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{{Short description|Folkloric Welsh prince and explorer}}
{{redirect|Welsh Indian|Welsh people of Indian-descent|Asian Welsh people}}
{{other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:01madog07.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Madog. Book illustration by A.S. Boyd, 1909.]]

'''Madoc ab Owain Gwynedd''' (also spelled '''Madog''') was, according to folklore, a Welsh prince who sailed to the [[Americas]] in 1170, over 300 years before [[Christopher Columbus]]'s voyage in 1492. According to the story, Madoc was a son of [[Owain Gwynedd]] who went to sea to flee internecine violence at home. The "Madoc story" evolved from a medieval tradition about a Welsh hero's sea voyage, of which only allusions survive. The story reached its greatest prominence during the [[Elizabethan era]] when English and Welsh writers wrote of the claim Madoc had gone to the Americas as an assertion of prior discovery, and hence legal possession, of North America by the [[Kingdom of England]].{{sfn|Fowler|2010|p=54}}{{sfn|Owen|Wilkins|2006|page=546}}

The Madoc story remained popular in later centuries, and a later development said Madoc's voyagers had intermarried with local Native Americans, and that their Welsh-speaking descendants still live in the United States. These "Welsh Indians" were credited with the construction of landmarks in the [[Midwestern United States]], and a number of white travellers were inspired to search for them. The Madoc story has been the subject of much fantasy in the context of [[pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories]]. No archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of Madoc or his voyages has been found in the New or Old World but legends connect him with certain sites, such as [[Devil's Backbone (rock formation)|Devil's Backbone]] on the [[Ohio River]] near [[Louisville, Kentucky]].{{sfn|Curran|2008}}

==Family story==

[[File:Map c1577.jpg|thumb|A map of {{Circa|1577}} depicting Conwy, Penrhyn, and Llandrighlo ([[Rhos-on-Sea]])]]

[[Owain Gwynedd]], who according to the legend was Madoc's father, was a real 12th-century [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|king of Gwynedd]] and is considered one of the greatest Welsh rulers of the [[Middle Ages]]. Owain's reign was fraught with battles with other Welsh princes and with [[Henry II of England]]. At his death in 1170, a [[History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages#Poet-Prince and Gwynedd interregnum; 1170–1200|bloody dispute]] broke out between Owain's heir [[Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd|Hywel]] the Poet-Prince, and Owain's younger sons [[Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd|Maelgwn]] and [[Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd|Rhodri]]—children of the Princess-Dowager [[Cristin verch Goronwy]]—and was led by [[Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd|Dafydd]], the child of Gwladus ferch Llywarch.{{sfn|Pierce|1959}}{{sfn|Lloyd|1959}} Owain had at least 13 children from his two wives and several more children were born out of wedlock but legally acknowledged under Welsh tradition. According to the legend, Madoc and his brother Rhirid or Rhiryd were among them, though no contemporary record attests to this.

===The name Madog===
The poet [[Llywarch ap Llywelyn]] of the 12th and 13th centuries did mention someone of this name as someone who fought in [[Conwy]], [[North Wales]], and in another poem reports one Madog to have been murdered.{{sfn|Lee|1893}}

==Voyages attestation==
===Mediaeval texts===

The earliest certain reference to a seafaring man named Madoc or Madog occurs in a {{langx|cy|[[cywydd]]|label=none}} by the Welsh poet [[Maredudd ap Rhys]] (fl. 1450–1483) of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]] that mentions a Madog who was a descendant of Owain Gwynedd and who voyaged to the sea. The poem is addressed to a local squire, thanking him on a patron's behalf for a fishing net. Madog is referred to as "Splendid Madog&nbsp;... / Of Owain Gwynedd's line, / He desired not land&nbsp;... / Or worldly wealth but the sea".{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In around 1250 to 1255, a Flemish writer called Willem{{sfn|Williams|1979|p=51,76}} identifies himself in his poem ''[[Reynard#In medieval European folklore and literature|Van den Vos Reinaerde]]'' as "[[Willem die Madoc maecte]]" (Willem, the author of Madoc, known as "Willem the Minstrel"{{efn-ua|"The earliest existing fragments of the epic of 'Reynard the Fox' were written in Latin by Flemish priests, and about 1250 a very important version in Dutch was made by Willem the Minstrel, of whom it is unfortunate that we know no more, save that he was the translator of a lost romance, 'Madoc'."{{sfn|Gosse|1911}} }}). Though no copies of Willem's "Madoc" survive, according to [[Gwyn A. Williams|Gwyn Williams]]: "In the seventeenth century a fragment of a reputed copy of the work is said to have been found in Poitiers". The text provides no topographical details about North America but says Madoc, who is not related to Owain in the fragment, discovered an island paradise, where he intended "to launch a new kingdom of love and music".{{sfn|Gaskell|2000|p=47}}{{sfn|Williams |1979|p=51, 76}} There are also claims the Welsh poet and genealogist [[Gutun Owain]] wrote about Madoc before 1492. Gwyn Williams in ''Madoc, the Making of a Myth'' said Madoc is not mentioned in any of Gutun Owain's surviving manuscripts.{{sfn|Williams|1979|p=48-9}}

