View source for Mannlicher M1895

{{Distinguish | Dutch Mannlicher M1895}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Mannlicher M1895
| image              = Mannlicher M1895 from the Swedish Army Museum.jpg
| image_size         = 330
| caption            = Mannlicher M1895 Rifle. From the collections of the [[Swedish Army Museum]].
| origin             = [[Austria-Hungary]]
| type               = [[Straight pull]] [[Bolt action|bolt-action]] rifle
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1895–1918 ([[Austria-Hungary]])<br>1895–1949 (Other nations)
| used_by            = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
| wars               = [[First Sino-Japanese War]]<br>[[Boxer Rebellion]]<br>[[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising]]<br>[[First Balkan War]]<br>[[Second Balkan War]]<br>[[World War I]]<br>[[Russian Civil War]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scarlata |first=Paul |date=20 November 2014 |title=Russian rifles of the great war, revolution & civil war—part I |url=http://www.fhhljx.com/thefreelibrary/Russian+rifles+of+the+great+war,+revolution+%26+civil+war--part+I%3A...-a0391733875 |journal=Shotgun News |access-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927084452/http://www.fhhljx.com/thefreelibrary/Russian+rifles+of+the+great+war,+revolution+%26+civil+war--part+I%3A...-a0391733875 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>[[Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia]]<br>[[Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)|Revolutions and interventions in Hungary]]<br>[[Polish-Soviet War]]<br>[[Austrian Civil War]]<br>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]<br>[[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/spanishcivilwar1.html|title=spanishcivilwar1|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><br/>[[Sudeten German uprising]]<br>[[World War II]]<br>[[Greek Civil War]]<ref name="postwar">{{cite web|url=https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2015/05/20/moschetto-m95-carbine-postwar/|title=Moschetto M95 carbine postwar|date=May 20, 2015|website=wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com}}</ref><br>[[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]<ref name="postwar"/><br>[[1958 Lebanon crisis]]<br>[[Lebanese Civil War]]<br>[[Rhodesian Bush War]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[Ferdinand Mannlicher]]
| design_date        = 1895
| manufacturer       = '''1896–1918:''' [[Steyr-Mannlicher|Œ.W.G.]] in [[Steyr]]<br>'''1897–1918:''' [[FÉG|F.G.GY.]] in [[Budapest]]<br>'''1918–1920:''' [[Zbrojovka Brno]]
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1896–1920
| number             = approx. 3,500,000<ref name="Walter2006">{{cite book|author=John Walter|title=Rifles of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA609|access-date=9 September 2014|date=25 March 2006|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0-89689-241-7|page=265}}</ref>
| variants           = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = M95 Long Rifle
| weight             =Rifle: {{convert|3.78|kg|lb|abbr=on|1}}<br />Carbine: {{convert|3.4|kg|lb|abbr=on|1}}
| length             =Rifle: {{convert|1272|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}<br />Carbine: {{convert|1003|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}
| part_length        =Rifle: {{convert|765|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}<br />Carbine: {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge          = M95: [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]]<br>M95/30 & 31.M: [[8×56mmR]]<br>M95/24 & M95M: [[7.92×57mm Mauser]]
| action             = [[Straight-pull]] bolt action
| rate               = approx. 20–25 rounds/min
| velocity           = M93 (8×50mmR): {{convert|620|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}<br>M30 (8×56mmR): {{convert|720|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 5-round internal box magazine, loaded with 5-round [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en bloc clip]]s or ([[stripper clip]]s in M95/24 and M95M variants)
| sights             = Rear V-notch flip-up sight and front post ([[telescopic sight]] on sniper variant)
}}

The '''Mannlicher M1895''' ({{langx|de|link=no|Infanterie Repetier-Gewehr M.95}}, {{langx|hu|Gyalogsági Ismétlő Puska M95}}; "Infantry Repeating-Rifle M95") is an Austro-Hungarian [[straight pull]] [[Bolt action|bolt-action]] rifle, designed by [[Ferdinand Mannlicher|Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher]] that used a refined version of his revolutionary straight-pull action bolt, much like the [[Mannlicher M1890 carbine]]. It was nicknamed the ''Ruck-Zuck-[Gewehr]'' by Austrian troops (ruck-zuck spoken as "roock-tsoock", in common language meaning "back and forth [rifle]") and "Ta-Pum" by Italian troops who wrote a song <sup>([[:it:Tapum (canzone)|it]])</sup> about it during [[World War I]]. The primary producers were the [[Steyr Arms|ŒWG]] in Steyr, and [[FÉG]] in Budapest. 

