View source for Magnus Hirschfeld

{{Short description|German sexologist (1868–1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox medical person
| image         = Magnus Hirschfeld (1928).jpg
| caption       = Hirschfeld in 1928
| birth_date    = {{birth date|df=y|1868|5|14}}
| birth_place   = [[Kolberg]], [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pomerania]], [[Prussia]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|df=y|1935|5|14|1868|5|14}}
| death_place   = [[Nice]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| resting_place = Body cremated; ashes interred in [[Caucade Cemetery]], Nice
| citizenship   = German (revoked by the Nazis)<ref name="David A. Gerstner 2006">David A. Gerstner, ''Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture'' (2006, {{ISBN|1136761810}}), page 374</ref>
| known_for     = Pioneering [[sexology]]<br>Advocating for [[LGBTQ]] rights
| partner       = {{ubl|[[Karl Giese]]|[[Li Shiu Tong]]}}
| field             = Sexology
| work_institutions = [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]]
| footnotes     = <!-- for any footnotes needed to clarify entries above -->
}}
'''Magnus Hirschfeld''' (14 May 1868 – 14 May 1935) was a German physician, [[Sexology|sexologist]], and [[LGBTQ]] advocate whose German citizenship was revoked in 1933 by the [[Nazi government]].<ref name="David A. Gerstner 2006"/> 

Hirschfeld was educated in [[philosophy]], [[philology]], and [[medicine]]. An outspoken advocate for [[sexual minority|sexual minorities]], he founded the [[Scientific-Humanitarian Committee]] and the [[World League for Sexual Reform]]. During the 1920s he based his practice in [[Charlottenburg|Berlin-Charlottenburg]]. His Committee carried out "the first advocacy for [[LGBT movements|homosexual and transgender rights]]".<ref name="goltz2008">Goltz, Dustin (2008). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Movements", In Lind, Amy; Brzuzy, Stephanie (eds.). ''Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality: Volume 2'', pp. 291 ff. Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-0-313-34039-0}}</ref>

Hirschfeld is regarded as one of the most influential 20th-century sexologists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sigusch |first=Volkmar |date=2012 |title=The Sexologist Albert Moll – between Sigmund Freud and Magnus Hirschfeld |journal=Medical History |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=184–200 |doi=10.1017/mdh.2011.32 |pmid=23002292 |pmc=3381530 |issn=2048-8343}}</ref> He was targeted by early [[Fascism|fascists]], and later by the [[Nazis]], for being [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[gay]]. He was beaten by {{lang|de|[[Völkisch movement|völkisch]]}} activists in 1920, and in 1933 his [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] was looted and its books burned by Nazis. He was forced into exile in France, where he died in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=The great hunt for the world's first LGBTQ archive |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-great-hunt-for-the-worlds-first-lgbtq-archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628114523/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-great-hunt-for-the-worlds-first-lgbtq-archive |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marhoefer |first=Laurie |date=2023-09-21 |title=New Research Reveals How the Nazis Targeted Transgender People |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-research-reveals-how-the-nazis-targeted-transgender-people-180982931/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115045714/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-research-reveals-how-the-nazis-targeted-transgender-people-180982931/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Hirschfeld was born in [[Kolberg]] in [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pomerania]] (since 1945 {{lang|pl|[[Kołobrzeg]]|italic=no}} in Poland),<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Gay 100 |last=Russell |first=Paul |publisher=Kensington Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-7582-0100-1 |page=15 }}</ref> to an [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] family, the son of highly regarded physician and Senior Medical Officer Hermann Hirschfeld. As a youth he attended {{ill|Kolberg Cathedral School|de|Domgymnasium Kolberg}}, which at the time was a [[Protestant]] school.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcvQAgAAQBAJ&q=cathedral |isbn=9781583674383 |title=Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement |date=11 April 2014 |publisher=NYU Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRYBAAAAYAAJ |title=Aus der Geschichte des Colberger Lyceums |year=1867 |publisher=C. F. Post}}</ref> In 1887–1888, he studied [[comparative linguistics]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mancini |first=Elena |title=Magnus Hirschfeld and the quest for sexual freedom: a history of the first international sexual freedom movement |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-10426-6 |edition=1st |series=Palgrave Macmillan's critical studies in gender, sexuality, and culture |location=New York, NY}}</ref> in [[Breslau]], but decided to transfer to [[University of Strasbourg]] (then named the ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität)'' to study medicine and natural sciences in 1889.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dose |first=Ralf |title=Magnus Hirschfeld: the origins of the gay liberation movement |date=2014 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |isbn=978-1-58367-437-6 |location=New York}}</ref> He left [[Straßburg]] for [[Berlin]] in 1890 where he continued his studies for a year before transferring to the [[University of Munich]] in 1891. Hirschfeld left Munich later that same year to complete his state mandated military service in Heidelberg, continuing his medical studies at the [[University of Heidelberg]] in his spare time.<ref name=":1" /> At the end of 1891, Hirschfeld completed his service and returned to Berlin to write his medical thesis on the effects of influenza on the nervous system, with [[Rudolf Virchow]] and [[Emil du Bois-Reymond|Emil Heinrich du Bois-Reymond]] serving as his oral examiners.<ref name=":2" /> In 1892, he received his medical degree.

After his studies, Hirschfeld spent the next two years traveling the world, giving lectures and writing articles. He spent time in the major cities of [[France]], [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Italy]], and the [[United States]]. During his eight month stay in the United States, Hirschfeld traveled to [[Chicago]] to document the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] for a German newspaper. He became fascinated by the city's [[sexuality and gender identity-based cultures|homosexual subculture]], struck by its similarities to the homosexual subculture of Berlin.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=21}} As a result, Hirschfeld began to develop his theory about the universality of homosexuality around the world; he researched in books and newspaper articles about the existence of gay subcultures in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Tangier]], and [[Tokyo]], all of which shared many of the same cultural similarities.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=21}}

Hirschfeld returned to Germany in 1894 and opened a [[naturopathy|naturopathic]] practice in [[Magdeburg]], where he would develop his lifelong commitment to homosexual rights advocacy. He was struck by the number of his gay patients who had {{lang|de|Suizidalnarben}} ('scars left by suicide attempts'), and often found himself trying to give his patients a reason to live.{{sfn|Bauer|2017}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}} Hirschfeld was also deeply affected by the 1895 trial of [[Oscar Wilde]], to which he made frequent reference in his writings.{{sfn|Bauer|2017}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<ref name=":4" /> In 1896, he had one of the most formative experiences of his career; In 1896, a young lieutenant whom Hirschfeld was treating for severe depression took his own life. In the [[German language]], the word for suicide is {{lang|de|Selbstmord}} ('self-murder'), which carried more judgmental and condemnatory connotations than its English language equivalent, making the subject of suicide a [[taboo]] in 19th century Germany. The lieutenant addressed his [[suicide note]] to Hirschfeld,<ref name=":1" /> wherein he wrote that despite his best efforts, he could not end his desires for other men, and so had ended his life out of his guilt and shame.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=39}} He explained that he lacked the "strength" to tell his parents the "truth", and spoke of his shame of "that which nearly strangled my heart". The officer could not even bring himself to use the word "homosexuality", which he instead conspicuously referred to as "that" in his note.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=40}} The note closes with the words, "The thought that you [Hirschfeld] could contribute a future when the German fatherland will think of ''us'' in more just terms sweetens the hour of my death."{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=41}} Hirschfeld had been treating the officer from 1895–1896, and the use of the term "us" led to speculation that a relationship existed between the two. However, the officer's use of {{wikt-lang|de|Sie}}, the formal German word for you, instead of the informal {{wikt-lang|de|du}}, suggests Hirschfeld's relationship with his patient was strictly professional.{{sfn|Bauer|2017}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}} Hirschfeld would go on to repeatedly cite this incident as the catalyst for his career as a sexologist and gay rights activist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hirschfeld |first=Magnus |title=Von einst bis jetzt: Geschichte einer homosexuellen Bewegung 1897-1922 |date=1922–1923 |publisher=Urania Manuscripts |isbn=9798851953620 |editor-last=Winkel |editor-first=Rosa |location=Berlin |publication-date=2023 |pages=62–63 |translator-last=Lombardi-Nash |translator-first=Michael |trans-title=Memoir: Celebrating 25 Years of the First LGBTI Organization (1897‒1922)}}</ref>

In 1896, he moved his practice to Berlin-Charlottenburg to pursue this passion and soon published his first work on the subject of homosexuality under the pseudonym Th. Ramien entitled, ''Sappho und Socrates: Wie erklärt sich die Liebe der Männer und Frauen zu Personen des eigenen Geschlechts?'' (''Sappho and Socrates: How does one explain the love of men and women to persons of their own gender?'').<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hirschfeld |first=Magnus |title=Sappho und Socrates: Wie erklärt sich die Liebe der Männer und Frauen zu Personen des eigenen Geschlechts? |date=1896 |publisher=Urania Manuscripts |location=Berlin |publication-date=2019 |translator-last=Lombardi-Nash |translator-first=Michael |trans-title=Sappho and Socrates: How Does One Explain the Love of Men and Women to Persons of their Own Gender?}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The [[pamphlet]] argues that homosexuality is a biological, naturally occurring phenomenon which should not be criminalized, quoting the words of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]: "What is natural can not be immoral."<ref name=":5" />

==Sexual rights activism==
===Scientific-Humanitarian Committee===
[[File:Bernhard Schapiro, Magnus Hirschfeld, Tao Lee.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Hirschfeld (center) with Bernhard Schapiro and [[Li Shiu Tong]] (also known as Tao Li), {{c.|1930}}]]
Magnus Hirschfeld found a balance between practicing medicine and writing about his findings. Between 1 May–15 October 1896, the {{lang|de|Große Berliner Gewerbeausstellung}} ('Great Business Exhibition of Berlin') took place, which featured nine "[[human zoo]]s" where people from Germany's colonies in [[New Guinea]] and Africa were put on display for the visitors to gawk at.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=22}} Such exhibitions of colonised peoples were common at industrial fairs, and later after [[Qingdao]], the [[Mariana Islands]], and the [[Caroline Islands]] became part of the German empire, Chinese, [[Chamorros]], and [[Micronesians]] joined the Africans and New Guineans displayed in the "human zoos". Hirschfeld, who was keenly interested in sexuality in other cultures, visited the {{lang|de|Große Berliner Gewerbeausstellung}} and subsequently other exhibitions to inquire of the people in the "human zoos" via interpreters about the status of sexuality in their cultures.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=22–23}} It was in 1896, after talking to the people displayed in the "human zoos" at the {{lang|de|Große Berliner Gewerbeausstellung}}, that Hirschfeld began writing what became his 1914 book ''[[Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes]]'' (''The Homosexuality of Men and Women''), an attempt to comprehensively survey homosexuality around the world, as part of an effort to prove that homosexuality occurred in every culture.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=23}} In the book, Hirschfeld found that many homosexuals considered England to be the country with the highest rate of homosexuality.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hirschfeld | first1=M. | last2=Lombardi-Nash | first2=M.A. | last3=Bullough | first3=V.L. | title=The Homosexuality of Men and Women | publisher=Prometheus Books | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57392-705-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2YbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22the+most+homosexual+country%22 | access-date=2023-02-02 | page=}}</ref> In addition to his book on homosexuality, Hirschfeld wrote a book on transvestism in 1910 known as ''[[Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung über den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb]]'' (''Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress'').<ref name="Hirschfeld1991">{{cite book | last = Hirschfeld | first = Magnus | translator-last = Lombardi-Nash | translator-first = Michael A. | title = Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress | date = 1991 | orig-date = 1910 | language = English | location = Buffalo | publisher = Prometheus Books | isbn = 9780879756659 | lccn = 90024827 | oclc = 22812111 | ol = OL1866706M | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fffZAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

