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{{Short description|Brazilian writer (1839–1908)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Portuguese name|Machado|Assis}}
{{expand Portuguese|date=June 2024|topic=bio}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Machado de Assis
| image               = Machado de Assis by Marc Ferrez.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = Picture by [[Marc Ferrez (photographer)|Marc Ferrez]], {{circa|1880}}
| office2             = 1st [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters]]
| term_start2         = 28 January 1897
| term_end2           = 29 September 1908
| predecessor2        = Position established
| successor2          = [[Ruy Barbosa]]
| birth_name          = Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1839|6|21|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Empire of Brazil]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1908|9|29|1839|6|21|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[First Brazilian Republic]]
| occupation          = Novelist, short story writer, poet, literary critic
| spouse              = {{marriage|Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais|1869|1904|reason=d}}
| blank1              = Period
| data1               = 1864–1908
| blank2              = Movement
| data2               = [[Romanticism]], [[Literary realism|Realism]]
| blank3              = Influences
| data3               = {{Collapsible list|title=See list|1=[[Luís de Camões|Camões]] {{small|•}} [[António Vieira|Vieira]] {{small|•}} [[Gregório de Matos|Mattos]] {{small|•}} [[José de Alencar|Alencar]] {{small|•}} [[Almeida Garrett]] {{small|•}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] {{small|•}} [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] {{small|•}} [[Victor Hugo]] {{small|•}} [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]] {{small|•}} [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|La Rochefoucauld]] {{small|•}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] {{small|•}} [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]]  {{small|•}} [[Laurence Sterne|Sterne]] {{small|•}} [[Lucian of Samosata]] {{small|•}} [[Voltaire]] {{small|•}} [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] {{small|•}} [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] {{small|•}} [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]}}
| blank4              = Influenced
| data4               = {{Collapsible list|title=See list|1=[[John Barth]] {{small|•}} [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]] {{small|•}} [[Cyro dos Anjos]] {{small|•}} [[Graciliano Ramos]] {{small|•}} [[Murilo Rubião]] {{small|•}} [[João Guimarães Rosa]] {{small|•}} [[Jorge Amado]] {{small|•}} [[Érico Verissimo]] {{small|•}} [[José Saramago]] {{small|•}} [[Rubem Braga]] {{small|•}} [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]] {{small|•}} [[Vinicius de Moraes]] {{small|•}} [[Mário de Andrade]] {{small|•}} [[Manuel Bandeira]] {{small|•}} [[Chico Buarque de Holanda]] {{small|•}} [[Jorge de Lima]] {{small|•}} [[Joaquim Nabuco]] {{small|•}} [[Plínio Salgado]] {{small|•}} [[Gilberto Freire]] {{small|•}} [[Gustavo Corção]]}}
| blank5              = Other names
| data5               = Machado, "The Warlock from Cosme Velho"
| signature           = Assinatura de Machado de Assis.gif
}}

'''Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis''' ({{IPA|pt|ʒwɐˈkĩ maˈɾiɐ maˈʃadu d͡ʒ(i) aˈsis|lang}}), often known by his surnames as '''Machado de Assis''', ''Machado,'' or ''Bruxo do [[Cosme Velho]]''<ref name="vainfas3">Vainfas, p. 505.</ref> (21 June 1839 – 29 September 1908), was a pioneer Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short story writer, widely regarded as the greatest writer of [[Brazilian literature]].<ref>[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio]] (1970), ''Vários escritos.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18.</ref><ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970), ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar, "Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels", ''The Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (April 1971), pp. 255–256.</ref> In 1897, he founded and became the first President of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]]. He was multilingual, having taught himself French, English, German and Greek later in life.

Born in {{interlanguage link|Morro do Livramento|pt}}, [[Rio de Janeiro]], from a poor family, he was the grandson of freed slaves in a country where slavery would not be fully abolished until 49 years later. He barely studied in public schools and never attended university. With only his own intellect and autodidactism to rely on, he struggled to rise socially. To do so, he took several public positions, passing through the Ministry of Agriculture, Trade and Public Works, and achieving early fame in newspapers where he first published his poetry and chronicles.