Originally they were chambered for the round nosed [[8×50mmR Mannlicher|8×50mmR]] cartridge, but almost all of the rifles were rechambered to accept the more powerful and longer range spitzer [[8×56mmR]] cartridge in the 1930s.

== Method of Operation ==
The M1895 is unusual in employing a straight-pull bolt action, as opposed to the more common rotating bolt-handle of other rifles. It combines a two lug rotating bolt head, similar in construction to that found on a [[Mauser rifle]] with a pair of helical grooves cut in the bolt body to turn the back and forth movement of the bolt handle and body into the rotational movement of the bolt head. The extractor performs both the usual function, and also has a tail attached which interfaces with slots on the cam surfaces of the bolt head to prevent the bolt head from rotating as a result of the striker's spring pressure once it has been unlocked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://collections.royalarmouries.org/first-world-war/type/rac-narrative-159.html|title=Steyr-Mannlicher Modell 1895 rifle - Arms of the First World War - Royal Armouries collections|work=Royal Armouries collections|access-date=2018-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The angle of the cam surfaces in the bolt and bolt body is different from the angle at which the locking recesses are cut in the receiver of the rifle, the result is that the first {{convert|20|mm|abbr=on}} of travel of the bolt body results in the rotation of the bolt head, but with only about {{convert|3|mm|abbr=on}} of rearward movement, this gives a mechanical advantage to the system and accomplishes [[primary extraction]] of the spent casing from the chamber.

The result of this is that the user can pull the bolt back and forth in two movements rather than the up-back-forward-down of conventional turn bolt rifles. It is consequently renowned for combining relatively high [[rate of fire]] (around 20–25 rounds per minute) with reliability and sturdiness, although this requires decent care and maintenance. During Austro-Hungarian trials in 1892, rifles survived torture testing of firing 50,000 rounds without any form of lubrication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95.htm|title=Mannlicher Model 1895 Infantry Rifle|website=MANOWAR'S HUNGARIAN WEAPONS & HISTORY}}</ref>

The rifle is loaded by means of a five-round [[en-bloc clip]], which when loaded with cartridges, is pressed into the magazine of the rifle, where it is retained and acts as the feed lips of the magazine. When the last of the five rounds has been chambered, there is no longer anything retaining the clip in the magazine and it falls out a port in the bottom due to gravity. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZlWhNDI2q8] There is a button in the front of the trigger guard which allows the user to eject a partially or fully loaded en-bloc clip from the magazine when the bolt is open to unload the weapon. The clip will be ejected from the weapon quite energetically as the full force of the follower spring will be pressing against it.

The rifle is not designed to be loaded by any other means but with an en-bloc clip. Attempts to individual feed cartridges into the rifle in absence of proper en-bloc clips may cause damage to the extractor as it is not designed with enough travel to overcome the large rims of the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher|8x50mmR]] and [[8x56mmR]] cartridges used in the M1895 unless they are fed under the extractor from the en-bloc clip.

== History ==
[[File:Isonzo front colorization.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)#Austro-Hungarian assault units|Austro-Hungarian Stormtroopers]] armed with Mannlicher M95 Stutzens at the [[Isonzo front]] in 1917 (colorized).]]
The M1895 was initially adopted and employed by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] throughout [[World War I]], and retained post-war by both the [[First Austrian Republic|Austrian]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] armies. The main foreign user was [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], which, starting in 1903, acquired large numbers and continued using them throughout [[Balkan Wars|both Balkan]] and World Wars. After Austria-Hungary's defeat in World War I, many were given to other Balkan states as [[war reparations]]. A number of these rifles also saw use in [[World War II]], particularly by second line, reservist, and partisan units in Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy, and to a lesser degree, Germany. Post-war many were sold as cheap surplus, with some finding their way to the hands of African [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] in the 1970s{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} and many more being exported to the United States as sporting and collectible firearms.
The M1895 bolt also served as an almost exact template for the ill-fated Canadian M1905 [[Ross rifle]], though the later M1910 used a complicated [[interrupted screw|interrupted-thread]] instead of two solid [[Bolt (firearms)|lugs]].