===Elizabethan and Stuart claims to the New World===
The Madoc legend reached its greatest prominence during the [[Elizabethan era]], when Welsh and English writers used it to bolster British claims in the [[New World]] against those of Spain. The earliest-surviving full account of Madoc's voyage, the first to make the claim Madoc visited America before Columbus,{{efn-ua|"An so his was by Britons longe afore discovered before eyther Colonus or Americus lead any Hispaniardes thyther."{{sfn|Llwyd|Williams|2002|p=168}}}} appears in [[Humphrey Llwyd]]'s ''[[Cronica Walliae]]'' (published in 1559),{{sfn|Llwyd|Williams|2002|p=vii}} an English adaptation of the ''[[Brut y Tywysogion]]''.{{sfn|Bradshaw|2003|p=29}}{{efn-ua|"And at this tyme an other of Owen Gwynedhs sonnes, named Madocke, left the lande in contention betwixt his bretherne, and prepared certaine shippes, with men [and] munition, and sought adventures by the seas. And sayled west levinge the cost of Irelande [so far] north that he came to a land unknown, where he sawe many starange things. And this lande most needs be some parte of that land the which the Hispaniardes do affirme them selves to be the first finders, sith Hannos tyme. For by reason and order of cosmosgraphie this lande to which Madoc came to, most needs bee somme parte of Nova Hispania, or Florida."{{sfn|Llwyd|Williams|2002|p=167-68}}}}

[[John Dee]] used Llwyd's manuscript when he submitted the treatise "Title Royal" to [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1580, which stated: "The Lord Madoc, sonne to Owen Gwynned, Prince of Gwynedd, led a Colonie and inhabited in Terra Florida or thereabouts" in 1170.{{sfn|Fowler|2010|p=54}} The story was first published by [[George Peckham (merchant)|George Peckham]] as ''A True Report of the late Discoveries of the Newfound Landes'' (1583) and, like Dee, it was used to support English claims to the Americas.{{sfn|Morison|1971|p=106}} The story was picked up in [[David Powel]]'s ''Historie of Cambria'' (1584),{{sfn|Morison|1971|p=106}}{{efn-ua|"This Madoc arriving in the Western country, unto the which he came, in the yeare 1170, left most of his people there: and returning back for more of his nation, acquaintance, and friends, to inhabite that faire and large countrie: went thither againe with ten sailes, as I find noted by Gutyn Owen. I am of opinion that the land, where unto he came, was part of Mexico; the causes which make me to think so be these."{{sfn|Powel|1811|p=167}}}} and [[Richard Hakluyt]]'s ''The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation'' (1589). According to Dee, not only Madoc, but also [[Brutus of Troy]] and [[King Arthur]], had conquered lands in the Americas and therefore their heir Elizabeth I had a priority claim there.{{sfn|MacMillan|2001|p=1}}{{sfn|Barone|n.d.}}

According to the 1584 ''Historie of Cambria'' by [[David Powel]], Madoc was disheartened by this family fighting, and he and Rhirid set sail from Llandrillo ([[Rhos-on-Sea]]) in the [[cantref]] of [[Rhos (north Wales)|Rhos]] to explore the western ocean.{{efn-ua|"And after he had returned home and declared the pleasant and frutefull countreys that he had seene without inhabitants, and upon the contrarye parte what barreyne and wilde grounde his bretherne and nevewes did murther one an other for, he prepared a number of shippes, and gote with suche men and women as were diserouse to lyve in quietness. And takinge his leave of his frends, toke his journey thytherwarde againe wherefore his is to be presupposed that he and his people enhabited parte of those countreys."{{sfn|Llwyd|Williams|2002|p=168}}}} In 1170, they purportedly discovered a distant, abundant land where about 100 men, women and children disembarked to form a colony. According to ''Cronica Walliae'' and many works derived from it, Madoc and some others returned to Wales to recruit additional settlers.{{sfn|Llwyd|1833|p=80,81}} After gathering eleven ships and 120 men, women and children, Madoc and his recruiters sailed west a second time to "that Westerne countrie", and ported in "Mexico", a claim [[Reuben T. Durrett#Published works|Reuben T. Durrett]] cited in his work ''Traditions of the earliest visits of foreigners to north America'',{{sfn|Durrett|1908|p=124-150}} and stated Madoc never returned again to Wales.{{sfn|Powel|1811|pp=166–7}}

In 1624, John Smith, a historian of Virginia, used the ''Chronicles of Wales'' to report that Madoc went to the New World in 1170, over 300 years before Columbus, with some men and women. Smith says the ''Chronicles'' say Madoc returned to Wales to get more people and traveled back to the New World.{{sfn|Durrett|1908|pp=28, 29}}{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=1}} In the late 1600s, [[Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet|Thomas Herbert]] popularised the stories told by Dee and Powel, adding more detail from unknown sources, suggesting Madoc may have landed in Canada, Florida, or Mexico, and reporting Mexican sources stated they used [[currach]]s.{{sfn|Fritze|1993|p=119}}

==="Welsh Indians" as potential descendants===
As immigrants came into contact with more groups of [[Native Americans in the United States]], at least thirteen real tribes, five unidentified tribes, and three unnamed tribes have been suggested as "Welsh Indians".{{sfn|Mullaney|1995|page=163}}{{sfn|Fritze|2009|page=79}} Eventually, the legend settled on identifying the Welsh Indians with the [[Mandan]] people, who were said to differ from their neighbours in culture, language, and appearance.{{sfn|Bowers|2004|page=163}} Nevertheless, historians of early America, notably including [[Samuel Eliot Morison]] agree that the voyage story is fictional.{{sfn|Curran|2010|page=25}}

On 26 November 1608, Peter Wynne, a member of Captain [[Christopher Newport]]'s exploration party to the villages of the [[Monacan people]]—[[Virginia Siouan]] speakers above the falls of the [[James River]] in [[Virginia]]—wrote a letter to [[John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater|John Egerton]] informing him some members of Newport's party believed the pronunciation of the Monacans' language resembled "Welch", which Wynne spoke, and asked Wynne to act as an interpreter. The Monacan were among those non-Algonquian tribes the [[Algonquians]] collectively referred to as "Mandoag".{{sfn|Mullaney|1995|p=163}} The Monacan tribe spoke to Wynne about the lore of the [[Moon-eyed people]] who were short bearded men with blue eyes and pale skin, they were sensitive to light and only emerged at night. The story has been associated with the legend of the Welsh settlement of Madog in the [[Great Smoky Mountains]] within the [[Appalachian Mountains]].{{sfn|Moon|2024}}{{sfn|appalachia|2024}}

