View source for Marcel Lefebvre

{{short description|French traditionalist Catholic archbishop (1905–1991)}}
{{about||the Canadian screenwriter|Marcel Lefebvre (screenwriter)}}
{{Third-party|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[His Grace]], [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Marcel Lefebvre
| honorific-suffix = 
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle|Archbishop-Bishop Emeritus of Tulle]]
| image = Portrait of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = Archbishop Lefebvre, {{Circa|1962}}.
| church = 
| archdiocese = 
| province = 
| metropolis = 
| diocese = 
| see = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle|Tulle]]
| appointed = 23 January 1962
| term_end = 7 August 1962
| predecessor = Aimable Chassaigne
| opposed = 
| successor = Henri Clément Victor Donze
| ordination = 21 September 1929
| ordained_by = [[Achille Liénart]]
| consecration = 18 September 1947
| consecrated_by = [[Achille Liénart]]
| cardinal = 
| rank = 
| other_post = Founder and Superior General of the [[Society of Saint Pius X]] (1970–1982)
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Vicar Apostolic of Dakar]] (1947–1955)|Titular Bishop of Anthedon (1947–1948)|
[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Apostolic Administrator of Saint-Louis du Sénégal]] (1948–1955)|Titular Archbishop of [[Arcadiopolis in Europa]] (1948–1955)|
Apostolic Delegate of French Africa (1948–1959)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Archbishop of Dakar]] (1955–1962)|Superior General of [[Holy Ghost Fathers|Congregation of the Holy Ghost]] (1962–1968)|Titular Archbishop of Synnada in Phrygia (1962–1970)}}
<!---------- Personal details ---------->| birth_name = Marcel-François Marie Joseph Lefebvre
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|11|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tourcoing]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|3|25|1905|11|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Martigny]], Switzerland
| buried = [[International Seminary of Saint Pius X]], [[Écône]], Switzerland
| nationality = French
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| residence = 
| parents = [[René Lefebvre]] {{small|(Father)}}<br>Gabrielle Watine {{small|(Mother)}}
| occupation = 
| profession = 
| alma_mater = (Pontifical) [[French Seminary]], Rome
| motto = {{br list | ''{{Lang|la|Et nos credidimus caritati}}'' | (And we believed in charity)}}<ref>[http://www.sspxseminary.org/publications/rectors-letters-separator/rectors-letter-french/349.html Credidimus Caritati] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015003852/http://www.sspxseminary.org/publications/rectors-letters-separator/rectors-letter-french/349.html |date=15 October 2010 }}. Sspxseminary.org. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.</ref>
| signature = 
| signature_alt = 
| coat_of_arms = Coat of Arms of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt = Archbishop Lefebvre's coat of arms
| module = {{Ordination
| embed  = Yes
| ordained deacon by = 
| date of diaconal ordination = 
| place of diaconal ordination = 
| ordained priest by = [[Achille Liénart]]
| date of priestly ordination = 21 September 1929
| place of priestly ordination = 
| consecrated by = [[Achille Liénart]]
| co-consecrators = {{interlanguage link|Alfred-Jean-Félix Ancel|fr}},<br />{{interlanguage link|Jean-Baptiste Victor Fauret|fr}}
| date of consecration = 18 September 1947
| place of consecration = 
| elevated by = 
| date of elevation = 
| sources = 
| bishop 1 = [[Georges-Henri Guibert]]
| consecration date 1 = 19 February 1950
| bishop 2 = {{interlanguage link|Prosper Dodds|fr}}
| consecration date 2 = 26 October 1952
| bishop 3 = {{interlanguage link|François Ndong|fi}}
| consecration date 3 = 2 July 1961
| bishop 4 = [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]]
| consecration date 4 = 30 June 1988
| bishop 5 = [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]]
| consecration date 5 = 30 June 1988
| bishop 6 = [[Alfonso de Galarreta]]
| consecration date 6 = 30 June 1988
| bishop 7 = [[Bernard Fellay]]
| consecration date 7 = 30 June 1988
}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Society of Saint Pius X|FSSPX]]
}}
{{infobox bishopstyles|
bishop name=Marcel Lefebvre|
image=File:Coat of Arms of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.svg|
dipstyle=His Excellency|
offstyle=Your Excellency|
image_size=250px}}

'''Marcel François Marie Joseph Lefebvre'''{{efn|{{IPA|fr|maʁsɛl fʁɑ̃swa maʁi ʒozɛf ləfɛvʁ|lang}}}} {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Saint Pius X|FSSPX]]}} (29 November 1905 – 25 March 1991) was a [[Catholic Church in France|French Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Archbishop of Dakar]] from 1955 to 1962. He was a major influence in modern [[traditionalist Catholicism]], founding in 1970 the [[Society of Saint Pius X]] (SSPX) to train traditionalist [[Seminary|seminarians]]. In 1988, [[Pope John Paul II]] declared that Lefebvre had been [[Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae#Latae sententiae sanctions|automatically excommunicated]] for [[Écône consecrations|consecrating four bishops]] that year without permission and despite the pope's express prohibition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei_en.html|title = Apostolic Letter "Ecclesia Dei"}}</ref>

Ordained a [[Secular clergy|diocesan priest]] in 1929, Lefebvre joined the [[Congregation of the Holy Spirit|Holy Ghost Fathers]] for missionary work and was assigned to teach at a seminary in [[Gabon]] in 1932. In 1947, he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Dakar, and the next year as the apostolic nuncio to [[French West Africa]]. Upon his return to Europe, Lefebvre was elected [[Superior general (Christianity)|superior general]] of the Holy Ghost Fathers and assigned draft and prepare documents for the [[Second Vatican Council]]. He was a major leader of the conservative bloc during its proceedings. He later took the lead in opposing certain changes associated with the council. He refused to implement council-inspired reforms demanded by the Holy Ghost Fathers and resigned from the order in 1968. 

In 1970, Lefebvre founded the SSPX as a small community of seminarians in the village of [[Écône|Écône, Switzerland]], with the permission of the local bishop. In 1975, after a flare of tensions with the [[Holy See]], Lefebvre was ordered to disband the society, but ignored the decision and continued to maintain its activities and existence. In 1988, against the express prohibition of [[Pope John Paul II]], he consecrated four bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. The Holy See immediately declared that all parties in the ceremony had incurred [[automatic excommunication]],{{efn|{{harvnb|Code of Canon Law|1983|loc=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P54.HTM Canon 1382]: "A bishop who consecrates some one a bishop without a pontifical mandate and the person who receives the consecration from him incur a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See"}}}} which Lefebvre refused to acknowledge.<ref name="sermon" /><ref name="interview">{{cite web|url=http://archives.sspx.org/archbishop_lefebvre/one_year_after_the_consecrations.htm|title=One Year After the Consecrations|website=archives.sspx.org}}</ref> These excommunications were rescinded in 2009 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]], though the SSPX itself remains "canonically irregular".

== Early life and family ==
Marcel Lefebvre was born in [[Tourcoing]], [[Nord (French department)|Nord]].<ref name="Apologia1">{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_1.htm Chapter 1]}}</ref><ref name=CathEncy446>{{harvnb|Dinges|2003|p=446}}</ref> He was the second son and third child of eight children<ref name="own 2002-02">{{cite web|url=http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_February/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=6 December 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206183348/http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_February/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=6 December 2006 }}. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. February 2002.</ref> of textile factory-owner [[René Lefebvre]]<ref>''René Lefebvre, a factory owner'' [http://oriensjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Oriens-Vol10-2F.pdf The ghost at all our tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164745/http://oriensjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Oriens-Vol10-2F.pdf |date=24 December 2014 }}, Oriens, Summer 2005</ref> and Gabrielle, born Watine, who died in 1938.<ref name=CathEncy446 />

His parents were devout Catholics who brought their children to daily [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].<ref name="own 2002-02" /> His father, René, was an outspoken [[monarchist]], devoting his life to the cause of the [[Bourbon Dynasty#List of Bourbon rulers|French Dynasty]], seeing in a [[monarchy]] the only way of restoring to his country its past grandeur and a [[Christendom|Christian]] revival.<ref name=CathEncy446 /><ref>[http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=show_article&article_id=897 A Calvary 1941–1944 René Lefebvre Part 1], June 1984, Volume VII, Number 6, The Angelus</ref>

His father ran a spy-ring for [[British Intelligence]] when Tourcoing was occupied by the [[German Empire|Germans]] during [[World War I]]. René died at [[Sonnenburg concentration camp|Sonnenburg]] aged 65 in 1944, having been sentenced to death one year before.<ref>[https://www.ushmm.org/online/hsv/person_view.php?PersonId=4308649 René LeFebvre], Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database</ref>