== Ammunition ==
{{multiple image
 | width = 200
 | footer = Five cartridges in an [[en-bloc clip]]
 | image1 = Mannlicher en-bloc clip.jpg
 | caption1 = Round nosed [[8×50mmR Mannlicher|8×50mmR]] cartridges
 | image2 = Mannlicher 8x56R en-bloc clip.jpg
 | caption2 = <br>Spitzer bullet [[8×56mmR]] cartridges
 }}

The M1895 was originally chambered in the 8mm M.1893 scharfe Patrone ([[8×50mmR Mannlicher]]) cartridge. Between the world wars, both Austria and Hungary converted the majority of their rifles to fire the more powerful [[8×56mmR]] round.<br>Yugoslavia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Se.htm |title=Yugoslavian Mannlicher M.95 Rifles and Carbines |publisher=Manowar's Hungarian Weapons & History |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> converted at least some of their captured M1895s to [[7.92×57mm Mauser]], fed by [[stripper clip]]s instead of the original model's [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en bloc clip]] system. This conversion was designated M95/24 and M95M. The M95/24 is often mistakenly attributed to Bulgaria, but [[8×57mm IS]] was never a standard cartridge of the Bulgarian military.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Bu.htm |title=Bulgarian Mannlicher M.95 Rifles and Carbines |publisher=Manowar's Hungarian Weapons & History |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> These conversions are prized by collectors for their relative scarcity and chambering in a commonly available round, but suffer from a fragile [[Extractor (firearms)|extractor]] and a lack of replacement parts.

== Variants ==
For the post World War I conversions see ''[[#Conversions|Conversions]]''.

=== Rifle ===
The "Infantry Repeating-Rifle M1895" ({{langx|de|link=no|Infanterie Repetier-Gewehr M1895}}) was the basic variant. It was chambered for the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] cartridge. Its iron sights were graduated 300–2600 [[Pace (unit)|paces]] (225–1950 m). It was used during [[World War I]] by the majority of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] troops.

=== Stutzen ===
This stutzen or short rifle (official designation {{langx|de|link=no|Repetier-Stutzen M1895}}; "Repeating-Stutzen M1895") was mainly used by special troops (i.e. [[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)#Austro-Hungarian assault units|storm troops]]) during World War I. It chambered the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] cartridge. Its sights were graduated 500–2400 [[Pace (unit)|paces]] (375–1800 m).

Weight: {{convert|3.09|kg|lb}}<br>
Length: {{convert|1003|mm|in}}<br>
Barrel length: {{convert|500|mm|in}}

=== Carbine ===
The carbine (official designation {{langx|de|link=no|Kavalerie Repetier-Carabiner M1895}}; "Cavalry Repeating-Carbine M1895") was chambered [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] and used by [[cavalry]] units of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] as a replacement of the [[Mannlicher M1890 carbine]]. The sights were graduated 500–2400 [[Pace (unit)|paces]] (375–1800 m). Although it originally didn't have [[bayonet lug]]s, during World War I it was fitted with stutzen-like front barrel band with bayonet lugs after mounted cavalry units were found ineffective.

Weight: {{convert|3.4|kg|lb}}<br>
Length: {{convert|990|mm|in}}<br>
Barrel length: {{convert|480|mm|in}}

=== Sniper rifle ===
[[File:Mannlicher M1895 sniper rifle.png|thumb|400px|Sniper rifle variant.]]
The main difference from the standard rifle and sniper was the telescopic sight mount. The scope was mounted slightly to the left so the rifle could be fed by the [[en-bloc clip]]. Approximately 6,000 long and short barreled sniper rifles were made in the years 1915–1918.<ref name=obramba>{{cite journal |date=December 2003 |title=[The Mannlicher family] |journal=Revija Obramba |language=sl |volume=13 |issue=12 |issn=0353-9628}}
</ref>

=== Conversions ===
[[File:1672 - Salzburg - Festung Hohensalzburg - Repetierstutzen M95-30.JPG|thumb|left|350px|The Mannlicher M95/30 conversion.]]
The '''M95/30''' was a conversion in the [[First Austrian Republic]] by [[Steyr-Mannlicher]] during 1930–1940. These rifles carry the letter '''S''' meaning [[Spitzer (bullet)|Spitzer]] stamped on the barrel. Main modification was the rechambering to [[8×56mmR]] cartridge. Other changes were the conversion of ladder sights from the older [[Pace (unit)|pace]] unit to meters and addition of a brass front sight protector. Many long rifles were cut down to Stutzen length. Most of M95/30s were sent to Bulgaria during 1938–40, where front sight protectors were removed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann9530.htm|title = Mannlicher M95/30 Rifles and Carbines in Austria Hungary}}</ref>

[[File:1626 - Salzburg - Festung Hohensalzburg - Repetier.JPG|thumb|370px|Various Mannlicher rifles and carbines. The long rifle on far left is an [[Mannlicher M1888|1888 model]] and the carbine on the far left is an [[Mannlicher M1890 carbine|1890 model]]. The rest are various 1895 models.]]

