View source for Marine VHF radio

{{Short description|Radios operating in the very high frequency maritime mobile band}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Handheld Maritime VHF.jpg|thumb|A standard handheld marine VHF, mandatory on larger seagoing vessels under the GMDSS rules]]
[[File:Maritime VHF Sailor type.jpg|thumb|A VHF set and a VHF channel 70 DSC set, the DSC on top]]
[[File:Maritime VHF Sailor RT144.JPG|thumb|A vintage (76–89) marine VHF radiotelephone]]

'''Marine VHF radio''' is a worldwide system of [[two-way radio|two-way radio transceivers]] on ships and watercraft used for bidirectional voice communication from ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore (for example with [[harbormaster]]s), and in certain circumstances ship-to-aircraft. It uses [[frequency modulation|FM]] channels in the [[very high frequency]] (VHF) radio band in the frequency range between 156 and 174&nbsp;[[Megahertz|MHz]], designated by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] as the ''VHF maritime mobile band''. In some countries additional channels are used, such as<ref name=handbok2010/> the L and F channels for leisure and fishing vessels in the Nordic countries (at 155.5–155.825&nbsp;MHz). Transmitter power is limited to 25 watts, giving them a range of about {{convert|100|km|mi nmi}}.

Marine VHF radio equipment is installed on all large ships and most seagoing small craft. It is also used, with slightly different regulation, on rivers and lakes. It is used for a wide variety of purposes, including [[marine navigation]] and traffic control, summoning [[rescue]] services and communicating with [[harbour]]s, [[Lock (water transport)|locks]], [[bridge]]s and [[marina]]s.

==Background==
Marine radio was the first commercial application of [[radio]] technology, allowing ships to keep in touch with shore and other ships, and send out a distress call for rescue in case of emergency. [[Guglielmo Marconi]] invented radio communication in the 1890s, and the Marconi Company installed [[wireless telegraphy]] stations on ships beginning around 1900. Marconi built a string of shore stations and in 1904 established the first [[Morse code]] distress call, the letters [[CQD]], used until 1906 when SOS was agreed on. The first significant marine rescue due to radio was the 1909 sinking of the luxury liner [[RMS Republic|RMS ''Republic'']], in which 1,500 lives were saved. This and the 1912 {{RMS|Titanic}} rescue brought the field of marine radio to public consciousness, and marine radio operators were regarded as heroes. By 1920, the US had a string of 12 coastal stations stretched along the Atlantic seaboard from [[Bar Harbor, Maine]] to [[Cape May, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harbord |first1=J.G. |title=The Commercial Uses of Radio |journal=The Annals of the American Academy |date=1929 |volume=142 |pages=57–63 |doi=10.1177/0002716229142001S09|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The first marine radio transmitters used the [[longwave]] bands. During World War&nbsp;I [[amplitude modulation]] was developed, and in the 1920s [[spark-gap transmitter|spark radiotelegraphy equipment]] was replaced by [[vacuum tube]] [[radiotelephony]] allowing voice communication. Also in the 1920s, the ionospheric skip or [[skywave]] phenomenon was discovered, which allowed lower power vacuum tube transmitters operating in the [[shortwave]] bands to communicate at long distances.

Hoping to foil German detection during the World War II Battle of the Atlantic, American and British convoy escorts used Talk-Between-Ships (TBS) radios operating on VHF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Research Paper – World War 2 Naval Operations |url=http://jproc.ca/rrp/nro_ww2.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=jproc.ca}}</ref>

==Types of equipment==
Sets can be fixed or portable. A fixed set generally has the advantages of a more reliable power source, higher transmit power, a larger and more effective antenna and a bigger display and buttons. A portable set (often essentially a waterproof, VHF [[walkie-talkie]] in design) can be carried on a kayak, or to a [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] in an emergency, has its own power source and is waterproof if [[GMDSS]]-approved. A few portable VHFs are even approved to be used as emergency radios in environments requiring intrinsically safe equipment (e.g. gas tankers, oil rigs, etc.).

===Voice-only===
Voice only equipment is the traditional type, which relies totally on the human voice for calling and communicating.
Many lower priced handheld units are voice only as well as older fixed units.