== Priest ==

In 1923 Lefebvre began studies for the priesthood; at the insistence of his father he followed his brother to the [[French Seminary]] in [[Rome]], as his father suspected the diocesan seminaries of liberal leanings.<ref>[http://oriensjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Oriens-Vol10-2F.pdf The ghost at all our tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164745/http://oriensjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Oriens-Vol10-2F.pdf |date=24 December 2014 }}, Oriens journal</ref> He later credited his conservative views to the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]], a [[Breton people|Breton]] [[priest]] named Father [[Henri Le Floch]].<ref>"Archbishop Lefebvre readily admitted that were it not for the solid formation he received from Fr. Le Floch, he too might have succumbed to the creeping liberalism of the age." John Vennari (August 2005){{cite web|url=http://angelusonline.org/Article182-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml |title=I have handed on what I have received |access-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214143508/http://angelusonline.org/Article182-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml |archive-date=14 February 2009 }}, ''The Angelus''.</ref> He interrupted his studies in 1926 and 1927 to perform his military service.<ref name="own 2002-04">{{cite web|url=http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_April/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Leferbve in his own words |access-date=22 March 2004 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040322100539/http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_April/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=22 March 2004 }}. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. April 2002.</ref> On 25 May 1929 he was [[Ordination|ordained]] [[deacon]] by Cardinal [[Basilio Pompili]] in the [[Basilica of St. John Lateran]] in Rome.<ref name=mallerais_vie>{{harvnb|Tissier de Mallerais|2004|p=77}}</ref> On 21 September 1929 he was ordained a priest of Diocese of Lille by its bishop, [[Achille Liénart]].<ref>''Ordained priest at Lille, France, by Msgr Achille Liénart, Bishop of Lille, on 21 September 1929''{{cite web|url=http://www.sspx.co.uk/people.php?personid=18 |title=Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre – Useful Information |access-date=25 August 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040703080050/http://www.sspx.co.uk/people.php?personid=18 |archive-date=3 July 2004}}. Society of Saint Pius X, District of Great Britain</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Laudenschlager|1978}}: ''"His Grace, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was ordained to the priesthood on 21 September 1929, and consecrated a bishop on 18 September 1947, by Achille Cardinal Lienart, Bishop of Archbishop Lefebvre's Diocese of Lille (France)."''</ref> After ordination, he continued his studies in Rome, completing a doctorate in theology in July 1930.<ref>''Seminary training: 1923–29 in the French Seminary, Rome, Doctor in philosophy and in theology.'' [http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Society_of_Saint_Pius_X/Basic-data.htm I – Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105341/http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Society_of_Saint_Pius_X/Basic-data.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

Lefebvre asked to be allowed to perform missionary work as a member of the [[Holy Ghost Fathers]], but in August 1930 Liénart required him to first work as assistant curate in a parish in Lomme, a suburb of Lille.<ref name=Apologia3>{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_3.htm Chapter 3]}}</ref><ref name=mallerais_vie83>{{harvnb|Tissier de Mallerais|2004|p=83}}</ref> Liénart released him from the diocese in July 1931 and Lefebvre entered the [[novitiate]] of the Holy Ghost Fathers at [[Orly]] in September.<ref name="own 2002-02" /> On 8 September 1932, he took simple vows for a period of three years.<ref name="own2002-06">{{cite web|url=http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_JunJuly/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=22 March 2004 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040322100648/http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_JunJuly/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=22 March 2004 }}. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. June/July 2002</ref>

Lefebvre's first assignment as a Holy Ghost Father was as a professor at St. John's Seminary in [[Libreville]], Gabon.<ref>{{cite news| quote=He entered the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1930 and was assigned to the Seminary of St. Mary at Libreville (Gabon) from 1932 to 1945. | url=http://www.angelusonline.org/Article3235-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml | title =Some Memories of Archbishop Lefebvre's childhood | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131121420/http://www.angelusonline.org/Article3235-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml | archive-date=31 January 2009 | website= The Angelus | date= November 1980 | volume =III | issue= 11 | author=Sister Marie Christiane Lefebvre}}</ref> In 1934 he was made rector of the seminary.<ref>{{harvnb|Anglés|1991|loc="Teacher of Dogma and Holy Scripture in the Seminary of Libreville, Rector from 1934, he managed to be at the same time teacher, bursar, printer, plumber, electrician, driver... maybe having already in mind his Society's Priests!"}}</ref> On 28 September 1935 he made his perpetual vows. He served as superior of a number of missions of the Holy Ghost Fathers in Gabon.{{efn|St. Michel de Ndjolé (May 1938 – August 1939), Ste. Marie de Libreville (December 1939 – August 1940), St. Paul de Donguila (August 1940 – April 1943), and finally St. François Xavier de Lambaréné (April 1943 – October 1945)}} In October 1945 Lefebvre returned to France to become rector of the Holy Ghost Fathers seminary in [[Mortain]].<ref name="Apologia3" />

== Bishop in Africa ==
On 12 June 1947, [[Pope Pius XII]] appointed him [[Apostolic vicariate|Vicar Apostolic]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Dakar]] in [[Senegal]] and [[titular bishop]] of [[Anthedon (Palestine)|Anthedon]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Acta Apostolicae Sedis |page= 639 |year= 1947 |volume= XXXIX |url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-39-1947-ocr.pdf |access-date= 10 January 2024}}</ref> On 18 September 1947 he was [[consecration|consecrated]] a bishop in his family's [[parish church]] in [[Tourcoing]] by Liénart, now a cardinal, with Bishops [[Jean-Baptiste Fauret]] and [[Alfred-Jean-Félix Ancel]] as co-consecrators.<ref name=mallerais_vie170>{{harvnb|Tissier de Mallerais|2004|pp=170–172}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Anglés|1991|loc="on 18 September 1947, he was consecrated bishop in his hometown by Cardinal Liénart, Bishop Fauret&nbsp;– his former superior at [[Libreville]] – and Bishop Ancel."}}</ref> In his new position Lefebvre was responsible for an area with a population of three and a half million people, of whom only 50,000 were Catholics.<ref name="own2002-09">{{cite web|url=http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_September/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=7 November 2003 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031107235703/http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_September/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=7 November 2003 | website = Society of St. Pius X – South Africa | date= September 2002}}</ref>

On 22 September 1948, Lefebvre, while continuing as [[Vicar Apostolic|Vicar Apostolic of Dakar]], received the additional responsibilities of [[Apostolic Delegate]] to [[French colonial empires|French Africa]], with his title changed to titular archbishop of [[Arcadiopolis in Europa]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-40-1948-ocr.pdf | page = 560 | date = 1948 | volume = XL }}</ref> He became responsible for representing the interests of the Holy See to Church authorities in 46 dioceses<ref name="own2002-11" /> in "continental and insular Africa subject to the French Government, with the addition of the [[Diocese of Reunion]], the whole of the island of [[Madagascar]] and the other neighbouring islands under French rule, but excluding the dioceses of North Africa, namely those of [[Carthage]], [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], [[Algiers]] and [[Oran]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Filipazzi|2006|p=X}}</ref>{{efn|That is, all [[French Africa]] – including two départments of today's France proper, Réunion and Mayotte – with the exception of [[Tunisia]] and mainland [[Algeria]] (the latter then considered part of France proper), but not excluding the Algerian southern territories.}}

In the late 1940s, Lefebvre established a ministry in Paris to care for Catholic students from the French colonies in Africa. He and other missionaries in Africa thought young Africans would otherwise be attracted to radical ideologies, including anti-colonialism and atheism. This idea of "safeguarding the Catholicism of the emerging African elite" was later adopted by Pope Pius in his encyclical on the missions, ''[[Fidei donum]]'' (1957).<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 19 September 2021 | pages = 129–30 | publisher = Harvard University Press | date= 2019 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jJWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 | title = African Catholic: Decolonization and the Transformation of the Church | first = Elizabeth A. | last = Foster| isbn = 9780674239449 }}</ref>

Lefebvre's chief duty was the building up of the ecclesiastical structure in [[French Africa]].<ref name="Short">{{harvnb|Anglés|1991}}{{page needed|date=September 2021}}</ref> Pope Pius XII wanted to move quickly towards an ecclesiastical structure with dioceses instead of vicariates and apostolic prefectures. Lefebvre was responsible for selecting these new bishops,<ref name="own2002-11">{{cite web|url=http://sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_November/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=23 September 2003 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923041743/http://sspxafrica.com/documents/2002_November/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=23 September 2003 | website =Society of St. Pius X – South Africa | date= November 2002}}</ref> increasing the number of priests and religious sisters,<ref name="own2003-01">{{cite web|url=http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2003_January/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=18 August 2003 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030818082827/http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2003_January/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=18 August 2003 | website =Society of St. Pius X – South Africa | date=January 2003}}</ref> as well as the number of churches in the various dioceses.<ref name="Apologia1" /> On 14 September 1955, Pope Pius decreed a complete reorganization of the ecclesiastical jurisdictions in French Africa. The Apostolic Vicariate of Dakar was made an archdiocese and Lefebvre became its first archbishop.<ref name="Short" /><ref>{{cite book | access-date = 19 September 2021 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-48-1956-ocr.pdf | pages= 113ff | date = 1956 | volume = XLVIII }}</ref>

==Transition years, 1959–1962 ==
Lefebvre's career shifted rapidly with the death of Pope Pius XII, moving from the missions to Rome, though not directly, and with indications he was at times favored and at times disfavored by the new pope. [[Pope John XXIII]] replaced Lefebvre as Apostolic Delegate to Dakar on 9 July 1959, a position that would quickly evolve as the colonies gained their independence in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 19 September 2021 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-51-1959-ocr.pdf | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | volume =LI| date= 1959 | page = 722 }}</ref> The next year, Pope John appointed Lefebvre to the 120-member [[Central Preparatory Commission]] for the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2898-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml | title =An Interview With Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131121410/http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2898-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml |archive-date=31 January 2009 | date = 3 May 1982 | interviewer = Louis Moore}}</ref>