The '''31.M''' or M95/31 was a conversion done in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Rifles were converted 1931–1935 by [[FÉG]] in [[Budapest]] and carry the letter '''H''' meaning Hegyes Töltény (pointed bullet) stamped on top of the chamber. The conversion included rechambering to the new [[8×56mmR]] pointed bullet cartridge, new metric ladder sights and the addition of a front-sight protector. Long rifles were cut down to carbine length and designated 31/a.M. A small number were rechambered but were not cut down for the Hungarian Governmental Guards; these had special long bayonets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann31.htm|title = Mannlicher 31M Rifles and Carbines - Hungarian Weapons}}</ref>

The '''M95M''' or '''M95/24''' was a conversion to [[7.92×57mm]] cartridge by the [[Zastava Arms|Kragujevac Arsenal]] in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. These rifles feature Yugoslavian [[M24 series|M24 Mauser]] barrels, sights, similar handguards and are fed by five-round stripper clips. Their extractors are prone to breakage when being fired single-shot. Some of these rifles were found in the [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Kingdom of Greece]] by the German forces during World War II and were mistakenly attributed Greek origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Se.htm|title = Serbia Yugoslavia Mannlicher M95 Rifle and Carbine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://candrsenal.com/rifle-yugoslavian-mannlicher-m95m-and-m9524 |title=Yugoslavian M95M and M95/24 Rifles |access-date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191405/http://candrsenal.com:80/rifle-yugoslavian-mannlicher-m95m-and-m9524 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Hungarian use and modifications during World War 2 ====
[[File:Hungarian soldier with Mannlicher M1895 rifle, 1940.jpg|thumb|Hungarian reservist with a Mannlicher rifle, 1940.]]
After 1938, Hungarian soldiers in rifle companies were reequipped with the new [[35M rifle]], but the most of troopers (machine gunners, supply troops, pioneers, gunners, messengers etc.) were still equipped with Mannlichers. In mid-1940 the [[Royal Hungarian Army|Royal Hungarian Defense Forces]] ('''Magyar Királyi Honvédség''<nowiki/>', the name of the army at the time) had 565 thousand rifles. Of this, 105 thousand were new [[35M rifle|35M]], 100 thousand [[Mauser Model 1895|1895 mauser]] rifles (used in second line units) and the rest were Mannlicher, by variants:

* 11 thousand [[Mannlicher M1888|88/90M]] (given from Austria in return for debts)
* 349 thousand 31.M (old rifles converted to 8x56 standard and post-war FÉG production)
** Carbine length rifles were designated as 31.a.M, and these were regularized in the machine gun companies, artillery batteries, recon and signal units. The precise proportion of 31M and 31.a.M variants is not known.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dombrády |first=Lóránd |date=1993 |title=A Magyar könnyű fegyverzet gyártása 1938 és 1944 között |trans-title=Production of Hungarian Light Weapons between 1938 and 1944 |url=http://epa.niif.hu/00000/00018/00109/pdf/EPA00018_hadtortenelmi_1993_04_076-117.pdf |journal=Hadtörténelmi Közlemények |language=Hungarian |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=76–117 |via=EPA}}</ref>

During 1941, 30 thousands of 95M rifles were converted to the 31.AM standard (note: name changed to AM from a.M.). After 1941 only 35M (and its Mauser-chambered version) were produced, so the number of Mannlichers decreased continuously. In addition to the losses, the significant wear and tear of the already quite old weapons also played a big role in this. Mannlichers remained the almost exclusive type of rifle in some formations, e.g. pioneer and artillery units used 31.Ms until the end of the war. This led to numerous issues during the battles of 1945, as weapon jams were highly prevalent. Most of these problems arose from the rapid and repeated firing, which caused already worn-out weapons to jam due to thermal expansion. If a soldier attempted to forcefully open the lock, it could potentially crack. After 1945, a few pieces were still used by the re-established military, border guard and police units, but they quickly wore out. Moreover, the majority of rifles belonging to civilians (hunters, guards) were confiscated by the communists. So, interestingly, more 31M rifles remained intact in the surrounding countries than in Hungary.<ref name=":0" />