The Reverend Morgan Jones told [[Thomas Lloyd (lieutenant governor)|Thomas Lloyd]], [[William Penn]]'s deputy, he had been captured in 1669 in [[North Carolina]] by members of a tribe identified as the [[Doeg tribe|Doeg]], who were said to be a part of the [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]]. There is no evidence the Doeg proper were part of the Tuscarora.{{sfn|Fritze|1993|p=267}} According to Jones, the chief spared his life when he heard Jones speak Welsh, which he understood. Jones' report says he lived for several months with the Doeg, preaching the [[Gospel]] in Welsh, and then returned to the [[British colonization of the Americas|British Colonies]], where he recorded his adventure in 1686 in a letter originally sent to Lloyd which after passing through other hands was printed in ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' by Theophilus Evans, Vicar of St David's in Brecon.{{sfn|Evans|1740|p=}} This launched a slew of publications on the subject.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The historian [[Gwyn A. Williams]] commented: "This is a complete [[wiktionary:farrago|farrago]] and may have been intended as a hoax".{{sfn|Williams |1979|p=76}}

[[Thomas Jefferson]] had heard of Welsh-speaking Indian tribes. In a letter written to [[Meriwether Lewis]] on 22 January 1804, Jefferson wrote of searching for the Welsh Indians who were "said to be up the Missouri".{{sfn|Jefferson|1903|p=441}}{{sfn|Roper|2003}} The historian [[Stephen E. Ambrose]] wrote in his history book ''[[Undaunted Courage]]'' Jefferson believed the "Madoc story" to be true, and instructed the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] to find the descendants of the Madoc Welsh Indians. Neither they nor [[John Evans (explorer)|John Evans]] found any.{{sfn|Williams|1963|p=69}}{{sfn|Ambrose|1996|p=285}}{{sfn|Kaufman|2005|p=570}}

In 1810, [[John Sevier]], the first [[List of Governors of Tennessee|Governor of Tennessee]], wrote to his friend Major [[Amos Stoddard]] about a conversation he had in 1782 with the [[Cherokee]] chief [[Oconostota]] concerning ancient fortifications along the [[Alabama River]]. According to Sevier, the chief said the forts were built by a white people called "Welsh" as protection against the ancestors of the Cherokee, who eventually drove them from the region.{{sfn|Sevier|1810}} In 1799, Sevier had written of the discovery of six skeletons in brass armour bearing the [[coat of arms of Wales]],{{sfn|History UK|n.d.}} and that Madoc and the Welsh were first in Alabama.{{sfn|Williams|1979|p=84}}

In 1824, [[Thomas S. Hinde]] wrote a letter to John S. Williams, editor of ''[[The American Pioneer]]'', regarding the Madoc tradition. In the letter, Hinde claimed to have gathered testimony from sources that stated Welsh people under Owen Ap Zuinch had travelled to America in the twelfth century, over 300 years before Christopher Columbus. According to Hinde, in 1799 near [[Jeffersonville, Indiana]] on the [[Ohio River]], six soldiers were exhumed with brass [[breastplate]]s that bore Welsh coats of arms.{{sfn|Williams|1842|p=373}}

[[File:Mandan Bull Boats and Lodges- George Catlin.jpg|thumb|left|George Catlin thought the [[Mandan]] bull boat to be similar to the Welsh [[coracle]].]]

At least thirteen real tribes, five unidentified tribes, and three unnamed tribes have been suggested as "Welsh Indians".{{sfn|Fritze|2009|p=79}} The legend eventually settled on identifying the Welsh Indians with the [[Mandan]] people, who were said to differ from their neighbours in culture, language, and appearance. According to the painter [[George Catlin]] in ''North American Indians'' (1841), the Mandans were descendants of Madoc and his fellow voyagers; Catlin found the round Mandan Bull Boat similar to the Welsh [[coracle]], and he thought the advanced architecture of Mandan villages must have been learnt from Europeans; advanced North American societies such as the [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] and [[Hopewell tradition]]s were not well known in Catlin's time. Catlin also described the Mandan as having blonde hair, which he saw as evidence of interbreeding with Europeans. [[Rudolf Friedrich Kurz]] wrote that "What Catlin calls blonde hair among the Mandan is nothing more than sun-burned hair that is not continually smeared with grease.... I may mention, also, that the lighter color of some Indians' skin (not only Mandan) is easily traced to the 'whites.'{{sfn|McLaird|1988|p=245-273}}  The explorer [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] wrote that his time had "been spent in noticing their Manners and conversing about their Policy, Wars, Country, Traditions, &c &c in the Evenings I attended their Amusements of Dancing Singing &c. which were always conducted with the highest order and Decorum .. . after their Idea of thinking." but made no mention of their skin colour or any customs similar to European ones.{{sfn|McLaird|1988|p=245-273}} [[François-Antoine Larocque]] visited the Crow and the Mandan. He commented on the Crow saying ""Such of them as do not make practice of exposing themselves naked to the sun have a skin nearly as white as that of white people.... most of those Indians, as they do not so often go naked, are generally of a fairer skin than most of the other tribes with which I am acquainted." He wrote nothing about the skin color of the Mandan.{{sfn|McLaird|1988|p=245-273}} Professor James D. Mclaird wrote that "According to physical anthropologist Marshall T. Newman, Catlin and Kurz were both describing a kind of achromotrichia, or premature graying, a genetic trait. Newman has examined contemporary evidence carefully and discovered that this genetic trait existed in several Indian tribes, including the Mandan, and it caused streaks of blondness and premature graying of the hair."{{sfn|McLaird|1988|p=245-273}} This view was popular at the time but has since been disputed by the bulk of scholarship.{{sfn|Newman|1950|p=255-272}}

