View source for Manuel I of Portugal

{{Short description|King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521}}
{{For|other people with the same name|Manuel of Portugal (disambiguation){{!}}Manuel of Portugal}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Manuel I
| image        = Fons Vitae (c. 1515-1517) - Colijn de Coter (attributed) (cropped).png
| caption      = Portrait by [[Colijn de Coter]], {{circa|1515}}–1517.
| alt          = Manuel I of Portugal
| succession   = [[King of Portugal]]
| reign        = 25 October 1495{{snd}}{{nowrap|13 December 1521}}
| coronation   = 27 October 1495
| predecessor  = [[John II of Portugal|John II]]
| successor    = [[John III of Portugal|John III]]
| birth_date   = 31 May 1469
| birth_place  = [[Alcochete]], [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portugal]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1521|12|13|1469|05|31|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| burial_date  =
| burial_place = [[Jerónimos Monastery]]
| spouses      = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Isabella, Princess of Asturias]] |1497|1498|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]]|1500|1517|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Eleanor of Austria]]|1518}} }}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal|Miguel da Paz, Hereditary Prince of Portugal]]
* [[John III, King of Portugal]]
* [[Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Isabella, Holy Roman Empress]]
* [[Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy|Beatrice, Duchess of Savoy]]
* [[Louis, Duke of Beja]]
* [[Ferdinand, Duke of Guarda]]
* [[Cardinal-Infante Afonso]]
* [[Henry, King of Portugal]]
* [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Duarte, Duke of Guimarães]]
* [[Maria, Duchess of Viseu]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Marriages and Issue
| issue-pipe   =
| house        = [[House of Aviz|Aviz]]
| father       = [[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu]]
| mother       = [[Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu|Beatrice of Portugal]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholicism]]
| signature    = Assinatura de D. Manuel I.svg
}}

'''Manuel I'''{{Efn | In archaic Portuguese, ''Manoel''.}} ({{IPA|pt-PT|mɐnuˈɛl|lang}}; 31 May 1469{{snd}}13 December 1521), known as '''the Fortunate''' ({{langx|pt|O Venturoso}}), was [[list of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] from 1495 to 1521. A member of the [[House of Aviz]], Manuel was [[Duke of Beja]] and [[Duke of Viseu|Viseu]] prior to succeeding his cousin, [[John II of Portugal]], as monarch. Manuel ruled over a period of intensive expansion of the [[Portuguese Empire]] owing to the numerous [[Portuguese discoveries]] made during his reign. His sponsorship of [[Vasco da Gama]] led to the [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India]] in 1498, resulting in the creation of the [[Portuguese India Armadas]], which guaranteed Portugal's monopoly on the [[spice trade]]. Manuel began the [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas]] and [[Portuguese India]], and oversaw the establishment of a vast [[factory (trading post)|trade empire]] across Africa and Asia.

Manuel established the [[Casa da Índia]], a royal institution that managed Portugal's monopolies and its imperial expansion. He financed numerous famed Portuguese navigators, including [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] (who discovered [[Brazil]]), [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] (who established [[Mare clausum#Mare clausum in the Age of discovery|Portuguese hegemony]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]), among numerous others. The income from Portuguese trade monopolies and colonized lands made Manuel the wealthiest monarch in Europe,{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=178}}{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=142}} allowing him to be one of the great patrons of the [[Portuguese Renaissance]], which produced many significant artistic and literary achievements. Manuel patronized numerous Portuguese intellectuals, including playwright [[Gil Vicente]] (called the father of [[Culture of Portugal#Theater|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish Golden Age theatre|Spanish theatre]]).{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=177}} The [[Manueline|Manueline style]], considered Portugal's national architecture, is named for the king.{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=23}}

==Early life==
[[File:D. Manuel I - Missae partes decantari solitae, c. 1500 (Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek).png|thumb|right|upright|Depiction of Manuel in prayer in his [[Gradual of Manuel I of Portugal|illuminated Gradual]], {{circa|1500}} ([[Austrian National Library]]).]]
Manuel was born in [[Alcochete]] on 31 May 1469,{{sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|p=800}} the ninth child of [[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu]] and [[Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Beatriz of Portugal]].{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=52}}{{sfn| Sanceau|1970|page=3}} His father, Ferdinand, was the son of [[Edward, King of Portugal]] and the brother of [[Afonso V of Portugal]], while his mother, Beatriz, was granddaughter of King [[John I of Portugal]]. In addition, his sister [[Eleanor of Viseu]] was the wife of King [[John II of Portugal]].{{sfn|Rebelo|2003|p=534}}

