View source for Mack Sennett

{{Short description|Canadian-American film producer (1880–1960)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Mack Sennett
| image         = Mack Sennett 1916.jpg
| alt           = Black and white portrait photograph of Mack Sennett in 1916. He is dressed in a jacket, shirt and tie and is looking into the camera.
| caption       = ''[[The Moving Picture World]]'', 1916
| birth_name    = Michael Sinnott
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1880|01|17|mf=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Danville, Quebec]], Canada
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1960|11|05|1880|01|17|mf=y}}
| death_place   = [[Woodland Hills, California]], U.S.
| occupation    = {{hlist|Producer|actor|director|studio head}}
| years_active  = 1902–1956
}}
'''Mack Sennett''' (born '''Michael Sinnott'''; January 17, 1880 – November 5, 1960) was a Canadian-American producer, director, actor, and studio head who was known as the "King of Comedy" during his career.{{Sfn|Guy, Sep. 6,|2014}}

Born in [[Danville, Quebec]],{{Sfn|"L'homme {{nowrap|...}}", Nov. 11,|2015}}{{Sfn|''Canadian Encyclopedia''||p=}}{{Sfn|BFI}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Some sources cite Melbourne, now part of [[Richmond, Quebec|Richmond]].}} he started acting in films in the [[Biograph Company]] of New York City in 1908, and later opened [[Keystone Studios]] in [[Edendale, Los Angeles|Edendale, California]] in 1912. Keystone possessed the first fully enclosed film stage, and Sennett became famous as the originator of [[slapstick]] routines such as pie-throwing and car-chases, as seen in the [[Keystone Cops]] films.{{Sfn|''Los Angeles Times'', Sep. 29,|2014}} He also produced short features that displayed his [[Sennett Bathing Beauties|Bathing Beauties]], many of whom went on to develop successful acting careers.{{Sfn|D'Haeyere,|2010|pp=207–225}}{{Sfn|Basinger,|2000|p=205}}

After struggling with bankruptcy and the dominance of [[sound film]]s in the early 1930s, Sennett was presented with an honorary [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] in 1938 for his contributions to the film industry, with the academy describing him as a "master of fun, discoverer of stars, sympathetic, kindly, understanding comedy genius".{{Sfn|Oscars: "Special Award"|1938}}

==Early life==
Born Michael Sinnott in [[Danville, Quebec]],{{Sfn|"L'homme {{nowrap|...}}", Nov. 11,|2015}} to parents of [[Irish Catholic]] descent, John Sinnott and Catherine Foy (or Foye). His parents married in 1879 in [[Tingwick]], Quebec and moved the same year to Richmond, Quebec where Sinnott was hired as a laborer.{{Sfn|"Give Citizenship {{nowrap|...}}", Mar. 25,|1932|p=1}} By 1883, when Sennett's brother George was born, Sinnott was working as an innkeeper, a position he held for many years. Sennett's parents had all their children and raised their family in Richmond, then a small [[Eastern Townships]] village. At that time, Sennett's grandparents were living in Danville, Quebec. Sennett moved to [[Connecticut]] when he was 17 years old.{{Sfn|"Give Citizenship {{nowrap|...}}", Mar. 25,|1932|p=1}}

He lived for a while in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]], where, according to his autobiography, he first got the idea to become an opera singer after seeing a [[vaudeville]] show. He said that the most respected lawyer in town, Northampton mayor (and future President of the United States) [[Calvin Coolidge]], as well as Sennett's mother, tried to talk him out of his musical ambitions.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} In New York City, he took on the stage name Mack Sennett and became an actor, singer, dancer, [[clown]], [[set designer]], and director for the [[Biograph Company]]. A distinction in his acting career, often overlooked, is that he played [[Sherlock Holmes]] 11 times, albeit as a [[Parody film|parody]], between 1911 and 1913.{{Sfn|Walker, Sep. 3,|2014|p=}}

==Keystone Studios==
[[File:Keystone Studios (00069483).jpg|thumb|The Mack Sennett [[Keystone Studios]] in 1915|222x222px]]
With financial backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Bauman of the [[New York Motion Picture Company]], Sennett founded [[Keystone Studios]] in [[Edendale, Los Angeles, California|Edendale, California]] – now a part of [[Echo Park, California|Echo Park]] – in 1912. The original main building which was the first totally enclosed film stage and studio ever constructed,{{Sfn|Guy, Sep. 6,|2014}} is still standing, as of 2023.{{Sfn|Lank, Jan. 27,|2023}} Many successful actors began their film careers with Sennett, including [[Marie Dressler]], [[Mabel Normand]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Harry Langdon]], [[Roscoe Arbuckle]], [[Harold Lloyd]], [[Raymond Griffith]], [[Gloria Swanson]], [[Charley Chase]], [[Ford Sterling]], [[Andy Clyde]], [[Chester Conklin]], [[Polly Moran]], [[Slim Summerville]], [[Louise Fazenda]], [[The Keystone Cops]], [[Carole Lombard]], [[Bing Crosby]], and [[W. C. Fields]].{{refn|group=lower-alpha|"Sennett trained a coterie of clowns and comediennes that made the Keystone trademark world famous: Mabel Normand, Marie Dressler, Gloria Swanson, Fatty Arbuckle, Harry Langdon, Ben Turpin, Charlie Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, and W.C. Fields among them. Such important directors as Frank Capra, Malcolm St. Clair, and George Stevens also received experience under Sennett's tutelage.{{Sfn|Sinnott,|1999|p=}} }}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|"His gift was in providing a haven or school for ambitious young talents."{{Sfn|Silver,|2009|p=}}}}

{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=cornsilk|align=left|fontsize=90%|salign=right|quote="In its pre-1920s heyday [Sennett's Fun Factory] created a vigorous new style of motion picture comedy founded on speed, insolence and destruction, which won them the undying affection of the French [[Dada]]ists..." —Film historian Richard Koszarski{{Sfn|Koszarski,|1976|p=}} }}