After Senegal declared its independence in June 1960, its first president, [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] proposed the country adopt its own form of socialism, which he as a Catholic believed compatible with Church doctrine. Lefebvre, still Archbishop of Dakar, criticized Senghor's views in a March 1961 pastoral letter and then in a personal audience with Senghor, drawing on Pope Pius XI's denunciation of socialism in his 1931 encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]''. Now at odds with the government, Lefebvre watched as the Holy See replaced European missionary bishops with Africans and tried to delay his own removal by asking for the appointment of a coadjutor, which met with no response.<ref name=cleary>{{cite book | pages= | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FphLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 | title = Spiritan Life and Mission Since Vatican II | first = William | last = Cleary | date = 2018 | publisher = Wipf & Stock | chapter= Mgr. Marcel Lefebvre" in "Chapter 2: The Spiritan Congregation, Change, and Vatican II |isbn = 9781532634703}}</ref>{{efn|Lefebvre's successor in Dakar was [[Hyacinthe Thiandoum]], who was made a cardinal in 1976 at the consistory where Pope Paul decried Lefebvre's actions.<ref name=shuster>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 20 September 2021 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/25/archives/archbishop-of-hanoi-among-20-new-cardinals-installed-by-pope.html | title =Archbishop of Hanoi Among 20 New Cardinals Installed by Pope | date = 25 May 1976 | first = Alvin | last = Shuster }}</ref>}} He told Pope John "the Africans are not yet ripe" and did not want to be responsible. Pope John said he took the responsibility and would see Lefebvre was taken care of properly.<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 21 September 2021 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GwhYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 | page = 78 | title = Juan XXIII: En el recuerdo de su secretario Loris F. Capovilla | language = es | date = 2013 | publisher = Palabra | first= Loris F. | last = Capovilla|isbn = 9788498409888| interviewer = Marco Roncalli }}</ref>

On 23 January 1962, Lefebvre was transferred to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle|Diocese of Tulle]], one of the smallest in France, while retaining the [[Archbishop-bishop|personal title of archbishop]].<ref name=cleary/><ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf | pages= 107, 214| title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 19 September 2021 | volume =LIV | date = 1962 }}</ref>{{efn|As bishop of Tulle, he was a [[suffragan bishop|suffragan]] to the archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges|Bourges]], his cousin Cardinal [[Joseph-Charles Lefèbvre]] (1982–1973).}}
On 4 April 1962, he was named a consultor to the [[Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf | page= 301 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 19 September 2021 | volume =LIV | date = 1962 }}</ref>

On 26 July 1962, the Chapter General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, dominated by those in leadership positions with fewer representatives of local communities, elected Lefebvre to a 12-year term as their Superior General. He won 53 of the 75 votes cast on the first ballot, though some delegates had "strong misgivings". This meeting also moved the order's headquarters from Paris to Rome.<ref name=cleary2>{{cite book | pages= | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FphLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 | title = Spiritan Life and Mission Since Vatican II | first = William | last = Cleary | date = 2018 | publisher = Wipf & Stock | chapter= GC XII (1962)" in "Chapter 2: The Spiritan Congregation, Change, and Vatican II |isbn = 9781532634703}}</ref><ref name=mallerais_biog>{{harvnb|Tissier de Mallerais|2004|p=338}}</ref> Upon being elected Superior General, Lefebvre resigned as bishop of Tulle; Pope John accepted his resignation on 7 August and named him titular archbishop of [[Synnada in Phrygia]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf | pages= 735, 827 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 19 September 2021 | volume =LIV | date = 1962 }}</ref>

== Second Vatican Council ==
As a member of the Central Preparatory Commission Lefebvre participated in drafting documents for consideration by the Council Fathers, meeting in seven sessions between June 1961 and June 1962. Within the first two weeks of the first session of the council (October to December 1962)<ref>{{harvnb|Hardon|1989|pp=20–21}}</ref> the Council Fathers rejected all the drafts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wicks |first=Jared |title=Still More Light on Vatican Council II |date=2012 |editor-last=Velati |editor-first=Mauro |editor2-last=von Teuffenbach |editor2-first=Alexandra |editor3-last=Schelkens |editor3-first=Karim |editor4-last=de Mattei |editor4-first=Roberto |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240055 |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=476–502 |jstor=23240055 |issn=0008-8080}}</ref>{{efn|The council rules required a two-thirds vote to approve a schema. After conservative supporters of the schemas attempted to manipulate the procedures to require a two-thirds vote to reject a schema, Pope John intervened to make a majority sufficient to reject a schema and require a new draft.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9D9NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | page=116 | access-date = 19 September 2021 | title = Vatican II Forty Years Later | date = 2011 | first = William | last = Madges | publisher = Wipf & Stock | isbn=9781610977395 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | access-date = 19 September 2021 | title = The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History | first = Joseph F. | last = Kelly | publisher = Liturgical Press | date = 2009 | page= 188 | isbn = 9780814653760 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jLrn2Nx-g2YC&pg=PA188 }}</ref>}}

Lefebvre and some like-minded bishops became concerned about the direction of the council's deliberations and, led by Archbishop [[Geraldo de Proença Sigaud]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Diamantina|Diamantina]], formed a bloc that became known as the [[Coetus Internationalis Patrum]] (CIP) or International Group of Fathers, with the aim of guaranteeing their views were part of every council discussion.<ref>{{cite book | last = Alberigo | first = Giuseppe | title = A Brief History of Vatican II | date= 2006 | publisher = Orbis Books }}</ref><ref name="membres">{{Citation | last = Roy-Lysencourt | first = Philippe | title = Les Membres du Coetus Internationalis Patrum au Concile Vatican II: Inventaire des Interventions et Souscriptions des Adherents et Sympathisants, Liste des Signataires d'occasion et des Théologiens | place = Leuven | publisher = Maurits Sabbe Library, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven / Peeters | series = Instrumenta Theologica | volume = 37 | year = 2014 | pages = 483–484 | language = fr | isbn = 9789042930872}}</ref>

The CIP was especially concerned about the principle of [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]]. During the council's third session (September to November 1964), Archbishop [[Pericle Felici]], the secretary of the council and a prominent Curial conservative, announced that Lefebvre, with two other like-minded bishops, was appointed to a special four-member commission charged with rewriting the draft document on the topic,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjames-cathedral.org/Prayer/vatican2-4.htm | title = Vatican II, Part 4: The Third Session | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904074425/http://www.stjames-cathedral.org/Prayer/vatican2-4.htm |archive-date=4 September 2007 | author=Corinna Laughlin | website =St. James Cathedral, Seattle}}</ref> but it was soon discovered that this measure did not have papal approval, and major responsibility for preparing the draft document was given to the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity]].<ref>"In interviews with Bea and Frings, Paul VI agreed that the Christian Unity office would bear the major responsibility for revising the two declarations."([http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897340,00.html Cum Magno Dolore]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Time Magazine'', 23 October 1964)</ref>

The CIP managed to get the preliminary vote (with suggestions for modifications) on the document postponed until the fourth session of the council, where, on 7 December 1965, an overwhelming majority approved the final text of the declaration ''[[Dignitatis humanae]]''. Lefebvre was one of the 70, about 3%, who voted against the declaration, but he added his signature to the document after that of the pope, though some withheld their signatures.<ref name="harrison"/>{{efn|Lefebvre later said that the paper that he signed did not represent his endorsement, but only recorded his presence at the meeting,<ref>[http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=show_article&article_id=1855 Angelus magazine of January 1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172202/http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=show_article&article_id=1855 |date=23 September 2015 }}. Angelusonline.org (1 November 1990). Retrieved on 1 November 2013.</ref> but that claim is disputed.<ref name="harrison">{{harvnb|Harrison|1994}}</ref>}}

=== The Council and the Holy Ghost Fathers ===
At one point during the Council, some 40 bishops who were members of the Holy Ghost Fathers met with him to express their disagreement with his views and the role he was playing at the Council. He heard their views but did not engage in dialogue. His closing statement, "We all have a conscience: everyone must follow his own", left them dissatisfied. One said: "He seemed to have a blockage. He seemed incapable of reviewing his ways of thinking."<ref>{{cite web | access-date = 27 September 2021 | url = https://spiritanroma.org/1962-1980-a-new-age-of-mission/ | title = 1962–1980: A New Age of Mission | website = Congregation of the Holy Spirit, Rome}}</ref>

Lefebvre felt the Council's impact directly when the Holy Ghost Fathers held an Extraordinary General Chapter to respond to it. The order's leadership, though their terms had years remaining, tendered their resignations effective with the close of the meeting as was traditional. The membership had insisted on a larger role for elected delegates, and they constituted half of the body. Lefebvre's opponents were well organized, and when he tried to assume the chair, they insisted that the Chapter was a legislative body entitled to elect its own officers. On 11 September 1968 the Chapter supported that position on a vote of 63 to 40, and Lefebvre stopped attending. The Chapter then elected its leaders and proceeded with intense but respectful debate on the critical issue: the balance between the constraints of the order's religious life and the exercise of its missionary charge. Lefebvre returned on 28 September and addressed the issue in uncompromising language. He predicted any changes would lead to "a caricature of community life where anarchy, disorder, and individual initiative have free rein". His tone and arguments won him no support; the convention elected Fr. Joseph Lécuyer, a French theologian, his successor as superior general on 26 October.<ref name="cleary3">{{cite book | pages= | title = Spiritan Life and Mission Since Vatican II | first = William | last = Cleary | date = 2018 | publisher = Wipf & Stock | chapter= A Council Ends and a Chapter Begins, in Chapter 3: 'The General Chapter of Renewal'}}</ref>