Manuel grew up amidst strife between the Portuguese noble families and King John II.{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|pages=2-4}} In 1483, [[Fernando II, Duke of Braganza]], leader of Portugal's most powerful feudal house,{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=16}} was executed for treason.{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=162}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|pages=17-18}} Later, Manuel's older brother, [[Diogo, Duke of Viseu]], was accused of leading a conspiracy against the crown and was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=210}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=21}}

After the death of his son [[Afonso, Prince of Portugal|Prince Afonso]] and failed attempts to legitimise his illegitimate son, [[Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra]], John II named Manuel heir to the throne.{{sfn| Sanceau|1970|pages=1-2}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bergenroth |first1=G A |title=Spain: December 1495 Pages 72–79 Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 1, 1485–1509. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1862. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol1/pp72-79 |website=British History Online |access-date=18 August 2020}} </ref> Manuel succeeded John as king of Portugal in 1495.{{sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|p=800}}

==Reign==
===Imperial expansion===
{{main|Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese Empire}}
[[File:Flag Manuel I of Portugal.svg|thumb|right|upright|King Manuel's [[royal standard]], depicting an [[armillary sphere]], became a symbol of the [[Portuguese Empire]]'s global expanse and eventually Portugal itself. It can still be seen in [[coat of arms of Portugal|Portugal's coat of arms]] and [[flag of Portugal|its flag]].]]
Manuel would prove a worthy successor to his cousin [[John II of Portugal|John II]] for his support of [[Portugal in the period of discoveries|Portuguese exploration]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and development of Portuguese commerce. During his reign, the following achievements were realised:

1498 – The discovery of a maritime route to [[India]] by [[Vasco da Gama]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=168}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}<br>
1500 – The voyage to [[Brazil]] by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]].{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=139}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=226}}<br>
1501 – The voyage to [[Labrador]] by [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar]] and [[Miguel Corte-Real|Miguel]] Corte-Real.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=227}}{{sfn|Stephens|1891|page=175}}<br>
1503 – The construction of the first [[feitoria]] in Brazil by [[Fernão de Loronha]] and of a fort in the allied [[Kingdom of Cochin]] in India by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=168}}<br>
1505 – The construction of forts at [[Kilwa]], [[Sofala]], [[Anjediva Island|Angediva]], and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] by [[Francisco de Almeida]] as the first [[viceroy of India]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=232-233}}<br>
1506 – The capture of [[Essaouira]] in Morocco by Diogo de Azambuja.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}<br>
1507 – The capture of [[Socotra]] by [[Tristão da Cunha]] and [[Portuguese Oman|Oman]] by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}}<br>
1508 – The capture of [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]] in Morocco by [[Diogo de Azambuja]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}<br>
1510 – The capture of [[old Goa|Goa]] in India by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}}<br>
1511 – The capture of [[Malacca]] in Malaysia by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}}<br>
1513 – The capture of [[Azemmour|Azamor]] in Morocco by [[Jaime, Duke of Braganza|Dom Jaime Duke of Braganza]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=170}}<br>
1515 – The capture of [[Ormus]] in the Persian Gulf by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=170}}

The [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|capture of Malacca]] in modern-day [[Malaysia]] in 1511 was the result of a plan by Manuel I to thwart the [[Indian Ocean trade|Muslim trade in the Indian Ocean]] by capturing [[Aden]], blocking trade through [[Alexandria]], capturing [[Ormuz]] to block trade through the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Beirut]], and capturing Malacca to control trade with [[China]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Malabar Manual |year=2000 |edition=Reprint |last=Logan |first=William |author-link=William Logan (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&pg=RA1-PA312 |page=312|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120604469 }}</ref>

All these events made Portugal wealthy from foreign trade as it formally established a vast overseas empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings (in the "[[Manueline]]" style){{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=167}} and to attract artists to his court.{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=16}}

Commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with the [[Ming dynasty]] of [[China]] and the Persian [[Safavid dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} [[Pope Leo X]] received a monumental embassy from Portugal during his reign designed to draw attention to Portugal's newly acquired riches to all of Europe.<ref name="EB1911"/>{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|pages=95-102}}

Like Afonso V, Manuel extended his official title to reflect Portugal's expansion. He styled himself ''King of Portugal and the Algarves, on this side and beyond the Sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and the Lord of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce in Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India''.{{sfn|Newitt|2005|p=55}}{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|page=34}}

===Judicial reform===
In Manuel's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government.{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=132}} The [[Portuguese Cortes]] (the assembly of the kingdom) met only four times during his reign,{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=133}} always in [[Lisbon]], the king's seat.

