View source for Massacre at Huế

{{Short description|Massacre in Vietnam War}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Huế Massacre
| partof = the [[Tet Offensive]] of the [[Vietnam War]]
| image = Almost_400_men,_women_and_children_massacred_by_the_Viet_Cong_during_"Tet_1968"_were_mourned_at_a_common-grave_burial_on_-_NARA_-_541845.tif
| image_size = 
| image_upright = 
| alt = 
| caption = A bereaved girl holding up a portrait of a massacre victim relative.
| location = [[Huế]], [[Thừa Thiên-Huế Province]] of [[South Vietnam]]
| target = 
| coordinates = 
| date = {{start date and age|1968|2|28}}
| time = 
| timezone = 
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 2,800–6,000<ref name="huemassacre">{{cite book |title=The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War |first=David L. |last=Anderson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18aEuSp9fj0C&pg=PA98 |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States of America |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231114936 |doi=10.7312/ande11492 |volume=IV |chapter=PART II: The Vietnam War from A to Z |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18aEuSp9fj0C |access-date=30 June 2021 |language=English |series=Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures |year=2004 |edition=2nd |editor1-first=James D. |editor1-last=Jordan |editor2-first=Adam |editor2-last=Reich |pages=98–99 }}</ref>
| injuries = 
| victims = Civilians and prisoners of war
| perpetrators = [[Viet Cong]] and [[People's Army of Vietnam]]
| weapons = 
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| motive = 
| module = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Vietnam War massacres}}
{{History of Huế}} 
The '''Huế massacre''' ({{langx|vi|Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân}}, or {{lang|vi|Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế}}, {{lit|[[Tet Offensive|Tết Offensive]] massacre in Huế}}) was the [[summary execution]]s and [[mass murder]] perpetrated by the [[Viet Cong]] and [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) during their capture, [[military occupation]] and later withdrawal from the city of [[Huế]] during the Tet Offensive, considered one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the [[Vietnam War]].

The [[Battle of Huế]] began on 31 January 1968, and lasted for 26 days. During the months and years that followed, dozens of [[mass grave]]s were discovered in and around Huế. The estimated death toll was between 2,800 and 6,000 [[civilian]]s and [[prisoners of war]],<ref name="huemassacre"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Fifty-Year Wound |last=Leebaert |first=Lee |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=2003 |pages=352 }}</ref> or 5–10% of the total population of Huế.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Robert F. |title=Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development |year=1975 |publisher=Hoover Institution Publications |isbn=978-0817964313 |page=251 }}</ref> The Republic of Vietnam ([[South Vietnam]]) released a list of 4,062 victims identified as having been either murdered or abducted.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Civilians Massacred by the Communists During "Tet Mau Than" in Thừa Thiên Province and Huế City |url=https://www.vvfh.org/index.php/component/easyfolderlistingpro/?view=download&format=raw&data=eNpVULtuwzAM_BVCP1AbBdJWGdOhQwp0yB4wFm0TkCVDD1wnQdB_L2U5QxdRPN6RPKJuW_2IeqdV762hoPZRv2mVZ-vRxJIJQeVIodYrpFXzLA2ZYvqnPZ9XrGTvVepwopI2WpWwqygbtWfdVFEgO2Ma165Ce5kwRuwCxa1Nz5aebdpG5h45JvA9HHhhy-hcInxvEgOXO6SR4OCnKTvhRfjMgd1cMFwnSkLLcBrRATuJGeVhcvAT_MKuI0ADX1nEnO5tmfaqFd3S9ptNv7mk28zretVCWRpTwm6cyAn7sqIfogi0MF3rdcT54P1gxcbvH0hTeo8, |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310033034/https://www.vvfh.org/index.php/component/easyfolderlistingpro/?view=download&format=raw&data=eNpVULtuwzAM_BVCP1AbBdJWGdOhQwp0yB4wFm0TkCVDD1wnQdB_L2U5QxdRPN6RPKJuW_2IeqdV762hoPZRv2mVZ-vRxJIJQeVIodYrpFXzLA2ZYvqnPZ9XrGTvVepwopI2WpWwqygbtWfdVFEgO2Ma165Ce5kwRuwCxa1Nz5aebdpG5h45JvA9HHhhy-hcInxvEgOXO6SR4OCnKTvhRfjMgd1cMFwnSkLLcBrRATuJGeVhcvAT_MKuI0ADX1nEnO5tmfaqFd3S9ptNv7mk28zretVCWRpTwm6cyAn7sqIfogi0MF3rdcT54P1gxcbvH0hTeo8, |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=RVN |format=PDF}}</ref> Victims were found bound, tortured, and sometimes [[premature burial|buried alive]]. Many victims were also clubbed to death.<ref>Kendrick Oliver, ''The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2006), p. 27.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Minahan |chapter=South Vietnamese: Kinh; Gin; Jing; Ching; Annamese (Letter S) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&pg=PA1761 |via=[[Google Books]] |volume=IV |editor1-first=James |editor1-last=Minahan|access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] (Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.) |isbn=9780313316173 |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Volume IV S-Z |year=2002 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C  }}</ref><ref>Pierre Journod, "La France, les États-Unis et la guerre du Vietnam: l'année 1968", in ''Les relations franco-américaines au XX siècle'', edited by Pierre Melandri and Serge Ricard (L'Harmattan, 2003), p. 176.</ref>