=== Summary ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://candrsenal.com/a-quick-and-dirty-guide-mannlichers-straight-pull-rifles/ |title=A Guide to Mannlicher's Straight Pull Rifles : : C&Rsenal |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327094326/http://candrsenal.com/a-quick-and-dirty-guide-mannlichers-straight-pull-rifles/ |archive-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%%; text-align: center; width: 60%"
|-
!
! [[Cartridge (firearms)|Cartridge]]
! Length
! Weight
! Sling Swivels
! Bayonet Lug
! Notes
|-
! Rifle Model 1895
| 8×50mmR
| {{convert|128.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.63|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Under
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! Carbine Model 1895
| 8×50mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.95|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Side
| {{no}}
| {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} gap between front and rear barrel bands
|-
! Stutzen Model 1895
| 8×50mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.13|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Under
| {{yes}}
| {{convert|5|in|cm|abbr=on}} gap between front and rear barrel bands
|-
! Carbine Model 1895 with Stutzen lug
| 8×50mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.18|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Side
| {{yes}}
| {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} gap between front and rear barrel bands
|-
! Carbine-Stutzen Model 1895
| 8×50mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.22|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Either
| {{yes}}
| {{convert|5|in|cm|abbr=on}} gap between front and rear barrel bands
|-
! Stutzen-Carbine Model 1895
| 8×50mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.27|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Both
| {{yes}}
| {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} gap between front and rear barrel bands
|-
! Rifle Model 1895/30
| 8×56mmR
| {{convert|128.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.63|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Under
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! Stutzen Model 1895/30
| 8×56mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.22|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Either
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! Stutzen Model 1895/30 from Long Rifle
| 8×56mmR
| {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.22|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Either
| {{yes}}
| Long rifle rear sight
|-
! Rifle M95M and M95/24
| 7.92×57mm
| {{convert|110|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| Both
| {{yes}}
|
|-class="sortbottom"
|}

== Accessories ==
=== Bayonet ===
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center|direction=vertical
 | width = 350
 | image1 = Mannlicher M1895 standard and NCO bayonet.JPG
 | caption1 = NCO bayonet (top) and enlisted men bayonet (bottom).
 | image2 = Mannlicher M1895 scabbard.jpg
 | caption2 = Scabbard and frog.
}}

There were two main variants of the [[bayonet]]; the first was the standard bayonet, the second was the [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] variant that featured a hooked [[Quillon|quillion]] and a golden lanyard. The overall length was {{convert|360|mm|in}} and the blade was {{convert|248|mm|in}} long. The bayonet was unusual in that the edge faced upwards when mounted on the rifle. The majority of them were made by [[Steyr-Mannlicher|Œ.W.G.]] and [[FÉG|F.G.GY.]] Bayonets were originally not serial numbered.

Late in [[World War I]] resources were limited and they started manufacturing ''replacement'' ({{langx|de|link=no|Ersatz}}) bayonets. These were fast to produce, cheap and made completely out of metal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.old-smithy.info/bayonets/HTNL%20DOCUMNETS/austrian%20ersatz.htm|title=Austrian Ersatz Bayonets|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=13 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813011417/http://www.old-smithy.info/bayonets/HTNL%20DOCUMNETS/austrian%20ersatz.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Night sights ===
[[File:Mannlicher M1895 night sights.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A set of rear and front Luminous Sights M.1916.]]
A number of Model 1916 night (Luminous) sights were issued during World War I.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ortner |first=Mario Christian |date=2006 |title=Storm Troops |publisher=Militaria Verlag }}</ref> The rear night sight is a small brass plate that is placed underneath the rear sight leaf. The front sight clamps around the rifle's front sight base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95a.htm|title= Mannlicher M95 Rifles and Carbines Accessories|year=2014|website=hungariae.com|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Wire destroyer ===
A ''Drahtzerstörer'' or "wire destroyer" device for Mannlicher type firearms was also sometimes issued with the rifle during World War I. During assaults, when soldiers would run into barbed wire obstacles, the "wire destroyer" would grab one of the wires and the soldier would shoot through it. It could only be used with a mounted bayonet.<br>
Various other improvised wire destroyers existed, some originally designed for the [[Mosin–Nagant]] rifle that were captured on the [[Eastern front (World War I)|Eastern front]] were easily modified to fit the M95. Some were also crafted by military blacksmiths.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ortner |first=Mario Christian |date=2006 |title=Storm Troops |publisher=Militaria Verlag }}</ref>