He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=176}} During his reign, the laws in force in the kingdom were recodified with the publication of the [[Manueline Ordinances]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=174}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|pages=59-60}}

===Religious policy===
[[File:Fons Vitae (c. 1515-1517) - Colijn de Coter (attributed).png|thumb|upright|Manuel with his second wife [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]] and their eight children; by [[Colijn de Coter]], {{circa|1515}}–17.]]
Manuel was a very religious man and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to send missionaries to the new colonies, among them [[Francisco Álvares]], and sponsor the construction of religious buildings,{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=16}} such as the [[Monastery of Jerónimos]].{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=81}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=202}} Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade against the Turks.<ref name="Soyer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Soyer |first1=François |date=4 June 2014 |title=Manuel I of Portugal and the End of the Toleration of Islam in Castile: Marriage Diplomacy, Propaganda, and Portuguese Imperialism in Renaissance Europe, 1495–1505 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jemh/18/4/article-p331_1.xml |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=331–356 |doi=10.1163/15700658-12342416 |access-date=3 November 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At the outset of his reign, Manuel relaxed conditions that had kept Jews in virtual slavery under John II.{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=53}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=212}} However, in 1496, while seeking to marry [[Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias|Infanta Isabella of Aragon]], he relented to pressure from her parents, Ferdinand and Isabella, and decreed that Jews who refused baptism must leave the country.{{sfn|Stephens|1891|page=173}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=54}} Then, before the deadline for their expulsion he converted all Jews to Christianity by royal decree.{{sfn |Rebelo |2003}}

[[File:D. Manuel I half-length – Museu de Marinha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Panel portrait of Manuel I]]
That period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as "[[New Christian]]s" and were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed, which was later extended to end in 1534.<ref>{{cite speech |first=Arthur |last=Benveniste |title=500th Anniversary of the Forced Conversion of the Jews of Portugal |location=Sephardic Temple Tifereth Israel, Los Angeles |date= October 1997}}</ref>{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=213}}

During the [[Lisbon massacre]] of 1506, people murdered thousands of accused Jews. The leaders of the riot were executed by Manuel.{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=133}}{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=129}}

In addition, Manuel also ordered the expulsion of Muslims from Portugal, and he is known to have pressured Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to end the toleration of Islam in their own kingdom.<ref name="Soyer2014" />

==Family==
Isabella died in childbirth,{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=57}} thus putting a damper on Portuguese ambitions to rule in Spain, which various rulers had harbored since the reign of King [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]] (1367–1383).{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=171}} Manuel and Isabella's young son, [[Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal|Miguel da Paz]], was named [[Prince of Asturias]], [[Prince of Portugal]], and [[Prince of Girona]], making him heir apparent of Castile, Portugal, and Aragon until his death in 1500, at the age of two years, ended the ambitions of the Catholic Monarchs and Manuel.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Emanuel I.|volume=9|page=305}}</ref>{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=174}}

Manuel's next wife, [[Maria of Aragon (1482-1517)|Maria of Aragon]], was his first wife's younger sister.{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=174}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=58}} Two of their sons later became kings of Portugal.<ref name="EB1911"/> Maria died in 1517 but the two sisters were survived by two other sisters, [[Joanna of Castile]], who was born in 1479 and had married Archduke [[Philip I of Castile|Philip]] ([[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]'s son) and had a son, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] who would eventually inherit Spain and the Habsburg possessions,{{sfn|Stephens|1891|p=174}} and [[Catherine of Aragon]], first wife of [[Henry VIII]].{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|p=111}} After Maria's death, Manuel married her niece, [[Eleanor of Austria]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}

==Honours==

Manuel I was awarded the [[Golden Rose]] by [[Pope Julius II]] in 1506{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}} and by Pope Leo X in 1514. Manuel I became the first individual to receive more than one Golden Rose after Emperor [[Sigismund von Luxembourg]].{{cn|date=December 2021}}

==Death==
[[File:Livro de Horas de D. Manuel I ~ Ofício dos Mortos (enterro de D. Manuel) -.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Manuel's funeral in 1521.]]

