View source for Mail art

{{Short description|Artistic movement centered on sending small-scale works through the postal service}}
[[File:GGalantai-mailartwork(c.1989).jpg|right|300px|thumb|Mail art by [[György Galántai]], 1981]]

'''Mail art''', also known as '''postal art''' and '''correspondence art''', is an artistic movement centered on sending small-scale works through the [[mail|postal service]]. It developed out of what eventually became [[Ray Johnson]]'s New York Correspondence School and the [[Fluxus]] movements of the 1960s. It has since developed into a global, ongoing movement.

==Characteristics==

Media commonly used in mail art include postcards, paper, a collage of found or recycled images and objects, rubber stamps, artist-created stamps (called [[artistamps]]), and paint, but can also include music, sound art, poetry, or anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via post. Mail art is considered art once it is dispatched. Mail artists regularly call for thematic or topical mail art for use in (often [[unjuried]]) exhibition.<ref name=MOCA /><ref name=UB>{{cite web|title=Mail Art|url=http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/LIB-PC001|work=Digital Collections, [[University at Buffalo]] Libraries|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

Mail artists appreciate interconnection with other artists. The art form promotes an egalitarian way of creating that frequently circumvents official art distribution and approval systems such as the art market, museums, and galleries. Mail artists rely on their alternative "outsider" network as the primary way of sharing their work, rather than being dependent on the ability to locate and secure exhibition space.<ref name=Oberlin>{{cite web|title=Mail Art @ Oberlin|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/library/art/mailart/|publisher=[[Oberlin College Library|Oberlin College Art Library]]|access-date=11 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403130316/http://www.oberlin.edu/library/art/mailart/|archive-date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Richard Kostelanetz]]|author2=H. R. Brittain|title=A Dictionary of the Avant-gardes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZX85xdr6boC|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93764-1|page=388}}</ref>

Mail art can be seen as anticipating the cyber communities founded on the Internet.<ref name=Spark /><ref name=MarkBloch>{{cite journal|last=Bloch|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Bloch (artist)|journal=New Observations, No. 126, the Art is in the Mail(ing)|date=Summer 2000|url=http://www.panmodern.com/newobservations.html|title=Communities Collaged: Mail Art and The Internet|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:RayJohnson invite1970.jpg|right|thumb|Ray Johnson's invitation to the first mail art show, 1970]]
Artist Edward M. Plunkett has argued that communication-as-art-form is an ancient tradition; he posits (tongue in cheek) that mail art began when Cleopatra had herself delivered to Julius Caesar in a rolled-up carpet.<ref name=Plunkett>{{cite journal|last=Plunkett|first=Edward M.|title=The New York Correspondence School|journal=Art Journal|year=1977|issue=Spring|url=http://www.artpool.hu/Ray/Publications/Plunkett.html|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

===Ray Johnson, New York Correspondance School, and Fluxus===
The American artist [[Ray Johnson]] is considered to be the first mail artist.<ref name=MOCA>{{cite web|title=Mail Art|url=http://www.moca.org/pc/viewArtTerm.php?id=22|work=Collection: MOCA's First Thirty Years|publisher=MOCA: The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Phillpot>{{cite book|last=Phillpot|first=Clive|title=Eternal Network: A Mail Art Anthology|year=1995|publisher=University of Calgary Press|location=Canada|url=http://www.artpool.hu/Ray/Publications/Phillpot.html|editor=Chuck Welch|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Johnson's experiments with art in the mail began in 1943, while the posting of instructions and soliciting of activity from his recipients began in the mid-1950s with the mailing of his "moticos", and thus provided mail art with a blueprint for the free exchange of art via post.<ref name=MOCA /><ref>Francesco Vincitorio, "Informalista o videoartista? Le tendenze artistiche dagli anni '40 ad oggi", L'Espresso n.44, 7 November 1982{{full citation needed|date=January 2013}}</ref>

The term "mail art" was coined in the 1960s.<ref name=Plunkett /> In 1962, Plunkett coined the term "New York Correspondence School" to refer to Johnson's activities; Johnson adopted this moniker but sometimes intentionally misspelled it as "correspondance".<ref name=Plunkett /> The deliberate misspelling was characteristic of the playful spirit of the Correspondance School and its actions.<ref name=Danto>{{cite magazine|last=Danto|first=Arthur C.|author-link=Arthur Danto|magazine=[[The Nation]]|date=March 11, 1999|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/correspondance-school-art/|title=Correspondance School Art|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

Most of the Correspondance School members are fairly obscure, and the letters they sent, often featuring simple drawings or stickers, often instructed the recipient to perform some fairly simple action. Johnson's work consists primarily of letters, often with the addition of doodles and rubber stamped messages, which he mailed to friends and acquaintances. The Correspondance School was a network of individuals who were artists by virtue of their willingness to play along and appreciate Johnson's sense of humor. One example of the activities of the Correspondance School consisted in calling meetings of fan clubs, such as one devoted to the actress [[Anna May Wong]]. Many of Johnson's missives to his network featured a hand drawn version of what became a personal logo or alter-ego, a bunny head.<ref name=Danto />

