View source for Manueline

{{Short description|16th century Portuguese architectural style}}
{{no inline citations|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox art movement
| name = Manueline
|image = {{photomontage
|photo1a=Torre Belém April 2009-4a.jpg
|photo2a=Coimbra December 2011-14.jpg
|photo3a=Iglesia del convento de Jesús, Setúbal, Portugal, 2021-09-10, DD 04-06 HDR.jpg
|size = 200
|color_border = #AAAAAA
|color = #F9F9F9
}}
| caption = '''Top to bottom:''' [[Belém Tower]] in [[Lisbon]] (1514–1519); [[Chapel of São Miguel]] at the [[University of Coimbra]] in [[Coimbra]] (1517-1522); and the altar of the church of the [[Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal]] in [[Setúbal]] (1491-1495)
| yearsactive = {{circa|1490s-1520s}}
|country      =  Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia
}}

The '''Manueline''' ({{langx|pt|estilo manuelino}}, {{IPA|pt|ɨʃˈtilu mɐnweˈlinu|IPA}}), occasionally known as '''Portuguese late Gothic''', is the sumptuous, composite [[Portuguese architecture|Portuguese architectural]] style originating in the 16th century, during the [[Portuguese Renaissance]] and [[Age of Discoveries]]. Manueline architecture incorporates maritime elements and representations of the discoveries brought from the voyages of [[Vasco da Gama]] and [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]. This innovative style synthesizes aspects of Late Gothic [[Flamboyant]] architecture with original motifs and influences of the [[Plateresque]], [[Mudéjar]],  [[Italian architecture|Italian]], and [[Flanders|Flemish]] architecture. It marks the transition from Late Gothic to [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]]. The construction of churches and monasteries in Manueline was largely financed by proceeds of the lucrative [[spice trade]] with Africa and India.

The style was given its name, many years later, by [[Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen]], Viscount of Porto Seguro, in his 1842 book ''Noticia historica e descriptiva do Mosteiro de Belem, com um glossario de varios termos respectivos principalmente a architectura gothica'', in his description of the [[Jerónimos Monastery]]. Varnhagen named the style after [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]], whose reign (1495–1521) coincided with its development. The style was much influenced by the astonishing successes of the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|voyages of discovery]] of Portuguese navigators, from the coastal areas of Africa to the discovery of Brazil and the ocean routes to the Far East.

Although the period of this style did not last long (from 1490 to 1520), it played an important part in the development of Portuguese art. The influence of the style outlived the king. Celebrating the newly maritime power, it manifested itself in architecture (churches, monasteries, palaces, castles) and extended into other arts such as sculpture, painting, works of art made of precious metals, [[faience]] and furniture.

==Characteristics==
[[File:Convento Cristo December 2008-11.jpg|thumb|The window of the [[Convent of Christ (Tomar)|Convent of Christ]] in Tomar is a well-known example of Manueline style which exhibits its typical characteristics.]]
This decorative style is characterized by virtuoso complex ornamentation in portals, windows, columns and arcades. In its end period, it tended to become excessively exuberant as in [[Tomar]].

Several elements appear regularly in these intricately carved stoneworks:
* elements used on ships: the [[armillary]] sphere (a navigational instrument and the personal emblem of Manuel I and also a symbol of the [[cosmos]]), spheres, anchors, anchor chains, ropes and cables.
* elements from the sea, such as shells, pearls and strings of seaweed.
* botanical motifs such as laurel branches, oak leaves, acorns, poppy capsules, corncobs, and thistles.
* symbols of Christianity such as the cross of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] (former Knights Templar), the military order that played a prominent role and helped finance the first voyages of discovery. The cross of this order decorated the sails of the Portuguese ships.
* elements from newly discovered lands (such as the tracery in the [[Batalha Monastery#Royal Cloister|Royal Cloister]] of the [[Batalha Monastery]], suggesting Islamic [[filigree]] work, influenced by buildings in India)
* columns carved like twisted strands of rope
* semicircular arches (instead of Gothic pointed arches) of doors and windows, sometimes consisting of three or more convex curves
* multiple pillars
* eight-sided capitals
* lack of symmetry
* conical [[pinnacle]]s
* bevelled crenellations
* ornate portals with niches or [[canopy (building)|canopies]].

==Examples==
[[File:1502 legte König Manuel I. den Grundstein für das Hieronymus Kloster in Lissabon. 09.jpg|right|thumb|Manueline exterior of the [[Jeronimos Monastery|Hieronymites Monastery]] in [[Lisbon]], the dome, a later 19th century addition, is an example of [[Neo-Manueline]] style.]]
When King Manuel I died in 1521, he funded 62 construction projects. However, much original Manueline architecture in Portugal was lost or damaged beyond restoration in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] and subsequent [[tsunami]]. In [[Lisbon]], the [[Ribeira Palace]], the residence of King Manuel I, and the [[Hospital Real de Todos os Santos]] were destroyed, along with several churches. The city, however, still has outstanding examples of the style in the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] (mainly designed by [[Diogo Boitac]] and [[Juan de Castillo|João de Castilho]]) and in the small fortress of the [[Belém Tower]] (designed by [[Francisco de Arruda]]). Both are located close to each other in the [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém neighbourhood]]. The portal of the [[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha]], in [[Baixa Pombalina|downtown Lisbon]], has also survived destruction.