== Theological and political positions ==
{{Conservatism in France|Intellectuals}}
{{See also|Controversies surrounding the Society of St. Pius X}}
=== Background ===
Lefebvre belonged to an identifiable strand of right-wing political and religious opinion in French society that originated among the defeated royalists after the 1789 [[French Revolution]]. Lefebvre's political and theological outlook mirrored that of a significant number of conservative members of French society under the [[French Third Republic]] (1870–1940). The Third Republic was reft by conflicts between the secular Left and the Catholic Right, with many individuals on both sides espousing distinctly radical positions (see, for example, the article on the famous [[Dreyfus affair]]). Thus it has been said that "Lefebvre was... a man formed by the bitter hatreds that defined the battle lines in French society and culture from the French Revolution to the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] regime".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/did-pope-heal-or-deepen-catholic-schism-78423|title=Did the Pope Heal or Deepen a Catholic Schism?|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=25 January 2009}}</ref>

Lefebvre's first biographer, the English traditionalist writer [[Michael Davies (Catholic writer)|Michael Davies]], wrote in the first volume of his ''Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre'':<ref name="Davies13">{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_13.htm Chapter 13]}}</ref>
{{blockquote|In France political feeling tends to be more polarized, more extreme, and far more deeply felt than in England. It can only be understood in the light of the French Revolution and subsequent history... At the risk of a serious over-simplification, it is reasonable to state that up to the Second World War Catholicism in France tended to be identified with right-wing politics and anti-Catholicism with the left... [Lefebvre's] own alleged right-wing political philosophy is nothing more than straight-forward Catholic social teaching as expounded by the Popes for a century or more...}}

In similar vein, the pro-SSPX English priest Michael Crowdy wrote, in his preface to his translation of Lefebvre's ''Open Letter to Confused Catholics'':<ref>{{harvnb|Lefebvre|1987}}</ref>
{{blockquote|We must remember that Lefebvre is writing against the background of France, where ideas are generally more clear‑cut than they are in Great Britain.&nbsp;... Take the word "socialism", for example; that means to some of us, first and foremost, a social ideal of brotherhood and justice. We have had our [[Christian socialism|Christian socialists]]. On the Continent, however, Socialism is uncompromisingly anti‑religious, or almost a substitute for religion, and Communism is seen as the natural development from it. This is the Socialism the Archbishop is writing about. And when he rejects Liberalism, he is not thinking of the [British] [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]&nbsp;... but of that religious liberalism that exalts human liberty above the claims of God or of His Church&nbsp;...}}

=== Theological positions ===
Lefebvre was associated with the following positions:
* The rejection of 'false' or 'aberrant' [[ecumenism]] in favour of Catholic [[religious exclusivism|exclusivism]];<ref>"This spirit of adultery is also made clear in the ecumenism instituted by The Secretariat for the Unity of Christians."{{cite web|url=http://www.sspx.org/miscellaneous/public_statement_ab_lefebvre_june_1988.htm |title=Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre's June 1988 Public Statement against False Ecumenism |access-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013234122/http://www.sspx.org/miscellaneous/public_statement_ab_lefebvre_june_1988.htm |archive-date=13 October 2006 }}, 19 October 1983, hosted by the United States district of the Society of Pius X</ref>
* The espousal of pragmatic [[religious tolerance]] instead of the principle of [[religious liberty]];<ref>Bernard Tissier de Mallerais{{cite web |url=http://www.sspx.org/miscellaneous/ab_lefebvre_preparing_the_council.htm |title=Archbishop Lefebvre preparing the council |access-date=3 November 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030224200156/http://www.sspx.org/miscellaneous/ab_lefebvre_preparing_the_council.htm |archive-date=24 February 2003 }} . ''Fideliter''. The English translation was taken from the May 2002 issue of The Angelus. "Hence, to accept Religious Liberty was in principle to accept the "rights of man" within the Church. Now, the Church has always condemned these declarations on the "rights of man" which have been made against the authority of God." [http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Conference_at_Long_Island.htm Conference Of His Excellency Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105336/http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Conference_at_Long_Island.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}, Long Island, New York, 5 November 1983, hosted by SSPXasia.com</ref>
* The rejection of [[Collegiality (Catholic Church)|collegiality]] within the church in favour of strict [[papal supremacy]];<ref>{{harvnb|Reese|1988|loc="Archbishop Lefebvre is known most widely for his support of the Tridentine liturgy and his attacks on the liturgical changes initiated by Vatican II. But his complaints against Vatican II go far beyond liturgical reforms. He also rejects conciliar developments in collegiality, religious liberty and ecumenism. These are seen by him as corresponding to the Revolution's égalité, liberté and fraternité."}}</ref>
* Opposition to the replacement of the [[Tridentine Mass]] with the [[Mass of Paul VI]].<ref>{{harvnb|Vere|2001}}: "However, Lefebvre's continued use of the Tridentine Mass eventually became an issue with the Vatican."</ref>

=== Political positions ===
Political positions espoused by Lefebvre included the following:
* Condemnation of the 1789 [[French Revolution]] and what he called its "Masonic and anti-Catholic principles".<ref>{{harvnb|Lefebvre|1987|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/OpenLetterToConfusedCatholics/Chapter-13.htm Chapter 13]}}</ref>
* Support for the "Catholic order" of the authoritarian French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] government (1940–1944) of Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]].<ref>Jeremy Rich, "Marcel Lefebvre in Gabon", in Kevin J. Callahan and Sarah Ann Curtis, eds., ''Views from the Margins: Creating Identities in Modern France'' (Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2008), 62–63. {{ISBN|0803215592}}</ref>
* Support for the [[National Front (France)|National Front]] led by [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|last1=Davies|first1=Peter|last2=Lynch|first2=Derek|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2002|isbn=0-415-21494-7|location=London and New York|pages=221}}</ref>
* Opposition to Muslim immigration into Europe. In 1990, Lefebvre was convicted in a French court and sentenced to pay a fine of 5,000 francs when he stated in this connection that "it is your wives, your daughters, your children who will be kidnapped and dragged off to a certain kind of places {{sic}} as they exist in [[Casablanca]]".<ref>[http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html Afterword: The Rushdie Affair's Legacy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184713/http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html |date=30 September 2007 }}, Koenraad Elst</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/yVt0dnwZMCo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109155755/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVt0dnwZMCo Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVt0dnwZMCo|title=Archbishop Marcel-François Lefebvre|last=2004noir|date=7 January 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Society of Saint Pius X ==
{{Main|Society of Saint Pius X}}

===Lawful formation===

After retiring from the post of Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, Lefebvre was approached by [[Traditionalist Catholic|traditionalists]] from the French Seminary in [[Rome]] who had been refused [[tonsure]],<ref>[http://la.revue.item.free.fr/interview_aulagnier_wanderer_anglais.htm The Wanderer Interviews Fr. Aulagnier, SSPX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023117/http://la.revue.item.free.fr/interview_aulagnier_wanderer_anglais.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}, Luc Gagnon, 18 September 2003</ref> the rite by which, until 1973,<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P6MINORS.HTM motu proprio "Ministeria quaedam"]. Ewtn.com. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.</ref> a seminarian became a cleric. They asked for a conservative seminary to complete their studies. After directing them to the [[University of Fribourg]], Switzerland,<ref name="seminary" /><ref name="own2003-09">{{cite web|url=http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2003_SepOct/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207045935/http://www.sspxafrica.com/documents/2003_SepOct/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 }}. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. September/October 2003.</ref> Lefebvre was urged to teach these seminarians personally.<ref name="own2003-09" /> In 1969, he received permission from the local bishop to establish a seminary in Fribourg which opened with nine students, moving to [[Écône]], Switzerland in 1971.<ref name="own 2003-11">{{cite web|url=http://sspxafrica.com/documents/2003_NovDec/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |title=Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words |access-date=8 January 2004 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108184813/http://sspxafrica.com/documents/2003_NovDec/Monsignor_Lefebvre_in_his_own_words.htm |archive-date=8 January 2004 }}. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. November/December 2003.</ref> {{irrelevant citation|reason=This sentence is not backed up by article.|date=August 2022}}

Lefebvre proposed to his seminarians the establishment of a society of priests without vows.<ref name="own2003-09" /> In November 1970, Bishop [[François Charrière]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg|Fribourg]] established, on a provisional (''ad experimentum'') basis for six years, the [[Society of Saint Pius X|International Priestly Society of Saint Pius X]] (SSPX) as a "[[Association of the Christian faithful#Terminology|pious union]]".<ref>''Pia unio'' – the preliminary stage towards becoming an officially recognized [[religious institute]] or [[Society of Apostolic Life]]. For the decree see{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Appendix_V.htm Appendix V]}}</ref> He chose the name of [[Pope Pius X|Pope Saint Pius X]] as the patron saint of the society, because of his admiration for the pontiff's stance on modernism.<ref>{{cite book|date=1999 |page=134 |publisher=Angelus Press |title=Archbishop Lefebvre and the Vatican, 1987-1988}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