In December 1521, while Lisbon was dealing with an outbreak of the [[Black Death|Black Plague]], Manuel and his court remained at [[Ribeira Palace]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|page=163}} On 4 December, Manuel began displaying symptoms of an intense fever which incapacitated him by the 11th. He died on 13 December 1521, at the age of 52,{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|p=115}} and was succeeded by his son, [[John III of Portugal]].{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|p=119}}{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=145}}

The next day, his body was transported to the [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém district]] of Lisbon, in a black velvet-draped coffin, followed by masses of mourners. He was provisionally buried at Restelo Church, while the royal pantheon of the [[House of Aviz]] was furnished inside [[Jerónimos Monastery]]. His coffin was buried by four of the most prominent nobles of the kingdom, the [[Jaime, Duke of Braganza|Duke of Braganza]], the [[Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra|Duke of Coimbra]], and the [[:pt:Pedro de Meneses, 3.º Marquês de Vila Real|Marquis of Vila Real]], in a private ceremony attended only by the royal family and the [[Portuguese nobility]]. His remains were transferred to Jerónimos Monastery in 1551,{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|p=115}} along with his second wife [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]].

==Genealogy==
===Ancestry===
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Manuel I of Portugal'''
|2= 2. [[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu]]
|3= 3. [[Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu|Beatrice of Portugal]]
|4= 4. [[Edward, King of Portugal|Edward I of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{harvnb|Stephens|1891|p=139}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Eleanor of Aragon]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|6= 6. [[John, Constable of Portugal]]<ref name="Liss">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |title=Isabel the Queen: Life and Times |last=Liss |first=Peggy K. |date=2015-11-10 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812293203 |pages=11 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Isabel of Barcelos]]<ref name="Liss"/>
|8= 8. [[John I of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> (= 12)
|9= 9. [[Philippa of Lancaster]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> (= 13)
|10= 10. [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]<ref name="DeSousa2-497">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/496/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |page=497}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]]<ref name="DeSousa2-497"/>
|12= 12. [[John I of Portugal]]<ref name="DeSousa2-167">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/166/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |page=167}}</ref> (= 8)
|13= 13. [[Philippa of Lancaster]]<ref name="DeSousa2-167"/> (= 9)
|14= 14. [[Afonso I, Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="DeSousa2-167"/>
|15= 15. [[Beatriz Pereira de Alvim]]<ref name="DeSousa2-167"/>
}}

===Marriages and Issue===
{{seealso|Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal}}

Manuel was married three times,{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=307}} to two daughters and one granddaughter of [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain]]:
* [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Isabella]], married from 30 September 1497 – 23 August 1498, died in childbirth
* [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria]], married from 30 October 1500 – 7 March 1517, died from complications of pregnancy
* [[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]], married from 16 July 1518 – 13 December 1521, outlived Manuel, later [[List of French royal consorts|Queen Consort of France]].