===Digital selective calling===
{{Main|Digital selective calling}}
DSC equipment, a part of the [[Global Maritime Distress and Safety System]] (GMDSS), provides all the functionality of voice-only equipment and, additionally, allows several other features:
* The ability to call another vessel using a unique identifier known as a [[Maritime Mobile Service Identity]] (MMSI). This information is carried digitally and the receiving set will alert the operator of an incoming call once its own MMSI is detected. Calls are set up on the dedicated VHF channel 70 which DSC equipment must listen on continuously. The actual voice communication then takes place on a different channel specified by the caller.
* A distress button, which automatically sends a digital distress signal identifying the calling vessel and the nature of the emergency
* A built in [[GPS receiver]] or facility to connect an external GPS receiver so that the user's location may be transmitted automatically along with a distress call.

When a DSC radio is bought new the user will get the opportunity to program it with the MMSI number of the ship it is intended to be used on. However to change the MMSI after the initial programming can be problematic and require special proprietary tools. This is allegedly done to prevent theft.

===Automatic identification system===
{{Main|Automatic identification system}}
More advanced transceiver units support AIS. This relies on a GPS receiver built into the VHF equipment or an externally connected one by which the transceiver obtains its position and transmits this information along with some other details about the ship (MMSI, cargo, draught, destination and some others) to nearby ships. AIS operates as a [[mesh network]] and full featured units relay AIS messages from other ships, greatly extending the range of this system; however some low-end units are receive only or do not support the relaying functionality.

AIS data is carried on dedicated VHF channels 87B and 88B at a [[baud rate]] of 9,600bit/s using [[GMSK]] modulation<ref>[http://www.allaboutais.com/index.php/en/technical-info/technical-fundamentals All about AIS]</ref> and uses a form of [[time-division multiplexing]].

===Text messaging===
Using the RTCM 12301.1 standard it is possible to send and receive text messages in a similar fashion to [[SMS]] between marine VHF transceivers which comply with this standard.<ref>[http://nebula.wsimg.com/08ac6f768a2ba3f85f01b41f5e19d1bc?AccessKeyId=2D3610E97C8E55B553AE&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 RTCM 12301.1, Standard for VHF-FM Digital Small Message Services]</ref> However, as of 2019 very few transceivers support this feature. The recipient of the message needs to be tuned to the same channel as the transmitting station in order to receive it.

==Regulation==
In the United States, any person can legally purchase a Marine VHF radio and use it to communicate without requiring any special license as long as they abide by certain rules, but in a great many other countries a license is required to transmit on Marine VHF frequencies.

In the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and some other European countries both the operator and the equipment must be separately licensed.  A ''[[Short Range Certificate]]'' is the minimum requirement to use an installed marine VHF radio. This is usually obtained after completing a course of around two days and passing an exam. This is intended for those operating on lakes and in coastal areas whereas a ''[[Long Range Certificate]]'' is usually recommended for those operating further out as it also covers HF and MF radios as well as [[INMARSAT]] systems. Installations fixed on a particular vessel require a '''Ship Radio License'''.  Portable equipment that could be used in multiple craft, dinghys etc. required a '''Ship Portable Radio Licence'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/112666/Ship-Radio-Licences-Guidance-notes-for-licensing.pdf | title=GUIDANCE: Publication date: 16 March 2020 Ship Radio Licences Of168a – Guidance notes for licensing | date=12 May 2024 | p=3}}</ref>

===Automatic Transmitter Identification System (marine)===
For use on the inland waterways within continental Europe, a compulsory [[Automatic Transmitter Identification System (marine)|Automatic Transmitter Identification System]] (ATIS) transmission conveys the vessel's identity after each voice transmission. This is a ten-digit code that is either an encoded version of the ship's alphanumeric call sign, or for vessels from outside the region, the ship MMSI prefixed with "9". The requirement to use ATIS in Europe, and which VHF channels may be used, are strongly regulated, most recently by the Basel agreements.