In a 1968 interview, Johnson explained that he found mailed correspondence interesting because of the limits it puts on the usual back and forth interaction and negotiation that comprises communication between individuals. Correspondence is "a way to convey a message or a kind of idea to someone which is not verbal; it is not a confrontation of two people. It's an object which is opened in privacy, probably, and the message is looked at&nbsp;... You look at the object and, depending on your degree of interest, it very directly gets across to you what is there".<ref name=AAAOH>{{cite web|title=Oral history interview with Ray Johnson, 1968 Apr. 17|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-ray-johnson-13236|work=[[Archives of American Art]]|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

In 1970, Johnson and Marcia Tucker organized The New York Correspondence School Exhibition at the [[Whitney Museum]] in New York, which was the first significant public exhibition of the mail art genre.<ref name=MOCA />

On April 5, 1973, Johnson declared the "death" of the New York Correspondance School in an unpublished letter to the Obituary Department of ''The New York Times'' and in copies that he circulated to his network. However, he continued to practice mail art even after this.<ref name=AAALippardLetter>{{cite web|title=Ray Johnson mail art to Lucy R. Lippard, 1965 June 29|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/images/detail/ray-johnson-mail-art-to-lucy-r-lippard-13544|work=Archives of American Art|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=RJEstate-bio>{{cite web|title=Ray Johnson Biography|url=http://www.rayjohnsonestate.com/biography/|publisher=Ray Johnson Estate|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

Although much of Johnson's work was initially given away, this has not prevented it from attaining a market value. [[Andy Warhol]] is quoted as saying he "would pay ten dollars for anything by Johnson."<ref>Stewart Home, ''The Assault On Culture'', Aporia Press & Unpopular Books, London 1988 {{full citation needed|date=January 2013}}</ref>

In his 1973 diagram showing the development and scope of [[Fluxus]], [[George Maciunas]] included mail art among the activities pursued by the Fluxus artist [[Robert Filliou]].<ref>Hendricks, Jon (1988). ''Fluxus Codex'', New York: Harry N. Abrams, pp. 329–333. {{ISBN|978-0-8109-0920-5}}</ref> Filliou coined the term the "Eternal Network" that has become synonymous with mail art.<ref name=Bloch>{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Bloch (artist)|title=Amazing Letters: The Life and Art of David Zack|chapter-url=http://www.panmodern.com/zack-article.html|editor=Istvan Kantor|access-date=11 April 2013|chapter=An Authentik and Historikal Discourse On the Phenomenon of David Zack, Mail Artist}}</ref> Other Fluxus artists have been involved since the early 1960s in the creation of artist's postage stamps (Robert Watts, Stamp Dispenser, 1963), postcards (Ben Vautier, The Postman's Choice, 1965: a postcard with a different address on each side) and other works connected to the postal medium.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Indeed, the mail art network counts many Fluxus members among its earliest participants. While Johnson did not consider himself directly as a member of the Fluxus school, his interests and attitudes were consistent with those of a number of Fluxus artists.<ref name=Danto /><ref name=AAAOH />

[[File:CrackerJackKid Envelope1984.jpg|right|thumb|Mail art stamp and envelope with official Colt Anniversary postmark – Chuck Welch, a.k.a. Cracker Jack Kid, 1984]]

===1970s and 1980s===
In the 1970s, the practice of mail art grew considerably, providing a cheap and flexible channel of expression for cultural outsiders. In Canada, the [[artist collectives]] [[Michael Morris (artist)|Image Bank]] and [[General Idea]] have been heralded as instrumental to the early history of networking and social interaction as art.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bloch|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Bloch (artist)|title=A look at three Canadian artists known as the Image Bank: Michael Morris, Vincent Trasov and Gary Lee-Nova|url=https://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/vincent-trasov-gary-lee-nova/5137|access-date=2022-02-01|website=[[Whitehot (magazine)| Whitehot Magazine]]}}</ref> Correspondence Art was particularly widespread where state censorship prevented a free circulation of alternative ideas, as in certain countries behind the Iron Curtain or in South America.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacob|first=John|author-link=John P. Jacob|title=East/West: Mail Art & Censorship|journal=[[PostHype]]|year=1985|volume=4|issue=1|issn=0743-6025}}</ref>