In 1897, Hirschfeld founded the [[Scientific-Humanitarian Committee]] with the publisher [[Max Spohr]] (1850–1905), the lawyer Eduard Oberg<ref>Heinrich Gerhard Eduard Oberg (1858–1917)</ref> (1858–1917), and the writer [[Franz Joseph von Bülow]]<ref name=":4">Franz Vollrath Carl Wilhelm Joseph von Bülow (1861–1915)</ref> (1861–1915). The group aimed to undertake research to defend the rights of homosexuals and to repeal [[Paragraph 175]], the section of the German penal code that, since 1871, had criminalized homosexuality. They argued that the law encouraged [[blackmail]]. The motto of the committee, "Justice through science", reflected Hirschfeld's belief that a better scientific understanding of homosexuality would eliminate social [[homophobia|hostility toward homosexuals]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Sengoopta |first=Chandak |date=1998 |title=Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siecle Central Europe |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/237142 |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=445–473 |doi=10.1086/384073 |jstor=237142 |pmid=9798339 |s2cid=19788523 |issn=0021-1753 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610131811/https://www.jstor.org/stable/237142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within the group, some of the members rejected Hirschfeld's theory of sexual intermediaries, which conceptualized all traits of sex, gender, and sexual orientation on a spectrum which ranged from masculine to feminine.<ref name="Hirschfeld1991" /> Offended by the notion of being associated with [[Gender nonconformity|gender non-conformity]], [[Benedict Friedlaender]] and some others left the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee to form the {{lang|de|Bund für männliche Kultur}} or 'Union for Male Culture', which argued that male–male love is a demonstration of virile manliness similar to that of the [[Greek love|classical Greek tradition]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Columbia anthology of gay literature: readings from Western antiquity to the present day |date=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-09671-3 |editor-last=Fone |editor-first=Byrne R. S. |series=Between men between women Lesbian and gay studies |location=New York Chichester}}</ref> Under Hirschfeld's leadership, the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee gathered 6000 signatures from prominent Germans on a petition to overturn Paragraph 175.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 3, 2013|title=Henry Gerber: Ahead of his time |work=[[The Washington Blade]] |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2013/10/03/henry-gerber-ahead-time/ |access-date=May 13, 2021 |quote=...Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld founded the gay organization {{lang|de|Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee}} (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee). Its first action was to draft a petition against Paragraph 175 with 6,000 signatures of prominent people in the arts, politics and the medical profession; it failed to have any effect. }}</ref> Signatories included [[Albert Einstein]], [[Hermann Hesse]], [[Käthe Kollwitz]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Heinrich Mann]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], [[August Bebel]], [[Max Brod]], [[Karl Kautsky]], [[Stefan Zweig]], [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], [[Martin Buber]], [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]], [[Eduard Bernstein]], and even [[Emile Zola]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]]. The bill was brought before the {{lang|de|[[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]}} in 1898, but was supported only by a minority from the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. [[August Bebel]], a friend of Hirschfeld from his university days, agreed to sponsor the attempt to repeal Paragraph 175.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=25}}

Hirschfeld considered what would, in a later era, be described as "[[outing]]": forcing out of [[the closet]] some of the prominent and secretly homosexual lawmakers who had remained silent on the bill. He arranged for the bill to be reintroduced and, in the 1920s, it made some progress until the takeover of the [[Nazi Party]] ended all hope for any such reform. As part of his efforts to counter popular prejudice, Hirschfeld spoke out about the taboo subject of suicide and was the first to present statistical evidence that homosexuals were more likely to commit suicide or attempt suicide than heterosexuals.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=49}} Hirschfeld prepared questionnaires that gay men could answer anonymously about homosexuality and suicide. Collating his results, Hirschfeld estimated that 3 out of every 100 gays committed suicide every year, that a quarter of gays had attempted suicide at some point in their lives and that the other three-quarters had had suicidal thoughts at some point. He used his evidence to argue that, under current social conditions in Germany, life was literally unbearable for homosexuals.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=49}}

A figure frequently mentioned by Hirschfeld to illustrate the "hell experienced by homosexuals" was [[Oscar Wilde]], who was a well-known author in Germany, and whose trials in 1895 had been extensively covered by the German press.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=54}} Hirschfeld visited [[Cambridge University]] in 1905 to meet Wilde's son, [[Vyvyan Holland]], who had changed his surname to avoid being associated with his father.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=54}} Hirschfeld noted "the name Wilde" has, since his trial, sounded like "an indecent word, which causes homosexuals to blush with shame, women to avert their eyes, and normal men to be outraged".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=54}} During his visit to Britain, Hirschfeld was invited to a secret ceremony in the English countryside where a "group of beautiful, young, male students" from Cambridge gathered together wearing Wilde's prison number, C33, as a way of symbolically linking his fate to theirs, to read out aloud Wilde's poem "[[The Ballad of Reading Gaol]]".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=55}} Hirschfeld found the reading of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" to be "{{lang|de|markerschütternd}}" (shaken to the core of one's being, i.e. something that is emotionally devastating), going on to write that the poem reading was "the most earth-shattering outcry that has ever been voiced by a downtrodden soul about its own torture and that of humanity".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=55}} By the end of the reading of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol", Hirshfeld felt "quiet joy" as he was convinced that, despite the way that Wilde's life had been ruined, something good would eventually come of it.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=55}}

====Feminism====
In 1905, Hirschfeld joined the {{lang|de|Bund für Mutterschutz}} ('League for the Protection of Mothers'), the [[feminist]] organization founded by [[Helene Stöcker]].{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=80}} He campaigned for the decriminalisation of [[abortion]], and against policies that banned female teachers and civil servants from marrying or having children.{{explain|date=August 2010}} Both Hirschfeld and Stöcker believed that there was a close connection between the causes of gay rights and [[women's rights]], and Stöcker was much involved in the campaign to repeal Paragraph 175 while Hirschfeld campaigned for the repeal of Paragraph 218, which had banned abortion.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=80}} From 1909 to 1912, Stöcker, Hirschfeld, [[Hedwig Dohm]], and others successfully campaigned against an extension to Paragraph 175 which would have criminalised female homosexuality.<ref>Elena Mancini, ''Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mWXFAAAAQBAJ&dq=Helene+St%C3%B6cker+same-sex&pg=PA25 p. 25]</ref>

In 1906, Hirschfeld was asked as a doctor to examine a prisoner in [[Neumünster]] to see if he was suffering from "severe nervous disturbances caused by a combination of [[malaria]], [[blackwater fever]], and congenital sexual anomaly".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=28}} The man, a former soldier and a veteran of what Hirschfeld called the {{lang|de|Hereroaufstand}} ('Herero revolt') in [[German South West Africa]] (modern Namibia) appeared to be suffering from what would now be considered [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], saying that he had done terrible things in Southwest Africa, and could no longer live with himself.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=28}} In 1904, the [[Herero people|Herero]] and [[Nama people]]s who had been steadily pushed off their land to make way for German settlers, had revolted, causing [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] to dispatch General [[Lothar von Trotha]] to wage a "war of annihilation" to exterminate the Herero and Nama in what has since become known as the [[Herero and Nama genocide]].{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=28}} The genocide came to widespread attention when the SPD leader [[August Bebel]] criticized the government on the floor of the {{lang|de|Reichstag}}, saying the government did not have the right to exterminate the Herero just because they were Black. Hirschfeld did not mention his diagnosis of the prisoner, nor he did mention in detail the source of the prisoner's guilt about his actions in Southwest Africa; the German scholar Heike Bauer criticized him for his seeming unwillingness to see the connection between the Herero genocide and the prisoner's guilt, which had caused him to engage in a petty crime wave.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=28–29}}

Hirschfeld's position, that homosexuality was normal and natural, made him a highly controversial figure at the time, involving him in vigorous debates with other academics, who regarded homosexuality as unnatural and wrong.{{sfn|Dickinson|2002|p=272}} One of Hirschfeld's leading critics was Austrian Baron [[Christian von Ehrenfels]], who advocated radical changes to society and sexuality to combat the supposed "[[Yellow Peril]]", and saw Hirschfeld's theories as a challenge to his view of sexuality.{{sfn|Dickinson|2002|p=272}} Ehrenfels argued that there were a few "biologically degenerate" homosexuals who lured otherwise "healthy boys" into their lifestyle, making homosexuality into both a choice and a wrong one at that time.{{sfn|Dickinson|2002|p=272}}

==== African anthropology ====
[[File:Advertisement for the exhibition of Saartjie Baartman in London.jpg|thumb|Poster advertising Sarah Baartman]]

At the same time, Hirschfeld became involved in a debate with a number of anthropologists about the supposed existence of the {{lang|de|Hottentottenschürze}} ('Hottentot apron'), namely the belief that the [[Khoekhoe|Khoekoe]] (known to Westerners as Hottentots) women of southern Africa had abnormally enlarged [[labia]], which made them inclined toward lesbianism.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=30}} Hirschfeld argued there was no evidence that the Khoekoe women had abnormally large labia, whose supposed existence had fascinated so many Western anthropologists at the time, and that, other than being Black, the bodies of Khoekoe women were no different from German women.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=30}} One Khoekoe woman, [[Sarah Baartman]], the "Hottentot Venus", did have relatively large buttocks and labia, compared to Northern European women, and had been exhibited at a freak show in Europe in the early 19th century, which was the origin of this belief about the Khoekhoe women. Hirschfeld wrote: "The differences appear minimal compared to what is shared" between Khoekoe and German women.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=30}}

Hirschfeld argued that, if same-sex relationships were common among Khoekoe women, and if the bodies of Khoekoe women were essentially the same as Western women, then Western women must have the same tendencies. Hirschfeld's theories about a spectrum of sexuality existing in all of the world's cultures implicitly undercut the binary theories about the differences between various races that was the basis of the claim of [[white supremacy]].{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=30}} However, Bauer wrote that Hirschfeld's theories about the universality of homosexuality paid little attention to cultural contexts, and criticized him for his remarks that [[Hausa people|Hausa]] women in Nigeria were well known for their lesbian tendencies and would have been executed for their [[sapphic love|sapphic]] acts before British rule, as assuming that [[imperialism]] was always good for the colonized.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=30–31}}