==Channels and frequencies==
A marine VHF set is a combined transmitter and receiver and only operates on standard, international frequencies known as [[channel (broadcasting)|channels]]. '''[[Channel 16 VHF|Channel 16]]''' (156.8&nbsp;MHz) is the international calling and [[international distress frequency|distress channel]]. Transmission power ranges between 1 and 25 watts, giving a [[line-of-sight propagation|maximum range]] of up to about 60 [[nautical mile]]s (111&nbsp;km) between [[Antenna (radio)|aerial]]s mounted on tall ships and hills, and {{convert|5|nmi|0}} between aerials mounted on small [[boat]]s at sea level.<ref name= "UK Marine">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mgn-324-operational-guidance-on-the-use-of-radio-and-automatic-identification-systems|title=MGN 324 Operational guidance on the use of radio and automatic identification systems|publisher=Gov.uk|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> [[Frequency modulation]] (FM) is used, with vertical polarization, meaning that antennas have to be vertical in order to have good reception. For longer range communication at sea, [[medium frequency|marine MF]] and [[high frequency|marine HF]] bands and [[satellite phone]]s can be used.

Half-duplex channels here are listed with the A and B frequencies the same. The frequencies, channels, and some of their purposes are governed by the [[ITU]]. For an authoritative list see.<ref>Circular letter CM/19-E, International Telecommunication Union, 27 March 2009</ref> The original allocation of channels consisted of only channels 1 to 28 with 50&nbsp;kHz spacing between channels, and the second frequency for full-duplex operation 4.6&nbsp;MHz higher.

Improvements in radio technology later meant that the channel spacing could be reduced to 25&nbsp;kHz with channels 60 to 88 interspersed between the original channels.