The growth of a sizable mail art community, with friendships born out of personal correspondence and, increasingly, mutual visits,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lloyd|first=Ginny|title=The Mail Art Community in Europe|journal=Umbrella Magazine|year=1981|volume=5|issue=1}}</ref> led in the 1980s to the organization of several festivals, meetings and conventions where networkers could meet, socialize, perform, exhibit and plan further collaborations. Among these events were the Inter Dada Festivals organized in California in the early 1980s<ref name=Ross>{{cite news|last=Ross|first=Janice|title=A gleefully rebellious festival of dada|url=https://1.bp.blogspot.com/__IZN7YDU3d4/S_aip9CJ4WI/AAAAAAAAAmU/gS467sN7lZQ/s1600/reibunedada.jpg|access-date=11 April 2013|newspaper=Oakland Tribune|date=August 26, 1984|location=Art: The Tribune Calendar}}</ref> and the Decentralized Mail Art Congress of 1986.<ref name=HRFrickerOberlin>{{cite web|title=Hans-Reudi Fricker|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/library/art/mailart/bios/fricker.html|work=Mail Art @ Oberlin|publisher=Oberlin College & Conservatory|access-date=11 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903031741/http://www.oberlin.edu/library/art/mailart/bios/fricker.html|archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

In 1984 curator Ronny Cohen organized an exhibition for the [[Franklin Furnace Archive|Franklin Furnace]], New York, called "Mail Art Then and Now."<ref>{{cite web|title=Mail Art From 1984 Franklin Furnace Exhibition|url=http://www.franklinfurnace.org/research/projects/flow/mailart/mailartf.html|publisher=Franklin Furnace|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190845/http://www.franklinfurnace.org/research/projects/flow/mailart/mailartf.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mark|first=Bloch|author-link=Mark Bloch (artist)|title=Franklin Furnace Fracas|url=http://www.panmodern.com/franklinfurnace.html|publisher=panmodern.com|access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> The exhibition was to have an historical aspect as well as showing new mail art, and to mediate the two aspects Cohen edited the material sent to Franklin Furnace, breaking an unwritten but commonly accepted custom that all works submitted must be shown. The intent to edit, interpreted as censorship, resulted in a two-part panel discussion sponsored by Artists Talk on Art (organized by mail artist Carlo Pittore and moderated by art critic [[Robert C. Morgan]]) in February of that year, where Cohen and the mail artists were to debate the issues.

The night preceding the second panel on February 24, [[Carlo Pittore]], [[John P. Jacob]], Chuck Welch a.k.a. CrackerJack Kid, David Cole, and John Held Jr. crafted a statement asking Cohen to step down as the panel moderator. Welch delivered the statement whereby Cohen was asked to remain on the panel but forfeit her right to serve as moderator. Instead of remaining, Cohen chose to leave the event. After some give and take with both panelists and audience, Cohen left, saying, "Have fun, boys." Her entourage walked out with her during the ensuing melee.<ref>{{cite news|title=International MailArt—Part II: The New Cultural Strategy|last=Heisler|first=Faith|year=1984|issue=4|volume=9|page=18|journal=Women Artists News}}</ref>

The excluded works were ultimately added to the exhibition by the staff of the Franklin Furnace, but the events surrounding it and the panels revealed ideological rifts within the mail art community. Simultaneously fanning the flames and documenting the extent to which it was already dominated by a small, mostly male, coterie of artists, the discussions were transcribed and published by panelist [[John P. Jacob]] in his short-lived mail art [[zine]] [[PostHype]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacob|first=John|author-link=John P. Jacob|title=Mailart: A Partial Anatomy|journal=[[PostHype]]|year=1984|volume=3|issue=1|issn=0743-6025}}</ref> In a letter to panelist [[Mark Bloch (artist)|Mark Bloch]], [[Ray Johnson]] (who was not a panelist) commented on the reverse-censorship and sexism of the event.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mark|first=Bloch|author-link=Mark Bloch (artist)|title=Ray Johnson's letter to me after the event, questioning the issue of sexism.|url=http://www.panmodern.com/ray-atoa-letter.jpg|publisher=panmodern.com|access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref>

The rise of mail art meetings and congresses during the late 80s, and the articulation of various "isms" proclaimed by their founders as movements within mail art, were in part a response to fractures made visible by the events surrounding the Franklin Furnace exhibition.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacob|first=John|author-link=John P. Jacob|title=The Coffee Table Book of Mail Art: The Intimate Letters of J. P. Jacob, 1981–1987|year=1987|publisher=Riding Beggar Press|location=New York|url=http://arcade.nyarc.org:80/record=b569546~S8}}</ref> Even if "tourism" was proposed satirically as a new movement by {{ill|H. R. Fricker|de}}, a Swiss mail artist who was one of the organizers of the 1986 Mail Art Congress, nevertheless mail art in its pure form would continue to function without the personal meeting between so-called networkers.<ref name=HRFrickerOberlin />