== Users ==
[[File:Soldier and fallen comrade.jpg|thumb|upright|Bulgarian soldier with a fallen comrade during the [[First Balkan War]]]]{{Bulleted list}}
*{{flag|Albania}}: Approx. 4000 rifles were ordered by the [[Albanian revolt of 1912|Albanian Revolutionary Committee in 1911]]. Albania also received a number of rifles after [[First World War]] as war reparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Al.htm|title=Mannlicher M.95-type Rifles and Carbines, Albania|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*[[File:Flag of Austria.svg|22px]] [[First Austrian Republic]]: In service from October 1918 to the [[Anschluss]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Die Bewaffnung des österreichischen Bundesheeres: 1918 - 1990 |date=1990 |publisher=Weishaupt |isbn=978-3-900310-53-0 |editor-last=Urrisk-Obertyński |editor-first=Rolf M. |edition=1. Aufl |location=Graz}}</ref>
*{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: In service from 1895 to [[Austro-Hungarian Empire#Dissolution|Dissolution of Austria-Hungary]] in 1918. Mainly saw action during [[World War I]] as the standard-issue rifle of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].
*{{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}: Starting in 1898 Bulgaria began importing M95 Mannlicher rifles, in the beginning exclusively from [[Steyr-Mannlicher|Steyr]] and later also from [[FÉG|Budapest]]. Approx. 83,000 long rifles and 2,000 carbines were imported. These can be identified by a [[Coat of arms of Bulgaria|Bulgarian lion crest]] stamped on chamber and the manufacturer's name on the left side of the receiver.<ref name=obramba /> M95s, including guns captured by the USSR, were used by the post-war [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]].<ref name="postwar"/>
*{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: Czechoslovakia had about 200,000 Mannlicher M95s in their possession. The [[Zbrojovka Brno]] factory manufactured an unknown number of M95 barrels, stocks and barrel bands before switching to Mauser series production. Most were sold to Bulgaria in the 1930s, but some remained in storage until World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Cz.htm|title=Czech Mannlicher M.95-type Rifles and Carbines|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>
*[[File:Flag of the Sudets (without CoA).Svg|25px]] [[Sudetendeutsches Freikorps]]<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Czechoslovak Weapons of World War II: part 1|first=Paul|last=Scarlata|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Czechoslovak+Weapons+of+World+War+II%3A+part+1%3A+Czechoslovakia+was...-a0501831675|magazine=[[Shotgun News|Firearms News]]|date=August 2017}}</ref>
*{{flag|Finland}}: Finland obtained approximately 2300 rifles during the 1920s in the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] caliber. They were marked SA and are valuable among collectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Fi.htm|title=Finnish Mannlicher M.95-type Rifles and Carbines|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}: acquired Mannlicher rifles during the [[interwar period]], mostly in the original [[8×50mmR]] caliber (though some M95/30s have been found in Ethiopian storage).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Ethiopian military rifle cartridges: Part 2: from Mauser to Kalashnikov.|last=Scarlata|first= Paul|magazine=Shotgun News|date=Mar 1, 2009|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ethiopian+military+rifle+cartridges%3A+Part+2%3A+from+Mauser+to...-a0195134991}}</ref> Some ex-Italian carbines were also used until 1946.<ref name="postwar"/>
*{{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Used by German police and [[Volkssturm]] during World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Ge.htm|title=German Mannlicher M.95 Stutzens & Carbines|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Small+arms+of+the+Deutscher+Volkssturm+part+I:+Nazi+leaders,+many+of...-a0247740935|title=Small arms of the Deutscher Volkssturm part I: Nazi leaders, many of whom already had their tickets punched for Argentina, preached last-ditch resistance to the German people, and provided a motley assortment of tools for the purpose. - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Greece|name=Greece}}: Greece had a number of M95/24 and M95M rifles chambered for the [[7.92×57mm Mauser]], most likely of Yugoslavian (Serbian) origin, and were carried to Greece by Yugoslavian forces escaping from the Germans during World War 2. After the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] in April 1941, the guns arrived at the disposal of the Wehrmacht under the designation '''Gewehr 306(g)''' for the Rifle Model 1895, '''Karabiner 494(g)''' for the Carbine Model 1895/24, and '''Karabiner 505(g)''' for the Carbine Model 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Gr.htm|title=Greek Austro-Hungarian Mannlicher M.95 Rifles and Carbines|website=www.hungariae.com |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|name=Hungary}}: After the dissolution of the dual monarchy the Hungarian part received its share of M95s.