===Early opposition===
In November 1972, the bishops of France, gathered as the Plenary Assembly of French Bishops at Lourdes, whose theological outlook was quite different from Lefebvre's, treated the then-legal [[The International Seminary of Saint Pius X|Écône seminary]] with suspicion and referred to it as ''Séminaire sauvage'' or "Outlaw Seminary".<ref name="seminary">{{cite book |last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|date=1986|title=Open Letter to Confused Catholics|url=http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/OpenLetterToConfusedCatholics/Chapter-19.htm|chapter= Ch. 19, The Seminary of Ecône and Rome}}</ref><ref name="Apologia2">{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_2.htm Chapter 2]}}</ref> They indicated that they would incardinate none of the seminarians.<ref name="Apologia4">{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_4.htm Chapter 4]}}</ref> [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Jean-Marie Villot]] accused Lefebvre before Pope Paul VI of making his seminarians sign a condemnation of the Pope, which Lefebvre vigorously denied.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fideliter No.59|pages= 68–70}}</ref>

===Apostolic Visitors===
[[File:Jean-Marie Villot 1978.jpg|thumb|right|Cardinal Secretary of State Jean-Marie Villot]]
In November 1974, two Belgian priests carried out a rigorous inspection on the instructions of a commission of cardinals,<ref name="Apologia4" /> producing, the SSPX claims, a favourable report.<ref>Archbishop Lefebvre was told that this examination was very positive and that he just had to come to Rome and clarify some questions. [http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2283-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml Conference of Father Franz Schmidberger, Superior General of the Society of St. Pius X] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131121407/http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2283-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml |date=31 January 2009 }} at Rockdale, Sydney, Australia 16 October 1990 by Father Gerard Hogan and Father François Laisney</ref> In what he later described as a mood of "doubtlessly excessive indignation",<ref name="Apologia4" /> on 21 November 1974, Lefebvre wrote a "Declaration" in which he attacked the [[modernism (Roman Catholicism)|modernist]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] trends that he saw in the reforms being undertaken within the church at that time:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/appendix_I._declaration.htm |title=The Declaration of Archbishop Lefebvre |access-date=13 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013232352/http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/appendix_I._declaration.htm |archive-date=13 October 2006 }}. sspx.org. 21 November 1974.</ref>
{{Blockquote|We adhere with all our heart and all our soul to Catholic Rome, guardian of the Catholic Faith and the traditions necessary to maintain it, and to Eternal Rome, mistress of wisdom and truth. On the other hand we refuse and have always refused to follow the Rome of the neo-Modernist and the new Protestant trend which was clearly evident in the Second Vatican Council and, after the Council in all the reforms which flowed from it.}}

The Commission of Cardinals declared in reply that the declaration was "unacceptable on all points".<ref name="seminary" /> At the same time, the French episcopate indicated that they would not [[Incardination|incardinate]] any of Lefebvre's priests in their dioceses.

In January 1975, Bishop [[Pierre Mamie]], who had succeeded Charrière in Fribourg in 1970, determined that the SSPX's status as a "pious union" should end. On 24 January 1975, he asked the prefect of the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life|Sacred Congregation for Religious]], Cardinal [[Arturo Tabera]], to terminate its status as a "pious union".<ref name="lessard">{{cite web | access-date = 18 September 2021 | url= https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/37735/1/Lessard-Thibodeau_John_%202018.pdf | title = Arriving at the Juridic Status of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X | first = John G. | last = Lessard-Thibodeau | date = 2018 | website = Faculty of Canon Law, Saint Paul University, Ottawa | pages= 6n, 8–9 }}</ref>

On 13 February, Lefebvre was invited to Rome for a meeting with the commission of cardinals,<ref name="seminary" /> which he described as "a close cross examination of the judicial type", regarding the contents of his "Declaration", followed by a second meeting on 3 March.<ref name="seminary" /> In May, the commission announced it approved Mamie's plan. Lefebvre contended that canon law gave the pope alone the authority to suppress a religious congregation, and only by his direct decree.<ref name="seminary" />

Tabera responded in April expressing full agreement and telling Mamie to proceed himself, and Mamie suppressed the SSPX on 6 May 1975, effective immediately.<ref name="lessard" />{{efn|Pope Paul canonically suppressed the SSPX and its seminary in 1975.<ref>{{cite web | first = Pete | last =Vere |url=http://www.envoymagazine.com/backissues/4.6/lefebvre.htm |title=My Journey out of the Lefebvre Schism |access-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829105819/http://www.envoymagazine.com/backissues/4.6/lefebvre.htm |archive-date=29 August 2005 | work =Envoy Magazine | volume =4| issue =6 }}</ref>}} This action was upheld by Pope Paul, who wrote to Lefebvre in June 1975. Lefebvre nevertheless continued his work citing legal advice from canon lawyers that the Society had not been "legally suppressed" and that the Society continued to enjoy the privilege of incardinating its own priests.<ref name="Apologia11">{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_11.htm Chapter 11]}}</ref> Lefebvre also argued that there were insufficient grounds for suppression as the Apostolic Visitors, by the Commission's own admission, delivered a positive report, and that since his Declaration had not been condemned by the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], he appealed, twice, to the [[appellate court]] of the church, the [[Apostolic Signatura]].<ref name="seminary" /> Lefebvre later wrote that Cardinal Villot blocked the move,<ref name="seminary" /> and one of his supporters wrote that Villot threatened the Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura, Cardinal [[Dino Staffa]], with dismissal if the appeals were not denied.<ref>{{cite book |title= Vatican Encounter|last= Hanu|first= José|pages= 85, 191}}</ref>

In 1976, Mamie warned Lefebvre that saying Mass though Catholic Church authorities had forbidden him from exercising his priestly functions would further exacerbate his relationship with Rome.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/05/archives/a-french-bishop-continues-defiance-holds-mass-in-latin.html |title=A French Bishop Continues Defiance, Holds Mass in Latin |date=5 July 1976|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

=== Disagreement with the Vatican ===
[[File:Marcel Lefebvre 1981.jpg|thumb|Lefebvre in 1981]]

During the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 24 May 1976, [[Pope Paul VI]] criticized Lefebvre by name and appealed to him and his followers to change their minds.<ref name="shuster" /><ref>{{harvnb|Pope Paul VI|24 May 1976}}</ref>

[[File:Marcel Lefebvre in Cordoba, Argentina.jpg|thumbnail|left|Lefebvre in Córdoba, Argentina, in 1980]]
On 29 June 1976, Lefebvre went ahead with planned priestly ordinations without the approval of the local bishop and despite receiving letters from Rome forbidding them. As a result Lefebvre was suspended ''a collatione ordinum'', ''i.e.'', forbidden to [[ordination|ordain]] any priests. A week later, the Prefect of the [[Congregation for Bishops]] informed him that, to have his situation regularized, he needed to ask the pope's pardon. Lefebvre responded with a letter claiming that the modernization of the church was a "compromise with the ideas of modern man" originating in a secret agreement between high dignitaries in the church and senior [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]] before the council.<ref name="Apologia12letter">"Letter of Mgr. Lefebvre to Pope Paul VI" (17 July 1976), quoted in: {{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_12.htm (Chapter 12)]}}</ref> Lefebvre was then notified that, since he had not apologized to the pope, he was suspended ''a divinis'',<ref>Roger McCaffrey and [[Thomas Woods]], [http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=37861 "All We Ask is for the Mass"], May 2005, Catholic World News</ref> i.e., he could no longer legally administer ''any'' of the sacraments.<ref>[http://www.catholiculture.com/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=5225 Holier than Thou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131161042/http://www.catholiculture.com/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=5225 |date=31 January 2009 }}, Brian O'Neel, This Rock, April 2003, Pages 18 – 24, quoting Vere and William Woestman, O.M.I., [http://home.earthlink.net/~grossklas/canonicalhistory.html Is the Society of St. Pius X in Schism?] </ref> Lefebvre remarked that he had been forbidden from celebrating the new rite of Mass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smac.edu/OldSite/history/sspx_anniversary/ |title=The International Priestly Society of Saint Pius X XXV Anniversary 1970–1995 A family diary |access-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011239/http://www.smac.edu/OldSite/history/sspx_anniversary/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}, Conference given by Fr. Anglés at Kansas City, 1 November 1995</ref> Pope Paul apparently took this seriously and stated that Lefebvre "thought he dodged the penalty by administering the sacraments using the previous formulas".<ref>{{harvnb|Pope Paul VI|11 October 1976|loc= Section II: ''"arbitrans te poenam istam devitare, si sacramenta administras anterioribus formulis utens''"}}</ref> In spite of his suspension, Lefebvre continued to celebrate Mass and to administer the other sacraments, including the conferral of Holy Orders to the students of his seminary.