Channels 75 and 76 are omitted as they are either side of the calling and distress channel 16, acting as guard channels. The frequencies which would have been the second frequencies on half-duplex channels are not used for marine purposes and can be used for other purposes that vary by country. For example, 161.000 to 161.450&nbsp;MHz are part of the allocation to the [[Association of American Railroads]] channels used by railways in the US and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Association of Railroads channel allocation|url=http://www.arrl-al.org/Railroad%20Communications%20Channels.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920105428/http://arrl-al.org/Railroad%20Communications%20Channels.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 September 2010|publisher=Arrl-al.org|access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>
<!-- Fill in more details, please. Add an {{colorbox|red; border:none|A|white}} if the allocation is half-duplex on the A channel, and {{colorbox|blue; border:none|B|white}} for the B channel; no enclosed letter indicates full-duplex operation. --> 	
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=mtvhf|title=U.S. VHF Channels|publisher=Navcen.uscg.gov|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"
! rowspan=2 | Channel <br/>number
! colspan=2 | Frequencies (MHz)<!-- Do not change these frequencies; they are a systematic pattern that form the framework for all countries' marine VHF radio usage plans See ITU documentation! -->
! rowspan=2 | {{GBR}}<ref name ="RYA VHF Radio">{{cite book|editor1-first= Alison|editor1-last= Noice|publisher= [[RYA]]|title= VHF Radio (including GMDSS)|edition= 2nd|year= 2008|isbn= 978-1-906435-20-2}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | {{USA}}
! rowspan=2 | {{CAN}}
! rowspan=2 | {{AUS}}
! rowspan=2 | {{NZL}}
! rowspan=2 | {{FIN}}<ref name=handbok2010>{{cite web|url=https://www.viestintavirasto.fi/attachments/Rannikkolaivurin_radioliikenneopas_SV.pdf|title=Kommunikationsverket 2010: ''Handbok i VHF-radiokommunikation för radiooperatör med kusttrafikcertifikat''|publisher=Viestintavirasto.fi|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | {{EUR}} [[European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations|CEPT]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144151if_/http://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/mediatheque/documents/radiomaritime/Manuel_Maritime_REV_Nov_15_V8.pdf MANUEL DE PREPARATION DU CRR MARITIME 2015 Agence nationale des fréquences]}}</ref> Mediterranean countries <br/>(sea, ocean) 
! rowspan=2 | {{BEL}} <br/>{{FRA}} <br/>{{GER}} <br/>{{NLD}} <br/>[[Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine|Rhine]]: main stem, river, canal, lake, pond, estuary<ref>[http://www.ccr-zkr.org/files/documents/reglementRP/rp41f_pg_022014.pdf Guide de radiotéléphonie pour la navigation intérieure 2014: Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin]</ref><ref>[http://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/mediatheque/documents/radiomaritime/Manfluvial_D%C3%A9cembre_15.pdf MANUEL DE PREPARATION DU CRR FLUVIAL 2015 Agence nationale des fréquences]</ref>
|-
! {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}&nbsp;Ship {{abbr|tx|transmitting}}, usually
! {{color box|blue; border:none|B|white}}&nbsp;Shore {{abbr|tx|transmitting}}, usually
|-
| 0 || 156.000 || 160.600
| Private, coast guard {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1 || 156.050 || 160.650
|
|Ship-to-ship/shore, commercial and safety<br/>West Coast {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}<br>
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways.. (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>
|-
| 2 || 156.100 || 160.700
|
|
| Public<br/>BC Coast
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways.. (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 3 || 156.150 || 160.750
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Illegal for public use{{efn|name=usamode}}
| Public<br/>BC Coast/Inland
|
| Boat to Boat – Kawau
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks, [[Customs]] [[Coast Guard]], search and rescue <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways. (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 4 || 156.200 || 160.800
|
|
| Ship-to-ship/shore, commercial and safety <br/>East Coast and Inland {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} <br>
Canadian Coast Guard – Search & Rescue<br/>BC Coast{{efn|name=WACCG}} {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
| Boat to boat Tutukaka/Raglan
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks, [[customs]], [[coast guard]], search and rescue <br/>
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
|-
| 5 || 156.250 || 160.850
|
|
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks, authorities responsible
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 6 || 156.300 ||  156.300
| Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
| Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Distress ship-to-air
| Inter-ship working
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship (commercial)<br/>also SAR: Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air
| Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt) and ship-to-air
|-
| 7 || 156.350 || 160.950
|
|
| General working channel
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)<br/>port operations
| [[Navy]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 8 || 156.400 || 156.400
| Ship-to-ship {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
| Ship-to-ship <br/>East and west coasts, <br/>Lake Winnipeg {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Inter-ship working
| Inter-ship working
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship (commercial)
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt)
|-
| 9 || 156.450 || 156.450
| Frequently used by pilots {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Calling {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}, commercial and non-commercial.
| Ship-to-air for maritime support <br/>Atlantic and BC coasts {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Pilots, port operations
| Port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} VTS <br/>Ship-to-ship + port operations
| Marina pilots, [[marina]] operations, ship in a marina
| Marina pilots, [[marina]] operations, ship in a marina, limited to 1 watt
|-
| 10 || 156.500 || 156.500
| Frequently used by HM Coastguard {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
| Ship-to-air – SAR and antipollution {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}<br/>General working – Atlantic and BC coasts, Great Lakes
|
| Port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship <br/>port operations <br/>also SAR and oil cleanup <br/>only VTS on Gulf of Finland
| [[International waters]] ship-to-ship; [[customs]], [[coast guard]], [[navy]] 
| Calling; ship-to-ship; [[customs]], on-board working, limited to 1 watt; distress, safety, and calling
|-
| 11 || 156.550 || 156.550
| Port operations
|
| Vessel Traffic Services – BC coast
|
| Port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} port operations, also the Saimaa Canal locks
| [[Navy]]
| Port operations
|-
| 12 || 156.600 || 156.600
| Port operations 
| VTS – San Francisco offshore <br/>Pilotage {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Vessel Traffic Services – BC coast
| Port operations, VTS
| Port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} port operations