A number of U.S. and South Vietnamese authorities as well as a number of journalists and historians who investigated the events took the discoveries, along with other evidence, as proof that a large-scale [[wiktionary:atrocity|atrocity]] had been carried out in and around Huế during its four-week occupation. The killings were perceived as part of a large-scale [[purge]] of a whole social stratum, including anyone friendly to American forces in the region. Opposing press reports alleged that South Vietnamese "revenge squads" had executed communist sympathizers in the aftermath of the occupation.{{sfn|Oberdorfer|2001|p=232–233|loc=VII. America the Vincible}}<ref name="Willbanks, pp. 101–102">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhJlEZpvhvkC |title=Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations |editor1-first=William G. |editor1-last=Robertson |editor2-first=Lawrence A. |editor2-last=Yates |pages=123–160 |chapter=Chapter 5: The Battle for Hue, 1968 |first=James H. |last=Willbanks |year=2003 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhJlEZpvhvkC&pg=PA123|publisher=[[United States Army Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College Press (CGSC Press)]] |isbn=9781780396712 |edition=1st |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>  [[Ben Kiernan]] has described the Huế massacre as "possibly the largest atrocity of the war."<ref name="Kiernan 444"/>

==Executions==
The Vietcong set up provisional authorities shortly after it had captured Huế in the early hours of 31 January 1968. They were charged with removing the existing [[Republic of Vietnam|government administration]] from power in the city and replacing it with a "[[revolution]]ary administration". Working from lists of "cruel [[tyrants]] and [[reactionary]] elements" previously developed by Vietcong [[espionage|intelligence officers]], many people were to be rounded up following the initial hours of the attack. These included [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN) soldiers, [[civil servant]]s, [[political party]] members, local [[religious]] leaders, schoolteachers, [[Americans|American]] civilians, and other international people.<ref name=Tucker>{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: Political, Social, Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaviet00tuck|url-access=limited|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851099610|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaviet00tuck/page/n622 515]}}</ref> Cadres called out the names on their lists over loudspeakers, ordering them to report to a local school. Those who did not report voluntarily were hunted down.<ref name=his>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/tet-what-really-happened-at-hue.htm|title=Tet - What Really Happened at Hue - HistoryNet|date=25 January 2011|website=www.historynet.com|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2023}}

===Communist preliminary occupation plans and orders===
[[File:Hue Massacre Interment.jpg|thumb|Burial of 300 unidentified victims]]
The communists' actions were based on a series of orders issued by the High Command and the [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|PRG]]. In a document issued on 26 January 1968, by the [[Quảng Trị Province|Trị]]-[[Thừa Thiên–Huế Province|Thiên]]-[[Huế]] Political Directorate, the political cadres were given specific instructions:<ref name=Study>{{cite web|url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/items.php?item=2311314001|title=The Vietnam Center and Archive: Search Results|website=www.vietnam.ttu.edu|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>{{rp|28-31}} "Operating in close support of the regular military and guerrilla elements, the political cadre were to: destroy and disorganize the Republic of Viet Nam's ([[South Vietnam|RVN]]'s) administrative machinery 'from province and district levels to the city [[Ward (Vietnam)|wards]], streets, and [[wharves]];' motivate the people of Huế to take up arms, pursue the enemy, seize power, and establish a revolutionary government; motivate (recruit) local citizens for military and 'security' forces... transportation and supply activities, and to serve wounded soldiers...;" "pursue to the end (and) punish spies, reactionaries, and 'tyrants' and 'maintain order and security in the city.'"