Pope Paul received Lefebvre in audience on 11 September 1976,<ref name="Apologia14">{{harnvb|Davies|1980|loc=[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_one/Chapter_14.htm Chapter 14]}}</ref> and one month later wrote to him a letter severely admonishing him and repeating the appeal he had made at the audience. In his letter to Lefebvre, Paul VI ordered him to accept the documents of the Second Vatican Council in their obvious meaning (''sensu obvio'') and the subsequent reforms, to retract his accusations against the Roman Pontiff and his collaborators and recognise the authority of the local bishops; furthermore, he demanded that Lefebvre hand over all activities of the FSSPX to the Holy See. The Pope reminded Lefebvre of his duty of obedience to the [[Chair of Peter]], quoting the dogmatic constitutions ''[[Pastor aeternus]]'' (1870, [[First Vatican Council]]) and ''[[Lumen gentium]]'' (1964, [[Second Vatican Council]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcello Lefebvre, Archiepiscopo-Episcopo olim Tutelensi, d. 11 m. Octobris a. 1976, Paulus PP.VI {{!}} Paulus PP. VI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/letters/1976/documents/hf_p-vi_let_19761011_arc-lefebvre.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>

Following the death of Paul VI, both [[Pope John Paul I]] and [[Pope John Paul II]] made various attempts to reconcile the FSSPX with the Church; the latter received Lefebvre in audience sixty days after [[October 1978 papal conclave|his 1978 election]], where he repeatedly expressed his desire for peace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-25 |title=Luciani tentò la riconciliazione con i lefebvriani |url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2012/08/25/news/luciani-tento-la-riconciliazione-con-i-lefebvriani-1.36387511/ |access-date= |website=[[La Stampa]] |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967777,00.html | title =The Archbishop Calls It Quits | author-link=Richard N. Ostling | first = Richard N. | last = Ostling | magazine = Time | date= 27 June 1988| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070930042949/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967777,00.html | archive-date =30 September 2007 }}</ref>

== Écône consecrations ==
{{Main|Écône consecrations}}

In a 1987 sermon, Lefebvre, his health failing at age 81, announced his intention to [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|consecrate]] a [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] to carry on his work after his death.<ref>{{cite web | quote=The situation is such, the work placed in our hands by the good Lord is such, that faced with this darkness in Rome, faced with the Roman authorities' pertinacity in error, faced with this refusal to return to Truth or Tradition on the part of those who occupy the seats of authority in Rome, faced with all these things, it seems to us that the good Lord is asking for the Church to continue. This is why it is likely that before I give account my life to the good Lord, I shall have to consecrate some bishops. | url = http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Bishops-to-save-the-church.htm | title = Bishops to Save the Church | first = Marcel | last=Lefebvre | date= June 1987 |ref=none}}</ref> Under [[Catholic canon law]], the consecration of a bishop without the permission of the pope incurs [[Excommunication in the Catholic Church|excommunication]]: "A bishop who consecrates someone a bishop without a pontifical mandate and the person who receives the consecration from him incur a ''[[latae sententiae]]'' excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See".<ref>1983 Code of Canon Law, Canon 1382</ref>

During 1987 Lefebvre tried to reach an agreement with Cardinal [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], Prefect of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/07/18/suspended-prelate-meets-vatican-aide/13e6d278-ca82-4c2f-bb2d-8603729be234/|title=Suspended Prelate Meets Vatican Aide | date=18 July 1987|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> However, on 4 September 1987, in Écône, Lefebvre stated that the Vatican was in apostasy and that he would no longer collaborate with Ratzinger.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Conférence de Mgr Lefebvre lors de la retraite des prêtres de la Fraternité Saint-Pie-X du 4 septembre 1987 |url=http://laportelatine.org/vatican/sanctions_indults_discussions/premieres_discussions_jeanPaulII/04_09_1987_conference_lefebvre_pretres_fsspx.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827204009/http://laportelatine.org/vatican/sanctions_indults_discussions/premieres_discussions_jeanPaulII/04_09_1987_conference_lefebvre_pretres_fsspx.php |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=La Porte Latine - Fraternité Sacerdotale Saint-Pie X}}</ref>

On 5 May 1988, Lefebvre signed an agreement with Ratzinger to regularize the situation of the Society of St Pius X. Ratzinger agreed that one bishop would be consecrated for the Society, to be approved by the pope.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Protocole d'accord établi entre le cardinal Ratzinger et Mgr Lefebvre du 5 mai 1988 |url=http://laportelatine.org/vatican/sanctions_indults_discussions/protocole_rupture_sacres/05_05_1988_signature_protocole_accord.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827204209/http://laportelatine.org/vatican/sanctions_indults_discussions/protocole_rupture_sacres/05_05_1988_signature_protocole_accord.php |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=La Porte Latine - Fraternité Sacerdotale Saint-Pie X}}</ref>

=== Breaking of the agreement, consecrations ===
{{Main|Écône consecrations}}
[[File:Dom Mayer em cerimônia de coroação da Virgem Maria.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Antônio de Castro Mayer]] in 1980]]Shortly after the agreement, however, Lefebvre announced that he had received a note from Ratzinger that asked him "to beg pardon for [his] errors", which he interpreted to mean that he would be made to accept the teachings of the Second Vatican Council and the "[[Day of Prayer#World Day of Prayer for Peace|spirit of Assisi]]". Lefebvre referred to the alleged prophecy of [[Our Lady of La Salette]] that "Rome will lose the Faith" and declared himself obliged to consecrate a successor—if necessary, without papal approval.<ref name=sermon>{{cite web | url = http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Episcopal-Consecration.htm | title =Sermon on the occasion of the Episcopal Consecration | first = Marcel | last = Lefebvre | date= June 1988}}</ref> As the agreement did not specify a date for the episcopal consecration, should Lefebvre have died before it was granted, the Society would have been unable to ordain any seminarians and forced into submission to the [[Holy See]].<ref name=interview /><ref>{{cite book | last = Laisney| first = François | title = Archbishop Lefebvre & the Vatican| chapter = May 6, 1988 Letter of Archbishop Lefebvre to Cardinal Ratzinger | access-date = 28 October 2012| chapter-url = http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Archbishop_Lefebvre_and_the_Vatican/Part_I/1988-05-06.htm }}</ref>

Lefebvre dubbed his plan "Operation Survival":<ref name="sermon" />

{{Blockquote|That is why, taking into account the strong will of the present Roman authorities to reduce Tradition to naught, to gather the world to the spirit of Vatican II and the spirit of Assisi, we have preferred to withdraw ourselves and to say that we could not continue. It was not possible. We would have evidently been under the authority of Cardinal Ratzinger, President of the Roman Commission, which would have directed us; we were putting ourselves into his hands, and consequently putting ourselves into the hands of those who wish to draw us into the spirit of the Council and the spirit of [[Day of Prayer#World Day of Prayer for Peace|Assisi]]. This was simply not possible.}}

Pope John Paul II appealed to him not to proceed in "a schismatic act", warning of "theological and canonical consequences".<ref>{{cite web | quote =On 3 June, Lefebvre wrote that he would still go ahead with the 30 June consecrations. On 9 June 1988, Pope John Paul II replied to him with a personal letter, recalling the agreement the archbishop had signed on 5 May and appealing to him not to proceed with a design that 'would be seen as nothing other than a schismatic act, the theological and canonical consequences of which are known to you'. When no reply came from Lefebvre, this letter was made public on 16 June. |url = http://www.latinmassireland.org/newshappenings/jp2_obit.html | title = Pope John Paul II, an Obituary | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726075813/http://www.latinmassireland.org/newshappenings/jp2_obit.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 | website = Latin Mass Society of Ireland}}</ref>

On 30 June 1988, Lefebvre, with Bishop Emeritus [[Antônio de Castro Mayer]] of [[Campos dos Goytacazes|Campos]], Brazil, as co-consecrator, consecrated four SSPX priests as bishops: [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]], [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]], [[Alfonso de Galarreta]] and [[Bernard Fellay]].

Shortly before the consecrations, Lefebvre gave the following sermon:
<blockquote>...&nbsp;this ceremony, which is apparently done against the will of Rome, is in no way a schism. We are not schismatics! If an excommunication was pronounced against the [[Catholic Patriotic Association|bishops of China, who separated themselves from Rome and put themselves under the Chinese government]], one very easily understands why Pope Pius XII excommunicated them. There is no question of us separating ourselves from Rome, nor of putting ourselves under a foreign government, nor of establishing a sort of parallel church as the [[Palmarian Christian Church|Bishops of Palmar de Troya]] have done in Spain. They have even elected [[Clemente Domínguez y Gómez|a pope]], formed a college of cardinals... It is out of the question for us to do such things. Far from us be this miserable thought to separate ourselves from Rome!<ref name=sermon /></blockquote>

The next day, 1 July, the [[Congregation for Bishops]] issued a decree stating that this was a [[schism (religion)|schismatic]] act and that all six direct participants had incurred automatic excommunication.<ref>[http://www.cin.org/users/james/files/l-excomm.htm Decree of Excommunication]. Cin.org (1 July 1988). Retrieved on 1 November 2013.</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
On 2 July, [[Pope John Paul II]] condemned the consecration in his apostolic letter ''[[Ecclesia Dei]]'', in which he stated that the consecration constituted a schismatic act and that the bishops and priests involved were automatically excommunicated:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei_en.html|title = Apostolic Letter "Ecclesia Dei"}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|In itself, this act was one of disobedience to the Roman Pontiff in a very grave matter and of supreme importance for the unity of the church, such as is the ordination of bishops whereby the apostolic succession is sacramentally perpetuated. Hence such disobedience – which implies in practice the rejection of the Roman primacy – constitutes a schismatic act. In performing such an act, notwithstanding the formal canonical warning sent to them by the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops on 17 June last, Mons. Lefebvre and the priests Bernard Fellay, Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Richard Williamson and Alfonso de Galarreta, have incurred the grave penalty of excommunication envisaged by ecclesiastical law (cf. ''Code of Canon Law'', can. 1382).}}
Lefebvre responded by contradicting Pope John Paul II, saying that he and the other clerics involved had not "separated themselves from Rome" and were not schismatic.<ref name="sermon" /> He invoked canon 1323 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law that they "found themselves in a case of necessity", not having succeeded, as they said, in making "Rome" understand that "this change which has occurred in the Church" since the Second Vatican Council was "not Catholic".{{efn|"Thus, we find ourselves in a case of necessity. We have done all we could, trying to help Rome to understand that they had to come back to the attitudes of the holy Pius XII and of all his predecessors. Bishop de Castro Mayer and myself have gone to Rome, we have spoken, we have sent letters, several times to Rome. We have tried by these talks, by all these means, to succeed in making Rome understand that, since the Council and since aggiornamento, this change which has occurred in the Church is not Catholic, is not in conformity to the doctrine of all times. This ecumenism and all these errors, this collegiality&nbsp;— all this is contrary to the Faith of the Church, and is in the process of destroying the Church."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Episcopal-Consecration.htm | title =Sermon on the occasion of the Episcopal Consecration | first =Marcel |last = Lefebvre | date=June 1988}}</ref>}} In a letter addressed to the four priests he was about to consecrate as bishops, Lefebvre wrote: "I do not think one can say that Rome has not lost the Faith."<ref>[http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/To_the_Four_Bishops_Elect_June_13_1988.htm Letter to the Four Bishops Elect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105339/http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/To_the_Four_Bishops_Elect_June_13_1988.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}. Sspxasia.com. 13 June 1988.</ref>