In the mid-1980s, Fricker and Bloch, in a bilingual "Open Letter To Everybody in the Network"<ref>[[Mark Bloch (artist)|Bloch, Mark]] and {{ill|H. R. Fricker|de|lt=Fricker, Hans Ruedi}}. "Phantastische Gebete Revisited" in ''Panmag International Magazine'' 6, ISSN 0738-4777, February 1984. p. 8.</ref> stated, "1) An important function of the exhibitions and other group projects in the network is: to open channels to other human beings. 2) After your exhibition is shown and the documentation sent, or after you have received such a documentation with a list of addresses, ''use the channels''! 3) Create person-to-person correspondence... 4) You have your own unique energy which you can give to others through your work: visual audio, verbal, etc. 5) This energy is best used when it is exchanged for energy from another person with the same intentions. 6) the power of the network is in the quality of the direct correspondence, not the quantity." The manifesto concludes, "We have learned this from our own mistakes."<ref>Röder, Kornelia "H. R. Fricker, Mail Art and Social Networks", HR Fricker: Conquer the Living Rooms of the World, Kunstmuseum Thurgau, Warth, Switzerland: Edition Fink, 2014, p. 38.</ref>

===1990s and the impact of the Internet era===
[[File:Paulo bruscky and david horvitz.JPG|thumb|American mail-artist [[David Horvitz]] (active since the 2000s) meets Brazilian mail artist Paulo Bruscky (active since the 1970s) in Berlin, Germany in November 2015]]

In 1994, Dutch mail artist [[Ruud Janssen]] began a series of [[mail-interviews]] which became an influential contribution in the field of mail art.<ref>
Ruud Janssen, ''Mail-Interviews'', Tilburg 1994–2001
</ref>

By the 1990s, mail art's peak in terms of global postal activities had been reached, and mail artists, aware of increasing postal rates, were beginning the gradual migration of collective art projects towards the web and new, cheaper forms of digital communication.<ref>[[Guy Bleus]] (Ed.), ''Re: The E-Mail-Art & Internet-Art Manifesto'', in: ''E-Pêle-Mêle: Electronic Mail-Art Netzine'', Vol.III, n° 1, T.A.C.-42.292, Hasselt, 1997.</ref> The Internet facilitated faster dissemination of mail art calls (invitations) and precipitated the involvement of newcomers.

==Philosophy and norms of the mail artist network==
In spite of the many links and similarities between historical avant-garde, alternative art practices ([[visual poetry]], [[Xerox art|copy art]], [[artist's book]]s) and mail art, one aspect that distinguishes the creative postal network from other artistic movements, schools, or groups (including Fluxus) is the way it disregards and circumvents the commercial art market.<ref name=Spark>{{cite web|title=About John Held Jr. in the Spark episode "The Fine Art of Collecting"|url=http://www.kqed.org/arts/programs/spark/profile.jsp?essid=4489|work=Spark|publisher=KQED|access-date=11 April 2013|year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306062606/http://www.kqed.org/arts/programs/spark/profile.jsp?essid=4489|archive-date=6 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Any person with access to a mailbox can participate in the postal network and exchange free artworks, and each mail artist is free to decide how and when to answer (or not answer) a piece of incoming mail. Participants are invited by network members to take part in collective projects or unjuried exhibitions in which entries are not selected or judged. While contributions may be solicited around a particular theme, work to a required size, or sent in by a deadline, mail art generally operates within a spirit of "anything goes."<ref name="Phillpot" />

The mail art philosophy of openness and inclusion is exemplified by the "rules" included in invitations (calls) to postal projects: a mail art show has no jury, no entry fee, there is no censorship, and all works are exhibited.<ref name="Phillpot" /> The original contributions are not to be returned and remain the property of the organizers, but a catalogue or documentation is sent free to all the participants in exchange for their works. Although these rules are sometimes stretched, they have generally held up for four decades, with only minor dissimilarities and adjustments, like the occasional requests to avoid works of explicit sexual nature, calls for projects with specific participants, or the recent trend to display digital documentation on blogs and websites instead of personally sending printed paper to contributors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artpool.hu/MailArt/chrono/1983/Bleus.html|title = Guy Bleus: Mail Art Initiation – Mail Art Chro no logy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utsanga.it/bleus-exploring-mail-art/|title = Bleus &#124; Exploring mail-art|date = 26 June 2017}}</ref>

[[File:BananaPost'89 AnnaBanana.jpg|right|thumb|BananaPost '89 artistamps by Anna Banana, 1989]]
Mail art has been exhibited in alternative spaces such as private apartments, municipal buildings, and shop windows, as well as in galleries and museums worldwide.<ref name=Oberlin /> Mail art shows, periodicals, and projects represent the "public" side of postal networking, a practice that has at its core the direct and private interaction between the individual participants. Mail artists value the process of exchanging ideas and the sense of belonging to a global community that is able to maintain a peaceful collaboration beyond differences of language, religion and ideology; this is one aspect that differentiates the mail art network from the world of commercial picture postcards and of simply "mailed art."<ref name="WelchAnthology">Welch, C. (1995). ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231651233 Eternal network: A mail art anthology]''. Calgary, Alta: Univ. of Calgary Press.</ref>

A mail artist may have hundreds of correspondents from many different countries, or build a smaller core circle of favorite contacts. Mail art is widely practiced in Europe, North and South America, Russia, and Australia with smaller numbers of participants also in Africa, and China.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} In addition to being kept by the recipient, mail art archives have attracted the interest of libraries, archives, museums, and private collectors.<ref name=Spark /> Or, the works may be 'worked into' and recycled back to the sender or to another networker.