===Eulenburg affair===
Hirschfeld played a prominent role in the [[Harden–Eulenburg affair]] of 1906–09, which became the most widely publicized [[sex scandal]] in [[Imperial Germany]]. During the [[libel]] trial in 1907, when General [[Kuno von Moltke]] sued the journalist [[Maximilian Harden]], after the latter had run an article accusing Moltke of having a homosexual relationship with the politically powerful Prince [[Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg|Philipp von Eulenburg]], who was the Kaiser's best friend, Hirschfeld testified for Harden. In his role as an expert witness, Hirschfeld testified that Moltke was gay and, thus, what Harden had written was true.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100">Mancini, Elena ''Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement'', London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 100</ref> Hirschfeld – who wanted to make homosexuality legal in Germany – believed that proving Army officers like Moltke were gay would help his case for legalization. He also testified that he believed there was nothing wrong with Moltke.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100"/>

Most notably, Hirschfeld testified that "homosexuality was part of the plan of nature and creation just like normal love."<ref>Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 128.</ref> Hirschfeld's testimony caused outrage all over Germany. The ''[[Vossische Zeitung]]'' newspaper condemned Hirschfeld in an editorial as "a freak who acted for freaks in the name of [[pseudoscience]]".<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100"/> The {{lang|de|[[Münchener Neuesten Nachrichten]]}} newspaper declared in an editorial: "Dr. Hirschfeld makes public propaganda under the cover of science, which does nothing but poison our people. Real science should fight against this!"<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100"/> A notable witness at the trial was Lilly von Elbe, former wife of Moltke, who testified that her husband had only had sex with her twice in their entire marriage.<ref>Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 103.</ref> Elbe spoke with remarkable openness for the period of her sexual desires and her frustration with a husband who was only interested in having sex with Eulenburg.<ref name="Domeier, Norman pages 103-104">Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 pp. 103–104</ref> Elbe's testimony was marked by moments of low comedy when it emerged that she had taken to attacking Moltke with a frying pan in vain attempts to make him have sex with her.<ref>Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 104</ref> The fact that General von Moltke was unable to defend himself from his wife's attacks was taken as proof that he was deficient in his masculinity, which many saw as confirming his homosexuality. At the time, the subject of female sexuality was taboo, and Elbe's testimony was controversial, with many saying that Elbe must be mentally ill because of her willingness to acknowledge her sexuality.<ref name="Domeier, Norman pages 103-105">Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 pp. 103–105.</ref>  Letters to the newspapers at the time, from both men and women, overwhelmingly condemned Elbe for her "disgusting" testimony concerning her sexuality.<ref name="Domeier, Norman pages 103-105"/> As an expert witness, Hirschfeld also testified that female sexuality was natural, and Elbe was just a normal woman who was in no way mentally ill.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100"/> After the jury ruled in favor of Harden, Judge Hugo Isenbiel was enraged by the jury's decision, which he saw as expressing approval for Hirschfeld. He overturned the verdict under the grounds that homosexuals "have the morals of dogs", and insisted that this verdict could not be allowed to stand.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100"/>

After the verdict was overturned, a second trial found Harden guilty of libel.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 100"/> At the second trial, Hirschfeld again testified as an expert witness, but this time, he was much less certain than he had been at the first trial about Moltke's homosexuality.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 101">Mancini, Elena ''Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement'', London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 101.</ref> Hirschfeld testified that Moltke and Eulenburg had an "intimate" friendship that was [[homoerotic]] in nature but not sexual, as he had testified at the first trial.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 101"/> Hirschfeld also testified that, though he still believed female sexuality was normal, Elbe was suffering from [[hysteria]] caused by a lack of sex, and so the court should discount her stories about a sexual relationship between Moltke and Eulenburg.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 101"/> Hirschfeld had been threatened by the [[Prussia]]n government with having his medical license revoked if he testified as an expert witness again along the same lines that he had at the first trial, and possibly prosecuted for violating [[Paragraph 175]].<ref name= "Mancini, Elena page 101"/> The trial was a libel suit against Harden by Moltke, but much of the testimony had concerned Eulenburg, whose status as the best friend of Wilhelm II meant that the scandal threatened to involve the Kaiser.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 101"/> Moreover, far from precipitating increased tolerance as Hirschfeld had expected, the scandal led to a major homophobic and [[anti-Semitic]] backlash, and Hirschfeld's biographer Elena Mancini speculated that Hirschfeld wanted to bring to an end an affair that was hindering rather helping the cause for gay rights.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 101"/>

Because Eulenburg was a prominent anti-Semite and Hirschfeld was a Jew, during the affair, the {{lang|de|völkisch}} movement came out in support of Eulenburg, whom they portrayed as an [[Aryan race|Aryan]] heterosexual, framed by false allegations of homosexuality by Hirschfeld and Harden.<ref name="Domeier, Norman page 169">Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 169</ref> Various {{lang|de|völkisch}} leaders, most notably the radical anti-Semitic journalist [[Theodor Fritsch]], used the Eulenburg affair as a chance to "settle the accounts" with the Jews. As a gay Jew, Hirschfeld was relentlessly vilified by the {{lang|de|völkisch}} newspapers.<ref>Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 pp. 169–170</ref> Outside Hirschfeld's house in Berlin, posters were affixed by {{lang|de|völkisch}} activists, which read "Dr. Hirschfeld A Public Danger: The Jews are Our Undoing!".<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 101"/> In Nazi Germany, the official interpretation of the Eulenburg affair was that Eulenburg was a straight Aryan whose career was destroyed by false claims of being gay by Jews like Hirschfeld.<ref name="Domeier, Norman page 169"/> After the scandal had ended, Hirschfeld concluded that, far from helping the gay rights movement as he had hoped, the ensuing backlash set the movement back.<ref>Domeier, Norman ''The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire'', Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 139</ref> The conclusion drawn by the German government was the opposite of the one that Hirschfeld wanted; the fact that prominent men like General von Moltke and Eulenburg were gay did not lead the government to repeal Paragraph 175 as Hirschfeld had hoped and, instead, the government decided that Paragraph 175 was being enforced with insufficient vigor, leading to a crackdown on homosexuals that was unprecedented and would not be exceeded until the Nazi era.<ref name="Domeier, Norman pages 103-104"/>

===World War I===
In 1914, Hirschfeld was swept up by the national enthusiasm of the [[Spirit of 1914]], as the sense of national solidarity was known that at the outbreak of [[World War I]] rallied the majority of Germans to the defence of the Fatherland.<ref>Mancini, Elena ''Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement'', London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 111</ref> Initially pro-war, Hirschfeld started to turn against the war in 1915, moving toward a [[pacifist]] position.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 112">Mancini, Elena ''Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement'', London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 112</ref> In his 1915 pamphlet, {{lang|de|Warum Hassen uns die Völker?}} ('Why do other nations hate us?'), Hirschfeld answered his own question by arguing that it was the greatness of Germany that excited envy from other nations, especially Great Britain, and so had supposedly caused them to come together to destroy the {{lang|de|Reich}}.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=31–32}} Hirschfeld accused Britain of starting the war in 1914 "out of envy at the development and size of the German Empire".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=32}} {{lang|de|Warum Hassen uns die Völker?}} was characterized by a [[chauvinism|chauvinist]] and [[Ultranationalism|ultra-nationalist]] tone, together with a crass [[Anglophobia]] that has often embarrassed Hirschfeld's modern admirers such as [[Charlotte Wolff]], who called the pamphlet a "perversion of the values which Hirschfeld had always stood for".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=32}}

As a Jewish homosexual, Hirschfeld was acutely aware that many Germans did not consider him to be a "proper" German, or even a German at all; so, he reasoned that taking an ultra-patriotic stance might break down prejudices by showing that German Jews or homosexuals could also be good, patriotic Germans, rallying to the cry of the Fatherland.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=33}} By 1916, Hirschfeld was writing pacifist pamphlets, calling for an immediate end to the war.<ref name="Mancini, Elena page 112"/> In his 1916 pamphlet {{lang|de|Kriegspsychologisches}} ({{'}}''The Psychology of War''{{'}}), Hirschfeld was far more critical of the war than he had been in 1915, emphasizing the suffering and trauma caused by it. He also expressed the opinion that nobody wanted to take responsibility for the war because its horrors were "superhuman in size".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=34}} He declared that "it is not enough that the war ends with peace; it must end with reconciliation".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=34}} In late 1918, Hirschfeld together with his sister, Franziska Mann, co-wrote a pamphlet {{lang|de|Was jede Frau vom Wahlrecht wissen muß!}} ({{'}}''What every woman needs to know about the right to vote!''{{'}}) hailing the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|November Revolution]] for granting German women the right to vote and announced the "eyes of the world are now resting on German women".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=80}}

===Interwar period===
In 1920, Hirschfeld was badly beaten by a group of {{lang|de|völkisch}} activists who attacked him on the street; he was initially declared dead when the police arrived.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=97}} In 1921, Hirschfeld organized the First Congress for Sexual Reform, which led to the formation of the [[World League for Sexual Reform]]. Congresses were held in Copenhagen (1928), London (1929), Vienna (1930), and [[Brno]] (1932).

[[File:KoenerAndHirschfeld.png|thumb|right|[[Conrad Veidt]] and Hirschfeld as Paul Körner and the Doctor in ''[[Different from the Others]]'']]

Hirschfeld was both quoted and caricatured in the press as a vociferous expert on [[sexual matters]]; during his 1931 tour of the United States, the [[Hearst Communications|Hearst newspaper chain]] dubbed him "the Einstein of Sex". He identified as a campaigner and a scientist, investigating and cataloging many varieties of sexuality, not just homosexuality. He developed a system which categorised 64 possible types of sexual intermediary, ranging from masculine, heterosexual male to feminine, homosexual male, including those he described under the term [[transvestism|transvestite]] ({{langx|de|Transvestit}}), which he coined in 1910, and those he described under the term [[transsexual|''transsexuals'']], a term he coined in 1923.<ref name="intersexuality" /> He also made a distinction between ''transsexualism'' and [[intersex]]uality.<ref name="intersexuality">{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301623868 |chapter=Intersexuality and Trans-Identities within the Diversity Management Discourse |title=Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity |date=April 2016 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29623-4_1 |access-date=May 21, 2021|last1=Köllen |first1=Thomas |pages=1–20 |isbn=978-3-319-29621-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transgendermap.com/politics/sexology/magnus-hirschfeld/ |title=Magnus Hirschfeld and Transgender People |website=Transgender Map |date=13 May 2019 |access-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203212538/https://www.transgendermap.com/politics/sexology/magnus-hirschfeld/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
At this time, Hirschfeld and the ''Institute for Sexual Sciences'' issued a number of [[transvestite pass]]es to trans people in order to prevent them from being harassed by the police.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite web |last1=Gershon |first1=Livia |title=Gender Identity in Weimar Germany |url=https://daily.jstor.org/gender-identity-in-weimar-germany/ |website=JSTOR Daily |access-date=19 July 2019 |date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719011019/https://daily.jstor.org/gender-identity-in-weimar-germany/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Frost">{{cite web |last1=Frost |first1=Natasha |title=The Early 20th-Century ID Cards That Kept Trans People Safe From Harassment |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/trans-id-passes-weimar-germany-marcus-hirschfeld |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=19 July 2019 |date=2 November 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805103932/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/trans-id-passes-weimar-germany-marcus-hirschfeld |url-status=live }}</ref>