Another section, dealing with Target Area 1 ("the Phu Ninh ward") read: "Annihilate all spies, reactionaries, and foreign teachers (such as Americans and Germans) in the area. Break open prisons. Investigate cadre, soldiers and receptive civilians imprisoned by the enemy. Search for tyrants and reactionaries who are receiving treatment in hospitals."<ref name=Study />{{rp|29–30}} The orders for Target Area 2 ("the Phu Vinh ward") were similar: "Annihilate the enemy in the area.... Rally the Buddhist force to advance the isolation of reactionaries who exploit the Catholics of Phu Cam."<ref name=Study />{{rp|30}} The orders for Target Area 3 ("the wharves along the An Cuu River and from Truong Sung to the Kho Ren Bridge") followed the same pattern: "Search for and pursue spies, tyrants and reactionaries hiding near the wharf.... Motivate the people in the areas along the River to annihilate the enemy."<ref name=Study />{{rp|30}}  For Target Area 4 (the district including Phu Cam and the Binh Anh, Truong Giang, Truong Cuu and An Lang sections) the orders were "Search for and pursue spies and reactionaries in the area.... Destroy the power and influence of reactionary leaders...."<ref name=Study />{{rp|31}}  For Area 1, Cell 3 was assigned the job of "Annihilation of tyrants and the elimination of traitors".<ref name=Study />{{rp|32}}

In June 1968, the American 1st Cavalry troops captured PAVN documents that included a directive written two days before the battle began. It included these instructions: "For the purpose of a lengthy occupation of Huế, we should immediately liberate the rural areas and annihilate the wicked GVN administrative personnel.

Specific Mission.... We must attack the enemy key agencies, economic installations, and lines of communications. We must also annihilate the enemy mobile troops, reactionary elements and tyrants."<ref name=Study />{{rp|113}}

On 1 February, the provincial administration, having taken control of Huế, issued a directive that ordered the troops, in part,  "To wipe out all puppet administrative organs of the puppet [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu|Thiệu]]-[[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ|Kỳ]] clique at all levels in the province, city and town down to every single hamlet."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|193}}

On the same day, the Liberation Front radio announced, "We tell our compatriots that we are determined to topple the regime of the traitorous Thiệu-Kỳ clique and to punish and annihilate those who have been massacring and oppressing our compatriots... we ask our compatriots to... help us arrest all the  cruel U.S. puppets."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|195}}

===Occupation===
[[Foreign Service Officer]] [[Douglas Pike]] wrote that according to Vietcong documents captured during and after the siege, members of the provincial administration were to be taken out of the city, held, and punished for their "crimes against the Vietnamese people". The disposition of those who were previously in control of the city was carefully laid out, and the lists were detailed and extensive. Those in the Saigon-based-state police apparatus at all levels were to be rounded up and held outside the city. High civilian and military officials were also removed from the city to await the study of their individual cases.<ref name=Study />{{rp|33}}

Ordinary civil servants who worked for "the Saigon enemy" out of necessity but did not oppose the communists were destined for [[:wikt:reeducation|reeducation]] and later employment. Low-level civil servants who had at some point been involved in [[paramilitary]] activities were to be held for reeducation but not employed. There are documented cases of individuals who were executed by the Vietcong when they tried to hide or otherwise resisted during the early stages of Huế's occupation.<ref name=Sentinel>{{cite web|last=Oberdorfer|first=Don|title=Huế Red Report Found|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GkQxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5586%2C1911026|work=Milwaukee Sentinel|access-date=29 April 2014|date=6 December 1969}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Within days of the capture, [[US Marine Corps]] (USMC), [[US Army]], and ARVN units were dispatched to counterattack and recapture the city after weeks of fierce fighting during which the city and its outlying areas were exposed to repeated shelling and bombing. It was reported that during the attack by USMC and ARVN, North Vietnam's forces had rounded up the individuals whose names it had previously collected and had them executed or sent North for "reeducation."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gross|first=Chuck|title=Rattler One-seven: A Vietnam Helicopter Pilot's War Story|date=2006|publisher=University of North Texas Press|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_gYWTF04DMC&q=hue+rounded+up+reeducation+camps&pg=PA114|isbn=9781574411782}}</ref>