Dubbed the King of Hollywood's ''Fun Factory'',<ref>Walker, 2010 p. 7</ref> Sennett's studios produced [[slapstick]] comedies that were noted for their hair-raising car chases and [[custard pie]] warfare, especially in the [[Keystone Cops|''Keystone Cops ''series]]. The comic formulas, however well executed, were based on humorous situations rather than the personal traits of the comedians; the various social types, often grotesquely portrayed by members of Sennett's troupe, were adequate to render the largely "interchangeable routines: "Having a funny moustache, or crossed-eyes, or an extra two-hundred pounds was as much individualization as was required."{{refn|group=lower-alpha|"Fatty's persona as the 'jolly fat man' constrained him from being something more than that. The more conventionally good-looking Chaplin and Keaton could eventually aspire to roles that were more promising, leading to their ultimate transcendence of slapstick." And: "I have felt that Charles Chaplin and Buster Keaton rose to the heights of screen comedy by distancing themselves from their Sennett/Normand/Arbuckle roots."{{Sfn|Silver,|2009|p=}} }}{{Sfn|Koszarski,|1976|p=54}}{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=cornsilk|align=right|fontsize=90%|salign=right|quote= "It is an axiom of screen comedy that a Shetland pony must never be put in an undignified position. People don't like it...immunity of pretty girls doesn't go as far as the immunity of the Shetland pony...you can have her fall into mud puddles. They will laugh at that. But the spectacle of a girl dripping with pie is unpleasing...movie fans don't like to see pretty girls smeared up with pastry. Shetland ponies and pretty girls are immune."— Mack Sennett, from ''The Psychology of Film Comedy'', November 1918{{Sfn|Koszarski,|1976|p=54}} }}Film historian [[Richard Koszarski]] qualifies "fun factory" influence on comedic film acting:

{{blockquote |"While Mack Sennett has a secure and valued place in the history of screen comedy, it is surely not as a developer of individual talents {{nowrap|...}} Chaplin, Langdon, and Lloyd were all on the lot at one point or another, but developed their styles only in spite of Sennett, and grew to their artistic peaks only away from his influence {{nowrap|...}} screen comedy followed Chaplin's lead and began to focus more on personality than situation."{{refn|group=lower-alpha|"Sennett is [incorrectly] credited with developing most of the great comic talent of the silent film."{{Sfn|Koszarski,|1976|p=54}} }} }}

Sennett's first female comedian was [[Mabel Normand]], who became a major star under his direction and with whom he embarked on a tumultuous romantic relationship.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} Sennett also developed the ''Kid Comedies'', a forerunner of the ''[[Our Gang]]'' films, and in a short time, his name became synonymous with screen comedy which were called "flickers" at the time.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} In 1915, Keystone Studios became an autonomous production unit of the ambitious [[Triangle Film Corporation]], as Sennett joined forces with [[D. W. Griffith]] and [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]], both powerful figures in the film industry.{{Sfn|Booker,|2011|p=}}{{clear}}

===Sennett Bathing Beauties===
[[File:MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG|thumb|300px|Sennett Bathing Beauties]]
{{main|Sennett Bathing Beauties}}
Also beginning in 1915, Sennett assembled a bevy of women known as the Sennett Bathing Beauties to appear in provocative bathing costumes in comedy short subjects, in promotional material, and in promotional events such as [[Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Venice Beach]] beauty contests.{{Sfn|D'Haeyere,|2010|pp=207–225}} The Sennett Bathing Beauties continued to appear through 1928.{{Sfn|Basinger,|2000|p=205}}

[[File:Mabel's Dramatic Career 1913.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Movie theatre audience members Roscoe Arbuckle and Sennett square off while watching [[Mabel Normand]] onscreen in ''[[Mabel's Dramatic Career]]'' (1913).]]
[[File:The Fatal Mallet.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Mabel Normand, Sennett, and Charlie Chaplin in ''[[The Fatal Mallet]]'' (1914)]]
[[File:Love, Speed and Thrills - Walter Wright - 1915, Keystone Film - EYE FLM39508 - OB 685625.webm|300px|thumb|[[Silent film]] ''Love, Speed and Thrills'' (1915), directed by Walter Wright and produced by Sennett, is a chase film in which a man (named Walrus) kidnaps the wife of his benefactor, but the so-called "Keystone Cops" are also chasing down Walrus.]]

==Independent production==
[[Image:Mack Sennett Studios 1917.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mack Sennett Studios, c. 1917]]
In 1917, Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Mack Sennett Comedies Corporation.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} Sennett's bosses retained the Keystone trademark and produced a cheap series of comedy shorts that proved unsuccessful. Sennett went on to produce more ambitious comedy short films and a few feature-length films.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}}

Many of Sennett's films of the early 1920s were inherited by [[Warner Bros.]]{{Sfn|Walker, Sep. 3,|2014|p=}} after Warner had merged with the original distributor, First National. Warner added music and commentary to several of these short subjects, and the new versions were released to theaters between 1939 and 1945. Many of Sennett's First National films physically deteriorated due to inadequate storage. Hence, many of Sennett's films from his most productive and creative period no longer exist.{{Sfn|Walker, Sep. 3,|2014|p=}}

==Move to Pathé Exchange==
In the mid-1920s, Sennett moved to [[Pathé Exchange]] distribution.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} In 1927, Hollywood's two most successful studios, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and [[Paramount Pictures]], took note of the profits being made by smaller companies such as Pathé Exchange and [[Earle Hammons]]'s [[Educational Pictures]].{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} MGM took over the [[Hal Roach]] comedy shorts from Pathé, and Paramount reactivated its short subjects. Hundreds of other independent exhibitors and moviehouses switched from Pathé to the new MGM or Paramount shorts. Sennett fulfilled his contract to deliver silent comedies to Pathé through 1929 (these, like the ''Smith Family'' comedies, had already been completed before Sennett temporarily shut down his studio), but he began making sound films for Educational in late 1928.

==Sound films==
In 1928, Sennett canceled all of his talent contracts and retooled his studio for the new talking-picture technology. His leading star at the time, [[Ben Turpin]], was suddenly unemployed and moved to the [[Louis Weiss (producer)|Weiss Brothers]] studio.

Sennett's enthusiasm for sound on film was such that he was the first to get a talking two-reel comedy on the market.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} ''The Lion's Roar'', starring Johnny Burke and Billy Bevan, was released by Educational in December 1928, launching a four-year succession of Mack Sennett sound comedies. Sennett occasionally experimented with color as well.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}}

In 1932, he was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Live Action Short Film]] in the comedy division for producing ''[[The Loud Mouth]]'' (with [[Matt McHugh]], in the sports-heckler role later taken in [[Columbia Pictures]] remakes by [[Charley Chase]] and [[Shemp Howard]]).{{Sfn|Oscars database: ''Loud Mouth''|1932}} Sennett also won an Academy Award in the novelty division for his film ''[[Wrestling Swordfish]]'', also in 1932.{{Sfn|Oscars database: ''Wrestling Swordfish''|1931}} He directed at least two two-reel comedies under the pseudonym Michael Emmes (the "Emmes" representing Sennett's initials): ''Hawkins and Watkins Inc.'' and ''Young Onions'' (both 1932).