Machado's work shaped the [[Realism (art movement)|realist movement]] in Brazil. He became known for his wit and his eye-opening critiques of society.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Generally considered to be Machado's greatest works are ''[[Dom Casmurro]]'' (1899), ''[[Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas]]'' ("Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas", also translated as ''Epitaph of a Small Winner'') and ''[[Quincas Borba]]'' (also known in English as ''Philosopher or Dog?''). In 1893, he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), often considered to be the greatest short story in Brazilian literature.<ref name="Scarano, p. 775">Scarano, p. 775.</ref>

==Biography==

===Birth and adolescence===
[[File:Morro do Livramento, onde Machado nasceu.jpg|thumb|left|Morro do Livramento. The arrow in the top right corner shows the house where Machado was probably born and spent his childhood.]]
Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born on 21 June 1839 in [[Rio de Janeiro]], then capital of the [[Empire of Brazil]].<ref name="scarano14">Scarano, p. 766.</ref><ref name="vainfas5">Vainfas, p. 504.</ref><ref name="enciclop2">''Enciclopédia Barsa'', p. 267.</ref> His parents were Francisco José de Assis, a wall painter, the son of [[Slavery in Brazil|freed slaves]],<ref name="demografia">{{Cite web |title=Biografia de Machado de Assis |trans-title=Machado de Assis’ biography |url=https://www.livrariapublica.com.br/p/biografia-de-machado-de-assis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012015528/https://livrariapublica.com.br/p/biografia-de-machado-de-assis.html |archive-date=12 October 2019 |website=Livraria Pública |language=pt-BR}}</ref> and Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, a Portuguese washerwoman from the [[Azores]].<ref name="vainfas5" /><ref>Scarano, p. 765.</ref> He was born in Livramento country house, owned by ''Dona'' Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents and allowed them to live with her.<ref name="scarano14" /><ref name="vainfas5" /> ''Dona'' Maria José became Joaquim's godmother; her brother-in-law, commendator Joaquim Alberto de Sousa da Silveira, was his godfather, and both were paid homage by giving their names to the baby.<ref name="scarano14" /><ref name="vainfas5" /> Machado had a sister who died young.<ref name="enciclop2" /> Joaquim studied in a public school, but was not a good student.<ref name="scarano14" /> While helping to serve the masses, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and also a good friend.<ref name="scarano14" /><ref name="vainfas5" />

When Joaquim was ten years old, his mother died, and his father took him along as he moved to [[São Cristóvão]]. Francisco de Assis met Maria Inês da Silva, and they married in 1854.<ref name="scarano14" /><ref name="vainfas5" /><ref name="enciclop2" /> Joaquim had classes in a school for girls only, thanks to his stepmother who worked there making candies. At night he learned French with an immigrant baker.<ref name="scarano14" /> In his adolescence, he met [[Paula Brito|Francisco de Paula Brito]], who owned a bookstore, a newspaper and typography.<ref name="scarano14" /> On 12 January 1855, Francisco de Paula published the poem ''Ela'' ("Her") written by Joaquim, then 15 years old, in the newspaper ''Marmota Fluminense''.<ref name="scarano14" /><ref name="vainfas5" /><ref name="enciclop2" /> In the following year, he was hired as typographer's apprentice in the ''Imprensa Oficial'' (the Official Press, charged with the publication of Government measures), where he was encouraged as a writer by [[Manuel Antônio de Almeida]], the newspaper's director and also a novelist.<ref name="scarano14" /> There he also met [[Francisco Otaviano]], journalist and later liberal senator, and [[Quintino Bocaiuva]], who decades later would become known for his role as a republican orator.<ref name="scarano15">Scarano, p. 767.</ref>

===Early career and education===
[[File:Imprensa Nacional onde trabalhou como tipógrafo, por Marc Ferrez.jpg|thumb|left|National Press, c. 1880, where Machado de Assis began his services as typographer and proofreader.]]
Francisco Otaviano hired Machado to work on the newspaper ''Correio Mercantil'' as a proofreader in 1858.<ref name="enciclop2" /><ref name="scarano15" /> He continued to write for the ''Marmota Fluminense'' and also for several other newspapers, but he did not earn much and had a humble life.<ref name="enciclop2" /><ref name="scarano15" /> As he did not live with his father anymore, it was common for him to eat only once a day for lack of money.<ref name="scarano15" />

Around this time, he became a friend of the writer and liberal politician [[José de Alencar]], who taught him English. From [[English literature]], he was influenced by [[Laurence Sterne]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] and [[Jonathan Swift]]. He learned German years later and in his old age, Greek.<ref name="scarano15" /> He was invited by Bocaiúva to work at his newspaper ''Diário do Rio de Janeiro'' in 1860.<ref name="vainfas5" /><ref name="scarano16">Scarano, p. 769.</ref> Machado had a passion for theater and wrote several plays for a short time; his friend Bocaiúva concluded: "Your works are meant to be read and not played."<ref name="scarano16" /> He gained some notability and began to sign his writings as J. M. Machado de Assis, the way he would be known for posterity: Machado de Assis.<ref name="scarano16" /> He established himself in advanced Liberal Party circles by taking stands in defense of religious freedom and [[Ernest Renan]]'s controversial ''Life of Jesus'' while attacking the venality of the clergy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=Dain |title=Mockery and Piety in Eça de Queirós and Machado de Assis |journal=Revista de Estudos Literários |date=2016 |volume=6 |page=97}}</ref>

[[File: Machado de Assis 25 anos.jpg|thumb|right|Machado de Assis when he was 25 years old, 1864.]]