The Welsh Indian legend was revived in the 1840s and 1850s; this time, [[George Ruxton]] (Hopis, 1846), P. G. S. Ten Broeck (Zunis, 1854), and Abbé Emmanuel Domenach (Zunis, 1860), among others, claimed the [[Zuni people|Zunis]], [[Hopi]]s, and [[Navajo]] were of Welsh descent.{{sfn|Fowler|2010|p=55}} [[Brigham Young]] became interested in the supposed Hopi-Welsh connection; in 1858, Young sent a Welshman with [[Jacob Hamblin]] to the Hopi mesas to check for Welsh-speakers there. None were found but in 1863, Hamblin took three Hopi men to [[Salt Lake City]], where they were "besieged by Welshmen wanting them to utter Celtic words", to no avail.{{sfn|Fowler|2010|p=55}} Llewelyn Harris, a Welsh-American [[Mormon]] missionary who visited the Zuni in 1878, wrote they had many Welsh words in their language, and that they claimed their descent from the "Cambaraga"—white men who had arrived by sea 300 years before the Spanish. Harris's claims have never been independently verified.{{sfn|McClintock|2007|p=72}}

===Modern developments===
[[File:Mobile 1953 Madoc plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque at [[Fort Morgan (Alabama)|Fort Morgan]] showing where the Daughters of the American Revolution supposed Madoc had landed in 1170.]]
According to Fritze (1993), Madoc's landing place has been suggested to be "Mobile, Alabama; Florida; Newfoundland; Newport, Rhode Island; Yarmouth, Nova Scotia; Virginia; points in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean including the mouth of the Mississippi River; the Yucatan; the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Panama; the Caribbean coast of South America; various islands in the West Indies and the Bahamas along with Bermuda; and the mouth of the Amazon River".{{sfn|Fritze|1993|p=163}} Madoc's people are reported to be the founders of various civilisations such as the [[Aztec]], the [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and the [[Inca]].{{sfn|Fritze|1993|p=163}}

====American settlement myths====
[[File:Fort mounds.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Madoc's proponents believe [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthen fort mounds]] at [[Devil's Backbone (rock formation)|Devil's Backbone]] along the [[Ohio River]] to be the work of Welsh colonists.]]

The tradition of Madoc's purported voyage was he left Wales in 1170 to land in Mobile Bay in [[Alabama]], [[USA]] and then travelled up the [[Coosa River]] which connects several southern counties of Alabama, [[Tennessee]] and [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]]. A legend passed down through generations of American Indians was of 'yellow-haired giants' who had briefly settled in Tennessee, then moved to Kentucky and then Southern Indiana, also involving the area of [[Southern Ohio]], all of which became known as "The Dark and Forbidden Land", specifically the area of "[[Devil's Backbone (rock formation)|Devil's Backbone]]" on the [[Ohio River]]. The story was passed on from the native American Chief Tobacco of the [[Piankeshaw]] tribe to [[George Rogers Clark]] who [[settler|settled]] the city [[Clarksville, Indiana]] around the 1800s. The Chief spoke of a great battle between White and Red Indians, where the White Indians were slain. Supposedly, a graveyard of thousands of skeletons was found by Maj. John Harrison, but later washed away in a flood. Clark and the early settlers of his county had found [[Middle Ages|European]]  armor-clad skeletons thought to be ancient Welshmen, as well as ancient coins. According to local [[Cherokee]] tradition, the medieval settlers intermarried with the natives in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] and built stone forts there. It was said the modern 19th century settlers found Natives throughout the area who could converse in the [[Welsh language]].{{sfn|LaTimes|1989}}{{sfn|News&Tribute|2008}} Details of the discoveries are as follows:

*According to a folk tradition, a site called "[[Devil's Backbone (rock formation)|Devil's Backbone]]" at [[Rose Island (amusement park)|Rose Island]], about {{Convert|14|miles|abbr=out|spell=in}} upstream from [[Louisville, Kentucky]], was once home to a colony of Welsh-speaking Indians. The eighteenth-century [[Missouri River]] explorer [[John Evans (explorer)|John Evans]] of [[Waunfawr]] in Wales took up his journey in part to find the Welsh-descended "Padoucas" or "Madogwys" tribes.{{sfn|Kaufman|2005|p=569}}
*In north-west [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], legends of the Welsh have become part of a myth surrounding the then unknown origin of a Native American built rock wall on [[Fort Mountain (Murray County, Georgia)|Fort Mountain]]. According to the historian Gwyn A. Williams, author of ''Madoc: The Making of a Myth'', a Cherokee tradition concerning that ruin may have been influenced by contemporaneous European-American legends of "Welsh Indians".{{sfn|Williams|1979|page=86}} The story of Welsh explorers is one of several legends about that site.
*In north-eastern [[Alabama]],  there is a story the Welsh Caves in [[DeSoto State Park]] were built by Madoc's party; local native tribes were not known to have practices such stonework or excavation that was found on the site.{{sfn|Fritze|2011}}

==Legacy==
Modern commemorations in honour of Madog ap Owain Gwynedd:

*In the [[United Kingdom]] during the early 1800s, a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Member of Parliament]] for [[Boston, Lincolnshire]] and industrialist, [[William Madocks|William Alexander Madocks]] developed the area called [[Traeth Mawr]] into the towns of ''Madock's Port'' and ''Madock's Town'' in the Welsh county of [[Gwynedd]]. But in recent years, the towns assumed the Welsh naming of [[Porthmadog]] ([[port]]) and [[Tremadog]] ([[town]]) in honour of {{em|Madog ab Owain Gwynedd}}. The association with Prince Madoc and the towns is that he supposedly returned to Wales and was buried in the area that is now known as the town of Porthmadog.{{sfn|whr|2024}}{{sfn|BBC|2013}}

[[File:Madoc ON 1.JPG|thumb|Madoc, Ontario, Canada.]]