Many people had taken sanctuary from the battle in a local church. Several hundred of them were ordered out to undergo [[indoctrination]] in the "liberated area" and told that they would be allowed to return home. After marching the group south 9&nbsp;km, 20 of the people were separated, tried in a [[kangaroo court]], found guilty, executed and buried. The others were taken across the river and turned over to a local communist unit in an exchange that even included written receipts. Douglas Pike noted "It is probable that the [[Commissar]] intended that their prisoners should be reeducated and returned, but with the turnover, matters passed from his control." Sometime in the following several weeks, the communists decided to kill the individuals under their control.<ref name=Pike>{{cite news|last=Pike|first=Douglas|title=The VietCong Strategy of Terror|year=1970|url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/items.php?item=2311404008|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>{{rp|49}}

===Eyewitness accounts===
[[File:Va006869.jpg|thumb|Searching – Bits of tattered clothing, sandals and slippers are examined by South Vietnamese women who lost relatives in the 1968 Tet massacre. The latest mass grave discovered in Huế yielded remains of 250 victims]]
Nguyễn Công Minh, the daughter of the Deputy Mayor of Huế, reported that her father, who was of old age, was arrested at his home in the beginning of the communist occupation three days after he ordered his children (including herself) and his wife to flee via the back of their house when communist troops first came knocking at their home. Upon telling the troops that he was Deputy Mayor of Huế and was set to retire in one year (1969), he was ordered to report to a camp for reeducation and to pack clothing and food sufficient for 10 days. He was never seen again, and his remains were never recovered. She recalled that in the search of her father's remains, she witnessed that many of the bodies she came across in the mass graves were found to be in a [[fetal position]], with their hands tied behind their backs, and the back of the heads/skulls were smashed, indicating that they knelt on the ground prior to their deaths and they died due to [[blunt-force trauma]] to their heads.<ref name=WGBHBoston>{{cite interview |last=Nguyễn |first=Minh Công |work=[[Vietnam: A Television History]] |title=Interview with Mrs. Nguyen Cong Minh |volume=7 |chapter=Tet 1968 |publisher=[[WGBH-TV]] ([[WGBH Educational Foundation]]) |access-date=4 July 2021 |url=https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_A871CFC59DC1460DA8775733E0AD8D15 |interviewer-first=Will |interviewer-last=Lyman |interviewer1-link=Will Lyman |collaboration=Directed and written by Austin Hoyt, produced by Richard Ellison, distribution by [[PBS]] |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-last=Ellison|format=Video |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617211926/https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_A871CFC59DC1460DA8775733E0AD8D15 |chapter-url=https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=Available+Online&f%5Bprogram_title%5D%5B%5D=Tet%2C+1968 }}</ref>

In 1971, the journalist [[Don Oberdorfer]]'s book, ''Tet!,'' documented some eyewitness accounts of what happened in Huế during the occupation. Pham Van Tuong, a part-time janitor for the Huế government information office who made it on the Vietcong list of "reactionaries" for working there, was hiding with his family as it hunted for him. When he was found with his 3-year-old daughter, 5-year-old son and two nephews, the Vietcong immediately gunned them all down, leaving their bodies on the street for the rest of the family to see.<ref name=":0" />

Oberdorfer spent five days in late 1969 with Paul Vogle, an American professor of English at [[Huế University]], to go through Huế to interview witnesses of the occupation. Oberdorfer classified all the killings into two categories: the planned execution of government officials and their families, political and civil servants, and collaborators with Americans, and those civilians not connected to the government who ran from questioning, who spoke harshly about the occupation, or who the occupiers believed "displayed a bad attitude" towards the occupiers.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Oberdorfer reported that on the fifth day of the Viet Cong occupation in the [[Catholic]] district of Huế, Phủ Cam, all able-bodied males over 15, approximately 400 boys and men, who took refuge in [[Phủ Cam Cathedral]] were taken away and killed.<ref name="his" /> Some had been on the Vietcong's blacklist, some were of military age and some just looked prosperous.<ref name="his" /> Oberdorfer interviewed Ho Ty, a Vietcong commander who took part in the advanced planning of a general uprising. He reported that Ty recounted that the Communist party "was particularly anxious to get those people at Phủ Cam.... The Catholics were considered particular enemies of ours." It was apparently that group whose remains were later found in the Da Mai Creek bed.<ref name="his" /> The murders of 500 people at Da Mai were authorized by PRG command "on grounds that the victims had been traitors to the revolution."<ref name=Study />{{rp|85}}<ref name=Sentinel />

