View source for Maid

{{Short description|Female domestic worker}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Chambermaid||The Chambermaid (disambiguation){{!}}The Chambermaid}}
{{globalize|article|the English-speaking world|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Smedley maid illustration 1906.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[William Thomas Smedley]], 1906]]
[[File:Raimundo Madrazo - La Toilette.jpg|thumb|''La Toilette'' by [[Raimundo Madrazo|Raimundo de Madrazo y Garreta]], {{Circa|1890|1900}}]]
[[File:ModelC5 1912.jpg|thumb|A maid cleaning in [[Denmark]] in 1912.]]

A '''maid''', '''housemaid''', or '''maidservant''' is a female [[domestic worker]]. In the [[Victorian era]], domestic service was the second-largest category of employment in England and Wales, after agricultural work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Occupations: census returns for 1851, 1861 and 1871 |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/census.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115111903/https://www.victorianweb.org/history/census.html |archive-date=Nov 15, 2022 |work=The Victorian Web}}</ref> In developed Western nations, full-time maids are now typically only found in the wealthiest households. In other parts of the world (mainly within the continent of Asia), maids remain common in urban middle-class households.

{{Lang|enm|Maid}} in [[Middle English]] meant an unmarried woman, especially a young one, or specifically a [[virgin]].  These meanings lived on in English until recent times (and are still familiar from literature and folk music), alongside the sense of the word as a type of servant.<ref>[[OED]], "Maid"</ref><ref>In [[Anglo-Cornish]] dialect "maid" is commonly used to mean "girl"; [[Bal maiden]]s were women working at the mines of Cornwall, at smashing ore &c.</ref>

==Description==

Maids perform typical domestic chores such as [[laundry]], [[ironing]], [[cleaning]] the house, grocery shopping, [[cooking]], and caring for household pets. They may also [[child care|take care of children]], although there are more specific occupations for this, such as [[nanny]]. In some poor countries, maids take care of the elderly and people with disabilities. Many maids are required by their employers to wear a [[uniform]].

In the contemporary [[Western world]], comparatively few households can afford live-in domestic help, usually relying on [[cleaner]]s, employed directly or through an agency ([[maid service]]). 
Many services historically provided by maids have been [[substitute good|substituted]] with [[home appliances]].

In less developed nations, various factors ensure a labour source for domestic work: very large differences in the income of urban and rural households, widespread poverty, fewer [[Female education|educated women]], and limited opportunities for the employment of less educated women.

Legislation in many countries makes certain living conditions, working hours, or minimum wage a requirement of domestic service. Nonetheless, the work of a maid has always been hard, involving a full day, and extensive duties.  Maids would be familiar with hard work and typically worked long hours in a week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A day in the life of a servant |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/stories/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-servant |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=National Trust for Scotland |language=en}}</ref>

==By location==
===Europe===

====British Isles ====
Maids were once part of an elaborate hierarchy in [[great house]]s, where the [[retinue]] of servants stretched up to the housekeeper and butler, responsible for female and male employees respectively. It was the most common way that women could earn money, especially lower class women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lasser |first=Carol |date=January 1987 |title=The domestic balance of power: Relations between mistress and maid in nineteenth-century new England |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00236568700890011 |journal=Labor History |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.1080/00236568700890011 |issn=0023-656X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Domestic workers, particularly those low in the hierarchy, such as maids and [[footmen]], were expected to remain unmarried while in service.<ref>David Hume, ''Essay XI''</ref><ref>Thomas Malthus, ''An Essay on the Principle of Population'', p.139</ref> They sometimes had their own section of rooms in the house, though they were often far away from the other rooms and more simply furnished than the rest of the house.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moreira |first1=Ana |last2=Farias |first2=Hugo |title=The Maid's Room: Inception, Obsolescence, and Transfiguration |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378100267}}</ref>

In Victorian England, all middle-class families would have employed staff, but for most small households, this would be only one employee, the maid of all work. Some households employed maids-of-all-work as young as twelve in 19th-century England. They often worked from five in the morning until late in the evening on a wage of £6 to £9 per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffers |first=Regina |date=2020-02-07 |title=Life Below Stairs: Life as a Maid-of-all Work in Victorian England |url=https://reginajeffers.blog/2020/02/07/life-below-stairs-life-as-a-maid-of-all-work-in-victorian-england/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Every Woman Dreams... |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523103537/https://reginajeffers.blog/2020/02/07/life-below-stairs-life-as-a-maid-of-all-work-in-victorian-england/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> They typically only had one or two days off in a month.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fauve-Chamoux |first=Antoinette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNxY41BTOgAC&dq=history+of+domestic+help+england&pg=PA277 |title=Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity: Understanding the Globalization of Domestic Work, 16th-21st Centuries |date=2004 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03910-589-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Historically, many maids suffered from [[prepatellar bursitis]], an inflammation of the [[prepatellar bursa]] caused by long periods spent on the knees for purposes of scrubbing and fire-lighting, leading to the condition attracting the colloquial name of "housemaid's knee".<ref>{{cite web |last=Tidy |first=Colin |title=Housemaid's Knee (Prepatellar Bursitis) |url=http://patient.info/health/housemaids-knee-prepatellar-bursitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015112112/https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/knee-pain-patellofemoral-pain/housemaids-knee-prepatellar-bursitis |archive-date=Oct 15, 2022 |work=Patient.info|date=28 June 2020 }}</ref>