His father, Francisco de Assis, died in 1864. Machado learned of his father's death through acquaintances. He dedicated his compilation of poems called "''Crisálidas''" to his father: "To the Memory of Francisco José de Assis and Maria Leopoldina Machado de Assis, my Parents."<ref name="scarano9">Scarano, p. 770.</ref> With the Liberal Party's ascension to power at that time, Machado thought he might receive a patronage position that would help him improve his life. To his surprise, aid came from the Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II]], who hired him as director-assistant in the ''Diário Oficial'' in 1867, and knighted him as an honor.<ref name="scarano9" /> In 1888 Machado was made an officer of the [[Order of the Rose]].<ref name="enciclop2" />

===Marriage and family===

In 1868 Machado met the Portuguese Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais, five years older than he was.<ref name="scarano9" /> She was the sister of his colleague Faustino Xavier de Novais, for whom he worked on the magazine ''O Futuro''.<ref name="enciclop2" /><ref name="scarano15" /> Machado had a stammer and was extremely shy, short and lean. He was also very intelligent and well-learned.<ref name="scarano9" /> He married Carolina on 12 November 1869; although her parents, Miguel and Adelaide, and her siblings disapproved because Machado was of African descent and she was a white woman.<ref name="vainfas5" /><ref name="scarano9" /> They had no children.<ref name=Scarano780>Scarano, p. 780.</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Brazil_1958_Machado_de_Assis.jpg|thumb|Stamp depicting Machado de Assis]]
Machado managed to rise in his bureaucratic career, first in the Agriculture Department. Three years later, he became the head of a section in it.<ref name="vainfas5" /><ref name="scarano13">Scarano, p. 773.</ref> He published two poetry books: ''Falenas'', in 1870, and ''Americanas'', in 1875.<ref name="scarano13" /> Their weak reception made him explore other literary genres.

He wrote five [[Romanticism|romantic]] novels: ''[[Ressurreição]]'', ''[[A Mão e a Luva]]'', ''[[Helena (Machado de Assis novel)|Helena]]'' and ''Iaiá Garcia''.<ref name="scarano13" /> The books were a success with the public, but literary critics considered them mediocre.<ref name="scarano13" /> Machado suffered repeated attacks of [[epilepsy]], apparently related to the hearing of the death of his old friend José de Alencar. He was left [[Depression (mood)|melancholic]], pessimistic and fixed on death.<ref>Scarano, pp. 774–774.</ref> His next book, marked by "a skeptical and [[Literary realism|realistic]] tone": ''[[Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas]]'' (Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas, also translated as ''Epitaph of a Small Winner''), is widely considered a masterpiece.<ref name="scarano10">Scarano, p. 774.</ref> By the end of the 1880s, Machado had gained wide renown as a writer.<ref name="enciclop2" />

Although he was opposed to slavery, he never spoke against it in public.<ref name="scarano13" /><ref name="daniel3">Daniel, pp. 61–152.</ref> He avoided discussing politics.<ref name="scarano10" /><ref name="daniel3" /> He was criticized by the [[slavery in Brazil|abolitionist]] [[José do Patrocínio]] and by the writer [[Lima Barreto]] for staying away from politics, especially the cause of abolition.<ref name="vainfas3" /><ref name="daniel3" /> He was also criticized by them for having married a white woman.<ref name="vainfas3" /> Machado was caught by surprise with the monarchy overthrown on 15 November 1889.<ref name="scarano10" /> Machado had no sympathy towards [[republicanism]],<ref name="scarano10" /> as he considered himself a liberal [[monarchism|monarchist]]<ref name="bueno1">Bueno, p. 310.</ref> and venerated Pedro II, whom he perceived as "a humble, honest, well-learned and patriotic man, who knew how to make a chair of his throne [for his simplicity], without diminishing its greatness and respect."<ref>Vainfas, p. 201: "Machado de Assis, porém, soube definí-lo em rápidos traços: um homem lhano, probo, instruído, patriota, que soube fazer do sólio uma poltrona, sem lhe diminuir a grandeza e a consideração."</ref> When a commission went to the public office where he worked to remove the picture of the former emperor, the shy Machado defied them: "The picture got in here by an order and it shall leave only by another order."<ref name="scarano10" />