Mack Sennett often clung to outmoded techniques, making his early-1930s films seem dated and quaint: he dressed some of his actors in eccentric makeups and loud costumes, which were amusing in the cartoonish silent films but ludicrous in the new, realistic atmosphere of talking pictures. Sennett was also having financial problems during the [[Great Depression]]. One of his biggest stars, Andy Clyde, left the studio after Sennett, wanting to economize, tried to cut Clyde's salary.

In 1932, Sennett attempted to re-enter the feature-film market on a grand scale with ''[[Hypnotized (1932 film)|Hypnotized]]''. Remembering the successful campaign for his very first feature-length comedy ''Tillie's Punctured Romance'', which in 1914 was the longest comedy film ever produced, Sennett planned ''Hypnotized'' along similar lines as an epic production that would be shown first-run in select [[roadshow theatrical release|roadshow]] engagements. Sennett announced that ''Hypnotized'' would run 15 reels, or two-and-a-half hours, more than twice the length of a typical comedy feature of the day.{{Sfn|''Film Daily'', Vol. 58, no. 39, Feb. 16|1932|p=2}} Sennett wanted [[W. C. Fields]] to star as a carnival hypnotist, but Fields declined and the role went to [[Ernest Torrence]], sharing the spotlight with blackface comedians [[Moran and Mack]], "The Two Black Crows". Production was completed in August 1932, but fell far short of Sennett's grandiose predictions. The finished film ran an ordinary 70 minutes and was released through ordinary channels by [[Sono Art-World Wide Pictures|World Wide Pictures]] (Educational's feature-film outlet) in December 1932.

Sennett was also having differences with his distributor, Earle Hammons of Educational. [[Jack White (film producer)|Jack White]], Educational's leading producer, explained, "We put Mack Sennett out of business. Theaters had [our] comedies booked solid. Sennett was very temperamental and wanted the exhibitor to do certain things, but they wouldn't stand for it. Sennett wouldn't stand for Hammons not telling him how much [money] he was cutting out of the grosses for himself. Sennett told him to go to hell."{{Sfn|Bruskin,|1990|p=103}}{{Sfn|Bruskin,|1993|p=148}} Sennett left Educational and signed with [[Paramount Pictures]].{{Sfn|''New York Times'' (Hoberman), Sep. 14,|2014|p=AR-14}}

Sennett's sound comedies usually starred young featured players like [[Frank Albertson]] or established stage comics like [[Walter Catlett]], but Sennett didn't establish any new star names until he signed both [[Bing Crosby]] and [[W. C. Fields]] for two-reel comedies. Crosby starred in six; Fields wrote and starred in four. Two other Sennett shorts were made with Fields scripts: ''The Singing Boxer'' (1933) with [[Donald Novis]] and ''Too Many Highballs'' (1933) with [[Lloyd Hamilton]].{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} Despite Paramount's wide distribution of the Crosby and Fields shorts, Sennett's studio did not survive the Depression.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} Sennett's partnership with Paramount lasted only one year and he was forced into bankruptcy in November 1933.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} His former protege Bing Crosby, whose popularity and income had skyrocketed, helped Sennett during a period of financial hardship.{{Sfn|Giddins,|2001|p=456}} This act prompted columnist Lloyd Pantages to refer to Crosby as Sennett's "guardian angel."{{Sfn|Pantages, ''San Francisco Examiner'', Aug. 10,|1934|p=14}}

On January 12, 1934, Sennett was injured in an automobile accident that killed [[Charles Mack (blackface performer)|blackface performer Charles Mack]] (of Moran and Mack) in [[Mesa, Arizona]].{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Jan. 12,|1934|p=25}}

His last work, in 1935, was as a producer-director for Educational, in which he directed [[Buster Keaton]] in ''[[The Timid Young Man]]'' and [[Joan Davis]] in ''[[Way Up Thar]]''.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} Sennett was not connected with the 1935 [[Vitaphone]]
short subject ''[[Keystone Hotel (film)|Keystone Hotel]]'', which featured several alumni from the Sennett studios, including Ben Turpin, Ford Sterling, [[Hank Mann]], and Chester Conklin. The film was directed by [[Ralph Staub]].

Sennett made one last attempt to continue working in the comedy field. By this time he had been supplanted as the major producer of two-reel comedies by [[Jules White]] at [[Columbia Pictures]]. White's brother, Jack White, recalled: "When Jules and I were at Columbia in the 1930s, Sennett tried to come to Columbia but they wouldn't have him. He was finished, and the studio was happy with Jules."{{Sfn|Bruskin,|1990|p=103}}{{Sfn|Bruskin,|1993|p=148}} Sennett did sell some scripts and stories to Jules White, receiving screen credit under his "Michael Emmes" alias. Columbia really didn't need Sennett's services; the studio already had four producers and six directors on its short-subject payroll.{{Sfn|Okuda & Watz,|1986|p=20}}

Mack Sennett went into semi-retirement at the age of 55, having produced more than 1,000 silent films and several dozen [[talkies]] during a 25-year career.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} His studio property was purchased by [[Mascot Pictures]] (later part of [[Republic Pictures]]), and many of his former staffers found work at Columbia.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}}

In March 1938, Sennett was presented with an honorary [[Academy Award]]: "for his lasting contribution to the comedy technique of the screen, the basic principles of which are as important today as when they were first put into practice, the Academy presents a Special Award to that master of fun, discoverer of stars, sympathetic, kindly, understanding comedy genius – Mack Sennett."{{Sfn|Oscars: "Special Award"|1938}}{{Sfn|King, Feb. 27,|2018}}

==Later projects==
Rumors abounded that Sennett would be returning to film production (a September 1938 publicity release indicated that he would be working with [[Stan Laurel]] of [[Laurel and Hardy]]), but apart from Sennett reissuing a couple of his Bing Crosby two-reelers to theaters, nothing happened.<ref>Walker, 2010, p. 227.</ref>

Sennett did appear in front of the camera, however, in ''[[Hollywood Cavalcade]]'' (1939), itself a thinly disguised version of the Mack Sennett-Mabel Normand romance.{{Sfn|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}}

In 1949, he provided film footage for the first full-length comedy compilation film, ''Down Memory Lane'' (1949), written and narrated by [[Steve Allen]].{{Sfn|MacGillivray,|1998|p=161}}{{Sfn|MacGillivray,|2009|p=257}} Sennett made a guest appearance in the film, and received a special "Mack Sennett presents" credit.