As the end of the 19th century neared, the relationship between employer and servant changed.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} By the end of the nineteenth century, there was a decline in the demand for domestic staff entirely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Higgs |first=Edward |date=1983 |title=Domestic servants and households in Victorian England |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03071028308567561 |journal=Social History |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1080/03071028308567561 |via=Taylor and Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=====Types=====
[[File:Joshua Reynolds - Tysoe Hancock and his Family with an Indian Maid - WGA19338.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Clive (died 1779)|George Clive]] and his family with an Indian maid, painted 1765. As she appears to be caring for the child, she may be an ''[[Amah (occupation)|aya]]''.]]
Maids traditionally have a fixed position in the hierarchy of the large households, and although there is overlap between definitions (dependent on the size of the household), the positions themselves would typically be rigidly adhered to. The usual classifications of maid in a large household are:

* [[Lady's maid]]: a senior servant who reported directly to the [[lady]] of the house, but ranked beneath the [[Housekeeper (domestic worker)|housekeeper]], and accompanied her lady on travel. She took care of her mistress's clothes and hair, and sometimes served as confidante. 
* House-maid: a generic term for maids whose function was chiefly "above stairs", and were usually a little older, and better paid. Where a household included multiple housemaids, the roles were often subdivided as below.
** Head house-maid: the senior house maid, reporting to the housekeeper. (Also called "house parlour maid" in an establishment with only one or two upstairs maids).
** Parlour maid: cleaned and tidied reception rooms and living areas by morning, and often served refreshments at [[afternoon tea]], and sometimes also dinner. They tidied studies and libraries, and (with footmen) answered bells calling for service.<ref>A Parlour Maid's timetable is summarised [http://chestofbooks.com/food/household/Woman-Encyclopaedia-1/Parlourmaid-s-Time-Table.html in this webpage] extract from a book.</ref>
** Chamber maid: cleaned and maintained the bedrooms, ensured fires were lit in fireplaces, and supplied hot water.
** Laundry maid: maintained bedding and towels. They also washed, dried, and ironed clothes for the whole household, including the servants.
** Under house parlour maid: performed a parlour maid's duties below stairs.
* [[Nursemaid|Nursery maid]]: also an "upstairs maid", but one who worked in the children's nursery, maintaining fires, cleanliness, and good order. Reported to the nanny rather than the housekeeper. The nursemaid would often stay with one family for years or as long as their services were needed.<ref>{{cite web |title=nursemaids |date=15 November 2018 |url=https://englandspuzzle.com/the-nanny-the-nursemaid-and-the-governess/}}</ref>
* [[Kitchen maid (domestic worker)|Kitchen maid]]: a "below stairs" maid who reported to the cook, and assisted in running the kitchens.
** Head kitchen maid: where multiple kitchen maids were employed, the "head kitchen maid" was effectively a [[line cook|deputy to the cook]], engaged largely in the plainer and simpler cooking (sometimes cooking the servants' meals).
** Under kitchen maid: where multiple kitchen maids were employed, these were the staff who prepared vegetables, peeled potatoes, and assisted in presentation of finished cooking for serving.
* [[Scullery maid]]: the lowest grade of "below stairs" maid, reporting to the cook, the scullery maids were responsible for washing cutlery, crockery, and glassware, and scrubbing kitchen floors, as well as monitoring ovens while kitchen maids ate their own supper.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victorian Servants Category |url=http://www.victorianlifestyle.org/?cat=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220222600/http://www.victorianlifestyle.org/?cat=14 |archive-date=2013-02-20 |access-date=2012-08-04 |work=Victorian Life Style}}</ref>
* [[Between maid]], sometimes known as a "tweeny": roughly equivalent in status to scullery maids, and often paid less, between maids in a large household waited on the senior servants ([[butler]], housekeeper, and [[cook (domestic worker)|cook]]) and were therefore answerable to all three department heads, often leading to friction in their employment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Peter |title=Victorian Servants |url=http://www.ourwardfamily.com/victorian_servants.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080518065331/http://www.ourwardfamily.com/victorian_servants.htm |archive-date=18 May 2008 |website=Our Ward Family}}</ref>
* [[Still room maid]]: a junior maid employed in the [[still room]]; as the work involved the supply of alcohol, cosmetics, medicines, and cooking ingredients across all departments of the house, the still room maids were part of the "between staff", jointly answerable to all three department heads.