The birth of the Brazilian republic made Machado become more critical and an observer of the Brazilian society of his time.<ref>Bueno, p. 311.</ref> From then on, he wrote "not only the greatest novels of his time, but the greatest of all time of Brazilian literature."<ref name="bueno1" /> Works such as ''[[Quincas Borba]]'' ''(Philosopher or Dog?)'' (1891), ''[[Dom Casmurro]]'' (1899), ''Esaú e Jacó'' (1904) and ''Memorial de Aires'' (1908), considered masterpieces,<ref name="bueno1" /> were successes with both critics and the public.<ref>Scarano, p. 777.</ref> In 1893 he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), considered his greatest short story.<ref name="Scarano, p. 775"/>

===Later years===
[[File:Enterro de Machado de Assis 2 (1908).jpg|thumb|Students and friends, among them Euclides da Cunha, leave the Academy carrying the coffin of Machado de Assis to the Cemetery St. John the Baptist, 1908.]]
Machado de Assis, along with fellow monarchists such as [[Joaquim Nabuco]], [[Manuel de Oliveira Lima]], [[Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto]] and [[Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay]], and other writers and intellectuals, founded the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]]. He was its first president, from 1897 to 1908, when he died.<ref name="vainfas3" /><ref name="enciclop2" /> For many years, he requested that the government grant a proper headquarters to the Academy, which he managed to obtain in 1905.<ref name="scarano11">Scarano, p. 778.</ref> In 1902 he was transferred to the accountancy's directing board of the [[Brazilian Ministry of Industry|Ministry of Industry]].<ref name="scarano11" />

His wife Carolina Novais died on 20 October 1904, after 35 years of a "perfect married life".<ref name="vainfas3" /><ref name="scarano11" /><ref>''Enciclopédia Barsa'', p. 267: "vida conjugal perfeita".</ref> Feeling depressed and lonely, Machado died on 29 September 1908.<ref name=Scarano780 />

==Narrative style==
[[File:Memorias Posthumas de Braz Cubas.jpg|thumb|left|Volume of [[The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas]] dedicated by the author himself to the [[National Library of Brazil]].]]
Machado's style is unique, and several [[literary critic]]s have tried to describe it since 1897.<ref>Romero, Silvio (1897), ''Machado de Assis: Estudo Comparativo da Literatura Brasileira'', Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert.</ref> He is considered by many the greatest Brazilian writer of all time, and one of the world's greatest novelists and short story writers. His chronicles do not share the same status. His poems are often misunderstood for the use of crude terms, sometimes associated to the pessimist style of [[Augusto dos Anjos]], another Brazilian writer.
Machado de Assis was included on American [[literary critic]] [[Harold Bloom]]'s list of the greatest 100 geniuses of literature, alongside writers such as [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]], [[Shakespeare]] and [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]. Bloom considers him the greatest [[Black people|black]] writer in Western literature; although, in Brazil, Machado is perceived as a [[Pardo]].

His works have been studied by critics in various countries of the world, such as Giuseppe Alpi (Italy), Lourdes Andreassi (Portugal), Albert Bagby Jr. (US), Abel Barros Baptista (Portugal), Hennio Morgan Birchal (Brazil), Edoardo Bizzarri (Italy), Jean-Michel Massa (France), [[Helen Caldwell]] (US), John Gledson (England), Adrien Delpech (France), Albert Dessau (Germany), Paul B. Dixon (US), Keith Ellis (US), [[Edith Fowke]] (Canada), [[Anatole France]] (France), Richard Graham (US), Pierre Hourcade (France), David Jackson (US), G. Reginald Daniel (US), Linda Murphy Kelley (US), John C. Kinnear, Alfred Mac Adam (US), Victor Orban (France), [[Daphne Patai]] (US), Houwens Post (Italy), [[Samuel Putnam]] (US), John Hyde Schmitt, Tony Tanner (England), Jack E. Tomlins (US), Carmelo Virgillo (US), Dieter Woll (Germany), [[August Willemsen]] (Netherlands) and [[Susan Sontag]] (US).<ref>Susan Sontag, Foreword. ''Epitaph of a Small Winner''. By J. M. Machado de Assis. Trans. William Grossman. New York: [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]], 1990. xi–xxiv.</ref>