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | Commercial port operations, fishing port operations, pilots, ship in a fishing port, ship in a commercial port 
|-
| 13 || 156.650 || 156.650
| Bridge-to-bridge working {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Bridge-to-bridge safety {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}: Vessels > 20m must maintain watch, Tx limited to 1 watt. Movable bridge / lock operations.
| VTS – BC coast<br/>Bridge-to-bridge safety {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Port operations, VTS
| Intership Nav Safety
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Pilots<br/>Ship-to-ship<br/>port operations
| Port operations, [[coast guard]] 
| Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt)
|-
| 14 || 156.700 || 156.700
| Port operations
| VTS – San Francisco bay and delta <br/>Pilotage {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| VTS – BC coast<br/>Port and pilot ops {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
| Port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Working channel for SAR authorities, Turku Radio<br/>(port operations)
| Port operations, [[navy]]
| Port operations
|-
| 15 || 156.750 || 156.750
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} On-board working, limited to 1 watt
|
|
|
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} max. 1 W <br/>Intraship <br/>Ship-to-ship <br/>port operations
| Beach monitoring
| Radiocommunications on board a ship or in a group of boats towed or pushed, as well as those concerning the instructions for the maneuver bullish and docking, limited to 1 watt
|-
| '''[[Channel 16 VHF|16]]''' || 156.800 || 156.800
| colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" | '''International distress, safety and calling {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}''' <br />All vessels equipped with VHF must maintain watch.
| [[Estuary]] (16 + 10). Not used on: [[main stem]], [[river]], [[canal]], [[lake]], [[pond]].
|-
| 17 || 156.850 || 156.850
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} On-board working
|
|BC Coast Pilots
|
| Aquatic sports events
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} max. 1 W<br/>Intraship <br/>Ship-to-ship<br/>port operations
| Port operations, [[navy]], [[Maritime Gendarmerie]]
|Radiocommunications on board a ship or in a group of boats towed or pushed, as well as those concerning the instructions for the maneuver bullish and docking. (limited to 1 watt)
|-
| 18 || 156.900 || 161.500
|
|
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 19 || 156.950 || 161.550
|
| Landside facilities: harbormaster, marinas.
| Canadian Coast Guard working channel
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 20 || 157.000 || 161.600
|
|
|
| Repeater operations
| Continuous weather<br/>Maritime Safety Service
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Port operations, Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex),<br/> (limited to 1 watt [[Paris]] Underground canal) 
|-
| 21 || 157.050 || 161.650
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} U.S. Coast Guard only
| [[Continuous marine broadcast]]s {{color box|blue; border:none|B|white}}<BR>(WX 8)
|
| Continuous weather<br/>Maritime Safety Service
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | Port operations
|-
| 22 || 157.100 || 161.700
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} U.S. Coast Guard public working channel{{efn|name=c22a}}
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Canadian Coast Guard working channel
|
| Continuous weather<br/>Maritime Safety Service
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Port operations, public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 23 || 157.150 || 161.750
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information: now on 62, 63, 64.
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} U.S. Coast Guard Only
|
|
| Continuous weather <br/>Maritime Safety Service
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Port operations, Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
|-
| 24 || 157.200 || 161.800
| [[UK Search & Rescue|UKSAR]] [[Ground to Air|G/A]] Winching {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} <br/>UKSAR [[Two Way Channel or Two Way Communication|TWC]] {{color box|blue; border:none|B|white}}{{efn|name=UKSAR}}
|
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 25 || 157.250 || 161.850
|
|
|
|
| Maritime radio working channel
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 26 || 157.300 || 161.900
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information 
| Public correspondence (marine telephone operator)
|Canadian Coast Guard Duplex – Public Correspondence
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 27 || 157.350 || 161.950
| 
|
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 28 || 157.400 || 162.000
|
|
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 31 || 157.550 || 162.150
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (The Netherlands) Marina channel <br/>public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
|-
| M1/37A || 157.850 || 157.850
| (As M1) Yacht clubs, race committees and marinas
|
|
|
|
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 60 || 156.025 || 160.625
|
|
|
|
|
| [[GOFREP]] on Gulf of Finland <br/>public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 61 || 156.075 || 160.675
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Illegal for public use{{efn|name=usamode}}
|
|
|
| GOFREP (Estonia) on Gulf of Finland<br/>Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 62 || 156.125 || 160.725
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information{{efn|name=UKSAR}}
|
|
|
| Boat to boat – Waiheke/Whangaroa
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 63 || 156.175 || 160.775
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information (half-duplex){{efn|name=UKSAR}}
|
|
|
| Boat to boat – Manukau
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| [[Coast Guard]], port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 64 || 156.225 || 160.825
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information (half-duplex){{efn|name=UKSAR}}
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Illegal for public use{{efn|name=usamode}}
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| [[Coast Guard]], port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore full-duplex) 
|-
| 65 || 156.275 || 160.875
| [[National Coastwatch Institution]] (NCI) and Independent Coastwatch Stations (http://www.seasafetygroup.org) Working Channel for communication with local mariners for radio checks and local sea conditions. Effective 1 March 2021.
|
| Marine assistance working channel
|
| Boat to boat – Coromandel
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex) <br/>port operations
| [[Coast Guard]], port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 66 || 156.325 || 160.925
|
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} BC coast marinas
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 67 || 156.375 || 156.375
| UK Small Ship Safety Channel
|
|
| Working Channel, Marine Weather
| Maritime radio working channel
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} VTS <br/>(Ship-to-ship + port operations)
| [[Coast Guard]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 68 || 156.425 || 156.425
|
| Non-commercial {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
|
| Maritime radio working channel
|
{{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} port operations, border guard authorities,