In more modest households, a single '''maid-of-all-work''' or '''skivvy''' was often the only staff. It is possible this word originates from the Italian for slave ("{{lang|it|schiavo}}"—"owned person").

===Asia===
{{See also|Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong}}

An ''ayi'' (''aunt'' in Mandarin) works as a domestic helper in China, and occasionally provides personalized childcare.

===Middle East===
{{See also|Migrant workers in the Gulf region|History of slavery in the Muslim world|House slave|Kafala system|Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia}}

In the [[history of slavery in the Muslim world]], domestic servitude was one of the driving forces behind the slave trade.<ref>Freamon, B. K. (2019). Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 284</ref>
The ideal of [[Islam and gender segregation|Islamic sex segregation]] made it difficult for free Muslim women to work as servants, at the same time, the sex segregation made it difficult for male servants to access the harem women's quarter of the house, resulting in difficulty in Muslim women to have access to domestic servants. 
This dilemma resulted in the Muslim world using [[house slave]]s for domestic servants rather than free servants. By [[Islamic law]], slaves owned by Muslims were to be foreign non-Muslims ([[kafir]]s) who were by definition legitimate targets for enslavement, since the Muslim world of [[dar al-islam]] was by definition at war with the non-Muslim world of [[dar al-harb]] ("House of War").<ref>Erdem, Y. Hakan. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800–1909. London: Macmillan Press, 1996.</ref>
Female slaves were thus not subjected to the same Islamic customs. It also made it possible for male slaves to be made eunuchs. This solved both the dilemma of female servants being able to work in the household of a family as well as for a male servant to enter the women's quarter of a home. 
The slave trade to the Muslim world prioritized women and children, though men were also trafficked.<ref name="Freamon, B. K. 2019 p. 285">Freamon, B. K. (2019). Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 285</ref>
In bigger households there were typically a mix of male and female house slaves.<ref name="Islamic World 2018 p.144">Slavery in the Islamic World: Its Characteristics and Commonality. (2018). USA: Palgrave Macmillan US. p.144</ref>

In the Islamic world, female slaves were normally purchased for one of two reasons: for the purpuse of [[sexual slavery]] as [[History of concubinage in the Muslim world|concubine]]s or as domestic servants, and used for service in the [[harem]]s.<ref name="Islamic World 2018 p.144"/>
Women domestic slaves were purchased to the harems to the perform chores for the sex segregated women in the harem.<ref>Slavery in the Islamic World: Its Characteristics and Commonality. (2018). USA: Palgrave Macmillan US. p.142</ref>
Women domestic slaves were used for all sort of household chores nomally performed by women, and could also be sent outside of the harem to perform tasks for the harem women in the city outside of the home.<ref name="Islamic World 2018 p.144"/>
Black African women were most commonly used for domestic slave labor in Egypt, the Arab world and the Ottoman Empire. 
<ref name="Freamon, B. K. 2019 p. 285"/>
In the Islamic Middle East, African women – trafficked via the [[trans-Saharan slave trade]], the [[Red Sea slave trade]] and the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]] – were primarily used as domestic house servants and not exclusively for sexual slavery, while white women, trafficked via the [[Black Sea slave trade]] and [[Circassian slave trade]], where preferred for the use of [[Concubinage in Islam|concubines]] (sex slaves) or wives, and there was therefore a constant demand for them in the Middle East.<ref name="Gordon, Murray 1989 p.79-89">Gordon, Murray (1989). Slavery in the Arab World. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-941533-30-0. p.79-89</ref>
The women of the family monitored the work of the domestic slaves, decided what to do with the leftovers of food, and made sure that the slaves performed the Islamic prayers.<ref>Slavery in the Islamic World: Its Characteristics and Commonality. (2018). USA: Palgrave Macmillan US. p.145</ref>

Most of the Middle East were included in the Ottoman Empire. When the [[slavery in the Ottoman Empire]] were nominally abolished by the [[Kanunname of 1889]], the former house slaves normally continued to work as nominally free maidservants; their employers could however now fire them instead of selling them on the slave market, creating a class of free servants. After the closure of the slave market [[Avret Pazarları|Avret Pazari]] in Constantinople by the [[Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market]], the [[Young Turks]] founded the [[Hizmetçi İdaresi]] as a Servant Institution to assist former female slaves to find employment as domestic workers and maidservants in order to escape prostitution to survive, though the institution is reported to have functioned, in practice, as a slave market.<ref>Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909, (London: Palgrave Macmillan Publish House, 1996), p. 52-53</ref>