Critics are divided as to the nature of Machado de Assis's writing. Some, such as Abel Barros Baptista, classify Machado as a staunch anti-realist, and argue that his writing attacks Realism, aiming to negate the possibility of representation or the existence of a meaningful objective reality. Realist critics such as John Gledson are more likely to regard Machado's work as a faithful description of Brazilian reality—but one executed with daring innovative technique. In light of Machado's own statements, Daniel argues that Machado's novels represent a growing sophistication and daring in maintaining a dialogue between the aesthetic subjectivism of Romanticism (and its offshoots) and the aesthetic objectivism of Realism-Naturalism. Accordingly, Machado's earlier novels have more in common with a hybrid mid-19th-century current often referred to as "Romantic Realism."<ref name="daniel2">Daniel, pp. 190–237.</ref> In addition, his later novels have more in common with another late 19th-century hybrid: literary Impressionism. Historians such as Sidney Chalhoub argue that Machado's prose constitutes an exposé of the social, political and economic dysfunction of late Imperial Brazil. Critics agree on how he used innovative techniques to reveal the contradictions of his society. Roberto Schwarz points out that Machado's innovations in prose narrative are used to expose the hypocrisies, contradictions, and dysfunction of 19th-century Brazil.<ref>Daniel, pp. 153–218.</ref> Schwarz,  argues that Machado inverts many narrative and intellectual conventions to reveal the pernicious ends to which they are used. Thus we see critics reinterpret Machado according to their own designs or their perception of how best to validate him for their own historical moment. Regardless, his incisive prose shines through, able to communicate with readers from different times and places, conveying his ironic and yet tender sense of what we, as human beings, are.<ref name="daniel2" />

Machado's literary style has inspired many Brazilian writers. His works have been adapted to television, theater, and cinema. In 1975 the ''Comissão Machado de Assis'' ("Machado de Assis Commission"), organized by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and Culture, organized and published critical editions of Machado's works, in 15 volumes. His main works have been translated into many languages. Great 20th-century writers such as [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Cabrera Infante]] and [[Carlos Fuentes]], as well as the American film director [[Woody Allen]], have expressed their enthusiasm for his fiction.<ref name=rocha>{{cite journal |first=João Cezar de Castro |last=Rocha |url=http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042658/http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008 |title=Introduction |journal=Portuguese Literature and Cultural Studies |volume=13/14 |year=2006 |pages=xxiv }}</ref> Despite the efforts and patronage of such well-known intellectuals as [[Susan Sontag]], [[Harold Bloom]], and [[Elizabeth Hardwick (writer)|Elizabeth Hardwick]], Machado's books—the most famous of which are available in English in multiple translations—have never achieved large sales in the English-speaking world and he continues to be relatively unknown, even by comparison with other Latin American writers.

In his works, Machado appeals directly to the reader, breaking the so-called [[fourth wall]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

==List of works==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Machado de Assis aos 57 anos.jpg|thumb|Machado de Assis around age 57, c. 1896]]
[[File:Poetisized (35715707801).jpg|thumb|Bust in Lisbon]]
[[File:Estatua de Machado de Assis, Madrid.jpg|thumb|Statue in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], inaugurated in 1998, replica of the statue made by [[Humberto Cozzo]] in 1929 for the Brazilian Academy of Letters in Rio de Janeiro]]

=== Novels ===
* 1872 – ''[[Ressurreição]]'' (''Resurrection'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machado de Assis - Vida e Obra |url=https://machado.mec.gov.br/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=machado.mec.gov.br}}</ref>
* 1874 – ''[[A Mão e a Luva]]'' (''The Hand and the Glove'')
* 1876 – ''[[Helena (Machado de Assis novel)|Helena]]''
* 1878 – ''Iaiá Garcia''
* 1881 – ''[[The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas|Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas]]'' (''The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas,'' also known in English as ''Epitaph of a Small Winner'')
* 1891 – ''[[Quincas Borba]]'' (also known in English as ''Philosopher or Dog?'')
* 1899 – ''[[Dom Casmurro]]''
* 1904 – ''[[Esau and Jacob (novel)|Esaú e Jacó]]'' (''Esau and Jacob'')
* 1908 – ''Memorial de Aires'' (''Counselor Ayres' Memorial'')

=== Novellas ===
* 1881 – ''[[O alienista]]'' (''The Psychiatrist,'' or ''The Alienist'')
* 1886 – ''Casa velha'' (published as a book in 1944)

=== Plays ===
* 1860 – ''Hoje avental, amanhã luva''
* 1861 – ''Desencantos''
* 1863 – ''O caminho da porta'' and ''O protocolo'' (two plays)
* 1864 – ''Quase ministro''
* 1865 – ''As Forcas Caudinas'' (published 1956)
* 1866 – ''Os deuses de casaca''
* 1878 – ''A Sonâmbula'', ''Antes da Missa'' and ''O bote de rapé'' (three short plays)
* 1881 – ''Tu, só tu, puro amor''
* 1896 – ''Não consultes médico''
* 1906 – ''Lição de botânica''