Sennett wrote a memoir, ''King of Comedy'', in collaboration with Cameron Shipp. The book was published in 1954, prompting TV producer [[Ralph Edwards]] to mount a tribute to Sennett for the television series ''[[This Is Your Life (American franchise)|This Is Your Life]]''.{{Sfn|Thomas, ''Panama City News'', Mar. 12,|1954|p=11}} Sennett made a cameo appearance (for $1,000) in ''[[Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops]]'' (1955).{{Sfn|Furmanek & Palumbo,|1991|p=245}}

Sennett's last appearance in the national media was in the NBC radio program ''Biography in Sound'', relating memories of working with W.C. Fields. The program was broadcast February 28, 1956.{{Sfn|''Biography in Sound.'' "Magnificent Rogue"}}

==Personal life==
Sennett was never married, but his tumultuous relationship with actress Mabel Normand was widely publicized in the press at the time.{{Sfn|''Los Angeles Times'', Nov. 6,|1960|pp=1A & 2B}} According to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Sennett reportedly lived a "madcap, extravagant life", often throwing "lavish parties", and at the peak of his career he owned three homes.{{Sfn|''Los Angeles Times'', Nov. 6,|1960|pp=1A & 2B}}

On March 25, 1932, he became a United States citizen.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Mar. 26,|1932|p=17}}

===Death===
Sennett died on November 5, 1960, in [[Woodland Hills, California]], aged 80.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Nov. 6,|1960|pp=1, 88}} He was interred in the [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City|Holy Cross Cemetery]] in [[Culver City, California]].{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Nov. 24,|1960|p=29}}

==Filmography==
{{main|Mack Sennett filmography}}

==Tributes==
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Sennett was honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6712 [[Hollywood Boulevard]].{{Sfn|''Los Angeles Times'', Nov. 6,|1960|pp=1A & 2B}} He was also inducted into [[Canada's Walk of Fame]] in 2014.{{Sfn|Canada's Walk of Fame,|2004}}

The building of Sennett's original studio in Echo Park was deemed a historical landmark by [[The City of Los Angeles]] in 1982.{{Sfn|Lank, Jan. 27,|2023}}{{Sfn|HPLA Report|2014|p=}}

==In popular culture==
* In ''[[A Story of Water]]'', a 1961 short film by [[Jean-Luc Godard]] and [[François Truffaut]], the directors dedicated the film to Mack Sennett.
* In 1974, [[Michael Stewart (playwright)|Michael Stewart]] and [[Jerry Herman]] wrote the musical ''[[Mack & Mabel]]'', chronicling the romance between Sennett and Mabel Normand. Sennett was portrayed by [[Robert Preston (actor)|Robert Preston]] in the original Broadway production, with [[Bernadette Peters]] as Normand.
* Sennett was a leading character in ''[[The Biograph Girl]]'', a 1980 musical about the silent film era. [[Guy Siner]] appeared as Sennett in the [[West End theatre|West End]] production.
* [[Peter Lovesey]]'s 1983 novel ''Keystone'' is a [[whodunnit]] set in the Keystone Studios and involving (among others), Mack Sennett, Mabel Normand, Roscoe Arbuckle, and the Keystone Cops.
* [[Dan Aykroyd]] portrayed Mack Sennett in the 1992 movie ''[[Chaplin (film)|Chaplin]]'' alongside [[Marisa Tomei]] as Mabel Normand and [[Robert Downey Jr.]] as Charlie Chaplin.
* Joseph Beattie and Andrea Deck portrayed Mack Sennett and Mabel Normand, respectively, in episode eight of series two of ITV's ''[[Mr. Selfridge]]''.
* [[Carol Burnett]] did a lengthy tribute skit to Mack Sennett on her show that aired on [[Me TV]] in June 2021.