*The township of [[Madoc, Ontario (township)|Madoc, Ontario]], and the nearby village of [[Madoc, Ontario (town)|Madoc]] in [[Canada]] (North America) are both named in the prince's memory.{{sfn|Hamilton|1978|page=157 }}{{sfn|mindcat|2024}} As are several local guest houses and pubs throughout North America and the United Kingdom.
[[File:The beach at Rhos-on-Sea - geograph.org.uk - 2087593.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Aber-kerrik-gwynan, modern day Llandrillo-yn-Rhos, Colwyn Bay, on the north coast of Wales where the myth claims Madog set sail for Alabama, USA.]]

*In [[Rhos-on-Sea]], [[Wales]] (UK), a boat-themed bench, sculpture and plaque introduced in 2023 commemorates the location where Prince Madog sailed from on his voyage. The plaque reads:{{sfn|daily|2024}}

{{Blockquote|Prince Madoc sailed from here Aber - Kerrick - Gwynan 1170 AD and landed at Mobile (Bay), Alabama with his ships Gorn Gwynant and Pedr Sant.}}

*The research vessel RV ''Prince Madog'', which is owned by [[Bangor University]] and [[P&O Maritime]], entered service in 2001,{{sfn|Bangor|2001}} replacing an earlier research vessel of the same name that first entered service in 1968.{{sfn|Bangor|n.d.}}
*In 1953, the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] (DAR) erected a plaque at [[Fort Morgan (Alabama)|Fort Morgan]] on the shore of [[Mobile Bay, Alabama]], reading: "In memory of Prince Madoc a Welsh explorer who landed on the shores of Mobile Bay in 1170 and left behind with the Indians the Welsh language".{{sfn|Fowler|2010|p=55}}{{sfn|Morison|1971|p=85}} Alabama Parks Service removed the plaque in 2008, either because of a hurricane{{sfn|BBC News|2008a}} or because the site focuses on the period 1800 to 1945,{{sfn|BBC News|2008b}} and put in storage. It is now on display at the DAR headquarters in [[Mobile, Alabama]].{{sfn|Sledge|2020}}
*The plaque cites Sevier's claims about the "people called Welsh". A similar plaque was placed in [[Fort Mountain State Park]], Georgia, at the supposed site of one of Madoc's three stone fortresses. This plaque was removed in 2015 and the replacement does not mention Madoc.{{sfn|Sanders|2021|p=15}}

===In literature===

====Fiction====
*{{cite book|title=Excalibur|author=[[Sanders Anne Laubenthal|Laubenthal, Sanders Anne]]|year=1973|location=[[New York City]]|publisher= Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-739-41442-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Madoc, Prince of America|author=Knight, Bernard|year=1970|location=[[New York City]]|publisher= [[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0-709-15868-4}}
*{{cite book|title=[[A Swiftly Tilting Planet]]|author=[[Madeleine L'Engle|L'Engle, Madeleine]] |year=1978|location=New York|publisher= [[Dell Publishing]]|isbn=0-440-40158-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Madoc|author=Pat Winter|year=1990|location=[[New York City]]|publisher= Bantam|isbn=978-0-413-39450-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Madoc's Hundred|author= Pat Winter|year=1991|location=New York|publisher= Bantam|isbn=978-0-553-28521-5}}
*{{cite book|author=[[James Alexander Thom|Thom, James Alexander]]|year=1994|title=The Children of First Man|location=New York|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|isbn=978-0-345-37005-1}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Anna Lee Waldo|editor-first=Anna|editor-last=Waldo|year=1999|title=Circle of Stones|location=New York City|publisher=St. Martin's Press| isbn=978-0-312-97061-1}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Anna Lee Waldo|editor-first=Anna Lee|editor-last=Waldo|year=2001|title=Circle of Stars|location= New York City|publisher=St. Martin's Press| isbn=978-0-312-20380-1}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Malcolm Pryce|first=Malcolm|last=Pryce|year=2005|title=With Madog to the New World|publisher=[[Y Lolfa]]|isbn=978-0-862-43758-9}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Rosemary Clement-Moore|editor-first=Rosemary|editor-last=Clement-Moore|year=2009|title=The Splendor Falls|publisher=[[Dell Publishing|Delacorte Books for Young Readers]]|isbn=978-0-385-73690-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Dane|first=Joan|year=2024|title=Prince Madog|publisher=[[Hesperus Press]]|isbn=978-1843919308}}

====Juvenile====
*{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Gwyn|first2=Margaret |last2=Jones|year=2005|title=Madog|location=[[Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion]]|publisher=Y Lolfa| isbn=0-86243-766-0}}

====Poetry====
Madoc's legend has been a notable subject for poets, however. The most famous account in English is [[Robert Southey]]'s long 1805 poem ''[[Madoc (poem)|Madoc]]'', which uses the story to explore the poet's freethinking and egalitarian ideals. He had heard his story from [[William Owen Pughe|Dr. W O Pughe]].{{sfn|Lee|1893|page=303}}{{sfn|Pratt|2007|pages=133, 298}} Southey wrote ''Madoc'' to help finance a trip of his own to America,{{sfn|Morison|1971|p=86}} where he and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] hoped to establish a Utopian state they called a "[[Pantisocracy]]". Southey's poem in turn inspired the twentieth-century poet [[Paul Muldoon]] to write ''Madoc: A Mystery'', which won the [[Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize]] in 1992. It explores what might have happened if Southey and Coleridge had succeeded in coming to America to found their "ideal state".{{sfn|O'Neill|2007||pages=145–16}}{{sfn|Southey|1805}}