Three professors, Professor Horst-Günther Krainick, Dr. Alois Alteköster, and [[:de:Raimund Discher|Dr. Raimund Discher]], who taught at the Huế University's Faculty of Medicine and were members of the [[West Germany|West German]] Cultural Mission, along with Mrs. Elisabeth Krainick, were arrested and executed by North Vietnamese troops during their invasion of Huế in February 1968. On 5 April 1968, the bodies of the executed professors along with many Vietnamese civilians also executed, were discovered in mass graves near Huế.<ref name="his" /><ref name=Obsidian />

[[Philip W. Manhard]], a U.S. senior advisor in Huế province, was taken to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]] by the PAVN and held until 1973. Manhard recounted that during the PAVN's withdrawal from Huế, they summarily executed anyone in their custody who resisted being taken out of the city or who was too old, young, or frail to make the journey to the camp.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=M. Clement|title=Vale Viet Nam Memoirs of a Civil Surgeon|date=17 February 2010|publisher=lulu.com|isbn=978-0557326297|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOBfAgAAQBAJ&q=Philip+Manhard+too+young,+too+old+camp&pg=PA82}}</ref>

Two French priests, Fathers Urbain and Guy, were seen being led away and suffered a similar fate. Urbain's body was found buried alive, bound hand and foot. Guy, who was 48, was stripped of his cassock and forced to kneel down on the ground, where he was shot in the back of the head. He was in the same grave with Father Urbain and 18 others.<ref name="his" /><ref name=Robbins>{{cite book|last=Robbins|first=James|title=This Time We Win: Revisiting the Tet Offensive|year=2013|publisher=Encounter Books|isbn=978-1594036484|page=201}}</ref>

Captured in the home of Vietnamese friends, Stephen Miller of the [[U.S. Information Service]] was bound and shot in a field behind a Catholic [[seminary]].<ref name=Obsidian>{{cite web|url=http://obsidianwings.blogs.com/obsidian_wings/2006/01/know_hue.html|title=Know Hue?|website=Obsidian Wings|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> Courtney Niles, an American civilian working for [[NBC]] International, was killed during an attack by communist forces while in the presence of U.S. soldiers.<ref name="his" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |author-link=Don Oberdorfer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6lQ-430NL0C |title=Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War |collaboration=Maps by Jean Paul Tremblay |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press (Johns Hopkins University Press)]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780801867033 |edition=4th |pages=229 |language=English |access-date=4 July 2021 |orig-year=1971 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

[[Alje Vennema]], a Dutch-Canadian doctor who lived in Huế and witnessed the battle and the massacre, wrote ''The Viet Cong Massacre at Huế''<ref name=Vennema /> in 1976. He recounts numerous stories of murders.  A 48-year-old street vendor, Mrs. Nguyen Thi Lao, was "arrested on the main street. Her body was found at the school. Her arms had been bound and a rag stuffed into her mouth; there were no wounds to the body.  She was probably buried alive."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|131}}  A 44-year-old [[bricklayer]], Mr. Nguyen Ty, was "seized on February 2, 1968.... His body was found on March 1st; his hands were tied, and he had a bullet wound through his neck which had come out through the mouth."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|136}}  At Ap Dong Gi Tay "110 bodies were uncovered; again most had their hands tied and rags stuffed in their mouth. All of them were men, among them fifteen students, several military men, and civil servants, young and old."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|137}} "Sometimes a whole family was eliminated, as was the case with the merchant, Mr. Nam Long, who together with his wife and five children was shot at home." "Mr. Phan Van Tuong, a laborer at the province headquarters, suffered a similar fate by being shot outside his house with four of his children."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|141}}

Vennema listed 27 graves with a total of 2,397 bodies, most of which had been executed.<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|129–141}} He cited numerous eyewitness accounts of executions and described the condition of bodies found in the graves. Many had their hands tied behind their backs. Some were shot in the head. Some had rags stuffed in their mouths and had no evidence of wounds, apparently having been buried alive. Some had evidence of having been beaten. A few were identified as PAVN or VC troops killed during the battle.<ref name=Vennema>{{cite book|last=Vennema|first=Alje|title=The Viet Cong Massacre at Huế|year=1976|publisher=Vantage Press|isbn=978-0533019243}}</ref>{{rp|129–141}}