Also some yacht clubs and marinas
| [[Coast Guard]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 69 || 156.475 || 156.475
| Port operations
| Non-commercial {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
| Australian Navy
| Maritime radio working channel <br/>surf lifesaving
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship <br/>port operations
| [[Navy]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 70 || 156.525 || 156.525
| colspan=7 | [[Digital Selective Calling]] {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Not used on: [[main stem]], [[river]], [[canal]], [[lake]], [[pond]].
|-
| 71 || 156.575 || 156.575
| Port operations
| Non-commercial {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|Vessel Traffic Services – BC Coast
|
| Maritime radio working channel
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} VTS<br/>(ship-to-ship + port operations) port operations
| [[Navy]]
| Port operations
|-
| 72 || 156.625 || 156.625
| Ship-to-ship {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}Frequently used by leisure craft
| Non-commercial ship-to-ship {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
| Ship-to-ship
|
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship <br/>Ship-to-air
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship)
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship) (limited to 1 watt)
|-
| 73 || 156.675 || 156.675
| HM Coastguard Safety Broadcasts
Backup Small Ship Safety
|
|
| Ship-to-ship
| Marinas working
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship <br/><br/>Ship-to-air <br/>(port operations)
| Port operations, [[Navy]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 74 || 156.725 || 156.725
| British Waterways/Canal and River Trust Channel (Canal and River System)
port operations
|
|Vessel Traffic Services – BC Coast
| Ship-to-ship
| Coast/Ship working
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} port operations
| Port operations, [[navy]], [[Maritime Gendarmerie]]
| Port operations
|-
| 75 || 156.775 || 156.775
| Navigation related communications, limited to 1 watt
|
|
|
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}Restricted <br/>ship-to-ship <br/>port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}Restricted <br/>ship-to-ship <br/>port operations, (limited to 1 watt)
| Port operations
|-
| 76 || 156.825 || 156.825
|
|
|
|
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Restricted <br/>port operations
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}Restricted <br/>ship-to-ship <br/>port operations, (limited to 1 watt)
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 77 || 156.875 || 156.875
| Ship-to-ship {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
|
| Ship-to-ship
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship)
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship), limited to 1 watt
|-
| 78 || 156.925 || 161.525
|
| Non-commercial {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}
|
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)<br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 79 || 156.975 || 161.575
|
|
| 
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| [[Customs]], [[coast guard]], search and rescue, port operations 
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|- 
| 80 || 157.025 || 161.625
| UK marina channel
|
|
| Repeater operations
| Coastguard radio working channel
| GOFREP on Gulf of Finland <br/>public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)<br/>port operations
| [[Customs]], [[Coast Guard]], search and rescue, port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 81 || 157.075 || 161.675
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} U.S. Government Use Only
|
| Repeater Operations
| Coastguard radio working channel
| GOFREP (Estonia) on Gulf of Finland <br/>public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 82 || 157.125 || 161.725
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} U.S. Government use only
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Canadian Coast Guard working channel
|
| Coastguard radio working channel
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| Port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 83 || 157.175 || 161.775
|
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} U.S. Coast Guard use only
| {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}} Canadian Coast Guard working channel
|
|
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 84 || 157.225 || 161.825
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information: now on 62, 63, 64.
|
|Canadian Coast Guard Duplex – Public Correspondence
|
| Coastguard radio working channel
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), Independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 85 || 157.275 || 161.875
| UKSAR TWC (half-duplex){{efn|name=UKSAR}}
|
| Radio telephone – full duplex
|
| Coastguard radio working channel
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| [[Navy]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 86 || 157.325 || 161.925
| HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information: now on 62, 63, 64. 
|
|
|
| Coastguard radio working channel
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex) <br/>port operations
| [[Navy]]
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 87 || 157.375 || 157.375
|  
|
|
|
| 
| Public correspondence <br/>port operations
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks, [[customs]], [[Coast Guard]], search and rescue 
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|-
| 88 || 157.425 || 157.425
|  
|
|
|
| 
| Commercial, inter-ship only
| Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks
| Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (ship-to-shore duplex) 
|- 
| M2/P4 || 161.425 || 161.425
| (As M2) Yacht clubs, race committees and marinas
|
|
|
| 
| 
| 
| (As P4) In France, some yacht clubs, marinas and race committees
|-
| 87B || 161.975 || 161.975
| colspan=8 | [[Automatic Identification System]] {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}{{color box|blue; border:none|B|white}}
|-
| 88B || 162.025 || 162.025
| colspan=8 | [[Automatic Identification System]] {{color box|red; border:none|A|white}}{{color box|blue; border:none|B|white}}
|-
| L1 || 155.500 || 155.500
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leisure activities