==See also==
* [[Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood]]
== Bibliography ==
=== Annotations ===
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em}}
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|25em}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--B-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Basinger,|2000|p=205}} |last1=Basinger |first1=Jeanine |author1-link=Jeanine Basinger |title=Silent Stars |page=205}} {{OCLC|45474610|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''1999 ed'' |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |edition=1st }} {{LCCN|9848060}}; {{ISBN|978-0-6794-3840-3|0-6794-3840-8}} (hardback), {{ISBN|978-0-7567-6698-6|0-7567-6698-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-3078-2918-4|0-3078-2918-9}} (eBook), {{ISBN|978-1-2992-5523-4|1-2992-5523-X}} (2012 eBook).</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/silentstars0000basi/page/n7/mode/2up?q=sennett&view=theater |type=limited preview}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl |7zzmynxeVM0C |pg=PA1874|q=sennett}} |type=limited preview}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Brooklyn Public Library'' |url=https://brooklyn.overdrive.com/media/4E60447F-9155-48AD-8FB5-5EDDCB93495E |url-access=registration |type=2012 [[eBook]] }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''2000 ed'' |publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]] published by [[University Press of New England]] }} {{LCCN|00103152}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8195-6451-1|0-8195-6451-6}} (paperback)</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/silentstars00basi/page/n5/mode/2up?q=sennett&view=theater |type=limited preview }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl |ioISr_8InPgC|pg=PA205|dq=sennett}} |type=limited preview }}</li></ol></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|BFI}} |last1=[[BFI]] |title=''"Mack Sennett"'' |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee74ae7 |access-date=20 September 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130154339/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee74ae7 |archive-date=30 November 2017 }} {{free access}}
<div style="margin-left:6em">The BFI's dedicated "Filmography" data visualization platform was taken offline in 2022, but the data it contained has been permanently moved to the BFI National Archive's Collections Information Database.</div>
* {{cite book |title=Biography in Sound |series=Documentary series broadcast from 1954 to 1958 on [[NBC Radio Network|NBC]], created by producer Joseph Meyers }}
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Biography in Sound.'' "Magnificent Rogue"}} |title=''"Magnificent Rogue: The Adventures of W.C. Fields"'' |others=Aired February 28, 1956. Narrated by: [[Fred Allen]] just before his death March 17, 1956; with Edgar Bergan, [[Errol Flynn]] (1909–1959), [[Ed Wynn]] (1886–1966), and Mack Sennett }} {{OCLC|28559342|show=all}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Audio via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/Biography_in_Sound/Biography_in_Sound_-_560228_-_43_-_W.C._Fields.mp3 |access-date=October 30, 2025 }} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Audio via Internet Archive'' |url=https://dn721703.ca.archive.org/0/items/Biography_in_Sound/Biography_in_Sound_-_560925_-_63_-_WC_Fields.mp3 |access-date=October 30, 2025}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Archive Record'' |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?item=R89:0171 |url-status=live |access-date=October 14, 2024 |type=Catalog No. R89:0171 |location=[[Manhattan|New York]] |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402023848/https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=ed&p=33&item=R89:0171 |archive-date=April 2, 2025 }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Booker,|2011|p=}} |date=17 March 2011 |last1=Booker |first1=Keith M. |title=Historical Dictionary of American Cinema |url={{GBurl|Y04MQEgHbZsC |pg=PA205|dq=Keystone+Studios+became+an+autonomous+production}} |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] }} {{ISBN|978-0-8108-7459-6}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Bruskin,|1990|p=103}} |date=1990 |last1=Bruskin |first1=David N. |title=The White Brothers: Jack, Jules and Sam White |location=[[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Directors Guild of America]]. [[Metuchen, New Jersey]]: [[Scarecrow Press]]}} {{LCCN|90030123}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8108-2314-3|0-8108-2314-4}} (hardcover); {{OCLC|20996738|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|BP4dAAAAMAAJ|pg=PA1|q="sennett+told+him+to+go+to+hell"}} |type=snippet view only |page=103 }}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Bruskin,|1993|p=148}} |date=1990 |last1=Bruskin |first1=David N. |title=''Reissued in 1993 as:'' Behind the Three Stooges: The White Brothers – Conversations With David N. Bruskin |publisher=[[Directors Guild of America]] |page=148}} {{ISBN|978-1-8827-6600-0|1-8827-6600-8}} (paperback); {{OCLC|29914678|show=all}}.
<!--C-->
* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Canada's Walk of Fame,|2004}} |last1=Canada's Walk of Fame |author1-link=Canada's Walk of Fame |title=''"Mack Sennett"'' |url=https://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/mack-sennett/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |url-status=live |type=inducted 2004 |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=[[Toronto Entertainment District]] |language=en-CA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105172905/https://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/mack-sennett/ |archive-date=5 November 2025}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Canadian Encyclopedia''||p=}}|title=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia|Canadian Encyclopedia]] ''(''The'')'' }} {{LCCN|84243080}} (1st ed.; 1984; 3 Vols.).
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |date=1988 |title=''English print ed'' |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop01mars_0/page/n3/mode/2up?&view=theater |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |volume=1 (of 4): "A – Edu" |type=in English |location=[[Edmonton]] |publisher=[[Hurtig Publishers]] |page=340 |via=Internet Archive ([[Kahle/Austin Foundation]]; [[Surrey Public Library]])}} {{LCCN|89157192}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8883-0326-4|0-8883-0326-2}} (set)</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |last1=Beard |first1=William |title=''"Canadian Expatriates in Show Business" – "Sennett, Mack"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop01mars_0/page/340/mode/2up?q=%22seimett,+mack%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |page=340 }} {{ISBN|978-0-8883-0327-1|0-8883-0327-0}}.</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |date=2000 |title=''English print ed'' |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop0000unse_w0a4/page/n3/mode/2up?&view=theater |url-access=registration |edition=2000 |type=in English |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] |pages=511–512 |via=Internet Archive ([[Kahle/Austin Foundation]]; [[Surrey Public Library]])}} {{LCCN|00302429}} (2000 ed.); {{ISBN|978-0-7710-2099-5|0-7710-2099-6}}.</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |last1=Beard |first1=William |title=''"Canadian Expatriates in Show Business" – "Sennett, Mack"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop0000unse_w0a4/page/372/mode/2up?q=%22sennett,+mack%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |page=372 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |last1=Rosen |first1=David |title=''"Comedy" – "Mack Sennett"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop0000unse_w0a4/page/510/mode/2up?q=%22mack+sennett%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |pages=511–512}}</li>
</ol>
    <li>{{cite book |date=2000 |title=''French print ed.'' [[:fr:L'Encyclopédie canadienne|L'Encyclopédie canadienne]] |location=Montréal, Paris, New York |publisher=Les Éditions internationales Alain Stanké}} {{ISBN|978-2-7604-0766-4|2-7604-0766-7}}.</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |last1=Rosen |first1=David |title=''"Comédie" – "Sennett, Mack"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/lencyclopediecan0000unse/page/554/mode/2up?q=%22mack+sennett%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |page=554 |lang=fr-CA}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |last1=Beard |first1=William |title=''"Expatriés Canadiens de l'Industrie du Spectacle" – "Sennett, Mack"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/lencyclopediecan0000unse/page/924/mode/2up?q=%22sennett,+mack%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |page=924 |lang=fr-CA}}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |date=2000 |title=''French blog ed.'' [[:fr:L'Encyclopédie canadienne|L'Encyclopédie canadienne]] }}.</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |date=June 7, 2011 |orig-date=updated December 16, 2013 |last1=Beard |first1=William |title=''Blog ed.: "Mack Sennett"'' |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/mack-sennett |access-date=20 September 2021 |lang=fr-CA }}</li></ol></ol></ol>