[[File:LDAM (f. 42v) D. Manuel e da Rainha.jpg|thumb|Coat of Arms of King Manuel and Queen Maria of Aragon.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:  20%;"  | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:  10em;" | Lifespan
! scope="col"                       | Notes
|-
! scope="col" colspan="4" | By [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Isabel of Aragon]] (2 October 1470&nbsp;– 23 August 1498; married 30 September 1497)
|-
! scope="row" | [[Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal|Miguel, Prince of Asturias & Portugal]]
| [[File:Miguel de la Paza (La Virgen de los Reyes Católicos).jpg|100px]]
| 23 August 1498&nbsp;– <br /> 19 July 1500
| Heir to all of the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon as [[Prince of Asturias]], [[Prince of Portugal]], and [[Prince of Girona]], until premature death.
|-
! scope="col" colspan="4" | By [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]] (29 June 1482&nbsp;– 7 March 1517; married 30 October 1500)
|-
! scope="row" | [[John III of Portugal]]
| [[File:D. João III - Cristóvão Lopes (attrib).png|100px]]
| 7 June 1502&nbsp;– <br /> 11 June 1557
| King of Portugal from 1521 until 1557. He was married to [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine of Austria]], daughter of King [[Philip I of Castile]] and Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joana I of Castile]]. He had nine children from this marriage.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Isabella of Portugal|Isabel, Holy Roman Empress]]
| [[File:La emperatriz Isabel de Portugal, por Tiziano (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| 24 October 1503&nbsp;– <br /> 1 May 1539
| Married [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. She had five children from this marriage.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy|Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy]]
| [[File:Princess Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy.jpg|100px]]
| 31 December 1504&nbsp;– <br /> 8 January 1538
| Married [[Charles III, Duke of Savoy]]. She had seven children from this marriage.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja|Luís, Duke of Beja]]
| [[File:Infante D. Luis in Fons Vitae - Colijn de Coter.png|100px]]
| 3 March 1506&nbsp;– <br /> 27 November 1555
| Never married but had an illegitimate son, [[António, Prior of Crato]], who tried to claim the throne of Portugal during the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580|1580 dynastic crisis]].
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda|Fernando, Duke of Guarda]]
| [[File:Fernando - Guarda & Trancoso.jpg|100px]]
| 5 June 1507&nbsp;– <br /> 7 November 1534
| Married [[:pt:Guiomar Coutinho, Duquesa da Guarda|Guiomar Coutinho, Countess of Marialva and Loulé]]. He had two children from this marriage.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal|Afonso, Cardinal-Archbishop of Lisbon]]
| [[File:Cardeal Infante D. Afonso - (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| 23 April 1509&nbsp;– <br /> 21 April 1540
| He was a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]]-[[Infante]], [[Prince of the Church]], [[Archbishop of Lisbon]], and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Évora|Bishop of Évora]].
|-
! scope="row" | Infanta Maria
|
| 1511&nbsp;– 1513{{sfn|Buescu|2019|pp=48-50}}
| She died at the age of 2.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henry I of Portugal]]
| [[File:Ritratto di Enrico I del Portogallo (1587) - Cristofano dell'Altissimo (Galleria degli Uffizi).png|100px]]
| 31 January 1512&nbsp;– <br /> 31 January 1580
| King of Portugal from 1578 until 1580. He was a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]]-[[Infante]], [[Prince of the Church]], [[Archbishop of Lisbon]], and the only cardinal in history to reign as king.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Duarte, Duke of Guimarães]]
| [[File:Ambito Fiammingo, Palazzo della Pilotta - Don Duarte del Portogallo.jpg|100px]]
| 7 October 1515&nbsp;– <br /> 20 September 1540
| Married [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]. He had three children from this marriage. Great-grandfather of [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]].
|-
! scope="row" | Infante António
|
| 8 September 1516&nbsp;– 1 November 1516{{sfn|Buescu|2019|pp=48-50 and 75-76}}
| He died less than two months later.
|-
! scope="col" colspan="4" | By [[Eleanor of Austria]] (15 November 1498&nbsp;– 25 February 1558; married 16 July 1518)
|-
! scope="row" | Infante Carlos
|
| 18 February 1520&nbsp;– <br /> 14 April 1521
| He died at the age of 1, of a fever.
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Maria, Duchess of Viseu]]
| [[File:Maria von Portugal, Anthonis Mor (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| 18 June 1521&nbsp;– <br /> 10 October 1577
| Never married. She was the richest woman in Europe of her time.
|}

==See also==
[[File:5129 Portugues Manuel I Lisboa.jpg|thumb|16th century português from the reign of King Manuel.]]
* [[Manueline]], an architectural style named after Manuel
* [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery]]
* [[Português (coin)|Português]]
* [[Royal Palace of Évora]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Livermore |first=H.V. |year=1976|title=A New History of Portugal |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofport0000unse_y9g3/page/n9/mode/2up |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521095716}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marques |first1=Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira |title=History of Portugal |date=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofportuga1976marq/page/n309/mode/2up? |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0-231-08353-X|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last1=McMurdo |first1=Edward |title=The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III |date=1889 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington|location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historyportugal05mcmugoog/page/n10/mode/2up? |access-date=5 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=M. D. D |title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofportugu0000newi/page/n5/mode/2up? |access-date=5 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Esteves |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Guilherme |title=Portugal: diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico |date=1904 |publisher=J. Romano Torres |location=Lisboa |pages=800–803|url=https://archive.org/details/portugaldicciona04pere/page/800/mode/2up|volume=4 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |title=Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Gerli|editor-first=E. Michael |chapter=Manuel I, King of Portugal |last=Rebelo |first=Luis |isbn=0-415-93918-6|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanceau |first= Elaine |date=1970 |title=Reign of the Fortunate King, 1495–1521: Manuel I of Portugal |location=Hamden, Conn. |publisher=Archon Books |isbn=0-2080096-8-X |url=https://archive.org/details/reignoffortunate0000sanc}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Robert C. |publisher=Meredith Press |location=New York |title=The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800|year=1968|url=https://archive.org/details/artofportugal15000smit |access-date= 5 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stephens |first1=H. Morse |title=The Story of Portugal |author-link=Henry Morse Stephens|date=1891 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofportugal00step/page/n7/mode/2up? |access-date=5 December 2023}}
* {{cite book|last=Buescu|first=Ana Isabel|title=D. Beatriz de Portugal (1504-1538). A Infanta Esquecida.|lang= pt|year=2019|publisher=Manuscrito|location= Lisbon}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Soyer |first= François |title=The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance, 1496-97 |location= Leiden |publisher= Brill |year=2007}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

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{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Manuel 01 Of Portugal}}
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[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
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