On 18 July, twelve priests and some seminarians led by [[Josef Bisig]] left the SSPX because of the Écône consecrations.<ref name="synod">{{Cite conference | title = Audition of the Auditors II | book-title = ''Synodus Episcoporum'' Bulletin | publisher = Holy See Press Office | date = 27 October 2001 | url = https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/sinodo/documents/bollettino_20_x-ordinaria-2001/02_inglese/b18_02.html#Rev._Arnaud_DEVILLERS,_F.S.S.P.,_Superior_General_of_the_Fraternity_of_the_Priests_of_St._Peter_(United_States_of_America) | access-date = 10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Devillers | first = Arnaud | title = A Response to Christopher Ferrara | publisher = Latin Mass Magazine | date =Summer 2002 | url = http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_2002_SU_Devillers.html | access-date = 10 June 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040414032730/http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_2002_SU_Devillers.html | archive-date = 14 April 2004 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Bisig became the first superior general of the newly formed [[Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter]] (FSSP), a group that reached an agreement with the Holy See.

== Death ==
Lefebvre died from cancer on 25 March 1991 at the age of 85 in Martigny, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news | work= [[New York Times]] | date= 3 April 1991 | first = Steven | last = Greenhouse | access-date = 19 September 2021 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1991/03/26/662091.html | title = Archbishop Lefebvre, 85, Dies; Traditionalist Defied the Vatican}}</ref> Eight days later he was buried in the [[crypt]] at the [[International Seminary of Saint Pius X|society's international seminary]] in Écône. Archbishop [[Edoardo Rovida]], [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to Switzerland, and Bishop [[Henri Schwery]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion|Sion]], the local diocese, came and prayed at his body.<ref>For an account of the funeral and burial see [http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2283-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml In Memoriam Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre], The Angelus, April 2002, Volume XXV, Number 4 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131121407/http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2283-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref>

== Legacy of the 1988 consecrations ==
=== Lifting of excommunications ===

On 10 March 2009, at the request of the four surviving bishops, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] lifted their excommunications.<ref>{{harvnb|Pope Benedict XVI|March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pope Benedict XVI|July 2009}}: "I wished to remit the excommunication of the four Bishops illicitly ordained by Archbishop Lefebvre. With this decision I intended to remove an impediment that might have jeopardized the opening of a door to dialogue and thereby to invite the Bishops and the "Society of St Pius X" to rediscover the path to full communion with the Church."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Re|2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Luxmoore|2009}}</ref> In a letter to the bishops of the entire Church, Benedict offered this clarification:
{{Blockquote|The fact that the Society of Saint Pius X does not possess a canonical status in the Church is not, in the end, based on disciplinary but on doctrinal reasons. As long as the Society does not have a canonical status in the Church, its ministers do not exercise legitimate ministries in the Church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church concerning the remission of the excommunication of the four Bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre |date=March 10, 2009 | access-date = 20 September 2021 | author = Benedict XVI| publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana | url=http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20090310_remissione-scomunica.html}}</ref>}} One of the four bishops, [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]], was subsequently expelled from the FSSPX in 2012 and excommunicated again in 2015 by [[Pope Francis]] for consecrating a bishop without permission of the Holy See.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glatz |first=Carol |date=19 March 2015 |title=Bishop Williamson is excommunicated after illicitly ordaining a bishop |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/03/19/bishop-williamson-is-excommunicated-after-illicitly-ordaining-a-bishop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174218/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/03/19/bishop-williamson-is-excommunicated-after-illicitly-ordaining-a-bishop/ |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019 |work=[[Catholic Herald]]}}</ref>

=== Episcopal lineage ===
The lineage originated by the 1988 consecrations amounts to 10 bishops as of 2025, out of whom 7 are alive:
* [[Alfonso de Galarreta|Bp Alfonso Ruiz de Galarreta]]
** [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licínio Rangel]] (consecrated by [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais|Bp Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]] – plus [[Alfonso de Galarreta|Bp Alfonso Ruiz de Galarreta]] operating as a co-consecrator)
* [[Bernard Fellay|Bp Bernard Fellay]]
* [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais|Bp Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]] (+)
** [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licínio Rangel]] (+)
*** [[Fernando Arêas Rifan|Bp Fernando Arêas Rifan]] (consecrated by [[Darío Castrillón Hoyos|Cdl Dario Castrillon Hoyos]] – plus [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licínio Rangel]] operating as a consecrator) – with papal approval.
* [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] (+)
** [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licínio Rangel]] (consecrated by [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais|Bp Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]] – plus [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] operating as a consecrator)
** [[Jean-Michel Faure]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]])<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1501193.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413092155/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1501193.htm | archive-date=13 April 2015 | title=British traditionalist bishop is excommunicated for illicit ordination }}</ref>
** [[Tomás de Aquino Ferreira da Costa]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] – plus [[Jean-Michel Faure (bishop)|Bp Jean-Michel Faure]] operating as a consecrator)
** [[Gerardo Zendejas]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] – plus [[Jean-Michel Faure (bishop)|Bp Jean-Michel Faure]] & [[Bp Dom Tomás de Aquino Ferreira da Costa]] operating as consecrators)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stmarcelinitiative.com/fourth-bishop/|title=Fourth Bishop {{!}} St. Marcel Initiative|website=stmarcelinitiative.com|date=11 March 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>
** [[Bp Giacomo Ballini]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Ex-Lefebvrist prelate illicitly consecrates a fourth bishop |url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/religion/ex-lefebvrist-prelate-illicitly-consecrates-a-fourth-bishop/17152 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=international.la-croix.com |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Paul Morgan (priest)|Paul Morgan]] (consecrated by  [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] – plus bishop Giacomo Ballini operating as co-consecrator)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Un évêque pour la sainte Église |trans-title=A bishop for the holy Church |url=https://www.saintjoseph-tradition.org/_files/ugd/543a53_959fd1c39b464c54b9e08b72d642ca48.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828172650/https://www.saintjoseph-tradition.org/_files/ugd/543a53_959fd1c39b464c54b9e08b72d642ca48.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> 
** [[Michał Stobnicki]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]])<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-15|date=2023-07-15|language=en|title=Eleison Comments DCCCXXXV|url=https://stmarcelinitiative.com/two-kinds-of-bishop-i/|website=St. Marcel Initiative|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720044438/https://stmarcelinitiative.com/two-kinds-of-bishop-i/|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