<!--D-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|D'Haeyere,|2010|pp=207–225}} |date=2010 |last1=D'haeyere |first1=Hilde |chapter=Splashes of Fun and Beauty: Mack Sennett's Bathing Beauties |title=Slapstick Comedy |editor1-last=King |editor1-first=Rob |editor2-last=Paulus |editor2-first=Tom |publisher=[[Routledge|Routledge USA]] |pages=207–225}} {{LCCN|2011378471}}; {{ISBN|978-0-4158-0179-9|0-4158-0179-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-4158-0178-2|0-4158-0178-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-2038-7676-3|0-2038-7676-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-4158-0179-9|0-4158-0179-6}}; {{OCLC|317928183|651928429}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|tOmSAgAAQBAJ|pg=PT3}} |type=limited preview}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|KGeTAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA1}} |type=limited preview}}</li></ol></ol>
<!--F-->
* {{cite book |title=[[Film Daily]] ''(''The'')'' |type=daily newspaper }} {{LCCN|41027959}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Film Daily'', Vol. 58, no. 39, Feb. 16|1932|p=2}}|date=February 16, 1932 |title=''"Sennett 15-Reel Film Titled"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/filmdailyvolume55859newy/page/388/mode/2up?q=sennett&view=theater |access-date=October 24, 2025 |volume=58, no. 39 |page=2 |via=Internet Archive ([[Media History Digital Library]]) }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Furmanek & Palumbo,|1991|p=245}} |date=1991 |last1=Furmanek |first1=Bob |last2=Palumbo |first2=Ron |title=Abbott and Costello in Hollywood |others=Introduction by Bud Abbott, Jr., Vickie Abbott Wheeler, Chris Costello, and Paddy Costello Humphreys |location=New York |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons|Putnam]]; [[TarcherPerigee|Perigee Books]] |page=245}} {{LCCN|90022097}}; {{ISBN|978-0-3995-1605-4|0-3995-1605-0}}; {{OCLC|22710006|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/abbottcostelloin0000furm/page/244/mode/2up?q=sennett&view=theater |url-access=registration |type=[[Kahle/Austin Foundation]]; [[Freeport Memorial Library]], withdrawn }}</li></ol></ol>
<!--G-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Giddins,|2001|p=456}} |date=2001 |last1=Giddins |first1=Gary |author1-link=Gary Giddins |title=Bing Crosby – A Pocketful of Dreams – The Early Years: 1903–1940 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Co.]] |page=456}} {{LCCN|00044403}}; {{ISBN|978-0-3168-8188-3|0-3168-8188-0}} (eBook), {{ISBN|978-0-3168-8792-2|0-3168-8792-7}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|978-0-3168-8645-1|0-3168-8645-9}} (paperback); {{OCLC|44420761|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/bingcrosbypocket00gidd/page/456/mode/2up?q=hardship&view=theater |type=limited preview }}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|"Give Citizenship {{nowrap|...}}", Mar. 25,|1932|p=1}} |date=March 25, 1932 |title=Give Citizenship to Mack Sennett |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o9BXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3fQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2965%2C5607211 |access-date=23 April 2010 |type=[[Associated Press|AP]] |edition=Final Fireside |newspaper=[[Spokane Daily Chronicle]] |volume=46 |issue=161 |page=1 (column 3; bottom) |via=[[Google News]]}} {{free access}} {{LCCN|sn86072020}} (print; 1890–1982), {{LCCN|964867836}} (online; 1890–1982); {{ISSN|2992-9873}} (print), {{ISSN|2992-9881}} (online); {{OCLC|14374699|show=all}}.
* {{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Guy, Sep. 6,|2014}} |date=6 September 2014 |last1=Guy |first1=Randor |author1-link=Randor Guy |title=Comic Greats: The Man Who Founded Fun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-man-who-founded-fun/article6386456.ece |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |type=blog |language=en-IN |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205090757/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-man-who-founded-fun/article6386456.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 }} {{free access}} {{ISSN|0971-751X}}; {{OCLC|13119119|show=all}}.
<!--H-->
* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|HPLA Report|2014|p=}} |date=13 June 2014 |last1=HPLA Report |title=''"Mack Sennett Studios" "Los Angeles Historic Cultural Monument No. 256"'' |url=https://hpla.lacity.org/report/5f0801a0-5e91-478f-a88a-ad4eb26b8e68 |access-date=9 August 2023 |type=1712 N [[Glendale Boulevard]], [[Echo Park]] |publisher=Historic Places LA: Los Angeles Historic Resources Inventory}} {{URL|historicplacesla.org}}.
<div style="margin-left:6em">Historic Places LA was launched February 24, 2015, by Los Angeles [[Mayor Garcetti]].<br>
''See {{section link|List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in Silver Lake, Angelino Heights, and Echo Park|LAHCM 256 Mack Sennett Studios}}.''</div>
<!--K-->
* {{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|King, Feb. 27,|2018}}|date=27 February 2018 |last=King |first=Susan |title=Honorary Oscars: A Look Back at 90 Years, from Charlie Chaplin to Bob Hope to Donald Sutherland |url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/honorary-oscars-90-years-charlie-chaplin-bob-hope-donald-sutherland-news-photos/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[GoldDerby]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508010732/https://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/honorary-oscars-90-years-charlie-chaplin-bob-hope-donald-sutherland-news-photos/ |archive-date=8 May 2018}} {{free access}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Koszarski,|1976|p=}} |date=1976 |last1=Koszarski |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Koszarski |title=Hollywood Directors: 1914–1940 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} {{LCCN|76009262}}; {{ISBN|978-0-1950-2085-4|0-1950-2085-5}}.
<!--L-->
* {{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Lank, Jan. 27,|2023}} |last1=Lank |first1=Barry |date=27 January 2023 |title=The Real Mack Sennett Studio in Echo Park – The One You Never See |url=https://www.theeastsiderla.com/neighborhoods/echo_park/the-real-mack-sennett-studio-in-echo-park---the-one-you-never-see/article_00ab5cf0-9794-11ed-9f01-db8cee58be77.html |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=The Eastsider LA |language=en}}
* {{cite book |title=[[Los Angeles Times]] ''(''The'')'' }} {{LCCN|sn89080087}} {{LCCN|sn81004356}} (23 October 1886 – current), (25 September 1990 – current); {{ISSN|0458-3035}} (print), {{ISSN|2165-1736}} (online); {{OCLC|3638237|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Los Angeles Times'', Nov. 6,|1960|pp=1A & 2B}}|date=6 November 1960 |title=''"Mack Sennett, Famed Comedy Creator, Dies"'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/381177727/ |volume=79, no. 331 |pages=1 (section A) & 2 (section B) |language=en-US}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Blog ed. via ''Los Angeles Times |url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/mack-sennett/ |access-date=9 August 2023 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Print ed. via Newspapers.com'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/381177727/ }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Los Angeles Times'', Sep. 29,|2014}} |date=29 September 2014 |title=''"Movies: ''Mack Sennett Collection'' Gathers 50 Slapstick Classics Into One Set"'' |language=en-US}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Blog ed. via ''Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/classichollywood/la-et-mn-ca-mack-sennett-sider-20140928-story.html/ |access-date=9 August 2023 }}</li></ol></ol></ol>
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"L'homme {{nowrap|...}}", Nov. 11,|2015}} |date=November 11, 2015 |title=L'homme derrière le succès de Charlie Chaplin est de Danville |trans-title=The Man Behind Charlie Chaplin's Success Is from Danville  |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/749196/mack-sennett-realisateur-danville-charlie-chaplin-keystone-hollywood |url-status=live |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Ici Radio-Canada Première|Ici Radio-Canada]] Info (blog) |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |lang=fr-CA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122130118/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/749196/mack-sennett-realisateur-danville-charlie-chaplin-keystone-hollywood |archive-date=November 22, 2017}} {{free access}}
<!--M-->
* {{cite book |date=2009 |orig-date=1998 |last1=MacGillivray |first1=Scott |author1-link=Scott MacGillivray |title=Laurel & Hardy: From the Forties Forward }} {{OCLC|38732251|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|MacGillivray,|1998|p=161}} |title=''1st ed. (1998)'' |location=New York |publisher=Vestal Press |page=161 }} {{LCCN|98016059}}; {{ISBN|978-1-8795-1135-4|1-8795-1135-5}}, {{ISBN|978-1-8795-1141-5|1-8795-1141-X}} (paperback).</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/laurelhardyfromf0000macg/page/160/mode/2up?q=%22memory+lane%22&view=theater |url-access=registration }}</li></ol>