=== Poetry ===
* 1864 – ''Crisálidas''
* 1870 – ''Falenas'' (including the dramatic poem ''Uma ode de anacreonte'')
* 1875 – ''Americanas''
* 1901 – ''Ocidentais''
* 1901 – ''Poesias Completas'' (complete poetry)

=== Short-story collections ===
* 1870 – ''Contos Fluminenses''
* 1873 – ''Histórias da meia-noite''
* 1882 – ''Papéis avulsos'' (including "[[O alienista]]")
* 1884 – ''Histórias sem data''
* 1896 – ''Várias histórias''
* 1899 – ''Páginas recolhidas'' (including "A Missa do Galo" and "[[The Case of the Stick]]")
* 1906 – ''Relíquias de Casa Velha''

=== Translations ===
* 1861 – ''Queda que as mulheres têm para os tolos,'' from the original ''De l'amour des femmes pour les sots,'' by Victor Hénaux
* 1865 – ''Suplício de uma mulher,'' from the original ''Le supplice d'une femme,'' by [[Émile de Girardin]]
* 1866 – ''Os Trabalhadores do Mar,'' from the original ''[[Toilers of the Sea|Les Travailleurs de la mer]],'' by Victor Hugo
* 1870 – ''Oliver Twist,'' from the original ''[[Oliver Twist|Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress]],'' by Charles Dickens<ref>Machado's translation originally appeared in serial form in the newspaper ''Jornal da Tarde,'' from 24 April to 23 August 1870.</ref>
* 1883 – ''O Corvo,'' from ''[[The Raven]],'' a famous poem by Edgar Allan Poe

=== Posthumous ===
* 1910 – ''Teatro Coligido'' (collected plays)
* 1910 – ''Crítica''
* 1914 – ''A Semana'' (collection of articles)
* 1921 – ''Outras Relíquias'' (collection of short stories)
* 1921 – ''Páginas Escolhidas'' (collection of short stories)
* 1932 – ''Novas Relíquias'' (collection of short stories)
* 1937 – ''Crônicas'' (articles)
* 1937 – ''Crítica Literária'' 
* 1937 – ''Crítica Teatral''
* 1937 – ''Histórias Românticas''
* 1939 – ''Páginas Esquecidas''
* 1944 – ''Casa Velha''
* 1956 – ''Diálogos e Reflexões de um Relojoeiro''
* 1958 – ''Crônicas de Lélio''

'''Collected works'''

There are several published "Complete Works" of Machado de Assis:

* 1920 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Garnier (20 vols.)
* 1962 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: W.M. Jackson (31 vols.)
* 1997 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: Editora Globo (31 vols.)
* 2006 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar (3 vols.)

'''Works in English translation'''
* 1921 – [https://archive.org/stream/braziliantales00gold#page/2/mode/2up ''Brazilian Tales.''] Boston: The Four Seas Company (London: Dodo Press, 2007).
* 1952 – ''Epitaph of a Small Winner.'' New York: Noonday Press (London: Hogarth Press, 1985; republished as ''The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas: A Novel.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1997; ''Epitaph of a Small Winner.'' New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008; UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).
* 1953 – ''Dom Casmurro: A Novel.'' New York: Noonday Press (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966; republished as ''Dom Casmurro. Lord Taciturn.'' London: Peter Owen, 1992; ''Dom Casmurro: A Novel.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
* 1954 – ''Philosopher or Dog?'' New York: Avon Books (republished as ''The Heritage of Quincas Borba.'' New York: W.H. Allen, 1957; New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992; republished as ''Quincas Borba: A Novel.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
* 1963 – ''The Psychiatrist, and Other Stories.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 1965 – ''Esau and Jacob.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 1970 – ''The Hand & the Glove.'' Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
* 1972 – ''Counselor Ayres' Memorial.'' Berkeley: University of California Press (republished as ''The Wager: Aires' Journal.'' London: Peter Owen, 1990; also republished as ''The Wager,'' 2005).
* 1976 – ''Yayá Garcia: A Novel.'' London: Peter Owen (republished as ''Iaiá Garcia.'' Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
* 1977 – ''The Devil's Church and Other Stories.'' Austin: University of Texas Press (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1987).
* 1984 – ''Helena: A Novel.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 2008 – ''A Chapter of Hats and Other Stories.'' London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
* 2012 – ''The Alienist.'' New York: Melville House Publishing.
* 2013 – ''Resurrection.'' Pennsylvania: Latin American Literary Review Press (republished, annotated Dallas/Dublin: Dalkey Archive Press, 2021) 
* 2013 – ''The Alienist and Other Stories of Nineteenth-century Brazil.'' Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
* 2014 – ''Ex Cathedra: Stories by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition.'' Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
* 2016 – ''Miss Dollar: Stories by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition.'' Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
* 2018 – ''Trio in A-Minor: Five Stories by Machado de Assis—Bilingual Edition.'' Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
* 2018 – ''The Collected Stories of Machado de Assis.''  New York : Liveright & Company.
* 2018 – ''Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles of Machado de Assis (1888-1889) — Bilingual Edition.'' Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.