==={{lang|de|Anders als die Andern}}===
Hirschfeld co-wrote and acted in the 1919 film {{lang|de|[[Anders als die Andern]]}} ({{'}}''Different From the Others''{{'}}), in which [[Conrad Veidt]] played one of the first [[Gay characters in fiction|homosexual characters]] ever written for cinema. The film had a specific [[gay rights]] law reform agenda; after Veidt's character is blackmailed by a [[Male prostitution|male prostitute]], he eventually [[coming out|comes out]] rather than continuing to make the blackmail payments. His career is destroyed and he is driven to suicide. Hirschfeld played himself in {{lang|de|Anders als die Andern}}, where the title cards have him say: "The persecution of homosexuals belongs to the same sad chapter of history in which the [[witch-hunt|persecutions of witches]] and heretics is inscribed... Only with the [[French Revolution]] did a complete change come about. Everywhere where the {{lang|fr|[[Napoleonic Code|Code Napoléon]]}} was introduced, the laws against homosexuals were repealed, for they were considered a violation of the rights of the individual... In Germany, however, despite more than fifty years of scientific research, legal discrimination against homosexuals continues unabated... May justice soon prevail over injustice in this area, science conquer superstition, love achieve victory over hatred!"{{sfn|Steakley|1999|p=183}}

In May 1919, when the film premiered in Berlin, the First World War was still a very fresh memory and German conservatives, who already hated Hirschfeld, seized upon his [[Francophile]] speech in the film praising France for legalizing homosexuality in 1792 as evidence that gay rights were "un-German".{{sfn|Steakley|1999|p=183}} At the end of the film, when the protagonist Paul Körner commits suicide, his lover Kurt is planning on killing himself, when Hirschfeld appears to tell him: "If you want to honor the memory of your dead friend, you must not take your own life, but instead preserve it to change the prejudices whose victim – one of the countless many – this dead man was. That is the task of the living I assign you. Just as Zola struggled on behalf of a man who innocently languished in prison, what matters now is to restore honor and justice to the many thousands before us, with us, and after us. Through knowledge to justice!"{{sfn|Steakley|1999|p=187}} The reference to [[Émile Zola]]'s role in the [[Dreyfus affair]] was intended to draw a parallel between homophobia and anti-Semitism, while Hirschfeld's repeated use of the word "us" was an implied admission of his own homosexuality.{{sfn|Steakley|1999|p=187}} The anti-suicide message of {{lang|de|Anders als die Andern}} reflected Hirschfeld's interest in the subject of the high suicide rate among homosexuals, and was intended to give hope to gay audiences.{{sfn|Steakley|1999|p=187}} The film ends with Hirschfeld opening a copy of the penal code of the {{lang|de|Reich}} and striking out Paragraph 175 with a giant X.{{sfn|Steakley|1999|p=187}}

==Institut für Sexualwissenschaft==
[[File:Berlin Hirschfeld plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial plaque in [[Tiergarten (Berlin)|Berlin-Tiergarten]]]]
Under the more [[liberalism|liberal]] atmosphere of the newly founded [[Weimar Republic]], Hirschfeld purchased a villa not far from the [[Reichstag (building)|{{lang|de|Reichstag|nocat=y}} building]] in Berlin for his new [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] ('Institute of Sexual Research'), which opened on 6 July 1919. In Germany, the {{lang|de|Reich}} government made laws, but the {{lang|de|[[States of Germany|Länder]]}} governments enforced the laws, meaning it was up to the {{lang|de|Länder}} governments to enforce Paragraph 175. Until the November Revolution of 1918, Prussia had a three-class voting system that effectively disenfranchised most ordinary people, and allowed the {{lang|de|[[Junker]]s}} to dominate Prussia. After the November Revolution, universal suffrage came to Prussia, which became a stronghold of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]]. The SPD believed in repealing Paragraph 175, and the Social Democratic Prussian government headed by [[Otto Braun]] ordered the Prussian police not to enforce Paragraph 175, making Prussia into a haven for homosexuals all over Germany. The Institute housed Hirschfeld's immense archives and library on sexuality and provided educational services and medical consultations; the clinical staff included psychiatrists Felix Abraham and [[Arthur Kronfeld]], gynecologist [[Ludwig Levy-Lenz]], dermatologist and endocrinologist [[Bernard Schapiro]], and dermatologist Friedrich Wertheim.<ref name="Dose2014">Ralf Dose, ''Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement'' (New York City: Monthly Review Press, 2014); {{ISBN|978-1-58367-437-6}}.</ref> The institute also housed the Museum of Sex, an educational resource for the public, which is reported to have been visited by school classes. Hirschfeld himself lived at the Institution on the second floor with his partner, [[Karl Giese]], together with his sister Recha Tobias (1857–1942).{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=81}}<ref name="archive.pamatnik-terezin.cz">{{cite web |url=http://archive.pamatnik-terezin.cz |title=Památník Terezín |publisher=Archive.pamatnik-terezin.cz |date=21 November 2013 |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

Giese and Hirschfeld were a well-known couple in the gay scene in Berlin where Hirschfeld was popularly known as {{lang|de|Tante Magnesia}}. {{lang|de|Tante}} ('aunt') was a German slang expression for a gay man but did not mean, as some claim, that Hirschfeld himself [[cross-dressing|cross-dressed]].{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=90}} People from around Europe and beyond came to the institute to gain a clearer understanding of their [[Human sexuality|sexuality]]. [[Christopher Isherwood]] writes about his and [[W. H. Auden]]'s visit in his book ''[[Christopher and His Kind]]''; they were calling on [[Francis Turville-Petre]], a friend of Isherwood's who was an active member of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee. Other celebrated visitors included German novelist and playwright [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], German artist [[Christian Schad]], French writers [[René Crevel]] and [[André Gide]], Russian director [[Sergei Eisenstein]], and American poet [[Elsa Gidlow]].<ref name="Dose2014" />

In addition, a number of noted individuals lived for longer or shorter periods of time in the various rooms available for rent or as free accommodations in the Institute complex. Among the residents were Isherwood and Turville-Petre; literary critic and philosopher [[Walter Benjamin]]; actress and dancer [[Anita Berber]]; [[Marxism|Marxist]] philosopher [[Ernst Bloch]]; [[Willi Münzenberg]], a member of the German Parliament and a press officer for the [[Communist Party of Germany]]; [[Dora Richter]], one of the first transgender patients to receive [[sex reassignment surgery]] at the institute, and [[Lili Elbe]].<ref name="Dose2014" /> Richter had been previously arrested for cross-dressing and discharged from the military. At the suggestion of a close friend, she later came to the institute for help.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=86}} Hirschfeld had coined the term transvestite in 1910 to describe what today would be called [[transgender]] people, and the institution became a haven for transgender people, where Hirschfeld offered them shelter from abuse, performed surgeries, and gave otherwise unemployable transgender people jobs, albeit of a menial type, mostly as "maids".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=84–85}}

The Institute and Hirschfeld's work are depicted in [[Rosa von Praunheim]]'s feature film {{lang|de|[[Der Einstein des Sex]]}} (''The Einstein of Sex'', Germany, 1999; English subtitled version available). Although inspired by Hirschfeld's life, the film is fictional. It contains invented characters and incidents and attributes motives and sentiments to Hirschfeld and others on the basis of little or no historical evidence. Hirschfeld biographer Ralf Dose notes, for instance, that "the figure of 'Dorchen' in Rosa von Praunheim's film ''The Einstein of Sex'' is complete fiction."<ref name="Dose2014" />

==World tour==
In March 1930, the Social Democratic chancellor [[Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)|Hermann Müller]] was overthrown by the intrigues of General [[Kurt von Schleicher]]. "Presidential" governments, responsible only to the President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], pushed German politics in a more [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] direction. In 1929, the Müller government had come very close to repealing [[Paragraph 175]], when the {{lang|de|Reichstag}} justice committee voted to repeal Paragraph 175. However, the Müller government fell before it could submit the repeal motion to the floor of the {{lang|de|Reichstag}}.{{sfn|Marhoefer|2011 |p=538}} [[Heinrich Brüning]], a conservative [[Catholic]] on the right-wing of the {{lang|de|[[Centre Party (Germany)|Zentrum]]}} party replaced Müller in March 1930, and was openly hostile toward gay rights and the fall of Müller ended the possibility of repealing Paragraph 175. Under the rule of Brüning as Chancellor and that of his successor, [[Franz von Papen]], the state became increasingly hostile toward gay rights campaigners such as Hirschfeld, who began to spend more time abroad.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=104}} Quite apart from the increased homophobia, Hirschfeld also became involved in a bitter debate within the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, as the repeal bill championed by Müller also made homosexual prostitution illegal, which badly divided the committee.{{sfn|Marhoefer|2011|pp=541–542}} Hirschfeld had always argued that "what is natural cannot be immoral" and, since homosexuality was in his view natural, it should be legal. Connecting the question of the legality of homosexuality to the legality of prostitution was a blurring of the issue, since these were different matters.{{sfn|Marhoefer|2011|pp=541–542}}

=== America and a "straight turn" ===
In 1930, Hirschfeld predicted that there would be no future for people like himself in Germany, and he would have to move abroad.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=104, 106}} In November 1930, Hirschfeld arrived in New York City, ostensibly on a speaking tour about sex, but in fact to see if it was possible for him to settle in the United States.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=104}} Significantly, in his speeches on this American tour, Hirschfeld, when speaking in German, called for the legalization of homosexuality, but when speaking in English did not mention the subject of homosexuality, instead urging Americans to be more open-minded about heterosexual sex.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=104–105}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Hirschfeld as having come to America to "study the marriage question", while the German-language {{lang|de|[[New Yorker Volkszeitung]]}} newspaper described Hirschfeld as wanting to "discuss love's natural turns" – the phrase "love's natural turns" was Hirschfeld's way of presenting his theory that there was a wide spectrum of human sexuality, all of which were "natural".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=104–105}} Hirschfeld realized that most Americans did not want to hear about his theory of homosexuality as natural. Aware of a strong [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] tendency in the United States, where foreigners seen as troublemakers were unwelcome, Hirschfeld tailored his message to American tastes.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=105}}