Outside Lisbon, the church and chapter house of the [[Convent of Christ (Tomar)|Convent of Christ]] at [[Tomar]] (designed by [[Diogo de Arruda]]) is a major Manueline monument. In particular, the large window of the chapter house, with its fantastic sculptured organic and twisted rope forms, is one of the most extraordinary achievements of the Manueline style.

Other major Manueline monuments include the arcade screens of the Royal Cloister (designed by [[Diogo Boitac]]) and the [[Batalha Monastery#Unfinished Chapels|Unfinished Chapels]] (designed by [[Mateus Fernandes (architect)|Mateus Fernandes]]) at the [[Monastery of Batalha]] and the [[Palace of Sintra|Royal Palace of Sintra]].

Other remarkable Manueline buildings include the church of the [[Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal]] (one of the earliest Manueline churches, also designed by Diogo Boitac), the [[Santa Cruz Monastery]] in [[Coimbra]], the main churches in [[Golegã]], [[Vila do Conde]], [[Moura Municipality|Moura]], [[Caminha]], [[Olivenza|Olivença]] and portions of the cathedrals of [[Braga Cathedral|Braga]] (main chapel), [[Viseu]] (rib vaulting of the nave) and [[Catedral da Guarda|Guarda]] (main portal, pillars, vaulting). Civil buildings in Manueline style exist in [[Évora]] (home to the  Évora Royal Palace of 1525, by Pedro de Trillo, Diogo de Arruda and Francisco de Arruda) and the [[Castle of Évoramonte]] of 1531), [[Viana do Castelo, Portugal|Viana do Castelo]], [[Guimarães]] and some other towns.

The style was extended to the decorative arts and spread throughout the [[Portuguese Empire]], to the islands of the [[Azores]], [[Madeira]], enclaves in [[North Africa]], [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], [[Goa]] in [[Portuguese India]] and even [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], China. Its influence is apparent in southern Spain, the Canary Islands, North Africa and the former Spanish colonies of Peru and Mexico.

==Famous Manueline artists==
===Architects===
* [[Diogo Boitac]]
* [[Mateus Fernandes (architect)|Mateus Fernandes]]
* [[Diogo de Arruda]]
* [[Francisco de Arruda]]
* [[João de Castilho]]

===Painters===
* [[Grão Vasco|Vasco Fernandes]]
* [[Jorge Afonso]]
* [[Cristóvão de Figueiredo]]
* [[Garcia Fernandes]]
* [[Gregório Lopes]]

==Gallery==
[[File:Palacio Sintra February 2015-12a.jpg|thumb|right|Windowframe at the royal palace of Sintra]]
<gallery>
File:Elvas-Nª Sª Asunción 17.jpg|Doorframe in a church in [[Elvas]]
File:Igreja Matriz da Golega 96a.jpg|Doorframe of a church in [[Golegã]]
File:Evora, Palace (3921100752).jpg|Royal palace at [[Évora]]
File:Evora, Palace (3921098252).jpg|Royal palace at Évora, gallery
File:Linhares - detalhe manuelino.jpg|Manueline furnishings of a 16th century Portuguese countryside house
File:Portal manuelino - Ayuntamientro de Olivenza.jpg|Manueline doorframe in [[Olivenza|Olivença]], Spain
File:Manueline Window at Pinhel.jpg|Manueline windowframe in [[Pinhel]]
File:Evora-ManuelineWindow.jpg|Windowframe in Évora
File:Bottega di lisbona, fonte bicefala con teste coronate e stemmi regali del portogallo, 1510-25 ca. 01.jpg|"Bicephalous Fountain", displaying both the heads of King Manuel and the Queen, and an armillary sphere, the royal emblem
File:1 Exterior da igreja manuelina Convento de Cristo IMG 9479.jpg|Decorative motifs in the Monastery of [[Tomar]]
File:Goa-RosarioChurch.jpg|Manueline church in [[Goa]], India
File:Tracerías góticas (Claustro de D. João I, Monasterio de Batalha).jpg|Cloyster at the Batalha monastery
File:Mosteiro da Batalha 19a.jpg|Detail of decorative motifs in the Batalha Monastery
File:Mosteiro da Batalha 14a.jpg|Monastery of Batalha
File:Vista geral da capela.jpg|Chapel in [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]], [[Lisbon]]
File:Capela de São Jerónimo 7601.jpg|Detail of the chapel in Belém
File:Castelo de Alvito (Portugal)2.jpg|Castle of Alvito, with Manueline elements
File:Solar da Sempre Noiva - Portugal (297263101).jpg|Sempre Noiva manor
File:Paço dos Henriques de Transtâmara - Alcáçovas -Portugal (5623992584).jpg|Manor of the Henriques de Trastámaras, in Alvor
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|Portugal}}
*[[Neo-Manueline]]
*[[Portuguese Architecture]]

==References==
{{commonscat|Manueline architecture|<br/>Manueline architecture}}
*Atanázio, ''A Arte do Manuelino'', Lisbon, Presença, 1984.
*Turner, J., ''[[Grove Dictionary of Art]]'',  Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1996; {{ISBN|0-19-517068-7}}
*''The Rough Guide to Portugal'',  March 2005, 11th edition, {{ISBN|1-84353-438-X}}
*Smith, Robert C.,'' The Art of Portugal 1500-1800''; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1968 {{ISBN|0-297-76096-3}}

{{Architecture of Portugal}}
{{archhistory}}
{{Gothic architecture}}

[[Category:Manueline architecture| ]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture in Portugal|*]]
[[Category:Architectural styles]]
[[Category:Architectural history]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Architecture in Portugal]]