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{{Short description|Italian musical form of the 14th century}}
{{for|the musical form of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries|Madrigal}}
{{Medieval music sidebar|expanded=forms}}
The Trecento '''Madrigal''' is an Italian musical form of the [[14th century]]. It is quite distinct from the [[madrigal]] of the [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque music|Baroque]], with which it shares only the name. The madrigal of the Trecento flourished ca. 1340–1370 with a short revival near 1400. It was a composition for two (or rarely three) voices, sometimes on a pastoral subject. In its earliest development it was simple construction: [[Francesco da Barberino]] in 1300 called it a "raw and chaotic singalong".

The text of the madrigal is divided into three sections: two [[stroph]]es called terzetti set to the same music and a concluding section called the [[ritornello]] usually in a different meter, creating an aaB form.

==History==
The origins of the madrigal are obscure, and debated, with one school of thought seeing it as a secular mutation of the [[conductus]] of the ''[[ars antiqua]]'', and another seeing it as deriving from 13th-century secular monophonic song with an improvised accompaniment.  Little Italian music from the 13th century has survived, so links between medieval forms such as the conductus and [[troubadour]] song and the music of the trecento are largely inferential. The origin of the name (which appears in early sources as ''madriale'', ''matricale'', ''madregal'', and ''marigalis'') is also unclear; two possibilities are derivation from ''materialis'' (in contrast to ''formalis''), designating a poem without a definite form, or from ''matrix'', meaning mother, either as in a song in the [[mother tongue]] or music used for [[Mother Church]].<ref>{{Cite Grove |last2=D'Agostino |first2=Gianluca |last=Fischer |first=Kurt von |author-link=Kurt von Fischer |title=Madrigal, I. Italy, 14th century |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

The earliest stage in the development of the madrigal is seen in the [[Rossi Codex]], a collection of music from ca. 1350 or earlier, compiled around 1370.  It has been suggested that the ornamentation of the upper voices may be improvised above a skeletal structure.<ref>Brooks Toliver, “Improvisation in the Madrigals of the Rossi Codex,” ''Acta musicologica'' 64 (1992), pp. 165–76.</ref>

In the madrigal's later stages of development its uppermost voice was often highly elaborate, with the lower voice, the tenor, much less so.  The form at this time was probably a development of connoisseurs, and sung by small groups of cognoscenti; there is no evidence of its widespread popularity, unlike the madrigal of the 16th century.  By the end of the 14th century it had fallen out of favor, with other forms (in particular, the [[ballata]] and imported French music) taking precedence, some of which were even more highly refined and ornamented.

By the beginning of 15th century the term was no longer used musically.  The later, 16th-century [[madrigal]] is unrelated, although it often used texts written in the 14th century (for instance by [[Petrarch]]).

==Notable composers==
Important composers of the madrigal in the [[Trecento]] include:
* [[Jacopo da Bologna]]
* [[Giovanni da Cascia]]
* [[Vincenzo da Rimini]]
* [[Maestro Piero]]
* [[Lorenzo da Firenze]] 
* [[Niccolò da Perugia]]
* [[Francesco Landini]]
* [[Donato da Cascia]]
* [[Johannes Ciconia]] (later revivalist)

==See also==

* [[Music of the Trecento]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Kurt von Fischer]], Gianluca D’Agostino (2004) [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40075? Madrigal: I. Italy, 14th century]. Grove Music Online. Accessed June 2013. {{subscription required}}
* Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, ''Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance'' (Music Literature Outlines Series I).  Bloomington, Indiana.  Frangipani Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-89917-034-X}}
* Richard H. Hoppin, ''Medieval Music''.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. {{ISBN|0-393-09090-6}}

{{Music of the Trecento|state=open}}
{{Medieval music}}

[[Category:Music of the Trecento]]
[[Category:Medieval music genres]]
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