House slaves were used in the Muslim Middle East until the mid 20th-century. Despite the Ottoman anti slavery reforms introduced in the 19th-century, chattel slavery continued to exist in the former Ottoman provinces in the Middle East after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1917–1920: while [[slavery in Egypt]] was phased out after the [[Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention|ban of the slave trade]] in 1877–1884, existing slaves were noted as late as 1931;<ref>Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 42</ref> [[slavery in Iraq]] was banned after British pressure in 1924;<ref>Gordon, M. (1989). Slavery in the Arab world. New York: New Amsterdam.</ref> [[slavery in Jordan]] was ended by the British in 1929;<ref>L. Layne, Linda (15 January 2019). Home and Homeland: The Dialogics of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan. Princeton University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780691194776.</ref> [[slavery in Lebanon]] as well as [[slavery in Syria]] was banned by the French in 1931;<ref>Treaty Information Bulletin. United States Department of State · 1930. p. 10</ref> [[slavery in Palestine]] still existed under the guise of clientage in 1934;<ref>Clarence-Smith, W. (2020). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. USA: Hurst.</ref> [[slavery in Libya]] still existed in 1930s;<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 226</ref> and [[slavery in Saudi Arabia]] lasted until it was abolished after pressure from the US in 1962,<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 348-349</ref> with [[slavery in Yemen]] being banned between 1962 and 1967.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 352</ref>

After the abolition of slavery in the Middle East in the 20th-century, chattel slavery was succeeded by the [[kafala system]]. 
Today, foreign women are employed in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[Lebanon]],  [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]] and [[United Arab Emirates]] in large numbers to work as maids or other roles of domestic service, and are often vulnerable to multiple forms of abuse.<ref>{{cite web |last=Varia |first=Nisha |date=7 July 2008 |title="As If I Am Not Human" - Abuses against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/07/07/if-i-am-not-human/abuses-against-asian-domestic-workers-saudi-arabia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121104011/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/07/07/if-i-am-not-human/abuses-against-asian-domestic-workers-saudi-arabia |archive-date=Nov 21, 2022 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref name="the guardian1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/13/saudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers |date=13 January 2013| title=Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan maid |last=Chamberlain |first=Gethin |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="humanrightswatch1">{{cite web |author=Human Rights Watch |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=printdoc&amp;docid=412ef32a4 |title='Bad Dreams:' Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=14 July 2004 |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312095552/https://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=printdoc&docid=412ef32a4 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Southern Africa===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
In some areas in the region, the word "maid" is avoided and is often referred to as a "helper" instead. This is most likely due to the fact that it sounds like a racially derogatory term in [[Afrikaans]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyamnjoh |first=Francis |date=February 2005 |title=Madams and Maids in Southern Africa: coping with uncertainties, and the art of mutual zombification |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298864824}}</ref> Maids in South Africa were referred to as domestic servants and they included men, women, and children. They were subject to low wages, lack of a social life, unfavorable working conditions, and even unaccommodating work hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=hours. |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/brief-history-domestic-service-south-africa}}</ref> The Afrikaans word for a mite (small arachnid) has been used demeaningly to refer to women of colour. The English word for a friend, "mate", is also avoided for this reason.

==In popular culture==
{{further|French maid}}
[[File:La Grève des bonnes (1906).webm|thumb|thumbtime=3:00|''La Grève des bonnes'', a 1906 satire about French maids going on strike]]
One of the most in-depth and enduring representations of the lives of several types of maid was seen in the 1970s television drama ''[[Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)|Upstairs, Downstairs]]'', set in [[England]] between 1903 and 1936. The lives of maids were well represented in the ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' series, set in England between 1912 and 1926 and shown from 2010 onward.

The American television drama ''[[The Gilded Age (TV series)|The Gilded Age]]'', set in the 1880s in [[New York City]], depicts the lives of maids living and working in the great houses of the [[Gilded Age|era]].

The main characters in the [[NAMIC Vision Award]]-nominated television series ''[[Devious Maids]]'' are four housemaids.

==See also==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
*[[Au pair]]
*[[Charwoman]]
*[[Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong]]
*[[French maid]]
*[[Janitor]]
*[[Domestic worker|Servant]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}
*{{wikiquote-inline|Maid}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|maid}}

{{Modern cleaning roles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Domestic work]]
[[Category:Home economics]]
[[Category:Maids| ]]
[[Category:Gendered occupations]]
[[Category:Cleaning and maintenance occupations]]