In Russian, the noted poet [[Alexander Pushkin|Alexander S. Pushkin]] composed a short poem "Madoc in Wales" (Медок в Уаллах, 1829) on the topic.{{sfn|Wachtel|2011|pages=146-151}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|2}}
<!--A-->
*{{cite book|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|title=Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American West|url=https://archive.org/details/undauntedcourage00ambr|url-access=registration|date=15 February 1996|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=0684811073}}
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*{{cite news|url=http://newsandtribune.com/clarkcounty/x519388801/The-Madoc-legend-lives-in-Southern-Indiana-Documentary-makers-hope-to-bring-pictures-to-author-s-work|title=The Madoc legend lives in Southern Indiana: Documentary makers hope to bring pictures to author's work|last=Curran |first=Kelly|date=8 January 2008|access-date=16 October 2011|work=News and Tribune|location=Jeffersonville, Indiana|archive-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513121305/http://newsandtribune.com/clarkcounty/x519388801/The-Madoc-legend-lives-in-Southern-Indiana-Documentary-makers-hope-to-bring-pictures-to-author-s-work|url-status=dead }}<!-- Original content is geographic specific. Please do not remove archive-->
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/634332 | last1 = Davies | first1 = A. | year = 1984 | title = Prince Madoc and the discovery of America in 1477 | jstor = 634332| journal = Geographical Journal | volume = 150 | issue = 3| pages = 363–72 | bibcode = 1984GeogJ.150..363D }}
*{{cite book|last=Durrett|first=Reuben Thomas|title=Traditions of the Earliest Visits of Foreigners to North America, the First Formed and First Inhabited of the Continents|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionsearli00durrgoog|access-date=1 April 2013|year=1908|publisher=J.P. Morton & Company (Incorporated) printers to the Filson Club}}
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*{{cite book|last=Fowler|first=Don D.|title=Laboratory for Anthropology: Science and Romanticism in the American Southwest, 1846–1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcW5RwAACAAJ|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Utah Press, Universi|isbn=978-1-60781-035-3}}
*Franklin, Caroline (2003): "The Welsh American Dream: [[Iolo Morganwg]], Robert Southey and the Madoc legend." In ''English romanticism and the Celtic world'', ed. by Gerard Carruthers and Alan Rawes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 69–84.
*{{cite book|last=Fritze|first=Ronald H.|title=Legend and lore of the Americas before 1492: an encyclopedia of visitors, explorers, and immigrants|year=1993|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0874366648|page=[https://archive.org/details/legendloreofam00frit/page/119 119]|url=https://archive.org/details/legendloreofam00frit/page/119}}
*{{cite book|last=Fritze|first=Ronald H.|title=Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2BrqdFg5AkC|date=15 May 2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-674-2}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3033 |title=Prince Madoc, Welsh Caves of Alabama |last1=Fritze |first1=Ronald |date=21 March 2011 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Athens State University |access-date=1 April 2013}}
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*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Dutch Literature |volume= 8 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse | date=1911| pages = 719–729 |quote= see page 719, lines 18–20}}
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/The-discovery-of-America-byWelsh-Prince/ |title=The discovery of America by Welsh Prince Madoc |work=History Magazine |publisher= History UK |access-date=4 April 2013|ref={{harvid|History UK|n.d.}}}}
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*{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|title=The Writings of Thomas Jefferson|url=https://archive.org/details/writingsthomasj00statgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/writingsthomasj00statgoog/page/n491 441]|year=1903|publisher=Issued under the auspices of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States}}
*{{cite book|author=Jones|title=The Cambrian: A Magazine for the Welsh in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1gwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA302|year=1887|publisher=D.I. Jones|page=302}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kaufman|first1=Will|title=Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, And History: A Multidesciplinary Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbBbn3x7PZsC&pg=PA569|date=31 March 2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-431-8|page=569}}
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*{{cite book| last=Llwyd |first=Angharad| url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=vHA_AQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA80&num=13&printsec=frontcover| title=The history of the island of Mona| pages=80–81|access-date=20 October 2024| year=1833}}
*{{cite book|last1=Llwyd |first1=Humphrey |location=Cardiff |type=Print |last2=Williams|first2=Ieuan|title=Cronica Walliae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2FnAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=[[University of Wales Press]] |isbn=978-0-7083-1638-2}}
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* {{cite journal |last1= McLaird |first1=James D |date=Winter 1988 |title="The Welsh, the Vikings, and the Lost Tribes of Israel on the Northern Plains: The Legend of the White Mandan"|journal=  South Dakota History |volume=18 |issue= 4|pages=245–273|doi= }}
* {{cite journal |last1=MacMillan |first1=Ken |date=April 2001 |title= Discourse on history, geography, and law: John Dee and the limits of the British empire, 1576–80 |journal=  Canadian Journal of History|volume=36 |issue= 1 |page=1|doi= 10.3138/cjh.36.1.1}}
*{{cite book|last=McClintock|first=James H.|title=Mormon Settlement in Arizona: A Record of Peaceful Conquest of the Desert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbMG1gTLjdwC&pg=PA72|date=31 October 2007|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-4264-3657-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot |title=The European Discovery of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUseEzw2p9oC|access-date=2 April 2013|year=1971}}
*{{cite book|last=Mullaney|first=Steven|title=The Place of the Stage: License, Play and Power in Renaissance England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHEF_KWhUSkC&pg=PA163|year=1995|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08346-6}}
*{{cite journal |last1= Newman|first1= Marshall T |year=1950 |title= The Blond Mandan: A Critical Review of an Old Problem |journal= Southwestern Journal of Anthropology|volume=6 |issue=3  |pages=255–272 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.6.3.3628461  |s2cid= 163656454 }}
*{{cite book|last= O'Neill|first=Michael|title=The All-Sustaining Air: Romantic Legacies and Renewals in British, American, and Irish Poetry Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYO-QJbmEYkC&pg=PT157|date=27 September 2007|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-929928-7|pages=157–}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Owen |first1=Edward |last2=Wilkins|first2=Charles |title=The Story of Prince Madoc's Discovery of America |page=546 |volume=VIII |number=6 |orig-year=December 1885 |magazine=The Red dragon, the national magazine of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmgEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA549|year=2006|publisher=[[Oxford University]] }}
<!-- P -->
*{{cite web |url=http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=12003 |title=Paul Muldoon |access-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308154028/http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=12003 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=dead|ref={{harvid|The Poetry Archive|n.d.}} }}
*{{cite book|last=Powel|first=David|title=The historie of Cambria, now called Wales [by St. Caradoc] tr. by H. Lhoyd, corrected, augmented, and continued, by D.Powel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMg_AAAAcAAJ|year=1811|publisher=Harding}} 
*{{cite book|last=Pratt|first=Lynda |title=Robert Southey and the Contexts of English Romanticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfmepWeuW_kC&pg=PR10|access-date=1 April 2013|date=1 November 2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-8184-7|page=298}}
*{{cite news |last= Putnam |first= Walter |date= 29 December 2008 |title= Mystery surrounds North Georgia ruins |url= http://onlineathens.com/stories/122908/new_371893077.shtml |newspaper= [[Athens Banner-Herald]] |access-date= 13 May 2014}}
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*{{cite web | last=Roper | first=Billy | title=The Mystery of the Mandans | website=100777 | date=11 June 2003 | url=http://100777.com/node/373 | access-date=30 July 2022}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Vivienne |title=Wales, the Welsh and the Making of America |date=15 July 2021 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-1-78683-791-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite web |last1=Sevier |first1=John |title=John Sevier letter to Amos Stoddard |date= 1810 |url=https://dp.la/item/dcf2c6d71dc6b0edea3be706cf677a8b |publisher=Digital Public Library of America}}
*{{cite web| last=Sledge | first=John |date=2020 |title=Madoc's Mark: The Persistence of an Alabama Legend |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/madocs-mark-the-persistence-of-an-alabama-legend/ |access-date=26 May 2023}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=John |title=The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, & The Summer Isles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z77xqkcCBOwC|access-date=1 April 2013|date=13 October 2006|publisher=Applewood Books|isbn=978-1-55709-362-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Philip E.|title=University of Georgia – Laboratory of Archaeology Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpjVAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 April 2013|series=Report No. 4|year=1962|publisher=Laboratory of Archaeology, Department of Sociology and Anthropology}}
*{{cite book|last=Southey|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Southey|year=1805|title=[[Madoc (poem)|Madoc]]|publisher=[[Longman]] |location=Edinburgh}}
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*{{cite book|last=Wachtel|first=Michael |title=A commentary to Pushkin's lyric poetry, 1826–1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tn-CBi71L1MC|year=2011|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0-299-28544-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first=David |title=John Evans and the legend of Madoc, 1770–1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MobAAAAIAAJ|access-date=1 April 2013|year=1963|publisher=University of Wales Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Gwyn A. |title=Madoc: The Making of a Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63vYAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 April 2013|year=1979|publisher=Eyre Methuen|isbn=978-0-413-39450-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first=John S.|title=The American Pioneer: A Monthly Periodical, Devoted to the Objects of the Logan Historical Society; Or, to Collecting and Publishing Sketches Relative to the Early Settlement and Successive Improvement of the Country|url=https://archive.org/details/americanpioneerm01will_0|year=1842}}