In an interview with the Germanophile American journalist [[George Sylvester Viereck]] for the ''[[Milwaukee Sentinel]]''  in late November 1930 that epitomised his "straight turn" in America, Hirschfeld was presented as a sex expert whose knowledge could improve the sex lives of married American couples.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=105}} The ''Milwaukee Sentinel'' was part of the newspaper chain owned by [[William Randolph Hearst]], which initially promoted Hirschfeld in America, reflecting the old adage that "[[Sex in advertising|sex sells]]". In the interview with Viereck, Hirschfeld was presented as the wise "European expert on romantic love" who had come to teach heterosexual American men how to enjoy sex, claiming there was a close connection between sexual and emotional intimacy.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=106}} Clearly intending to flatter the egos of a heterosexual American male audience, Hirschfeld praised the drive and ambition of American men, who were so successful at business, but stated that American men needed to divert some of their energy to their sex lives.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=106}} Hirschfeld added, he had seen signs that American men were now starting to develop their "romantic sides" as European men had long since done, and he had come to the United States to teach American men how to love their women properly.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=106}} When Viereck objected that the U.S. was in the middle of the [[Great Depression]], Hirschfeld replied he was certain that United States would soon recover, thanks to the relentless drive of American men.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=106}}

[[File:Dill Pickle Club program (NBY 7694).jpg|left|thumb|Ad for a speech "Postponed" to Sunday, 18 January 1931, at the "Dil-Pickle Club" on State Street, Chicago]]
At least part of the reason for his "straight turn" was financial; a Dutch firm had been marketing Titus Pearls ({{lang|de|Titus-Perlen}}) pills, which were presented in Europe as a cure for "scattered nerves" and in the United States as an [[aphrodisiac]], and had been using Hirschfeld's endorsement to help with advertising campaign there.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=107}} Most Americans knew of Hirschfeld only as a "world-known authority on sex" who had endorsed the Titus Pearls pills, which were alleged to improve [[orgasm]]s for both men and women.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=107}} Since Hirschfeld's books never sold well, the money he was paid for endorsing the Titus Pearls pills were a major source of income for him, which he was to lose in 1933 when the manufacturer of the pills ceased using his endorsement in order to stay in the German market.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=107}} In a second interview with Viereck in February 1931, Hirschfeld was presented by him as the "Einstein of Sex", which was again part of the marketing effort of Hirschfeld's "straight turn" in America.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=107}} At times, Hirschfeld returned to his European message, when he planned to deliver a talk at the [[bohemianism|bohemian]] [[Dill Pickle Club]] in [[Chicago]] on "homosexuality with beautiful revealing pictures", which was banned by the city as indecent.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=107–108}} In [[San Francisco]], Hirschfeld visited [[San Quentin prison]] to meet [[Thomas Mooney]], whose belief in his innocence he proclaimed to the press afterward, and asked for his release.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=108}} Unfortunately for Hirschfeld, the Hearst newspapers, which specialized in taking a sensationalist, right-wing, populist line on the news, dug up his statements in Germany calling for gay rights, causing a sudden shift in tone from more or less friendly to hostile, effectively ending any chance of Hirschfeld being allowed to stay in the United States.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=107}}

=== Asia ===
After his American tour, Hirschfeld went to Asia in February 1931. Hirschfeld had been invited to Japan by [[Keizo Dohi|Keizō Dohi]], a German-educated Japanese doctor who spoke fluent German and who worked at Hirschfeld's institute for a time in the 1920s.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=111}} In Japan, Hirchfeld again tailored his speeches to local tastes, saying nothing about gay rights, and merely argued that a greater frankness about [[sexual matters]] would prevent [[venereal disease]]s.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=111}} Hirschfeld sought out an old friend, S. Iwaya, a Japanese doctor who lived in Berlin in 1900–02 and who joined the Scientific-Humanitarian committee during his time there.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} Iwaya took Hirschfeld to the {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Meiji-za]]}} to introduce him to the [[Kabuki]] theater.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} Hirschfeld become interested in the Kabuki theater, where the female characters are played by men.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} One of the Kabuki actors, speaking to Hirschfeld via Iwaya, who served as the translator, was most insistent about asking him if he really looked like a woman on stage and was he effeminate enough as an actor.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} Hirschfeld noted that no one in Japan looked down on Kabuki actors who played female characters; on the contrary, they were popular figures with the public.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} Hirschfeld also met a number of [[Feminism in Japan|Japanese feminists]], such as [[Shidzue Katō]] and [[Ichikawa Fusae]], whom he praised for their efforts to give Japanese women the right to vote. This greatly annoyed the Japanese government, which did not appreciate a foreigner criticizing the denial of female suffrage.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=113}} Shortly before leaving [[Tokyo]] for China, Hirschfeld expressed the hope that his host and translator, Wilhelm Grundert, the director of the German–Japanese Cultural Institute, be made a professor at a German university.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} Grundert joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and, in 1936, was made a professor of Japanese studies at the [[University of Hamburg]] and, in 1938, become the chancellor of Hamburg university, all the while denouncing his former friend Hirschfeld as a "pervert".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=112}} In [[Shanghai]], Hirschfeld began a relationship with a 23-year-old Chinese man studying [[sexology]], [[Li Shiu Tong]] (also known by his nickname Tao Li), who remained his partner for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=107, 110}} Hirschfeld promised Tao that he would introduce him to German culture, saying he wanted to take him to a "Bavarian [[beer hall]]" to show him how German men drank.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=118}} Tao's parents, who knew about their son's sexual orientation and accepted his relationship with Hirschfeld, threw a farewell party when the two left China, with Tao's father expressing the hope that his son would become the "Hirschfeld of China".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=110}}

After staying in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (modern Indonesia), where Hirschfeld caused an uproar by speech comparing Dutch imperialism to [[slavery]], Hirschfeld arrived in India in September 1931.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=113}} In [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], Hirschfeld met [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and gave speeches supporting the [[Indian independence movement]], stating "it is one of the biggest injustices in the world that one of the oldest civilized nations... cannot rule independently".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|pp=113–115}} However, Hirschfeld's Indian speeches were mainly concerned with attacking the 1927 book ''[[Mother India (book)|Mother India]]'' by the [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] American author [[Katherine Mayo]], where she painted an unflattering picture of sexuality in India as brutal and perverted, as "England-friendly propaganda".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=115}} As Mayo's book had caused much controversy in India, Hirschfeld's speeches defending Indians against her accusations were well received.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=115}} Hirschfeld, who was fluent in English, made a point of quoting from the articles written by [[W. T. Stead]] in ''[[The Pall Mall Gazette]]'' in 1885, exposing rampant [[child prostitution]] in London as proving that sexuality in Britain could also be brutal and perverted: a matter which, he noted, did not interest Mayo in the slightest.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=115}} Hirschfeld was very interested in the subject of Indian sexuality or, as he called it, "the Indian art of love".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=113}} Hirschfeld's main guide to India was [[Girindrasekhar Bose]] and, in general, Hirschfeld's contacts were limited to the English-speaking Indian elite, as he did not speak [[Hindi]] or any other Indian languages.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=114}} While staying in [[Patna]], Hirschfeld drew up a will naming Tao as his main beneficiary and asking Tao, if he should die, to take his ashes to be buried at the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=118}}

=== Africa and the Middle East ===
In Egypt, where Hirschfeld and Tao traveled to next, arriving in November 1931, In [[Cairo]], Hirschfeld and Tao met the [[Feminism in Egypt|Egyptian feminist]] leader [[Huda Sha'arawi]]-who stopped wearing the [[Hijab|Muslim veil]] in 1923 and popularized going unveiled which, for Hirschfeld, illustrated how gender roles could change.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=113}} In a rebuke to Western notions of superiority, Hirschfeld wrote "the average ethical and intellectual levels of the Egyptians was equal to that of the European nations".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=119}} Hirschfeld's visit to the [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine Mandate]] (present-day [[Palestine]] and [[Israel]]) marked one of the few times when he publicly referred to his Jewishness saying, as a Jew, it was greatly moving to visit Jerusalem.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=120}} Hirschfeld was not a religious Jew, stating that {{lang|de|Gottesfurcht}} ('fear of God', i.e. religious belief) was irrational, but that he did feel a certain sentimental attachment to Palestine.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=120}} In general, Hirschfeld was supportive of [[Zionism]], but expressed concern about what he regarded as certain chauvinist tendencies in the Zionist movement and he deplored the adoption of [[Hebrew]] as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' saying, if only the Jews of Palestine spoke German rather than Hebrew, he would have stayed.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=120}} In March 1932, Hirschfeld arrived in Athens, where he told journalists that, regardless of whether [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] or [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] won the presidential election that month, he probably would not return to Germany, as both men were equally homophobic.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=121}}

==Later life and exile==
[[File:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft - Bibliothek 1933.jpg|thumb|Selecting [[Nazi book burnings|books for burning]] On 6 May 1933, from the library of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science ([[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]]).]]

On 20 July 1932, the Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] carried out [[1932 Prussian coup d'état|a coup]] that deposed the Braun government in Prussia, and appointed himself the {{lang|de|Reich}} commissioner for the state. A conservative Catholic who had long been a vocal critic of homosexuality, Papen ordered the Prussian police to start enforcing Paragraph 175 and to crack down in general on "sexual immorality" in Prussia.<ref>Marhoefer, Laurie ''Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis'', Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015 pp. 185–187.</ref> The [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] remained open, but under Papen's rule, the police began to harass people associated with it. On 30 January 1933, President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] appointed [[Adolf Hitler]] as chancellor. Less than four months after the [[Nazism|Nazis]] took power, Hirschfeld's Institute was sacked. On the morning of 6 May, a group of university students belonging to the [[National Socialist German Students' League]] stormed the institution, shouting "{{lang|de|Brenne Hirschfeld!}}" ('Burn Hirschfeld!') and began to beat up its staff and smash up the premises.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=92}} In the afternoon, the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] came to the institute, carrying out a more systematic attack, removing all volumes from the library and storing them for a [[Nazi book burnings|book-burning]] event which was to be held four days later.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=92}} In the evening, the [[Berlin Police]] arrived at the institution and announced that it was closed forever.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=92}} His citizenship was later revoked by the [[Nazi government]].<ref name="David A. Gerstner 2006"/>