*{{flag|Kingdom of Italy|anme=Italy}}: Captured on the [[Italian Front (World War I)|Italian Front]] and received as war reparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95It.htm|title=Mannlicher M95-type Rifles and Carbines|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> By 1937, over 200,000 M.95s in the original caliber were stockpiled in [[Italian East Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riccio |first1=Ralph |title=Italian small arms of the first & second world wars |date=2013 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |isbn=9780764345838 |page=161}}</ref> They were predominately used by [[Royal Corps of Colonial Troops|colonial troops]]. These are often marked '''AOI''' for ''Africa Orientale Italiana''. Rifles captured by the British were shipped to India as trainers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://candrsenal.com/rifle-austro-hungarian-steyr-mannlicher-m-95/|title=Rifle: Austro-Hungarian Steyr-Mannlicher M.95|publisher=C&Rsenal|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222110405/http://candrsenal.com/rifle-austro-hungarian-steyr-mannlicher-m-95/|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kenya}}: very limited numbers<ref name="postwar"/>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the IMRO.svg}} [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]]: Supplied by the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parmeniov |date=2023-01-30 |title=Mannlicher Rifle - Most Popular Gun of the Macedonian Insurgents |url=https://history.mk/mannlicher-rifle-most-popular-gun-of-the-macedonian-insurgents/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=History.mk |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flag|Second Polish Republic|name=Poland}}:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://1939.pl/uzbrojenie/polskie/bron-strzelecka/karabinek_8mm_wz1888_mannlicher/index.html |title=Karabin i karabinek 8&nbsp;mm wz.1895 "Mannlicher" – Kampania Wrześniowa 1939.pl |publisher=Kampania Wrześniowa 1939 |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> Surplus Austro-Hungarian rifles were used during the [[Polish-Soviet War]] and more were received by armed police in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Ru.htm|title=Mannlicher Yasnikov M.95-type Automatic Rifle Prototype|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag|Qing dynasty}}: The elite [[Wuwei Corps]] was equipped with a significant number of imported Mannlicher rifles.<ref>{{cite book|title=China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949|series=General Military|first= Philip|last= Jowett|date=20 Nov 2013 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=9781782004073 |page=40}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}}: Purchased during the Balkan wars, later obtained from Russian or Romanian captures, initially issued to second line troops. During the interwar period, under a process called "unified armament" (''[[Romanian language|Romanian]]'': "armament unificat"), many Mannlichers M1895 rifles, carabines and [[Schwarzlose machine gun|Schwarzlose HMG]]s were re-bored to [[7.92×57mm Mauser]] to use the same ammo as the standard Romanian weapons ([[vz. 24|ZB vz. 24 rifle]]s, [[ZB vz. 30|ZB vz.30 LMG]], [[ZB-53|ZB vz. 37 HMG]]  etc). The rifles and carbines were appreciated by cavalry units for its accuracy and better rate of fire and was still in use in World War II. <ref>{{cite book |last1= Axworthy |first1= Mark |last2= Scafes |first2= Cornel |last3= Craciunoiu |first3= Cristian |date= 1995-01-01 |title= Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945 |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/148363237/Third-Axis-Fourth-Ally-Romanian-Armed-Forces-in-the-European-War-1941-45|location= London |publisher= [[Arms and Armour Press]] |page= |isbn= 1-85409-267-7|access-date= 2025-05-10}}</ref>
*{{flag|Russian Empire}}: During the [[First World War]], captured rifles were widely used in the Russian army because of the lack of domestic rifles and cartridges for them.<ref>А. Б. Жук. Энциклопедия стрелкового оружия: револьверы, пистолеты, винтовки, пистолеты-пулеметы, автоматы. М., АСТ – Voyenizdat, 2002, p. 587</ref> Russian captured rifles may carry a [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter П (P). Russian efforts to convert their service rifle, the turning bolt-action [[Mosin–Nagant]] to self-loading action were unsuccessful, that's why they decided to alter the straight-pull Mannlicher M1895 rifle, but arrived to the conclusion that development of automatic rifles requires a different approach by inventors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://milpas.cc/rifles/ZFiles/Rifles%20of/Hungary/Hungary%201897-1950/M95-type%20Rifles%20and%20Carbines/Other%20Countries/Yasnikov%27s%20Mannlicher%20M95-15%20Prototype.htm|title=Mannlicher Yasnikov M.95-type Automatic Rifle Prototype|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia|name=Serbia}}: Captured during the [[Balkan Wars]] from Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary during World War I, also received as war reparations in original caliber. Passed on to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
*{{Flag|Soviet Union}}: A sizeable quantity of M1895 rifles were captured by the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]]. Some were also purchased from the Polish government during the interwar period.
*{{flag|Francoist Spain}}: During the Spanish Civil War, the Soviet NKVD Agency supplied the Republican Forces in Spain with 20,000 Mannlicher Wz.95 rifles and carbines purchased from the Polish Ministry of Defense. The rifle shipment did not reach its intended users; it was captured by Franco's Nationalists. Most Spanish Civil War weapons ended up on the U.S. surplus market during 1959–62. These guns may have additional Spanish Civil War markings and various graffiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Po.htm|title=Polish Austro Hungarian Mannlicher Rifles and Carbines|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag| Spanish Republic}}: Received a small shipment of M1895 from the Soviet Union and Poland, which were used in the Spanish Civil War.