[[File:Envelope HRFricker(1990).jpg|right|thumb|Mail art envelope from H. R. Fricker, 1990]]
Ray Johnson suggested (with a pun) that "mail art has no history, only a present", and mail artists have followed his playful attitude in creating their own mythologies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ray Johnson : correspondences|last1=Johnson|first1=Ray|last2=De Salvo|first2=Donna|last3=Gudis|first3=Catherine|date=1999|publisher=Wexner Center for the Arts|isbn=2080136631|page=81|oclc=43915838}}</ref> Parody art movements like [[neoism]] and plagiarism have challenged notions of originality, as have the shared pseudonymous names [[Monty Cantsin]] and [[Karen Eliot]], which were proposed for serial use by anyone.<ref name="Carr2012">{{cite book|author=C. Carr|title=On Edge: Performance at the End of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QX9ZSOWJO-gC&pg=PA105|date=9 April 2012|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-7242-4|pages=105ff}}</ref> Semi-fictional organizations have been set up and virtual lands invented, imaginary countries for which [[artistamps]] are issued.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, attempts have been made to document and define the history of a complex and underestimated phenomenon that has spanned five decades. Various essays, graduate theses, guides and anthologies of mail art writings have appeared in print and on the Internet, often written by veteran networkers.<ref name=WelchAnthology /> A sub-group of envelope art has its genesis in the [[Grateful Dead]] Ticket Service. Looking to help their fans avoid the high fees that are generated by national ticket services the Grateful Dead started their own service, commonly referred to as mail order. At some point fans started decorating their envelopes with art. Some for art's sake, others to grab the attention of the people that dole out tickets in hope of better seats.

[[File:Artiststamps PCiani(c.1995).jpg|right|thumb|Sheet of artistamps by Piermario Ciani, c. 1995]]

==Media and artistic practices in the creation of mail artworks==
{{See also|Postage stamp}}
Because the democratic ethos of mail art is one of inclusion, both in terms of participants ('anyone who can afford the postage') and in the scope of art forms, a broad range of media are employed in creation of mail artworks. Certain materials and techniques are commonly used and frequently favored by mail artists due to their availability, convenience, and ability to produce copies.

===Rubberstamps and artistamps===
[[File:Post 1211- The End Issue 2024.jpg|right|thumb|"The End" Issue Sheet by Post 1211 (2024) that was featured in issue 40 of the Artistamp Review<ref>{{cite journal	| last1 =Roussopoulos| first1 =Adam| date = May 2024| title =The End| journal =The Artistamp Review| volume = One| issue = 40}}</ref>]]
[[File:Rubberstamps Klafki Pawson(1980s).jpg|right|thumb|Mail art rubber stamps by Jo Klafki (left) and [[Mark Pawson]] (right), 1980s]]
Mail art has adopted and appropriated several of graphic forms already associated with the postal system. The rubber stamp officially used for franking mail, already utilized by [[Dada]] and Fluxus artists, has been embraced by mail artists who, in addition to reusing ready-made rubber stamps, have them professionally made to their own designs. They also carve into erasers with linocut tools to create handmade ones. These unofficial rubber stamps, whether disseminating mail artists' messages or simply announcing the identity of the sender, help to transform regular postcards into artworks and make envelopes an important part of the mail art experience.<ref name=WelchAnthology />