==Honours==
[[File:Brazilian 1000 cruzados obverse.jpg|thumb|300px|1987 banknote of 1,000 [[Brazilian cruzado]]s featuring Machado de Assis]]

* Founding member of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]] (1896–1908).
* President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (1897–1908).

===Honours===
* {{flag|Empire of Brazil}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Rose]] (1867).
* {{flag|Empire of Brazil}}: Officer of the Order of the Rose (1888).

===Tribute===
On 21 June 2017, [[Google]] celebrated his 178th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2017 |title=Machado de Assis' 178th Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/machado-de-assis-178th-birthday/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215808/https://www.google.com/doodles/machado-de-assis-178th-birthday |archive-date=31 October 2023 |url-status=live |website=Google}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==References==
* Bueno, Eduardo (2003). ''Brasil: Uma História''. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ática. {{in lang|pt}}
* ''Encilopédia Barsa'' (1987). Volume 10: "Judô – Mercúrio". Rio de Janeiro: ''Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil''. {{in lang|pt}}
* Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). ''Grandes Personagens da Nossa História''. São Paulo: Abril Cultural. {{in lang|pt}}
* Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. {{in lang|pt}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Abreu, Modesto de (1939). ''Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Norte.
* [[Mário de Andrade|Andrade, Mário]] (1943). ''Aspectos da Literatura Brasileira.'' Rio de Janeiro: Americ. Ed.
* [[Graça Aranha|Aranha, Graça]] (1923). ''Machado de Assis e Joaquim Nabuco: Comentários e Notas à Correspondência.'' São Paulo: Monteiro Lobato.
* Barreto Filho (1947). ''Introdução a Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Agir.
* Bettencourt Machado, José (1962). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4379021;view=1up;seq=9 ''Machado of Brazil, the Life and Times of Machado de Assis, Brazil's Greatest Novelist.''] New York: Charles Frank Publications.
* [[Alfredo Bosi|Bosi, Alfredo.]] (Organizador) ''Machado de Assis.'' São Paulo: Editora Atica, 1982.
* Bosi, Alfredo (2000). ''Machado de Assis: O Enigma do Olhar.'' São Paulo: Ática.
* Broca, Brito (1957). ''Machado de Assis e a Política.'' Rio de Janeiro: Organização Simões Editora.
* Chalhoub, Sidney (2003). ''Machado de Assis, Historiador.'' São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
* Cheney, et al. (editors) (2014) ''Ex Cathedra: Stories by Machado de Assis--Bilingual Edition.'' Hanover, CT:New London Librarium {{ISBN|978-0985628482}}
* Corção, Gustavo (1956). ''Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Agir.
* Coutinho, Afrânio (1959). ''A Filosofia de Machado de Assis e Outros Ensaios.'' Rio de Janeiro: São José. 
* Dantas, Júlio (1940). ''Machado de Assis.'' Lisboa: Academia das Ciências. 
* Dixon, Paul B. (1989). ''Retired Dreams: Dom Casmurro, Myth and Modernity.'' West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. 
* [[Raymundo Faoro|Faoro, Raimundo]] (1974). ''Machado de Assis: Pirâmide e o Trapézio.'' São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional.
* Fitz, Earl E. (1989). ''Machado de Assis.'' Boston: Twayne Publishers. 
* Gledson, John (1984). ''The Deceptive Realism of Machado de Assis.'' Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
* Gledson, John (1986). ''Machado de Assis: Ficção e História.'' Rio de Janeiro: Paz & Terra.
* Goldberg, Isaac (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/brazilianliterat00golduoft#page/142/mode/2up "Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis."] In: ''Brazilian Literature''. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, pp.&nbsp;142–164.
* Gomes, Eugênio (1976). ''Influências Inglesas em Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Pallas; Brasília: INL.
* Graham, Richard (ed.). ''Machado de Assis: Reflections on a Brazilian Master Writer''. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1999.
* Lima, Alceu Amoroso (1941). ''Três Ensaios sobre Machado de Assis.'' Belo Horizonte: Paulo & Bruhm.
* Magalhães Jr, Raimundo (1981). ''Vida e Obra de Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro/Brasília: Civilização Brasileira/INL.
* Maia Neto, José Raimundo (1984). ''Machado de Assis, the Brazilian Pyrrhonian.'' West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press.
* Massa, Jean-Michel (1971). ''A Juventude de Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
* Merquior, José Guilherme (1971). "Machado de Assis e a Prosa Impressionista." In: ''De Anchieta a Euclides; Breve História da Literatura Brasileira''. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, pp.&nbsp;150–201. 
* Meyer, Augusto (1935). ''Machado de Assis.'' Porto Alegre: Globo.
* Meyer, Augusto (1958). ''Machado de Assis 1935–1958.'' Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José.
* Montello, Jesué (1998). ''Os Inimigos de Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira.