Some graves were found purely by accident. A farmer working in his field tripped on a wire sticking out of the ground. He pulled on it to remove it and a skeletal hand popped out of the ground. Other graves were found when people noticed suspiciously green grass in sandy areas.  The Da Mai Creek massacre was discovered after three Vietcong [[Chieu Hoi|defected]] and told authorities about the murders.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Massacre at Huế |url=http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/HIUS316/mbase/docs/hue.html |work=Time Magazine |access-date=30 April 2014 |date=31 October 1969 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308220933/http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/HIUS316/mbase/docs/hue.html |archive-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> An ARVN soldier on patrol south of Huế noticed a wire sticking out of the ground. Thinking it was a [[booby trap]], he very carefully worked to uncover it. He discovered the body of an old man, his hands tied together with the wire. Two days later, 130 bodies had been uncovered.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wire Led to Discovery of Massacre|newspaper=Dallas Morning News|date=30 March 1969|agency=UPI|page=2}}</ref>

In another case,

<blockquote>...a squad with a death order entered the home of a prominent community leader and shot him, his wife, his married son and daughter-in-law, his young unmarried daughter, a male and female servant and their baby. The family cat was strangled; the family dog was clubbed to death; the goldfish scooped out of the fishbowl and tossed on the floor. When the Communists left, no life remained in the house.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huế Massacre, 1968–1998, in English and Vietnamese|url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/items.php?item=19350103001|work=The Vietnam Center and Archive|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref></blockquote>

An eyewitness, Nguyen Tan Chau, recounted how he was captured by communist troops and marched south with 29 other prisoners bound together, in three groups of ten. Chau managed to escape and hide in the darkness just before the others were executed. From there, he witnessed what happened next. The larger prisoners were separated into pairs, tied together back to back, and shot. The others were shot singly. All were dumped into two shallow graves, including those who had been wounded but were not dead.<ref name=Pike />{{rp|57}}

===Documents confirming the massacre===
Captured Vietcong documents boasted that they "eliminated" thousands of enemy and "annihilated members of various reactionary political parties, henchmen, and wicked tyrants" in Huế.<ref name=Hosmer />{{rp|72–78}} One regiment alone reported that it killed 1,000 people. Another report mentioned 2,867 killed. Yet another document boasted of over 3,000 killed. A further document listed 2,748 executions.<ref name=Hosmer />{{rp|73–74}} A captured Vietcong enemy document, which numerous writers cited, including [[Guenter Lewy]] in his 1980 book ''America in Vietnam'', and Peter Macdonald's 1993 book ''Giap'', recorded that the communists had "eliminated 1,892 administrative personnel, 38 policemen, 790 tyrants", 2720 politically persecuted persons in all, during the communist occupation of the city.<ref name="his" />

The translation of an official Vietnamese campaign study of the Tet Offensive in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province released by the communists recognized that Vietcong cadres "hunted down and captured tyrants and Republic of Vietnam military and government personnel" and that "many nests of reactionaries [...] were killed." Hundreds of others "who owed blood debts were executed." Another official history from the communist side, "The Trị-Thiên-Huế Battlefield During the Victorious Resistance War Against the Americans to Save the Nation," recognized the widespread killings but claimed they were done by civilians who armed themselves and "rose up in a flood-tide, killing enemy thugs, eliminating traitors, and hunting down the enemy.... The people captured and punished many reactionaries, enemy thugs, and enemy secret agents."<ref name="his" /> However, the word "eliminate" may be a mistranslation of the word "diệt," or "loại khỏi vòng chiến đấu," and instead actually mean "destroy" or "neutralize," as in neutralizing their administrative function and eliminating of their political influence by detention, as opposed to physical liquidation.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. Gareth |last=Porter |title=The 1968 'Hue Massacre' |journal=Indochina Chronicle |volume=3 |date=24 June 1974 |issue=33 |pages=2–13 |language=English |issn=0363-1079|publisher=Indochina Resource Center |access-date=4 July 2021 |url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/Vietnam/ic331974.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chomsky.info/counter-revolutionary-violence/|title=Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact and Propaganda, Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman|website=chomsky.info|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>

When [[Trương Như Tảng]] was appointed as Vietcong justice minister soon after Huế, he understood it to be a critical position because the massacre had "left us with a special need to address fears among the Southern people that a revolutionary victory would bring with it a [[Massacre|bloodbath]] or [[reign of terror]]."<ref name="Trang">Truong Nhu Trang, ''A Viet Cong Memoir'' (1985), p. 153-154.</ref> That was because "large numbers of people had been executed" including "captured American soldiers and several other international people who were not combatants." According to Trạng, "discipline in Huế was seriously inadequate" and "fanatic young soldiers had indiscriminately shot people, and angry local citizens who supported the revolution had on various occasions taken justice into their own hands...."<ref name="Trang" /> The massacre was "one of those terrible spontaneous tragedies that inevitably accompany war."<ref name="Trang" />