[[File:CarvedEraser ArtNahpro(c.1990).jpg|right|thumb|Carved eraser print by Paul Jackson, a.k.a. Art Nahpro, c. 1990]]
Mail art has also appropriated the postage stamp as a format for individual expression. Inspired by the example of Cinderella stamps and Fluxus faux-stamps, the [[artistamp]] has spawned a vibrant sub-network of artists dedicated to creating and exchanging their own stamps and stamp sheets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpost.be/site/fr/particuliers/timbres-poste/philat%C3%A9lie/timbres/2003/emission-sp%C3%A9ciale-09-du-19-mai |title=Emission spéciale 09 du 19 mai 2003Epuisée &#124; bpost |access-date=2015-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526171811/http://www.bpost.be/site/fr/particuliers/timbres-poste/philat%C3%A9lie/timbres/2003/emission-sp%C3%A9ciale-09-du-19-mai |archive-date=2015-05-26 }} Belgian Postal Service, Guy Bleus & Jean Spiroux, ''Journée du Timbre: Mail-Art'', 2003.</ref> Artist [[Jerry Dreva]] of the conceptual art group Les Petits Bonbons created a set of stamps and sent them to [[David Bowie]] who then used them as the inspiration for the cover of the single "[[Ashes to Ashes (David Bowie song)|Ashes to Ashes]]" released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Griffin|first1=Roger|title=Scary Monsters|url=http://www.bowiegoldenyears.com/scarymonsters.html|website=Bowie Golden Years}}</ref> Artistamps and rubber stamps, have become important staples of mail artworks, particularly in the enhancement of postcards and envelopes.<ref name=":0">Frank, Peter, E.F. Higgins III, Rudolf Ungváry. "[http://www.artpool.hu/Artistamp/PFranke.html Postal Modernism: Artists' Stamps and Stamp Images]." ''World Art Post'', Artpool Archive, Museum of Fine Arts Budapest, April 1982 (pp.&nbsp;1–4)</ref> The most important anthology of rubberstamp art was published by the artist Hervé Fischer in his book ''Art and Marginal Communication'', Balland, Paris, 1974 – in French, English and German, to note also the catalog of the exhibition "Timbres d'artistes", Published of Musée de la Poste, Paris, 1993, organized by the French artist Jean-Noël Laszlo – in French, English. Recently, an extensive compilation of artistamp artists was featured in 40 issues of the Artistamp Review. It was published by artist Adam Roussopoulos from 2019 through May 2024.<ref>{{cite journal	| last1 =Roussopoulos| first1 =Adam| date = May 2024| title =The End| journal =The Artistamp Review| volume = One| issue = 40}}</ref> Many notable artists were featured in the review including Jas Felter, E.F. Higgins III, John Held Jr., Michael Leigh, Chuck Welch, Vittore Baroni, and H.R. Fricker.

===Envelopes===
Some mail artists lavish more attention on the envelopes than the contents within. Painted envelopes are one-of-a-kind artworks with the handwritten address becoming part of the work. Stitching, embossing and an array of drawing materials can all be found on postcards, envelopes and on the contents inside.<ref name="WaPo" />

===Printing and copying===
Printing is suited to mail artists who distribute their work widely. Various printmaking techniques, in addition to rubber stamping, are used to create multiples. Copy art (xerography, photocopy) is a common practice, with both mono and color copying being extensively used within the network.<ref name="UB" /> Ubiquitous 'add & pass' sheets that are designed to be circulated through the network with each artist adding and copying, chain-letter fashion, have also received some unfavorable criticism.{{according to whom|date=January 2013}} However, Xerography has been a key technology in the creation of many short-run periodicals and [[zines]] about mail art, and for the printed documentation that has been the traditional project culmination sent to participants. Inkjet and laserprint computer printouts are also used, both to disseminate artwork and for reproducing zines and documentation, and PDF copies of paperless periodicals and unprinted documentation are circulated by email. Photography is widely used as an art form, to provide images for artistamps and rubber stamps, and within printed and digital magazines and documentation,<ref name="WelchAnthology" /> while some projects have focused on the intersection of mail art with the medium itself.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacob|first=John|author-link=John P. Jacob|title=The International Portfolio of Artists Photography|year=1984|publisher=Riding Beggar Press|location=New York}}</ref>

===Lettering and language===
Lettering, whether handwritten or printed, is integral to mail art. The written word is used as a literary art form, as well as for personal letters and notes sent with artwork and recordings of the spoken word, both of poetry and prose, are also a part of the network.<ref name="UB" /> Although English has been the de facto language, because of the movement's inception in America, an increasing number of mail artists, and mail artist groups on the Internet, now communicate in Breton, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Russian.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Other media===
[[File:Kairan MAZine(2007).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Kairan'' mail art zine, edited by Gianni Simone, a.k.a. Johnnyboy, 2007]]
In addition to appropriating the postage stamp model, mail artists have assimilated other design formats for printed artworks. Artists' books, decobooks and [[friendship book]]s, banknotes, stickers, tickets, artist trading cards (ATCs), badges, food packaging, diagrams, and maps have all been used.

Mail artists routinely mix media; [[collage]] and [[photomontage]] are popular, affording some mail art the stylistic qualities of [[pop art]] or Dada. Mail artists often use collage techniques to produce original postcards, envelopes, and work that may be transformed using copy art techniques or computer software, then photocopied or printed out in limited editions.