* Nunes, Maria Luisa (1983). ''The Craft of an Absolute Winner: Characterization and Narratology in the Novels of Machado de Assis.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
* [[José Paulo Paes|Paes, José Paulo.]] (1985). ''Gregos e Baianos: Ensaios.'' São Paulo: Brasiliense.
* Pereira, Astrogildo (1944). ''Interpretação.'' Rio de Janeiro: Casa do Estudante do Brasil.
* Miguel-Pereira, Lúcia (1936). ''Machado de Assis: Estudo Critíco e Biográfico.'' São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional.
* Schwarz, Roberto (2000). ''Ao Vencedor as Batatas.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades/Editora34.
* Schwarz, Roberto (1997). ''Duas Meninas.'' São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
* Schwarz, Roberto (1990). ''Um Mestre na Periferia do Capitalismo.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades. Trans. as ''A Master on the Periphery of Capitalism''. Trans. and intro. John Gledson. Durham: Duke UP, 2001.
* [[Susan Sontag|Sontag, Susan]] (2001). "Afterlives: The Case of Machado de Assis". In ''[[Where the Stress Falls]]''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
* Taylor, David (2002). "Wry Modernist of Brazil's Past." ''Américas'', Nov.-Dec., issue. Washington, DC.
* [[José Veríssimo|Veríssimo, José]] (1916). ''História da Literatura Brasileira.'' Rio de Janeiro: Livrarias Aillaud & Bertrand.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Machado de Assis|Machado_de_Assis}}
{{wikiquote|Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.brasiliana.usp.br/bbd/search?fq=dc.contributor.author:%22Assis,+Machado+de,+1839-1908%22 Machado de Assis] at Brasialiana, [[University of São Paulo]] (digitalized first editions of all the books in PDF)
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://portal.mec.gov.br/machado/ Complete Works of Machado de Assis – Brazilian Ministry of Education]
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://metalibri.wikidot.com/authors:joaquim-maria-machado-de-assis MetaLibri Digital Library]
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:contos-fluminenses Contos Fluminenses]''
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:dom-casmurro Dom Casmurro]''
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:memorias-postumas-de-bras-cubas Memórias Póstumas de Bras Cubas]''
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:quincas-borba Quincas Borba]''
* {{Books and Writers |id=machado |name=Machado de Assis}}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.olivro.com/machado/ Machado de Assis a literary biography.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206230957/http://www.olivro.com/machado/ |date=6 February 2012 }}
* {{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029153456/http://www.bibvirt.futuro.usp.br/index.php Books of Machado de Assis in Biblioteca Virtual do Estudante de Língua Portuguesa.]
* [http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/biblioteca/LViana/manu.htm ''Manuscrito de Machado de Assis'' – Handwritten pieces]
* [http://www.machadodeassis.org.br/ Espaço Machado de Assis]
* João Cezar de Castro Rocha, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625000000/http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf "Introduction: Machado de Assis, the Location of an Author"]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=9685| name=Machado de Assis}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Machado de Assis}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2728}}

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{{s-non|reason=Patron:<br />[[José de Alencar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Academia Brasileira de Letras|1st Academic of the 23rd chair of the<br />Brazilian Academy of Letters]]|years=1897–1908}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Academia Brasileira de Letras|President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters]]|years=1897–1908}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rui Barbosa]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portal bar|Literature|Education|Biography|Latin America|Brazil}}
{{Works by Machado de Assis}}
{{Romanticism}}
{{Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters}}
{{Monarchism in Brazil}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria}}
[[Category:Works by Machado de Assis| ]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Brazilian monarchists]]
[[Category:Brazilian male novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Brazilian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian poets]]
[[Category:Brazilian male poets]]
[[Category:Brazilian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Brazilian translators]]
[[Category:Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian novelists]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Azorean descent]]
[[Category:Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]
[[Category:Translators to Portuguese]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian short story writers]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of African descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian male writers]]
[[Category:Afro-Brazilian writers]]