On 4 February, Radio Hanoi announced, "After one hour's fighting the Revolutionary Armed Forces occupied the residence of the puppet provincial Governor (in Huế), the prison and the offices of the puppet administration.... The Revolutionary Armed Forces punished most cruel agents of the enemy and seized control of the streets... rounded up and punished dozens of cruel agents and caused the enemy organs of control and oppression to crumble."<ref name=Pike />{{rp|54}} On 14 February, the Thừa Thiên-Huế People's Revolutionary Committee issued a statement that read in part,

<blockquote>Concerned over the country's survival and their own fate, on 31 January 1968, the Thừa Thiên-Huế people rose up holding weapons in their hands, smashed the puppet ruling apparatus from the provincial to the village and hamlet levels, and completely liberated the rural areas and the city of Huế. The enemy has suffered disastrous defeats. A number of ringleaders of the puppet administration have surrendered to the people or have been arrested and have been detained by the revolutionary forces. Except for some localities and scattered guard posts which have not yet been liquidated, the Thừa Thiên-Huế puppet administration has basically disintegrated.<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|196–197}}</blockquote>

An entry in a captured communist document dated 22 February stated, "Troop proselyting by the VC/PAVN forces was not successful because the troops had to devote themselves to combat missions. Moreover, they were afraid of being discovered by the enemy. It was very difficult for them to handle POWs so they executed the policy of 'catch and kill.'"<ref name=Study />{{rp|114}}  A 25 February captured communist document detailed some of the successes of the Special Action Company of the PAVN 6th Regiment. "We captured and exterminated thousands of people of the revolutionary network. From province to village we broke the enemy's administrative grip for the people to rise."<ref name=Study />{{rp|115}}

A report written immediately after the battle by a political officer of the People's Revolutionary Party listed 2,826 "administrative personnel, nationalist political party members, 'tyrants' and policemen that were killed by their troops."<ref name=Study />{{rp|7}}

Another document, undated, written by a senior political officer and marked "ABSOLUTE SECRET", was entitled "Information On the Victory of Our Armed Forces in Huế from 31 January to 23 March 1968;" it was captured by the US 1st Cavalry Division on 25 April 1968<ref name=Hosmer />{{rp|212 – note 15}} and reported on the results of the political operation.

<blockquote>We also killed one member of the [[Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam|Dai Viet Party]] Committee, one Senator of South Viet-Nam, 50 [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Quoc Dan Dang party]] members, six Dai Viet Party members, thirteen [[Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party|Can Lao Nhan Vi]] Party members, three captains, four 1st lieutenants, and liberated 35 hamlets with 32,000 people.... We eliminated 1,892 administrative personnel, 38 policemen, 790 tyrants, six captains, two first lieutenants, 20 second lieutenants, and many NCOs.<ref name=Hosmer />{{rp|74}}<ref>{{cite report |url=https://vva.vietnam.ttu.edu/images.php?img=/images/213/2131109007.pdf |department=Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive |publisher=[[Texas Tech University]]|language=English |title=Communist Document Tells of Civilian Massacre At Hue |first=Marion D. |last=Joyce |access-date=30 June 2021 }}</ref></blockquote>

The same document contained a passage that read:

<blockquote>The people joined our soldiers in their search for tyrants, reactionaries and spies. For instance, Mrs. Xuan followed our soldiers to show the houses of the tyrants she knew, although she had only six days before given birth to a child.<ref name=Hosmer>{{cite report |last=Hosmer |first=Stephen T. |title=Viet Cong Repression and Its Implications For the Future |url=http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2008/R475.1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003954/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2008/R475.1.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2014 |language=English |date=1 May 1970 |department=[[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] |publisher=[[The Rand Corporation]]|access-date=30 June 2021 }}</ref>{{rp|72}}</blockquote>

In March 1968, in the official Hanoi press, the North reported:

<blockquote>Actively combining their efforts with those of the People's Liberation Armed Forces and population, other self-defense and armed units of the city of Huế arrested and called to surrender the surviving functionaries of the puppet administration and officers and men of the puppet army who were skulking. Die-hard cruel agents were punished.<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|191}}</blockquote>