== Works ==
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=A Bishop Speaks: Writings & Addresses, 1963–1974|year=1998|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=0-935952-16-0|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=I Accuse the Council!|year=1998|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-0-935952-68-1|edition=2nd|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=Open Letter to Confused Catholics|year=1987|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-0-935952-13-1|ref=none}} Translated from the original book: {{cite book|last=Lefèbvre|first=Marcel|title=Lettre Ouverte aux Catholiques Perplexes|year=1985|publisher=A. Michel|location=Paris |isbn=978-2-226-02325-4|language=fr|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=Against the Heresies|year=1997|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-0-935952-28-5|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=They Have Uncrowned Him: From Liberalism to Apostasy, the Conciliar Tragedy|year=1988|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Dickinson, Tex|isbn=0-935952-05-5|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=The Mystery of Jesus: the Meditations of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre|year=2000|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-1-892331-02-1|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=Religious Liberty Questioned – The Dubia: My Doubts about the Vatican II Declaration of Religious Liberty|year=2001|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-1-892331-12-0|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=The Mass of All Time: the Hidden Treasure|year=2007|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-1-892331-46-5|ref=none}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Marcel Lefebvre&nbsp;– Archbishop in Stormy Times]]'', 2012 documentary film based on the biography by Bishop Bernard Tissier de Mallerais
* [[François Ducaud-Bourget]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|2}}
;General
* {{cite web|last=Cheney|first=David M.|work=The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church – Current and historical information about its bishops and dioceses|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blefebvre.html|title=Archbishop Marcel-François Lefebvre, C.S.Sp.|access-date=19 August 2011|publisher=Catholic-hierarchy.org|ref={{harvid|Catholic-hierarchy.org|2011}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Congar|first=Yves|title=Challenge to the Church: the case of Archbishop Lefèbvre |year=1977 |publisher=Collins |location=London |oclc=627996697 |isbn=978-0-00-599583-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last= Dinges |first=William D. |editor= Catholic University of America |encyclopedia=[[New Catholic Encyclopedia]]|title=Marcel Lefebvre |edition=2d |year= 2003|publisher= Gale |location= Washington, D.C.|volume= 8 (Jud–Lyo) |isbn= 0-7876-4004-2|pages= 446–449}}
* {{cite book|first=William D.|last=Dinges|chapter=Roman Catholic Traditionalism|editor1-first=Martin E.|editor1-last=Marty|editor2-first=R. Scott|editor2-last=Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|volume=1|location=Chicago|year=1991|pages=66–101|isbn=978-0-226-50878-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiECpg}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Filipazzi|first=Antonio G.|title=Rappresentanze e Rappresentanti Pontifici dalla Seconda Metà del XX secolo|year=2006|publisher=Libr. Ed. Vaticana|location=Città del Vaticano|isbn=88-209-7845-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Foster | first = Elizabeth | title =African Catholic: Decolonization and the Transformation of the Church | publisher = Harvard University Press | date= 2019 |isbn=978-0-674-98766-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Hanu|first=José|title=Vatican encounter : conversations with Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre|year=1978|publisher=Sheed Andrews and McMeel|location=Kansas City|isbn=978-0-8362-3102-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Hardon|first=John A.|title=The Catholic lifetime reading plan|year=1989|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=0-385-23080-X|url=http://www.therealpresence.org/eucharst/vat/clrp_vii.htm|edition=1st|access-date=18 August 2011}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=857&repos=1&subrepos=0&searchid=378740 |title=Marcel Lefebvre: Signatory to Dignitatis Humanae |access-date=29 December 2008 |last=Harrison |first=Brian W. |date=March 1994 |journal=Fidelity Magazine |issn=0730-0271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610124930/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=857&repos=1&subrepos=0&searchid=378740 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0900355.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090212144054/http%3A//www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0900355.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2009 |title=Pope lifts excommunications of Lefebvrite bishops |date=27 January 2009 |first=Jonathan |last=Luxmoore |publisher=Catholic News Service |location=Washington DC }}
* {{cite journal|last=Reese|first=Thomas J.|title=Archbishop Lefebvre: Moving Toward Schism?|journal=[[America (Jesuit magazine)|America]]|date=4 June 1988|pages=573–574|issn=0002-7049|url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/issue-archives.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808042655/https://www.americamagazine.org/content/issue-archives.cfm|archive-date=8 August 2011}}
* {{cite journal|last=Vere|first=Pete|title=My Journey out of the Lefebvre Schism: All Tradition Leads to Rome|journal=Envoy Magazine|date=March 2001|volume=4|issue=6|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0072.html|access-date=18 August 2011|issn=1091-5311|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809141503/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0072.html|url-status=dead}}
;Publications of the Society of Saint Pius X
* {{cite web |last=Anglés |first=Ramón |title=His Grace Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (1905–1991) – A short biography by one of his priests |publisher=Society of Saint Pius X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331044451/http://ireland.sspx.net/miscellaneous/historical/shortbio.htm |archive-date=31 March 2012 |date=March 1991 |url=http://ireland.sspx.net/miscellaneous/historical/shortbio.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=24 August 2011 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110917024140/http://www.fsspx.org/en/presentation/our-founder/archbishop-marcel-lefebvre/ Also partially available from the official website of the Society of Saint Pius XI ].
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Michael|title=Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre|year=1980|publisher=Augustine Publishing Company|location=Devon|isbn=978-0-85172-752-3|url=http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/index.htm|author-link=Michael Davies (Catholic writer)|access-date=17 August 2011|volume=1: 1905–1976}}
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Michael|title=Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre|year=1983|publisher=Augustine Publishing Company|location=Devon|isbn=0-935952-11-X|url=http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_two/index.htm|author-link=Michael Davies (Catholic writer)|access-date=17 August 2011|volume=2: 1977–1979}}
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Michael|title=Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre|year=1999|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=0-935952-19-5|url=http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/Archbishop-Lefebvre/Apologia/Vol_three/index.htm|author-link=Michael Davies (Catholic writer)|access-date=17 August 2011|volume=3: The Historical Defense of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre and the Society of Saint Pius X}}
* {{cite book|last=Laisney|first=Franc̨ois|title=Archbishop Lefebvre and the Vatican, 1987–1988|year=1999|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-0-935952-69-8 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite journal |last=Laudenschlager |first=Douglas |title=The Validity of Holy Orders |date=February 1978 |url=http://www.sspx.org/archbishop_lefebvre/validity_of_holy_orders.htm |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=Angelus Press |journal=The Angelus |location=Arlington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925164157/http://www.sspx.org/archbishop_lefebvre/validity_of_holy_orders.htm |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Marcel|title=Open Letter to Confused Catholics|year=1987|publisher=Angelus Press|location=Kansas City, Mo.|isbn=978-0-935952-13-1}}
* {{cite book| last = Tissier de Mallerais | first = Bernard | title = Marcel Lefebvre: The Biography | publisher = Angelus Press | location = Kansas City, Mo.| year = 2004 | isbn = 1-892331-24-1|author-link= Bernard Tissier de Mallerais}} The official biography of Lefebvre, originally published in French (Clovis, 2002).
* {{cite book| last = White | first = David Allen| title = The Horn of the Unicorn | publisher = Angelus Press | location = Kansas City, Mo.| year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-892331-39-7}}
;Publications of the Holy See
* {{cite book|title=Code of canon law|year=1983|publisher=Canon Law Society of America|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-943616-19-0|edition=Latin-English|access-date=17 August 2011|url=https://archive.org/details/codeofcanonlawla00cath|ref={{harvid|Code of Canon Law|1983}}|url-access=registration}} First English translation of the 1983 "Codex Iuris Canonici" published by the Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
* {{cite book|title=Letter of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI to the Bishops of the Catholic Church concerning the Remission of the Excommunication of the Four Bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre|publisher=Holy See|author=Pope Benedict XVI|author-link=Pope Benedict XVI|access-date=18 August 2011|date=10 March 2009|ref={{harvid|Pope Benedict XVI|March 2009}}|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20090310_remissione-scomunica_en.html}}
* {{cite book|title=Ecclesiae Unitatem|publisher=Holy See|author=Pope Benedict XVI|author-link=Pope Benedict XVI|access-date=18 August 2011|type=[[Motu proprio]]|date=2 July 2009|ref={{harvid|Pope Benedict XVI|July 2009}}|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20090702_ecclesiae-unitatem_en.html}}
* {{cite book|title=Ecclesia Dei|publisher=Holy See|author=Pope John Paul II|author-link=Pope John Paul II|access-date=17 August 2011|type=[[Motu proprio]]|date=2 July 1988|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei_en.html}}
* {{cite book|author=Pope Paul VI|author-link=Pope Paul VI|title=Concistoro Segreto del Santo Padre Paolo VI per la Nomina di Venti Cardinali|language=la|trans-title=Secret Consistory of the Holy Father Paul VI for the creation of twenty new Cardinals|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1976/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19760524_concistoro_lt.html|date=24 May 1976|publisher=Holy See|ref={{harvid|Pope Paul VI|24 May 1976}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Pope Paul VI|author-link=Pope Paul VI|title=Epistula Marcello Lefebvre, Archiepiscopo-Episcopo Olim Tutelensi|language=la|trans-title=Archbishop Bishop of Tulle|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1976/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19760524_concistoro_lt.html|date=11 October 1976|publisher=Holy See|ref={{harvid|Pope Paul VI|11 October 1976}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Decree Remitting the Excommunication "Latae Sententiae" of the Bishops of the Society of St Pius X|publisher=Holy See|first=Giovanni Battista|last=Re|author-link=Giovanni Battista Re|access-date=18 August 2011|editor=Congregation for Bishops|date=21 January 2009|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cbishops/documents/rc_con_cbishops_doc_20090121_remissione-scomunica_en.html}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Marcel Lefebvre}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://marcellefebvre.info/en Archbishop Lefebvre, published by the SSPX]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Edgar Anton Häring]]}}
{{s-tul|title=Bishop of Anthedon|years=12 June 1947 – 22 September 1948 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Baptist Choi Deok-hong]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Emile Yelle]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Diocese of Arcadiopolis|Bishop of Arcadiopolis in Europa]]|years=22 September 1948 – 14 September 1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Auguste-Siméon Colas]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Auguste François Louis Grimault]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Apostolic Vicar of Dakar]]|years=12 June 1947 – 14 September 1955}}

{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Archbishop of Dakar]]|years=14 September 1955 – 23 January 1962}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hyacinthe Thiandoum]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Aimable Chassaigne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle|Archbishop<sup>1</sup>-Bishop of Tulle]]|years=23 January 1962 – 11 August 1962}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henri Clément Victor Donze]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Francis Griffin (priest)|Francis Griffin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Superior General of the [[Holy Ghost Fathers|Congregation of the Holy Spirit]]|years=27 July 1962 – 29 October 1968 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph Lécuyer]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Ildebrando Antoniutti]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Synnada in Phrygia|Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia]]|years=7 August 1962 – 10 December 1970}}
{{s-vac}}

{{s-ref |Retained Personal Title}}

{{SSPX}}
{{Traditionalist Catholicism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lefebvre, Marcel}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
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[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Dakar]]
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