===Online===
*{{cite web |url= https://www.bangor.ac.uk/oceansciences/about/facilities/madog/index.php.en/ |title= Research Vessel Prince Madog |publisher=Bangor University|access-date=24 September 2020|ref={{harvid|Bangor|2001}}}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.bangor.ac.uk/oceansciences/about/facilities/madog/oldship/info.php.en |title=The Previous Research Vessel - General Information |publisher=Bangor University |access-date=24 September 2020|ref={{harvid|Bangor|n.d.}}}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ramtops.co.uk/madocdee.html|title=Madoc and John Dee: Welsh Myth and Elizabethan Imperialism|last1=Barone|first1=Robert W.|access-date=3 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822101611/http://ramtops.co.uk/madocdee.html|archive-date=22 August 2013|ref={{harvid|Barone|n.d.}}}}
*{{cite news |title=Alabama backs Madoc plaque return |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7372929.stm |access-date=26 May 2023 |agency=BBC |date=7 May 2008|ref={{harvid|BBC News|2008a}}}}
*{{cite web |title=Call for US Madoc's plaque return |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7311697.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=26 May 2023 |date=25 March 2008|ref={{harvid|BBC News|2008b}}}}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/whatsinaname/sites/placenames/pages/porthmadog.shtml |title= Porthmadog |date= 3 April 2013 |work= What's in a Name |publisher= BBC |access-date= 3 April 2013 |archive-date= 13 January 2013 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130113232454/www.bbc.co.uk/wales/whatsinaname/sites/placenames/pages/porthmadog.shtml |url-status= dead |ref={{harvid|BBC|2013}} }}
*{{cite DWB|id=s-OWAI-GWY-1100|title=Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100–1070), King of Gwynedd|first=Thomas Jones|last=Pierce|year=1959}}
*{{cite DWB |title=DAFYDD ab OWAIN GWYNEDD (died 1203), king of Gwynedd |id=s-DAFY-ABO-1203 |first=John Edward |last=Lloyd|year=1959}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-03-mn-2117-story|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title= Indiana Legend Says Welsh Settlers Arrived in the 12th Century|date=3 September 1989| access-date=2 October 2024|ref={{harvid|LaTimes|1989}} }}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.snowdoniaguide.com/tremadog.html| website=snowdoniaguide.com| title=Tremadog | access-date =2 October 2024 |ref={{harvid|whr|2024}} }}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.whr.co.uk/about/about-porthmadog/| website=whr.co.uk| title=About Porthmadog| access-date =2 October 2024|ref= {{harvid| whr|2024a}}}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-19498.html |website=mindcat.org| title=Bailey Mine, Madoc Township|access-date =2 October 2024| ref={{harvid|mindcat|2024}}}}
*{{cite web| url= https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/developer-built-eye-catching-feature-27833918| website=dailypost.co.uk | title= Why developer has built eye-catching feature outside some of Wales's most expensive apartments| date= 7 October 2023| access-date =2 October 2024|ref={{harvid|daily|2024}}}}
*{{cite web|url=http://newsandtribune.com/clarkcounty/x519388801/The-Madoc-legend-lives-in-Southern-Indiana-Documentary-makers-hope-to-bring-pictures-to-author-s-work |title=The Madoc legend lives in Southern Indiana: Documentary makers hope to bring pictures to author's work|author=Curran, Kelly|date=8 January 2008 |access-date=16 October 2011|work=News and Tribune |location=Jeffersonville, Indiana|ref={{harvid|News&Tribute|2008}}}}
*{{cite web| url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/moon-eyed-people#:~:text=The%20legend%20of%20the%20moon-eyed%20people%20runs%20parallel| website=allthatsinteresting.com| title=Inside The Mystery Of The Moon-Eyed People From Cherokee Legend| date=9 April 2024|ref={{harvid|Moon|2024}}}}
*{{cite web| url=https://appalachianmemories.org/2024/09/26/the-moon-eyed-people-of-cherokee-legend-mysteries-of-the-smoky-mountains/#:~:text=According%20to%20Cherokee%20legend,%20these%20mysterious%20figures%20lived| website=appalachianmemories.org| title= The Moon-Eyed People of Cherokee Legend: Mysteries of the Smoky Mountains| date=26 September 2024|ref={{harvid|appalachia|2024}} }}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Madog ab Owain Gwynedd|volume=35|pages=302-303}}