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries and Estonia
|
|
|-
| L2
| 155.525
| 155.525
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leisure activities

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries and Estonia
|
|
|-
| L3 || 155.650 || 155.650
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leisure activities

(Ship-to-ship) Used in Finland and Norway
|
|
|-
| F1 || 155.625 || 155.625
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fishing

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries
|
|
|-
| F2
| 155.775
| 155.775
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fishing

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries
|
|
|-
| F3
| 155.825
| 155.825
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fishing, also recreational fishing

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries
|
|
|}
{{notelist|refs=
<ref name="usamode">Some radios enable channels 3A, 61A, and 64A when configured for "USA mode" even though those channels are allocated exclusively for Public Safety use by the FCC. The frequencies 156.075, 156.150, and 156.225&nbsp;MHz are used for interoperability communication by police and fire departments in many areas.</ref>
<ref name="c22a">Channel 22A is reserved for communication between the U.S. Coast Guard vessels and private vessels. The Coast Guard does not monitor 22A: Contact must first be established on 16.</ref>
<ref name="UKSAR">UKSAR land-based search and rescue teams have access to the half-duplexed versions of 24, 62, 63, 64, 85 for operational and training needs. These include mountain rescue teams in England, Wales and Scotland.</ref>
<ref name="WACCG">CCG public operations moved from 22A to 04A to avoid interference from USCG stations in northern Washington state.</ref>
}}

==Operating procedure==
Marine VHF mostly uses [[Duplex (telecommunications)#Half duplex|half-duplex]] audio equipment and non-relayed transmissions. Ship to ship communication is over a single radio frequency ([[Duplex (telecommunications)#Simplex|simplex]]), while ship to shore often uses [[Duplex (telecommunications)#Full duplex|full duplex]] frequency pairs, however the transceivers are usually half-duplex devices that cannot receive when transmitting even on a full-duplex channel.  To transmit the user presses a "[[push to talk]]" button on the set or microphone which turns the transmitter on and the receiver off in a device with half-duplex audio, even on a full-duplex radio channel; on devices with full-duplex audio the receiver is left on while transmitting on a full-duplex radio channel. Communication can take place in both directions simultaneously on full-duplex channels when the equipment on both ends allows it.<ref name= "UK Marine" /> Full duplex channels can be used to place calls over the public [[telephone network]] for a fee via a marine operator. When equipment supporting full-duplex audio is used, the call is similar to one using a mobile phone or landline. When half-duplex is used, voice is only carried one way at a time and the party on the boat must press the transmit button only when speaking. This facility is still available in some areas, though its use has largely died out with the advent of mobile and satellite phones. Marine VHF radios can also receive [[weather radio]] broadcasts, where they are available.