*{{flag|West Ukrainian People's Republic|name=Ukraine}}: In service with the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]].
*{{flag|Yemen}}<ref name ='SAS 2003'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2003.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112154702/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2003.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2010|chapter-url= http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2003/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2003-Chapter-05-EN.pdf|chapter=Living with Weapons: Small Arms in Yemen|title=Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2003|author=Small Arms Survey|pages=173–174|author-link= Small Arms Survey}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}: Yugoslavia inherited a great number of Mannlicher rifles from territories that were part of Austria-Hungary up to the end of First World War and from the Kingdom of Serbia. Rifles in original configuration were used by the [[Gendarmerie]]. Around 122,000 were converted to [[7.92×57mm Mauser]] caliber as the M95/24 and M95M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://candrsenal.com/rifle-yugoslavian-mannlicher-m95m-and-m9524/ |title=Rifle: Yugoslavian Mannlicher M95M and M95/24 |publisher=C&Rsenal |access-date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152438/http://candrsenal.com/rifle-yugoslavian-mannlicher-m95m-and-m9524/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yugoslavian (Serbian) Mannlicher M.95 Rifles and Carbines |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95Se.htm|website=www.hungariae.com|access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> M95M rifles captured by the Wehrmacht under the designation '''Gewehr 294(j)''' (despite being considered a carbine by the Yugoslavs), with unconverted M95 rifles and carbines receiving the designation '''Gewehr 306(j)''' and '''Karabiner 505(j)''' respectively. Some were used by the post-war [[Yugoslav People's Army]].<ref name="postwar"/>

== See also ==
* [[Mannlicher M1890 carbine]]
* [[Mannlicher M1888]]
* [[Weapons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire]]
* [[M1895 Lee Navy]] – An American straight-pull rifle
* [[Ross rifle]] – A Canadian straight-pull rifle
* [[Schmidt-Rubin|Schmidt-Rubin rifle]] - A Swiss straight-pull rifle

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mannlicher M1895}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005225447/http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/m95.htm  M95, M90, and identifying marks]
* [http://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl18-e.htm Modern Firearms – M95/30 (M1895)]
* Photogallery of [http://www.fronta.cz/fotogalerie/karabina-mannlicher-m-1895 carabine Mannlicher M.95]

{{Clip-fed firearms}}
{{Steyr Mannlicher}}
{{WWIAus-HunInfWeaponsEquipment}}

[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1895]]
[[Category:8×50mmR Mannlicher rifles]]
[[Category:Clip-fed firearms]]
[[Category:Firearms by Ferdinand Mannlicher]]
[[Category:Mannlicher rifles]]
[[Category:Rifles of Austria]]
[[Category:Straight-pull rifles]]
[[Category:World War I Austro-Hungarian infantry weapons]]