===Further reading===
*{{cite book|last=Brower |first=J. V|year=1904|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.0046032754;view=1up;seq=115|via=babelhathitrust.org|volume=8|title=Memoirs of Explorations in the Basin of the Mississippi|location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]]|publisher=McGill Warner|quote= McGill-Warner}}
<!-- We could keep this here or we can keep it in the article, but not both. Worth a discussion in talk 
====Fictional books====
*{{cite book|title=Prince Madog, Discoverer of America |last=Dane|first=Joan|location=[[London]]|publisher= [[Hesperus Press]]|year=1911|isbn=978-1-843-91930-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Madoc, Prince of America|last=Knight|first=Bernard|location=[[New York City]]|publisher= [[St. Martin's Press]]|year=1977}}
*{{cite book|title=[[A Swiftly Tilting Planet]]|author-last=L'Engle|author-first=Madeleine|author-link=Madeleine L'Engle|year=1978|location=New York|publisher= [[Dell Publishing]]|isbn=0-440-40158-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Madoc|author-first=Pat|author-last= Winter|year=1990 |location= [[New York City]]|publisher= Bantam|isbn=978-0-413-39450-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Madoc's Hundred|author-first= Pat|author-last=Winter|year=1991 |location=New York|publisher= Bantam|isbn=978-0-553-28521-5}}
*{{cite book|author-first=James Alexander |author-last=Thom|author-link=James Alexander Thom|year=1994|title= The Children of First Man|location=New York|publisher= [[Ballantine Books]]|isbn=978-0-345-37005-1}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Anna Lee Waldo |editor-first=Anna|editor-last=Waldo|year=1999|title= Circle of Stones|location=New York City|publisher= St. Martin's Press| isbn=978-0-312-97061-1}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Anna Lee Waldo|editor-first=Anna Lee|editor-last=Waldo|year=2001|title= Circle of Stars|location= New York City|publisher=St. Martin's Press| isbn=978-0-312-20380-1}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Malcolm Pryce|first=Malcolm|last=Pryce|year=2005|title= With Madog to the New World|publisher=[[Y Lolfa]]|isbn=978-0-862-43758-9}}
*{{cite book|editor-link=Rosemary Clement-Moore|editor-first=Rosemary|editor-last=Clement-Moore|year=2009|title=The Splendor Falls|publisher= [[Dell Publishing|Delacorte Books for Young Readers]]|isbn=978-0-385-73690-9}}
*{{cite magazine|first=Tony|last=Pi|year=2009|title=Come-From-Aways |magazine=[[On Spec]]|edition=76}}-->
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{cite web| url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=438&interval=25&&PHPSESSID=t8tt34o1l66b8k3fvrqj2njff6|title= Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, MADOC (Madog ab Owain Gwynedd) |website=biographi.ca}}
*{{Gutenberg|no=14032|name=An Enquiry into the Truth of the Tradition, Concerning the Discovery of America, by Prince Madog ab Owen Gwynedd, about the Year, 1170 by John Williams |first1=John |last1=Williams}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:American folklore]]
[[Category:Canadian folklore]]
[[Category:History of Welsh colonialism]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Legendary Welsh people]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:Welsh explorers]]
[[Category:Welsh royalty]]
[[Category:Origin myths]]
[[Category:Welsh people of Irish descent]]