[[Printed matter]] and [[ephemera]] are often circulated among mail artists, and after artistic treatment, these common items enter into the mail art network.<ref name="UB" /> Small assemblages, sculptural forms, or found objects of irregular shapes and sizes are parceled up or sent unwrapped to deliberately tease and test the efficiency of the postal service. Mailable fake fur ("Hairmail") and [[Astroturf]] postcards were circulated in the late 1990s.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/29107129.html?dids=29107129:29107129&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Apr+30%2C+1998&author=Belle+Elving&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=PUSHING+THE+ENVELOPE&pqatl=google | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131162124/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/29107129.html?dids=29107129:29107129&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Apr+30,+1998&author=Belle+Elving&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=PUSHING+THE+ENVELOPE&pqatl=google | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 31, 2013 |
title=Pushing The Envelope |
author=Elving, Bell |
newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|
date=April 30, 1998}}</ref>

Having borrowed the notion of [[intermedia]] from Fluxus, mail artists are often active simultaneously in several different fields of expression. Music and [[sound art]] have long been celebrated aspects of mail art, at first using cassette tape, then on CD and as sound files sent via the Internet.<ref name="CoxWarner2004">{{cite book|author1=Christoph Cox|author2=Daniel Warner|title=Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgDgCOSHPysC&pg=PA60|date=1 September 2004|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-1615-5|pages=60–}}</ref>