By the time of the book burning, Hirschfeld had long since left Germany for a speaking tour that took him around the world; he never returned to Germany. In March 1932, he stopped briefly in Athens, spent several weeks in Vienna and then settled in Zurich, Switzerland, in August 1932.<ref name="Wolff">[[Charlotte Wolff]], ''Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology'' (London: Quartet Books, 1986). {{ISBN|0-7043-2569-1}}</ref> While he was there, he worked on a book that recounted his experiences and observations while he was on his world tour and it was published in 1933 as {{lang|de|Die Weltreise eines Sexualforschers}} ([[Brugg]], Switzerland: Bözberg-Verlag, 1933). It was published in an English translation in the United States under the title ''Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist'' (New York City: [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]], 1935) and in England under the title ''Women East and West: Impressions of a Sex Expert'' (London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1935). Hirschfeld stayed near Germany, hoping that he would be able to return to Berlin if the country's political situation improved. With the Nazi regime's unequivocal rise to power coinciding with the completion of his work on his tour book, he decided to go into exile in France. On his 65th birthday, 14 May 1933, Hirschfeld arrived in Paris, where he lived in a luxury apartment building on 24 Avenue Charles Floquet, facing the [[Champ de Mars]].<ref name="Wolff" /> Hirschfeld lived with Li and Giese.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=124}} In 1934, Giese was involved in a dispute at a public bathhouse that Hirschfeld called "trifling", but it led French authorities to expel him.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=124}} Giese's fate left Hirschfeld very depressed.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=124}} A year-and-a-half after arriving in France, in November 1934, Hirschfeld moved south to [[Nice]], a seaside resort on the Mediterranean coast. He lived in a luxurious apartment building with a view of the sea across an enormous garden on the [[Promenade des Anglais]].<ref name="Soetaert">Hans P. Soetaert & Donald W. McLeod, "Un Lion en hiver: Les Derniers jours de Magnus Hirschfeld à Nice (1934–1935)" in Gérard Koskovich (ed.), ''Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935): Un Pionnier du mouvement homosexuel confronté au nazisme'' (Paris: Mémorial de la Déportation Homosexuelle, 2010).</ref> Throughout his stay in France, he continued researching, writing, campaigning and working to establish a French successor to his lost institute in Berlin.<ref name="Wolff" /> Hirschfeld's sister, Recha Tobias, did not leave Germany and died in the [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]] on 28 September 1942 (the cause of death entered in her death certificate was "heart weakness").{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=81}}<ref name="archive.pamatnik-terezin.cz" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.holocaust.cz/en/database-of-digitised-documents/document/84133-tobias-recha-death-certificate-ghetto-terezin/ |title= Database of digitised documents &#124; Holocaust |publisher=Holocaust.cz |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

While in France, Hirschfeld finished a book that he had been writing during his world tour, {{lang|de|Rassismus}} (''Racism''). It was published posthumously in English in 1938.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=14}} Hirschfeld wrote that the purpose of the book was to explore "the racial theory which underlines the doctrine of [[ethnic conflict|racial war]]", saying that he himself was "numbered among the many thousands who have fallen victim to the practical realization of this theory."{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=14}} Unlike many who saw the {{lang|de|[[völkisch movement#Influence on Nazism|völkisch]]}} ideology of the Nazi regime as an aberration and a retrogression from modernity, Hirschfeld insisted that it had deep roots, going back to the [[German Enlightenment]] in the 18th century, and it was a part of modernity rather than an aberration from it.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=15}} He added that, in the 19th century, an ideology that divided all of humanity into biologically different [[race (human categorization)|races]] – white, black, yellow, brown, and red – as devised by [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] – served as a way of turning [[prejudice]]s into a "universal truth", apparently validated by science.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=15}} In turn, Hirschfeld held the view that this [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] way of dividing humanity was the basis of Western thinking about modernity, with whites being praised as the "civilized" race in contrast to the other races, which were dismissed for their "barbarism"; such thinking was used to justify [[white supremacy]].{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=15}} In this way, he argued that the {{lang|de|völkisch}} racism of the National Socialist regime was only an extreme variant of prejudices that were held throughout the [[Western world]], and the differences between Nazi ideology and the racism that was practiced in other nations were differences in degree rather than differences in kind.{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=15}} Hirschfeld argued against this way of seeing the world, writing "if it were practical, we should certainly do well to eradicate the use of the word 'race' as far as subdivisions of the human species are concerned; or if we do use it in this way, to put it into quote marks to show it is questionable".{{sfn|Bauer|2017|p=15}}

The last of Hirschfeld's books to be published during his lifetime, {{lang|fr|L'Âme et l'amour, psychologie sexologique}} [The Human Spirit and Love: Sexological Psychology] (Paris: [[Gallimard]], 1935), was published in French in late April 1935;<ref>Gérard Koskovich, "Des Dates clés de la vie de Magnus Hirschfeld", in Koskovich (ed.), ''Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935)''.</ref> it was his only book that was never published in a German-language edition. In the book's preface, he described his hopes for his new life in France:
<blockquote>In search of sanctuary, I have found my way to that country, the nobility of whose traditions, and whose ever-present charm, have already been as balm to my soul. I shall be glad and grateful if I can spend some few years of peace and repose in France and Paris, and still more grateful to be enabled to repay the hospitality accorded to me, by making available those abundant stores of knowledge acquired throughout my career.<ref>Magnus Hirschfeld, ''Sex in Human Relationships'' (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1936), pp. xix–xx; translated from the original French edition by John Rodker.</ref></blockquote>

==Death==
[[File:Gloria Mansions I Luxury Apartments (Nice, France).jpg|thumb|Gloria Mansions I, 63 Promenade des Anglais, Nice, in 2010, where Magnus Hirschfeld died on 14 May 1935]]

On his 67th birthday, 14 May 1935, Hirschfeld died of a heart attack in the garden of the apartment complex where he lived at the Gloria Mansions I building at 63 [[Promenade des Anglais]] in Nice.<ref name="Soetaert" /> His body was cremated, and the ashes interred in a simple tomb in the [[Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice|Caucade Cemetery]] in Nice.<ref name="Wolff"/> The upright headstone in gray granite is inset with a bronze [[bas-relief]] portrait of Hirschfeld in profile by German sculptor and decorative artist [[Arnold Zadikow]] (1884–1943), who like Hirschfeld was a native of the town of Kolberg. The slab covering the tomb is engraved with the Latin motto of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee, "{{lang|la|Per Scientiam ad Justitiam}}" ("through science to justice").<ref name=Dose2014 /><ref>Donald W. McLeod & Hans P. Soetaert, [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/24794/1/Hirschfeld_cut.pdf "'Il regarde la mer et pense à son idéal': Die letzten Tage von Magnus Hirschfeld in Nizza, 1934–1935"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112000110/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/24794/1/Hirschfeld_cut.pdf |date=12 November 2013 }}; {{lang|de|Mitteilungen der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft}}, no. 45 (July 2010): pp. 14–33.</ref>

[[File:Magnus Hirschfeld Nizza 2007-05-17 007~01.jpg|thumb|Hirschfeld's grave at [[Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice|Caucade Cemetery]] in [[Nice]] with the inscription {{lang|la|Per Scientiam ad Justitiam}} ('through science to justice')]]
On 14 May 2010, to mark the 75th anniversary of Hirschfeld's death, a French national organization, the {{lang|fr|Mémorial de la Déportation Homosexuelle}} (MDH), in partnership with the new LGBT Community Center of Nice ({{lang|fr|Centre LGBT [[Côte d'Azur]]}}), organized a formal delegation to the cemetery. Speakers recalled Hirschfeld's life and work and laid a large bouquet of pink flowers on his tomb; the ribbon on the bouquet was inscribed "{{lang|fr|Au pionnier de nos causes. Le MDH et le Centre LGBT}}" ('To the pioneer of our causes. The MDH and the LGBT Center').<ref>Frédéric Maurice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100518080702/http://www.tetu.com/actualites/france/magnus-hirschfeld-vedette-posthume-du-festival-espoirs-de-mai-a-nice-17136 "Magnus Hirschfeld, vedette posthume du festival 'Espoirs de Mai' à Nice,'"] Têtu.com (16 May 2010).</ref>

==Legacy==
According to ''Shtetl'', Hirschfeld's "radical ideas changed the way Germans thought about sexuality."<ref name="Shtetl">{{cite news |last=Blum |first=Steven |date=31 January 2014 |title=Berlin's Einstein Of Sex |magazine=Shtetl |location=Montreal |url=http://shtetlmontreal.com/2014/01/31/magnus-hirschfeld-the-most-famous-gay-jewish-sexologist-youve-never-heard-of/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124051838/http://shtetlmontreal.com/2014/01/31/magnus-hirschfeld-the-most-famous-gay-jewish-sexologist-youve-never-heard-of/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref> American [[Henry Gerber]], attached to the [[Third United States Army#Army of Occupation|Allied Army of Occupation]] following World War I, became impressed by Hirschfeld and absorbed many of the doctor's ideas. Upon his return to the United States, Gerber was inspired to form the short-lived Chicago-based [[Society for Human Rights]] in 1924, the first known gay rights organization in the nation.<ref>Bullough, p. 25</ref> In turn, a partner of one of the former members of the Society communicated the existence of the society to [[Los Angeles]] resident [[Harry Hay]] in 1929; Hay would go on to help establish the [[Mattachine Society]] in 1950, the first national homosexual rights organization to operate for many years in the United States. In 1979, the [[National LGBT Federation]] established the Hirschfeld Centre, Ireland's second gay and lesbian community centre. Although badly damaged by a 1987 fire, the centre continued to house the ''[[Gay Community News (Dublin)|Gay Community News]]'' magazine until 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlgf.ie/Our_History.html |title=Our History |publisher=Nlgf.ie |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103180627/http://www.nlgf.ie/Our_History.html |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

In 1982, a group of German researchers and activists founded the [[:de:Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft|Magnus Hirschfeld Society]] in [[West Berlin]], in anticipation of the approaching 50th anniversary of the destruction of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science. Ten years later, the society established a Berlin-based center for research on the history of sexology.<ref name="org">Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft (n.d.), [http://me.in-berlin.de/~magnus/ "Short information about the society"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020165142/http://me.in-berlin.de/~magnus/ |date=20 October 2011 }}, Magnus Hirschfeld Society website; retrieved 2011-29-10.</ref> Since the late 20th century, researchers associated with the Magnus Hirschfeld Society have succeeded in tracking down previously dispersed and lost records and artifacts of Hirschfeld's life and work. They have brought together many of these materials at the society's archives in Berlin.<ref>Dose, Ralf (18 June 2012). "[http://lgbtialms2012.blogspot.nl/2012/06/thirty-years-of-collecting-our-history.html Thirty Years of Collecting Our History, or How to Find Treasure Troves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628210042/http://lgbtialms2012.blogspot.nl/2012/06/thirty-years-of-collecting-our-history.html |date=28 June 2015 }}"; LGBT ALMS Blog; retrieved 3 July 2012.</ref><ref>McLeod, Donald W. (2 July 2012). "[http://lgbtialms2012.blogspot.nl/2012/07/serendipity-and-papers-of-magnus.html Serendipity and the Papers of Magnus Hirschfeld: The Case of Ernst Maass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214114058/http://lgbtialms2012.blogspot.nl/2012/07/serendipity-and-papers-of-magnus.html |date=14 February 2014 }}"; LGBT ALMS Blog; retrieved 3 July 2012.</ref> At an exhibition at the {{lang|de|[[Schwules Museum]]}} in Berlin from 7 December 2011 to 31 March 2012, the society publicly displayed a selection of these collections for the first time.<ref>Litwinschuh, Jörg (30 November 2011). "[https://mh-stiftung.de/2011/11/30/schwules-museum-presents-hirschfeld-finds/ Schwules Museum presents 'Hirschfeld Finds'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043225/https://mh-stiftung.de/2011/11/30/schwules-museum-presents-hirschfeld-finds/ |date=16 June 2021 }}"; website of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld; retrieved 2012-07-02.</ref>

