-tailedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Chetry |first1=D. |last2=Boonratana |first2=R. |last3=Das |first3=J. |last4=Long |first4=Y. |last5=Htun |first5=S. |last6=Timmins |first6=R. J. |title=''Macaca arctoides'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12548A185202632 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12548A185202632.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWStump-tailedmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Charlotte |last1=Erfurth |title=''Macaca arctoides'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_arctoides/ |date=2008 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210748/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_arctoides/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNArunachalmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Kumar |first3=S. |title=''Macaca munzala'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T136569A17948833 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136569A17948833.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNAssammacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Boonratana |first1=R. |last2=Chalise |first2=M. |last3=Htun |first3=S. |last4=Timmins |first4=R. J. |title=''Macaca assamensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12549A17950189 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12549A17950189.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNFormosanrockmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Wu |first1=H. |last2=Long |first2=Y. |title=''Macaca cyclopis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12550A17949875 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12550A17949875.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWFormosanrockmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Crystal |last1=Chiu |title=''Macaca cyclopis'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_cyclopis/ |date=2001 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830012104/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_cyclopis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCrab-eatingmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Hansen |first1=M. F. |last2=Ang |first2=A. |last3=Trinh |first3=T. T. H. |last4=Sy |first4=E. |last5=Paramasivam |first5=S. |last6=Ahmed |first6=T. |last7=Dimalibot |first7=J. |last8=Jones-Engel |first8=L. |last9=Ruppert |first9=N. |last10=Griffioen |first10=C. |last11=Lwin |first11=N. |last12=Phiapalath |first12=P. |last13=Gray |first13=R. |last14=Kite |first14=S. |last15=Doak |first15=N. |last16=Nijman |first16=V. |last17=Fuentes |first17=A. |last18=Gumert |first18=M. D. |title=''Macaca fascicularis'' |amends=2022 |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T12551A221666136 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T12551A221666136.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWCrab-eatingmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Christopher |last1=Bonadio |title=''Macaca fascicularis'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_fascicularis/ |date=2000 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812153211/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_fascicularis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNJapanesemacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Watanabe |first1=K. |last2=Tokita |first2=K. |title=''Macaca fuscata'' |errata=2021 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12552A195347803 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12552A195347803.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWJapanesemacaque">{{cite web |first1=brandon |last1=hardman |title=''Macaca fuscata'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_fuscata/ |date=2011 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812150845/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_fuscata/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNHecksmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Lee |first1=R. |last2=Riley |first2=E. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca hecki'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12570A17948969 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12570A17948969.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNNorthernpig-tailedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Boonratana |first1=R. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Yongcheng |first3=L. |last4=Jiang |first4=X.-L. |last5=Htun |first5=S. |last6=Timmins |first6=R. J. |title=''Macaca leonina'' |amends=2020 |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T39792A217754289 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39792A217754289.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNMoormacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Riley |first1=E. |last2=Lee |first2=R. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca maura'' |errata=2021 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12553A197831931 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12553A197831931.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNRhesusmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Singh |first1=M. |last2=Kumar |first2=A. |last3=Kumara |first3=H. N. |title=''Macaca mulatta'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12554A17950825 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12554A17950825.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWRhesusmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Joshua |last1=Seinfeld |title=''Macaca mulatta'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_mulatta/ |date=2000 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816145437/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_mulatta/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSouthernpig-tailedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Ruppert |first1=N. |last2=Holzner |first2=A. |last3=Hansen |first3=M. F. |last4=Ang |first4=A. |last5=Jones-Engel |first5=L. |title=''Macaca nemestrina'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T12555A215350982 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T12555A215350982.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWSouthernpig-tailedmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Kayla |last1=Ayers |first2=Candace |last2=Vanderpoel |title=''Macaca nemestrina'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_nemestrina/ |date=2009 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415021238/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_nemestrina/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCelebescrestedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Lee |first1=R. |last2=Riley |first2=E. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca nigra'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12556A17950422 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12556A17950422.