    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|MacGillivray,|2009|p=257}} |title=''2nd ed. (2009)'' |type=rev. and expanded |publisher=iUniverse |page=257 }} {{LCCN|2010474013}}; {{ISBN|978-1-4401-7237-3|1-4401-7237-4}} (paperback), {{ISBN|978-1-4401-7239-7|1-4401-7239-0}} (hardcover).</li>
</ol></ol>
<!--N-->
* {{cite book |title=New York Times ''(''The'')'' |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times }} {{ISSN|0362-4331}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', Mar. 26,|1932|p=17}} |date=March 26, 1932 |title=''"Mack Sennett is Naturalized"'' |edition=Late City |volume=81, no. 27090 |page=17 (column 4, bottom) }}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via TimesMachine'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/03/26/archives/mack-sennett-is-naturalized.html |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9C0CEEDD163EE633A25755C2A9659C946394D6CF |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/4nrSxHT |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol>
     <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times, Jan. 12,|1934|p=25}} |date=January 12, 1934 |title=Mack, Comedian, Killed in Crash – Moran, His Partner in Blackface Skits, Escapes Injury in Arizona Mishap — Wife and Daughter Hurt — Sennett Also in Party – Death Breaks up Vaudeville Team Together for Many Years |quote={{nowrap|...}} injured Mack Sennett, former producer of 'Bathing Beauty' film comedies. |type=[[Associated Press|AP]] |edition=Late City |volume=83, no. 27747 |page=25 (column 4) }}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via NYTimes blog'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/12/archives/mack-comedian-killed-in-crash-moran-his-partner-in-blackface-skits.html |access-date=22 March 2015 }} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/01/12/95026125.html?pageNumber=25 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 March 2015 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9907E6D91439E33ABC4A52DFB766838F629EDE |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 March 2015 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/4oL2Rvw |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', Nov. 6,|1960|pp=1, 88}} |date=November 6, 1960 |title=''"Mack Sennett, 76, Film Pioneer Who Developed Slapstick, Dies. Keystone Kops, Custard Pies and Bathing Beauties Were Symbols of His Movies"'' |volume=110, no. 37542 |pages=1 (columns 3 & 4, bottom); 88 (columns 1–3, top) }}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via NYTimes blog'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/mack-sennett-76-film-pioneer-who-developed-slapstick-dies-keystone.html }} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/11/06/100887923.html?pageNumber=1 |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9F07EED81E31E633A25755C0A9679D946191D6CF |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/3LCtowA |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', Nov. 24,|1960|p=29}} |date=November 24, 1960 |title=''"Sennett Buried in Hollywood"'' |volume=110, no. 37560 |page=29 (column 5; bottom) }}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/11/24/99896245.html?pageNumber=29 |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9901E5D91F31EF3ABC4C51DFB767838B679EDE |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/4hAQmjV |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'' (Hoberman), Sep. 14,|2014|p=AR-14}} |last1=Hoberman |date=14 September 2014 |orig-date=blog ed.: 12 September 2014 |first1=James Lewis |author1-link=James Lewis Hoberman |title=''"The Man Who Put the K in Kops"'' |language=en-US |volume=163, no. 56624 |page=14 (section AR) }} {{EBSCO|98194308}}.
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Via NYTimes blog'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/movies/homevideo/the-mack-sennett-collection-volume-one-gathers-50-shorts.html |access-date=9 August 2023 }} {{free access}} {{ProQuest|2213046851}}.</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Print transcript via ProQuest'' |url=https://www.proquest.com/usnewsalumni/docview/1561786437/fulltext/F525D580E9BB4870PQ |url-access=subscription }} {{ProQuest|1561786437}}</li></ol></ol>
<!--O-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Okuda & Watz,|1986|p=20}} |date=1998 |orig-date=1986 |last1=Okuda |first1=Ted |author1-link=Ted Okuda |last2=Watz |first2=Edward |title=The Columbia Comedy Shorts – Two-Reel Hollywood Film Comedies, 1933–1958 |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Company, Inc.]] |page=20}} {{LCCN|84043241}}; {{ISBN|0-8995-0181-8}}; {{ISBN|978-1-4766-1010-8|1-4766-1010-X}} (2025 eBook); {{OCLC|13218219|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''1986 ed. via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|rYBZAAAAMAAJ|pg=PP1|q=}} |type=snippet view only |page=20 }}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''1998 ed. via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|wfnaAQAAQBAJ|pg=PP1}} |type=limited preview }} {{ISBN|978-0-7864-0577-0|0-7864-0577-5}}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |title=''Oscars.org – [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]'' |language=en-US }}
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book  |title=''Academy Awards Database'' |url=https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/|access-date=1 February 2018 }}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Oscars database: ''Wrestling Swordfish''|1931}}|date=1931 |title=''Search:'' [[Wrestling Swordfish]] }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Oscars database: ''Loud Mouth''|1932}} |date=1932 |title=''Search:'' [[The Loud Mouth]] }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Oscars: "Special Award"|1938}} |date=10 March 1938 |title=''"Special Award: To Mack Sennett {{nowrap|...}}"'' |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1938/memorable-moments |access-date=9 August 2023 |series=See: {{section link|10th Academy Awards |Special_Awards}}}}</li></ol></ol></ol>