[[File:Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer.jpg|thumb|[[Spree (river)|Spree]] [[promenade]] Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer in [[Tiergarten (Berlin)|Berlin-Tiergarten]]]]
[[File:Gedenktafel Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer (Moab) Erste Homosexuelle Emanzipationsbewegung 1.jpg|thumb|Memorial with English text at the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer]]
The [[German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research]] established the [[Magnus Hirschfeld Medal]] in 1990. The Society awards the Medal in two categories, contributions to sexual research and contributions to sexual reform. The [[Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation]], established in Germany in 2007, is named for Hirschfeld and lesbian activist [[FannyAnn Eddy]]. In May 2008, the promenade between [[Moltke Bridge]] and the [[Federal Chancellery, Berlin|Chancellor's Garden]] got renamed Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotte |first=Hans-Hermann |date=2008 |title=Ein anderes Ufer |url=http://www.fr-online.de/in_und_ausland/politik/dokumentation/?em_cnt=1329614 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215531/http://www.fr-online.de/in_und_ausland/politik/dokumentation/?em_cnt=1329614 |archive-date=2008-05-24 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=www.fr.de |language=de}}</ref> On this promenade, there is a Memorial plaque with a description in English. In August 2011, after 30 years of advocacy by the Magnus Hirschfeld Society and other associations and individuals, the Federal [[Cabinet of Germany]] granted 10&nbsp;million [[euro]]s to establish the Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation ({{lang|de|Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld}}), a foundation to support research and education about the life and work of Magnus Hirschfeld, the [[Nazi persecution of homosexuals]], German LGBT culture and community, and ways to counteract prejudice against LGBT people; the [[Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)|Federal Ministry of Justice]] was expected to contribute an additional 5&nbsp;million euros, bringing the initial endowment of the foundation to a total of 15&nbsp;million euros.<ref>Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft E.V. (31 August 2011). [http://www.hirschfeld.in-berlin.de/aktuell/PressemitteilungEN.pdf Untitled press release.]</ref><ref>For background on the campaign to establish the foundation, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20010822120743/http://magnus-hirschfeld.de/stiftung/ "Aktionsbündnis Magnus-Hirschfeld-Stiftung"] {{in lang|de}} on the website of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society.</ref><ref>Litwinschuh, Jörg (30 November 2011). "[http://mh-stiftung.de/en/2011/11/10/magnus-hirschfeld-foundation-established/ Magnus Hirschfeld Foundation established] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727002737/http://mh-stiftung.de/en/2011/11/10/magnus-hirschfeld-foundation-established/ |date=27 July 2014 }}"; website of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld; retrieved 2 July 2012.</ref>

<gallery>
File:Tomb of Magnus Hirschfeld, Caucade Cemetery (Nice, France).jpg|Hirschfeld's tomb in the Caucade Cemetery in Nice, France, photographed the day before the 75th anniversary of his death
File:Magnus Hirschfeld.jpg|Bust of Magnus Hirschfeld in the [[Schwules Museum]], Berlin
</gallery>

==Portrayals in popular culture==
Hirschfeld has been portrayed in a number of works of popular culture both during his lifetime and subsequently. Following is a sampling of genres and titles:

===Podcasts===
Season 4 episode 2 of the podcast ''[[Making Gay History]]'' is about Hirschfeld,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://makinggayhistory.com/season-four/ |title=Season Four |publisher=Making Gay History |date=24 November 2018 |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> as is a Special Episode in Season 5 of the ''[[Bad Gays (podcast)|Bad Gays Podcast]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Episode: Magnus Hirschfeld |url=https://badgayspod.com/episode-archive/special-episode-magnus-hirschfeld |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Bad Gays |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Caricature===
Hirschfeld was a frequent target of caricatures in the popular press during his lifetime. Historian James Steakley reproduces several examples in his German-language book {{lang|de|Die Freunde des Kaisers. Die Eulenburg-Affäre im Spiegel zeitgenössischer Karikaturen}} ([[Hamburg]]: MännerschwarmSkript, 2004). Additional examples appear in the French-language book {{lang|fr|Derrière "lui" (L'Homosexualité en Allemagne)}} (Paris: E. Bernard, [1908]) by {{Ill|John Grand-Carteret|fr}}.

===Film and television===
[[File:Hirschfeld-Gesetze der Liebe, 1927.jpg|thumb|upright|Filmposter for Hirschfeld's ''[[Gesetze der Liebe]]'', 1927]]

* ''[[Different from the Others]]'' (Germany, 1919); directed by [[Richard Oswald]]; cowritten by Oswald and Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld appears in a cameo playing himself. [[Karl Giese]], the young man who subsequently became Hirschfeld's lover, also had a part in the film.
* {{lang|fr|Race d'Ep: Un Siècle d'Images de l'Homosexualité}} (France, 1979); directed by Lionel Soukaz; cowritten by Soukaz and [[Guy Hocquenghem]]; released in the United States under the title ''The Homosexual Century''. An experimental film portraying 100 years of homosexual history in four episodes, one of which focuses on Hirschfeld and his work. French gay writer Pierre Hahn played the role of Hirschfeld.<ref>Murray, Raymond (1994). ''Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video'' (Philadelphia: TLA Publications), p. 430.</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0219992/ "The Homosexual Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921155853/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0219992/ |date=21 September 2018 }}; IMDb.</ref><ref>Sibalis, Michael (2001). "Hahn, Pierre (1936–81)", in Robert Aldrich & Gary Wotherspoon (eds.), ''Who's Who in Contemporary Gay & Lesbian History From World War II to the Present Day'' (London & New York: Routledge), pages 175f.</ref>
* ''Desire: Sexuality in Germany, 1910–1945'' (United Kingdom, 1989); directed by Stuart Marshall. A feature-length documentary tracing the emergence of the homosexual subculture and the homosexual emancipation movement in pre-World War II Germany{{snd}}and their destruction by the Nazi regime.<ref>Marshall, Stuart (1991). "The Contemporary Political Use of Gay History: The Third Reich", in Bad Object Choices (eds.), ''How Do I Look? Queer Film and Video'' (Seattle, Bay Press).</ref> According to film historian [[Robin Wood (film critic)|Robin Wood]], Marshall "treats the burning of Hirschfeld's library and the closing of his Institute of Sexual Science as the film's... central moment...."<ref name=Wood>Wood, Robin (2002). "Gays and the Holocaust: Two Documentaries", in Shelley Hornstein & Florence Jacobowitz, ''Image and Remembrance: Representation and the Holocaust'' (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press).</ref>
* A segment on Hirschfeld appears in episode 19 of ''[[Real Sex]],'' first shown on [[HBO]] on 7 February 1998.
* ''[[The Einstein of Sex]]'' (Germany, 1999); directed by [[Rosa von Praunheim]]. A fictional [[biopic]] inspired by Hirschfeld's life and work.
* ''[[Paragraph 175 (film)|Paragraph 175]]'' (US, 2000); directed by [[Rob Epstein]] and [[Jeffrey Friedman (filmmaker)|Jeffrey Friedman]]. A feature-length documentary on the persecution of homosexuals during the Nazi regime. The first part of the film provides a brief overview of the history of the homosexual emancipation movement in Germany from the late 19th century through the early 1930s, with Hirschfeld and his work prominently featured.<ref name=Wood/>
* Several episodes of the second season of the [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] television series ''[[Transparent (TV series)|Transparent]]'' (U.S., 2014–2019) include a portrayal of Hirschfeld and his institute. Hirschfeld was portrayed by [[Bradley Whitford]].

===Fiction===
[[File:U.S. first edition of Robert Hichens, That Which Is Hidden (Doubleday, Doran, 1940); collection of Gerard Koskovich (San Francisco).jpg|thumb|upright|U.S. first edition of Robert Hichens, ''That Which Is Hidden'' (Doubleday, Doran, 1940)]]

* [[Robert Smythe Hichens|Robert Hichens]] (1939). ''That Which Is Hidden'' (London: [[Cassell & Company]]). U.S. Edition: New York: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], Doran & Company, 1940. The novel opens with the protagonist visiting the tomb of a famed Austrian sex expert, Dr. R. Ellendorf, in a cemetery in Nice. At the tomb, he meets the late doctor's protégé, a Chinese student named Kho Ling. The character of Ling refers to the memory of his mentor at numerous points in the novel. From the description of the settings and the characters, Ellendorf clearly was inspired by Hirschfeld, and Ling by Hirschfeld's last partner and heir, [[Li Shiu Tong]] (Tao Li).<ref>Bauer, J. Edgar (2006–11). [http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue14/bauer.html "Magnus Hirschfeld: Panhumanism and the Sexual Cultures of Asia"]; ''Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context'', No. 14; see note 71.</ref>
* [[Arno Schmidt]] (1970). {{lang|de|[[Zettels Traum]]}} (Frankfurt-am-Main: S. Fischer Verlag). Hirschfeld is quoted often in this novel about sexuality.
* Nicolas Verdan (2011). {{lang|fr|Le Patient du docteur Hirschfeld}} (Orbe, Switzerland: Bernard Campiche). A French-language spy thriller inspired by the sacking of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science by the Nazis.
* Milo Todd (2025). ''The Lilac People''. The protagonist is a trans man who works as Hirschfeld's assistant, who barely escapes the burning of the Institut and lives in hiding on a farm through World War II. After the war, the US Army becomes the villain, jailing all gay and trans people liberated from Dachau, as a younger trans man escapes the Americans and finds the trans farmer. The novel takes the reader through many of the places and events before and after the war.

==Works==
[[File:Aufklaerungsschrift magnus hirschfeld.jpg|thumb|upright|{{lang|de|Was muss das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen!}}, 1901]]
[[File:Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen - 1914.jpg|thumb|upright|{{lang|de|[[Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen]]}}, 1914]]

Hirschfeld's works are listed in the following bibliography, which is extensive but not comprehensive:
* Steakley, James D. ''The Writings of Magnus Hirschfeld: A Bibliography''. Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1985.