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWCelebescrestedmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Rae Ellen |last1=Bichell |title=''Macaca nigra'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_nigra/ |date=2011 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210734/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_nigra/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGorontalomacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Lee |first1=R. |last2=Riley |first2=E. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca nigrescens'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12568A17948400 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12568A17948400.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNBootedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Riley |first1=E. |last2=Lee |first2=R. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca ochreata'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T39793A17985872 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39793A17985872.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNMuna-Butonmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Lee |first1=R. |last2=Riley |first2=E. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca brunnescens'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T12569A17985924 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T12569A17985924.en}}</ref>
PS D:\Documents Etcetera\Other\Python Scripts\Mine>
<ref name="IUCNPagaiIslandmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Setiawan |first1=A. |last2=Mittermeier |first2=R. A. |last3=Whittaker |first3=D. |title=''Macaca pagensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39794A17949995 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39794A17949995.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNBonnetmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Singh |first1=M. |last2=Kumara |first2=H. N. |last3=Kumar |first3=A. |title=''Macaca radiata'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12558A17951596 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12558A17951596.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWBonnetmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Monica |last1=Brown |title=''Macaca radiata'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_radiata/ |date=2008 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401122330/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_radiata/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSiberutmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Traeholt |first1=C. |last2=Setiawan |first2=A. |last3=Quinten |first3=M |last4=Cheyne |first4=S. M. |last5=Whittaker |first5=D. |last6=Mittermeier |first6=R. A. |title=''Macaca siberu'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39795A17949710 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39795A17949710.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNLion-tailedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Singh |first1=M. |last2=Kumar |first2=A. |last3=Kumara |first3=H. N. |title=''Macaca silenus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12559A17951402 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12559A17951402.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWLion-tailedmacaque">{{cite web |first1=Nicole |last1=Strawder |title=''Macaca silenus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_silenus/ |date=2001 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812150711/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_silenus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNToquemacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Dittus |first1=W. |last2=Watson |first2=A. C. |title=''Macaca sinica'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12560A17951229 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12560A17951229.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWToquemacaque">{{cite web |first1=Matthew |last1=Kanelos |title=''Macaca sinica'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_sinica/ |date=2009 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607233809/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_sinica/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="PrimWorld140142">[[#CITEREF_PrimWorld|Nowak 1999]], pp. 140, 142</ref>
<ref name="IUCNBarbarymacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Wallis |first1=J. |last2=Benrabah |first2=M. E. |last3=Pilot |first3=M. |last4=Majolo |first4=B. |last5=Waters |first5=S. |title=''Macaca sylvanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12561A50043570 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12561A50043570.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWBarbarymacaque">{{cite web |first1=Judy |last1=Jinn |title=''Macaca sylvanus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_sylvanus/ |date=2011 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210806/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_sylvanus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNTibetanmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Yongcheng |first1=L. |last2=Richardson |first2=M. |title=''Macaca thibetana'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12562A17948236 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12562A17948236.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNTonkeanmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Riley |first1=E. |last2=Lee |first2=R. |last3=Sangermano |first3=F. |last4=Cannon |first4=C. |last5=Shekelle |first5=M. |title=''Macaca tonkeana'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12563A17947990 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12563A17947990.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWhite-cheekedmacaque">{{cite iucn |last1=Fan |first1=P. F. |last2=Ma |first2=C. |title=''Macaca leucogenys'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T205889816A205890248 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T205889816A205890248.en}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Walker's Primates of the World |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |date=1999 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-6251-9 |ref=CITEREF_PrimWorld}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20121220234546/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=macaca-mulatta Macaque Monkey Brain Atlas]
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/macaca Primate Info Net ''Macaca'' Factsheets]

{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q177601}}
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[[Category:Macaca|.01]]
[[Category:Primates of Africa]]
[[Category:Primates of Asia]]
[[Category:Tool-using mammals]]