[[Performance art]] has also been a prominent facet, particularly since the advent of mail art meetings and congresses. Performances recorded on film or video are communicated via DVD and movie files over the internet. Video is also increasingly being employed to document mail art shows of all kinds.<ref name=mailartforum>{{cite web|title=The Techniques|url=http://www.mail-art.de/frame.php?dir=about:about_techniques&doc=start.htm|work=Mail-Art: The Forum|access-date=23 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235904/http://www.mail-art.de/frame.php?dir=about:about_techniques&doc=start.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Quotations==
[[File:ADEker MailArt.jpg|upright|thumb|Mail art by A. D. Eker (Thuismuseum), 1985]]
<blockquote>Correspondence art is an elusive art form, far more variegated by its very nature than, say, painting. Where a painting always involves paint and a support surface, correspondence art can appear as any one of dozens of media transmitted through the mail. While the vast majority of correspondence art or mail art activities take place in the mail, today's new forms of electronic communication blur the edges of that forum. In the 1960s, when correspondence art first began to blossom, most artists found the postal service to be the most readily available – and least expensive – medium of exchange. Today's micro-computers with modern facilities offer anyone computing and communicating power that two decades ago were available only to the largest institutions and corporations, and only a few decades previous weren't available to anyone at any price. – [[Ken Friedman]]<ref name=FriedmanFlue>{{cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Ken|title=Mail art history: the Fluxus factor|journal=FLUE |year=1984|volume=4|issue=3–4|editor1-first=Martha|editor1-last=Wilson|publisher=Franklin Furnace}}</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>Cultural exchange is a radical act. It can create paradigms for the reverential sharing and preservation of the earth's water, soil, forests, plants and animals. The ethereal networker aesthetic calls for guiding that dream through action. Cooperation and participation, and the celebration of art as a birthing of life, vision, and spirit are first steps. The artists who meet each other in the Eternal Network have taken these steps. Their shared enterprise is a contribution to our common future. – [[Chuck Welch]]<ref name="WelchAnthology" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>The purpose of mail art, an activity shared by many artists throughout the world, is to establish an aesthetical communication between artists and common people in every corner of the globe, to divulge their work outside the structures of the art market and outside the traditional venues and institutions: a free communication in which words and signs, texts and colours act like instruments for a direct and immediate interaction. – Loredana Parmesani<ref>Loredana Parmesani, text under the entry "Poesia visiva", in ''L'arte del secolo – Movimenti, teorie, scuole e tendenze 1900–2000'', Giò Marconi – Skira, Milan 1997 {{full citation needed|date=January 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* Thomas Bey William Bailey, ''Unofficial Release: Self-Released And Handmade Audio In Post-Industrial Society'', Belsona Books Ltd., 2012
* Vittore Baroni, ''Arte Postale: Guida al network della corrispondenza creativa'', Bertiolo 1997
* Vittore Baroni, ''Postcarts – Cartoline d'artista'', Rome 2005
* Tatiana Bazzichelli, ''Networking: The Net as Artwork'', Aarhus 2008
* Ina Blom, ''The Name of the Game. The Postal Performance of Ray Johnson'', Oslo/Kassel/Sittard, 2003
* Ulises Carrión, "El Arte Correo y el Gran Monstruo", Tumbona ediciones, Mexico, 2013
* Michael Crane & Mary Stofflet (eds.), ''Correspondence Art: Sourcebook for the Network of International Postal Art Activity'', San Francisco 1984
* Donna De Salvo & Catherine Gugis (eds.), ''Ray Johnson: Correspondences'', Paris-New York 1999
* Fernando García Delgado, ''El Arte Correo en Argentina'', Vortice Argentina Ediciones., 2005
* Franziska Dittert, ''Mail Art in der DDR. Eine intermediale Subkultur im Kontext der Avantgarde'', Berlin 2010
* James Warren Felter, ''Artistamps – Francobolli d'artista'', Bertiolo 2000
* [[Hervé Fischer]], ''Art et Communication Marginale: Tampons d'Artistes'', Paris 1974
* {{ill|H. R. Fricker|de}}, ''I Am A Networker (Sometimes)'', St. Gallen 1989
* Faith Heisler ''International Mail Art—Part II: The New Cultural Strategy'', Women Artists News, 1984
* John Held Jr., ''L'arte del timbro – Rubber Stamp Art'', Bertiolo 1999
* John Held Jr., ''Mail Art: An Annotated Bibliography'', Metuchen 1991
* Ramzi Turki, (preface by Olivier Lussac), ''L'e-mail-art, création d'une nouvelle forme artistique'', Paris, Édition Edilivre, 2015
* Jon Hendricks, ''Fluxus Codex'', New York 1988
* Jennie Hinchcliff & Carolee Gilligan Wheeler, ''Good Mail Day: A Primer for Making Eye-Popping Postal Art'', Quarry 2009
* [[John P. Jacob]], ''The Coffee Table Book of Mail Art: The Intimate Letters of J. P. Jacob, 1981–1987'', Riding Beggar Press, New York, 1987
* John P. Jacob, "Mail Art: A Partial Anatomy", ''[[PostHype]]'', vol. 3, no. 1, New York, 1984
* Jean-Noël Laszlo (ed.), ''Timbres d'Artistes'', Musée de la Poste, Paris 1993
* Giovanni Lista, ''L'Art Postal Futuriste'', Paris 1979
* Ginny Lloyd, ''Blitzkunst: have you ever done anything illegal in order to survive as an artist?'', Kretschmer & Grossmann, Frankfurt, 1983
* Ginny Lloyd, ''Inter DADA 84: True DADA Confessions'', Jupiter 2014
* Ginny Lloyd, ''The Storefront: A living art project'', San Francisco, 1984
* Ginny Lloyd, ''Tour '81 Sketch BOOK'', TropiChaCHa Press, Jupiter, 1981–2011
* Ginny Lloyd, ''Women in the Artistamp Spotlight'', Jupiter 2012
* [[Graciela Gutiérrez Marx]], ''Artecorreo – artistas invisibles en la red postal'', La Plata, Argentina 2010
* Joni K. Miller & Lowry Thompson, ''The Rubber Stamp Album'', New York 1978
* Sandra Mizumoto Posey, ''Rubber Soul: Rubber Stamps and Correspondence Art'', Jackson 1996
* Géza Perneczky, ''The Magazine Network: The Trends of Alternative Art in the Light of Their Periodicals 1968–1988'', Cologne 1993
* Jean-Marc Poinsot, ''Mail Art: Communication A Distance Concept'', Paris 1971
* Kornelia Röder, ''Topologie und Funktionsweise des Netzwerkes der Mail Art'', Bremen 2008
* Günther Ruch (ed.), ''MA-Congress 86'', Out-press, Geneva 1987
* Craig J. Saper, ''Networked Art'', Minneapolis-London 2001
* Renaud Siegmann, ''Mail Art: Art postal – Art postè'', Paris 2002
* Chuck Welch (ed.), ''Eternal Network: A Mail Art Anthology'', Calgary 1995
* Chuck Welch, ''Networking Currents: Contemporary Mail Art Subjects and Issues'', Boston 1986
* Friedrich Winnes-Lutz Wohlrab, ''Mail Art Szene DDR 1975–1990'', Berlin 1994
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.artists-pub.eu/presentations/archives-collections/mail-art-archive-at-the-staatliches-museum-schwerin/ Mail Art-Archive at the Staatliches Museum Schwerin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415054040/http://www.artists-pub.eu/presentations/archives-collections/mail-art-archive-at-the-staatliches-museum-schwerin |date=2014-04-15 }}, 30,000 pieces 
* [http://blog.aaa.si.edu/2012/10/youve-got-mail-art-discovering-john-held-jrs-role-as-librarian-and-mail-artist.html "You've Got Mail Art: Discovering John Held Jr.'s Role as Librarian and Mail Artist"], Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130824172343/http://doodapost.com/about_stamps.html E. F. Higgins III – Doo Da Postage Works]
* [http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/LIB-PC001/ Mail art] digital collection from the [[University at Buffalo Libraries]]

{{Independent production}}
{{Avant-garde}}

{{Western art movements}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Visual arts genres]]
[[Category:Visual arts media]]
[[Category:Artistic techniques]]
[[Category:Contemporary art movements]]
[[Category:DIY culture]]
[[Category:Fluxus]]
[[Category:Postmodern art]]
[[Category:Cassette culture 1970s–1990s]]