<!--P-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Pantages, ''San Francisco Examiner'', Aug. 10,|1934|p=14}} |date=August 10, 1934 |last1=Pantages |first1=Lloyd |title=''"{{-'}}I Cover Hollywood{{'-}}"'' |series=[Syndicated column that ran from 1933 to 1937; [[King Features Syndicate]]. Lloyd Pantages (1907–1987) was a son of theater magnate, [[Alexander Pantages]] (1867–1936)]}}
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via'' Los Angeles Examiner |volume=79, no. 331 |pages= |language=en-US}}  [[California Digital Newspaper Collection|CDNR]] [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=cl&cl=CL1&sp=LAE SN 82014773]; {{LCCN|sn82014773}}; {{OCLC|1756176|show=all}}.</li>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via'' San Francisco Examiner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/457682810/?match=1&terms=%22lloyd%20pantages%22%20%22mack%20sennett%22%20%22guardian%20angel%22 |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 31, 2025  |volume=141, no. 41 |page=14 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }} {{LCCN|ca10004015}}, {{LCCN|2023240337}}, {{LCCN|sn82006825}}; {{ISSN|2574-593X}}; {{OCLC|1764973|show=all}}.</li></ol></ol>
<div style="margin-left:9em">Lloyd Pantages, whose syndicated column since 1933, "I Cover Hollywood," had been carried the Hearst eastern newspapers, began contributing to the [[Los Angeles Examiner]], March 5, 1934, for a three-week period. His column was used in place of one normally written by Jim Mitchell, who was ill. ({{cite book |date=March 6, 1934 |title=''"Pantages Subbing"''. Variety |url=https://archive.org/details/variety113-1934-03/mode/2up?q=%22i+cover%22&view=theater |volume=113, no. 12 |page=66 }} {{free access}})</div>
<!--S-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Sennett (Shipp),|1954|p=}} |date=1954 |last1=Sennett |first1=Mack |title=King of Comedy |others=As Told to Cameron Shipp (''né'' Ewen Cameron Shipp; 1903–1961) |edition=1st |location=[[Garden City, New York]] |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] }} {{LCCN|54010768}}; {{OCLC|305664|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/kingofcomedy0000senn/page/n3/mode/2up&view=theater |url-access=registration |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[Mercury House (publishers)|Mercury House]] }} {{LCCN|89027618}} (1990 re-print)</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Sherk,|1998|p=}} |date=1998 |last1=Sherk |first1=Warren M. |title=The Films of Mack Sennett: Credit Documentation from the Mack Sennett Collection at the Margaret Herrick Library |url=https://archive.org/details/filmsofmacksenne00sher/page/n3/mode/2up?&view=theater |access-date=October 30, 2025 |url-access=registration |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] and London |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press, Inc.]] |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Kahle/Austin Foundation]])}} {{LCCN|97034521}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8108-3443-9|0-8108-3443-X}}.
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Silver,|2009|p=}} |date=2009 |last1=Silver |first1=Charles |title=Send in the Clowns. An Auteurist History of Film |url=https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2009/12/22/send-in-the-clowns |access-date=3 October 2020}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Sinnott,|1999|p=}} |date=1999 |last1=Sinnott |first1=Michael |title=''"Mack Sennett: Canadian-American Director and Producer".'' Encyclopædia Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mack-Sennett |access-date=3 October 2020}}
<!--T-->
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Thomas, ''Panama City News'', Mar. 12,|1954|p=11}} |date=12 March 1954 |last1=Thomas |first=Bob |author1-link=Bob Thomas (reporter) |title=Sennett Takes Sentimental Journey in Past at Reunion |type=[[Associated Press|AP]] |newspaper=Panama City News |volume=2, no. 114 |page=11 }} {{LCCN|sn96027209}}; {{OCLC|34303827|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via "Looking for Mabel Normand"'' |url=http://looking-for-mabel.webs.com/sennettobelisk.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101091546/http://looking-for-mabel.webs.com/sennettobelisk.htm |archive-date=1 November 2012}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Newspapers.com'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/38665638/?match=1&terms=%22sennett%20takes%20sentimental%20journey%20in%20past%20at%20reunion%22 |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol></ol>
<!--W-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Walker,|2010|p=}} |date=2010 |last1=Walker |first=Brent E. |title=Mack Sennett's Fun Factory: A History and Filmography of His Studio and His Keystone and Mack Sennett Comedies, with Biographies of Players and Personnel |type=2 Vols. |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Co.]]}} {{LCCN|2009030637}}; {{ISBN|978-0-7864-5707-6|0-7864-5707-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-7711-1|0-7864-7711-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3610-1|0-7864-3610-7}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Vol. 2'' |url=https://archive.org/details/macksennettsfunf0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up&view=theater |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive ([[Kahle/Austin Foundation]]; [[:d:Q69863405|Sharon Public Library]], discarded)}}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Walker, Sep. 3,|2014|p=}} |date=3 September 2014 |last1=Walker |first1=Brent E. |title=The Survival of Mack Sennett's Comedies |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Flicker Alley, LLC |type=blog founded in 2002 by Jeffery Masino |url=https://newsite.flickeralley.com/the-survival-of-mack-sennetts-comedies/ |access-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415150547/https://newsite.flickeralley.com/the-survival-of-mack-sennetts-comedies/ |archive-date=April 15, 2024 }} {{free access}}
{{refend}}

=== Further reading ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Lahue,|1971|p=}} |date=1971 |last1=Lahue |first1=Kalton Carroll (1934–1993) |title=Mack Sennett's Keystone: The Man, the Myth and the Comedies |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred Smith Barnes|A.S. Barnes and Company]]}} {{LCCN|78146763}}; {{ISBN|978-0-4980-7461-5|0-4980-7461-7}}; {{OCLC|227346|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/macksennettskeys0000lahu/page/n5/mode/2up&view=theater |url-access=registration |type=[[University of Alaska]]}}</li></ol></ol>
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mack Sennett |sopt=t}}
* {{IMDb name|784407|Mack Sennett}}
* {{Find a Grave|942}}
* [https://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/1789/mack-sennett Mack Sennett] at Virtual History

{{Mack Sennett}}
{{Academy Honorary Award}}
{{portal bar|Biography|Film}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sennett, Mack}}
[[Category:Canadian comedy film directors]]
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