View source for Mass society

{{Short description|Sociological term describing modern society}}
{{sociology}}
{{citation style|date=August 2021}}
'''Mass society''' is a concept that describes modern society as a monolithic force and yet a disaggregate collection of individuals. The term is often used pejoratively<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mass-society|title=Mass society &#124; Britannica}}</ref> to refer to a society in which [[bureaucracy]] and impersonal institutions have replaced some notion of [[traditional society]], leading to [[social alienation]].

In a sense, all societies are mass societies, but the term typically refers to [[developed country|developed countries]] that possess a [[mass culture]] and large-scale social, political and economic institutions which structure daily life for the majority of people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bitbucket.icaap.org/dict.pl?term=MASS%20SOCIETY|title=Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences}}</ref> In modern times the term has taken on more importance and broader scope with the advent of [[mass media]] and the [[internet]].

== History ==
{{missing|section|dates. History needs dates|date=May 2024}}
Descriptions of society as a "[[people|mass]]" took form in the 19th century, referring to the leveling tendencies in the period of the [[Industrial Revolution]] that undermined traditional and [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] values, and replaced [[monarchy]] with various forms of [[liberal democracy]]. [[political theory|Political theorists]] such as [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] analyzed mass society and pinpointed its beginning in the [[French Revolution]]. 

Various [[conservative]] theorists developed concepts of mass society in which it replaces aristocracies with the "[[tyranny of the majority]]" or "[[Ochlocracy|mob rule]]" and [[José Ortega y Gasset]], for instance, lamented the decline of [[high culture]]. [[Marxist]] accounts, such as those of the [[Frankfurt School]], critiqued the prevailing forms of mass society as one dominated by a [[culture industry]] that served the interests of [[capitalism]]. However, [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] created its own form of mass society called [[bureaucratic collectivism]] by its critics. The idea of historic processes being driven exclusively by "[[Dialectical materialism|laws of dialectics]]" highlighted the role of masses as the main field of social change, as opposed to individuals whose role is always negligible.

Mass society as an [[ideology]] can be seen as dominated by a small number of interconnected elites who control the conditions of life of the many, often by means of persuasion and manipulation.<ref>McQuail, 2005, p. 449.</ref> This indicates the politics of mass society theorists – they are advocates of various kinds of cultural elite who should be privileged and promoted over the masses, claiming for themselves both exemption from and leadership of the misguided masses.<ref>Hartley, 1982</ref>

"As technological innovation allowed government to expand, the centralized state grew in size and importance." "Since then, government has assumed responsibility for more and more areas of social life: schooling, regulating wages and working conditions, establishing standards for products of all sorts, and providing financial assistance to the elderly, the ill, and the unemployed." "In a mass society, power resides in large bureaucracies, leaving people in local communities with little control over their lives.  For example, state officials mandate that local schools must meet [[educational standards]], local products must be government-certified, and every citizen must maintain extensive [[tax]] records.  Although such regulations may protect and enhance social equality, they also force individuals to deal increasingly with nameless officials in distant and often unresponsive bureaucracies, and they undermine the [[autonomy]] of families and local communities."<ref>(Macionis, J. p. 498)</ref>

Mass society theory has been active in a wide range of [[media studies]], where it tends to produce ideal visions of what the [[mass media]] such as television and cinema are doing to the masses. Therefore, the mass media are necessary instruments for achieving and maintaining mass societies. "The mass media give rise to national culture that washes over the traditional differences that used to set off one region from another." "Mass-society theorists fear that the transformation of people of various backgrounds into a generic mass may end up dehumanizing everyone."<ref>(Macionis, J. p. 498)</ref>

Sociologist [[C. Wright Mills]] made a distinction between a society of "masses" and "public".{{when|date=May 2024}}

He states: "In a public, as we may understand the term,
# virtually as many people express opinions as receive them,
# Public communications are so organized that there is a chance immediately and effectively to answer back any opinion expressed in public. 
# Opinion formed by such discussion readily finds an outlet in effective action, even against – if necessary – the prevailing system of authority. 
# And authoritative [[institution]]s do not penetrate the public, which is thus more or less autonomous in its operations.

In a mass, 
# far fewer people express opinions than receive them; for the community of public becomes an abstract collection of individuals who receive impressions from the mass media.
# The communications that prevail are so organized that it is difficult or impossible for the individual to answer back immediately or with any effect.
# The realization of opinion in action is controlled by authorities who organize and control the channels of such action.
# The mass has no [[autonomy]] from institutions; on the contrary, agents of authorized institutions penetrate this mass, reducing any autonomy it may have in the formation of opinion by discussion".<ref>[[C. Wright Mills]], on Democracy in [[The Power Elite]] (1956)</ref>

In ''The End of the Modern World'' (1957), theologian [[Romano Guardini]] wrote: "to either a greater or lesser degree mass man is convinced that his conformity [with mass society] is both reasonable and just".<ref>Quoted by [[Pope Francis]] in [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf Laudato si'], paragraph 203, published 24 May 2015, accessed 11 May 2024</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Civil society]]
* [[Consumerism]]
* [[Culture jamming]]
* [[Hoi polloi]]
* [[Media culture]]
* ''[[The Power Elite]]''
* [[Social alienation]]
* [[Völkerpsychologie]]
* [[Welfare state]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[Hannah Arendt|Arendt, Hannah]] 1961 ''Between Past and Future : Six Exercises in Political Thought'', The Viking Press, New York, 1961, 
* Biddiss, Michael D. 1977, ''The Age of the Masses'', Penguin, Harmondsworth.
* Ginner, Salvador 1976, ''Mass Society'', Academic Press 
* Hartley, John 1982, ''Understanding News'', Methuen, London.
* Kornhauser, Arthur William 1959, ''The Politics of mass society'', The Free Press of Glencoe
* [[Emil Lederer|Lederer, Emil]] 1940, ''The state of the masses'', W.W. Norton & Co, New York (H. Fertig, New York, 1967)
* Macionis, John J. (2009). ''Culture, society: The basics''. 10th edition (pp.&nbsp;496–98). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishers.
* Marcel, Gabriel 2008 (written in the early 1950s), ''Man against Mass Society'', St. Augustines Press
* McQuail, Denis 2005, ''McQuail's Mass Communication Theory'' (fifth edition), Sage, London.
* [[C. Wright Mills|Mills, C. Wright]] 1956, ''The Power Elite'', Oxford University Press, New York.
* Swingewood, Alan 1977, ''The Myth of Mass Culture'', Macmillan, London.
* Wilmuth, Sidney 1976, ''Mass society, social organization, and democracy'', Philosophical Library

==Further reading==
* Kornhauser, William. "The Politics of Mass Society", (1959). New York: The Free Press.
* [[José Ortega y Gasset|Ortega y Gasset, Jose]]. ''The Revolt of the Masses'', anonymous translation (1932). The Spanish original: ''La Rebelion de las Masas'' (1930).
* Tuttle, Howard N. ''The Crowd is Untruth: The Existential Critique of Mass Society in the Thought of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Ortega y Gassett'' (1996). (American University Studies: Ser. 5, Philosophy; Vol. 176) New York: Peter Lang. {{ISBN|0-8204-2866-3}}

{{Media studies}}
{{Media culture}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass Society}}
[[Category:Sociological terminology]]
[[Category:Urban society]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms]]