The accepted conventions for use of marine radio are collectively termed "proper operating procedure". These international conventions include:
* Stations should listen for 30 seconds before transmitting and not interrupt other stations.
* Maintaining a watch listening on Channel 16 when not otherwise using the radio. All calls are established on channel 16, except for distress working switch to a working ship-to-ship or ship-to-shore channel. (procedure varies in the U.S. only when calls can be established on Ch. 9)
* During distress operations silence maintained on ch. 16 for other traffic until the channel is released by the controlling station using the pro-word "Silence Fini". If a station does use Ch. 16 during distress operations controlling station issues the command "silence mayday".
* Using a set of international "calling" procedures such as the "[[Mayday (distress signal)|Mayday]]" distress call, the "[[Pan-pan]]" urgency call and "[[Sécurité]]" navigational hazard call.
* Using "[[Procedure word|pro-words]]" based on the [[English language]] such as ''Acknowledge, All after, All before, All stations, Confirm, Correct, Correction, In figures, In letters, Over, Out, Radio check, Read back, Received, Say again, Spell, Standby, Station calling, This is, Wait, Word after, Word before, Wrong'' (local language is used for some of these, when talking to local stations)
* Using the [[NATO phonetic alphabet]]: ''Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu''
* Using a phonetic numbering system based on the [[English language]] or a combination of English and [[Romance languages|Roman languages]]: ''Wun, Too, Tree, Fow-er, Fife, Six, Sev-en, Ait, Nin-er, Zero, Decimal''; alternatively in marine communication: ''unaone, bissotwo, terrathree, kartefour, pantafive, soxisix, setteseven, oktoeight, novenine, nadazero''

Slightly adjusted regulations can apply for inland shipping, such as the [[Basel rules]] ([[:de:Regionale Vereinbarung über den Binnenschifffahrtsfunk]]) in Western Europe.

==Future==

In 2022, the [[ETSI]] issued a proposal for implementing the use of [[FDMA]] protocols on the band in response to increasingly scarce availability of voice channels in some circumstances owing to the widespread use of systems such as [[Automatic identification system|AIS]]. The plan includes significantly narrower 6.25&nbsp;kHz channel spacing, and would support voice and data applications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital VHF Maritime Radio; Air interface for voice and data services using FDMA in 6,25 KHz bandwidth |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/103700_103799/103784/01.01.01_60/tr_103784v010101p.pdf |publisher=ETSI |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

==See also==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
* [[2182 kHz]]
* [[Automated Maritime Telecommunications System]]
* [[Maritime mobile amateur radio]]
* [[Radio horizon]]
* [[Radiotelephone#Marine use|Ship-to-shore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Marine radios VHF}}
*[http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=mtBoater US Coast Guard basic radio information for boaters]
*[http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=mtVhf Coast Guard marine channel listing (with frequencies)]
*[http://wireless.fcc.gov/marine/vhfchanl.html US FCC marine channel listing (by function)]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003402/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mgn_324.pdf UK MCA advice on use of VHF at sea, including collision avoidance, effective ranges, and International channel usage]}}*
*[http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01011.html#sched1 Canadian VHF Bands in the Maritime Service]
*[http://www.GemiTrafik.com/vhf.htm VHF marine band plan in Turkey (Türkiye'deki VHF Deniz Telsiz Frekans Kanal Listesi)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416010406/http://www.gemitrafik.com/vhf.htm |date=16 April 2013 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100818084711/http://www.vhfradio.co.nz/ New Zealand VHF Radio Resource Center]}}

{{Two-way radio}}
{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:Navigational equipment]]
[[Category:Maritime communication]]
[[Category:Rescue equipment]]
[[Category:Marine electronics]]

[[fr:Bandes marines#Bande VHF]]