The following have been translated into English:

* ''The Objective Diagnosis of Homosexuality.'' Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1899; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2023).
* ''Urnish People: Causes and Nature of Uranism.'' Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022).
* ''What Unites and Divides the Human Race?'' Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1919; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020).
* ''Why Do Nations Hate Us? A Reflection on the Psychology of War.'' Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1915; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020).
* ''Memoir: Celebrating 25 Years of the First LGBT Organization (1897–1923)''. Translation of ''Von Einst bis Jetzt'' by M. Lombardi-Nash (1923; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019).
* ''Paragraph 175 of the Imperial Penal Code Book: The Homosexual Question Judged by Contemporaries''. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1898; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020).
* ''My Trial for Obscenity''. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash. (1904; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021).
* ''Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1900–1903): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization''. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1901-1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021).
* ''Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1904–1905): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization''. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1905; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022).
* ''Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1906–1908): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization''. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1908; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022).
* ''Sappho and Socrates: How Does One Explain the Love of Men and Women to Persons of Their Own Sex?'' Translated by Michael Lombardi-Nash. (1896; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019).
* ''Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress''. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1910; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991).
* With Max Tilke, ''The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress: Illustrated Part: Supplement to Transvestites''. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1912; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts 2022).
* ''The Homosexuality of Men and Women''. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. 2nd ed. (1920; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000).
* ''The Sexual History of the World War'' (1930), New York City, Panurge Press, 1934; significantly abridged translation and adaptation of the original German edition: ''Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges'', 2 vols., Verlag für Sexualwissenschaft, Schneider & Co., Leipzig & Vienna, 1930. The plates from the German edition are not included in the Panurge Press translation, but a small sampling appear in a separately issued portfolio, ''Illustrated Supplement to The Sexual History of the World War'', New York City, Panurge Press, n.d.
* ''Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist'' (1933); translated by O. P. Green (New York City: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935).
* ''Sex in Human Relationships,'' London, John Lane The Bodley Head, 1935; translated from the French volume {{lang|fr|L'Ame et l'amour, psychologie sexologique}} (Paris: Gallimard, 1935) by John Rodker.
* ''Racism'' (1938), translated by [[Eden Paul|Eden]] and [[Cedar Paul]]. This denunciation of racial discrimination was not influential at the time, although it seems prophetic in retrospect.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dose|first1=Ralf|title=Magnus Hirschfeld : the origins of the gay liberation movement|date=2014|isbn=978-1583674390|page=10|publisher=NYU Press }}</ref>

=== Autobiographical ===
* Hirschfeld, Magnus. {{lang|de|Von einst bis jetzt: Geschichte einer homosexuellen Bewegung 1897–1922}}. Schriftenreihe der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft Nr.&nbsp;1. Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 1986. (Reprint of a series of articles by Hirschfeld originally published in {{lang|de|Die Freundschaft}}, 1920–21.)
* M.H. [Magnus Hirschfeld], "Hirschfeld, Magnus (Autobiographical Sketch)", in Victor Robinson (ed.), {{lang|la|Encyclopaedia Sexualis}}, New York City: Dingwall-Rock, 1936, pp.&nbsp;317–321.
* Hirschfeld, Magnus. {{lang|de|Testament. Heft II}}; introduced and annotated by Ralf Dose. Berlin: Hentrich und Hentrich Verlag, 2013. (Critical edition of the only surviving volume of Hirschfeld's personal journal.)

==See also==
* [[Ruth Benedict#The Races of Mankind|Ruth Benedict]]
* [[Harry Benjamin]], an associate of Hirschfeld who brought his theories to the United States
* [[Adolf Brand]]
* {{lang|de|[[Der Eigene]]}}: world's first gay journal, Berlin, 1896–1932
* [[First homosexual movement]]
* [[List of sex therapists]]
* [[John Money]]
* [[Herbert J. Seligmann]]
* [[Willi Pape]], a famous cabaret performer who appeared in Hirschfeld's 1912 book on transvestites
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
===Biographies===
{{refbegin}}
* Bauer, J. Edgar. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J-Edgar-Bauer/publication/336196788_On_Behalf_of_Hermaphrodites_and_Mongrels_Refocusing_the_Reception_of_Magnus_Hirschfeld%27s_Critical_Thought_on_Sexuality_and_Race/links/5d939f39299bf10cff1f4914/On-Behalf-of-Hermaphrodites-and-Mongrels-Refocusing-the-Reception-of-Magnus-Hirschfelds-Critical-Thought-on-Sexuality-and-Race.pdf ''"On Behalf of Hermaphrodites and Mongrels: Refocusing the Reception of Magnus Hirschfeld's Critical Thought on Sexuality and Race."''] Journal of homosexuality (2019): 1–25.
*{{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Heike |title=The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aM6lDgAAQBAJ&q=Heike+Bauer |language=en |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn= 978-1439914335 |doi=10.17613/M6M20D |access-date=8 July 2018}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brook |first1=Daniel |title=The Einstein of Sex: Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, the Visionary of Weimar Berlin |date=2025 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=1324007249}}
* Domeier, Norman: "Magnus Hirschfeld", in: 1914–1918 online. ''International Encyclopedia of the First World War'', ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2016-04-07. {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10887}}.
* Dose, Ralf. {{lang|de|Magnus Hirschfeld: Deutscher, Jude, Weltbürger}}. Teetz: Hentrich und Hentrich, 2005. {{in lang|de}}
* Dose, Ralf. ''Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement''. New York City: Monthly Review Press, 2014; revised and expanded edition of Dose's 2005 German-language biography.
* Herzer, Manfred. {{lang|de|Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen}}. 2nd ed. Hamburg: {{Ill|Männerschwarm Verlag|de}}, 2001. {{in lang|de}}
* Koskovich, Gérard (ed.). {{lang|fr|[https://www.scribd.com/doc/32692115/Hommage-Magnus-Hirschfeld/ Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935). Un pionnier du mouvement homosexuel confronté au nazisme]}}. Paris: Mémorial de la Déportation Homosexuelle, 2010. {{in lang|fr}}
* Kotowski, Elke-Vera & Julius H. Schoeps (eds.). {{lang|de|Der Sexualreformer Magnus Hirschfeld. Ein Leben im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft}}. Berlin: Bebra, 2004. {{in lang|de}}
* Leng, Kirsten. "Magnus Hirschfeld's Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation." ''German History'' 35.1 (2017): 96–116.
* Mancini, Elena. ''Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
* Steakley, James. "{{lang|la|Per scientiam ad justitiam}}: Magnus Hirschfeld and the Sexual Politics of Innate Homosexuality", in ''Science and Homosexualities'', ed. Vernon A. Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997, pp.&nbsp;133–154.
* [[Charlotte Wolff|Wolff, Charlotte]]. ''Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology''. London: Quartet, 1986.
{{refend}}

===Others===
{{refbegin}}
* Beachy, Robert. ''Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014.
* Blasius, Mark & Shane Phelan (eds.) ''We Are Everywhere: A Historical Source Book of Gay and Lesbian Politics''. New York: Routledge, 1997. See chapter: "The Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Political Culture in Germany".
* Bullough, Vern L. (2002). ''Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context''. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. {{ISBN|1-56023-193-9}}.
* {{cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Edward Ross |title=Sex, Masculinity, and the 'Yellow Peril': Christian von Ehrenfels' Program for a Revision of the European Sexual Order, 1902–1910 |pages=255–284 |journal=German Studies Review |volume=25 |issue=2 |issn=0149-7952 |pmid=20373550 |date=May 2002 |doi=10.2307/1432992 |jstor=1432992 }}
* Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality''. New York: Garland, 1990.
* Friedman, Sara, "[https://jhiblog.org/2019/05/28/projecting-fears-and-hopes-the-1919-anders-als-die-andern-controversy/ Projecting Fears and Hopes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606004751/https://jhiblog.org/2019/05/28/projecting-fears-and-hopes-the-1919-anders-als-die-andern-controversy/ |date=6 June 2019 }}: Gay Rights on the German Screen after World War I", Blog of the ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', 28 May 2019.
* Gordon, Mel. ''Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin''. Los Angeles: Feral House, 2000.
* Grau, Günter (ed.) ''Hidden [[Holocaust]]? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933–45''. New York: Routledge, 1995.
* Grossman, Atina. ''Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920–1950''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
* Haeberle E.J. " Re-print of {{lang|de|Die Sexualitaet des Mannes und des Weibes}}, with commentary by E.J. Haeberle. De Gruyter, 1984, {{ISBN|3110101300}}
* Haeberle E.J. {{lang|de|Anfänge der Sexualwissenschaft}}, De Gruyter, 1983. {{ISBN|3110099322}}
* Haeberle E.J. "The birth of Sexology". World Association for Sexology, 1983.
* Lauritsen, John and Thorstad, David. ''The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864–1935''. 2nd rev. ed. Novato, CA: Times Change Press, 1995.
* {{cite journal |last=Marhoefer |first=Laurie |title=Degeneration, Sexual Freedom, and the Politics of the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933 |pages=529–549|journal=German Studies Review |volume=34 |issue=3 |issn=0149-7952 |date=October 2011 }}
* Steakley, James D. ''The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany''. New York: Arno, 1975.
* {{cite journal |last=Steakley |first=James |title=Cinema and Censorship in the Weimar Republic: The Case of Anders als Die Andern |pages=181–203 |journal=Film History |volume=11 |issue=2 |issn=0149-7952 |date=1999 }}
* Steakley, James, {{lang|de|"Anders als die Andern:" Ein Film und seine Geschichte}}. Hamburg: Männerschwarm Verlag 2007. ([https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-11492 review by Dirk Naguschewski in HSozKult], 2008)
* {{cite book |first=Laurie |last=Marhoefer |title=Racism and the Making of Gay Rights: A sexologist, his student, and the empire of queer love |date= 2022 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1487505813 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://mh-stiftung.de/biografien/magnus-hirschfeld/ Biography] {{in lang|de}} on the web site of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld (Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation), Berlin
* [http://www.magnus-hirschfeld.de/ausstellungen/magnus-hirschfeld-leben-und-werk/ Magnus Hirschfeld – Leben und Werk] {{in lang|de}} Biographical information on the web site of the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft (Magnus Hirschfeld Society), Berlin
* Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft: [http://www.hirschfeld.in-berlin.de/institut/en/index_2.html Online Exhibit on the Institute for Sexual Science]
* {{FadedPage|id=Hirschfeld, Magnus|name=Magnus Hirschfeld|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Magnus Hirschfeld}}
* {{Librivox author |id=270}}
* [https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/magnus-hirschfeld-2 Magnus Hirschfeld] at ''Holocaust Encyclopedia''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hirschfeld, Magnus}}
[[Category:Magnus Hirschfeld| ]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century German LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:German abortion-rights activists]]
[[Category:Gay feminists]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:Gay scientists]]
[[Category:Gay academics]]
[[Category:Gay Jews]]
[[Category:First homosexual movement]]
[[Category:German anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:German anti-fascists]]
[[Category:German expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:German gay writers]]
[[Category:German sexologists]]
[[Category:German socialist feminists]]
[[Category:German socialists]]
[[Category:Jewish anti-fascists]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to France]]
[[Category:Jewish German feminists]]
[[Category:Jewish German scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish German writers]]
[[Category:Jewish physicians]]
[[Category:Jewish socialists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ physicians]]
[[Category:German LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:German LGBTQ scientists]]
[[Category:Medical writers on LGBTQ topics]]
[[Category:People from Kołobrzeg]]
[[Category:Physicians from the Province of Pomerania]]
[[Category:German sex educators]]
[[Category:Sex-positive feminists]]
[[Category:Transfeminists]]
[[Category:Transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Transgender studies academics]]
[[Category:LGBTQ socialism]]
[[Category:German feminist writers]]
[[Category:People who lost German citizenship]]
[[Category:German anti-racism activists]]
[[Category:Jewish German anti-racism activists]]