A 6 March document written by a Vietcong sapper unit commander recounted that his unit "participated in the killing of tyrants and the digging of trenches"<ref name=Study />{{rp|112}}  A 13 March 1968 entry in captured documents reviewed the successes of the attack on Huế. "Enormous victory: We annihilated more than 3,000 tyrannical puppet army and government administrative personnel, including the Deputy Province Chief of Thừa Thiên."<ref name=Study />{{rp|115–116}}  A report written by the commander of the 6th Regiment on 30 March stated that they had captured thousands of "local administrative personnel, puppet troops, and cruel tyrants" and successfully "annihilated members of various reactionary political parties, henchmen, and wicked tyrants."  It also stated that they had "killed 1,000 local administrative personnel, spies and cruel tyrants."<ref name=Hosmer />{{rp|73}}

On 26 April 1968, Hanoi, reacting to the discovery of graves in Huế, announced that the people murdered by their troops were "hooligan lackeys who had incurred blood debts of the Huế compatriots and who were annihilated by the Front's Armed Forces in the early spring of 1968."<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|191}} On 27 April 1969, Radio Hanoi criticized authorities in Huế and South Vietnam:

<blockquote>In order to cover up their cruel acts, the puppet administration in Huế recently played the farce of setting up a so-called committee for the search for burial sites of the hooligan lackeys who had owed blood debts to the Tri-Thien-Huế compatriots and who were annihilated by the Southern Armed Forces and people in early Mau Than spring.<ref name=Vennema />{{rp|191–192}}</blockquote>

A cadre diary captured by 1st Cavalry Division troops contained an entry that read:

<blockquote>The entire puppet administrative system from hamlet to province was destroyed or disintegrated.  More than 3,000 persons were killed. The enemy could never reorganize or make up for his failure. Although he could immediately use inexperienced elements as replacements, they were good for nothing.<ref name=Hosmer />{{rp|73}}</blockquote>

In December 1968, the Huế City People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee released a summary of the party's accomplishments during Tet. The summary included the following statement: "Thousands of tyrants were killed. Many reactionary factions and organizations were exterminated."<ref name=Study />{{rp|7}}

The same month, Don Oberdorfer reported:<ref name=SACEI>{{cite journal |number=111 |volume=11 |publisher=Saigon Arts, Culture & Education Institute (SACEI) |journal=SACEI Newsletter |pages=1–14 |title=The Hue Massacre: A Study of Communist Policies & Tactics in Vietnam |first=Paul |last=Schmehl |date=1 January 2018 |url=http://www.sacei07.org/Newsletter111_2018_01.pdf|language=English }}</ref>

<blockquote>Ho Ty was arrested by the government police on Sept. 4 this year. At the time of his arrest, he was party secretary for a section of Huế city...Ho Ty reported that the part of the plan from higher headquarters was to destroy the government machinery of Huế and the people who made it work.... He said the killings were planned and executed by a separate group in charge of security.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oberdorfer|first=Don|title='68 killings by vietcong are detailed|newspaper=Washington Post|date=Dec 7, 1969|id={{ProQuest|143590548}}}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1987, at a Hanoi conference to discuss the history of the Tet offensive, Colonel General [[Trần Văn Quang|Tran Van Quang]], one of the commanders of the Huế operation, assessed the strengths and weaknesses of his forces and cited as one of their strengths:

<blockquote>We resolutely carried out the orders and fulfilled the requirements set out for us by the High Command. We motivated our cadre, soldiers, and the civilian population through the use of the slogans, 'Tri-Thien fights for Tri-Thien and for the entire nation,' and 'Heroically and resolutely conduct attacks and uprisings.'<ref>{{cite report |editor1-first=Ho |editor1-last=Ban |collaboration=Reviewed by Major General Ho De |first1=Tran |last1=Van Quang |first2=Cao |last2=Pha |title=Report - The 1968 Tet Offensive and Uprising in Tri-Thien-Hue |language=English |department=Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive |access-date=30 June 2021 |url=https://vva.vietnam.ttu.edu/images.php?img=/images/1127/11271612001.pdf |pages=10 |publisher=[[Texas Tech University]]}}</ref></blockquote>

In February 1988, Vietnamese communist leaders admitted "mistakes" were made in Huế. [[List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam|Col Nguyen Quoc Khanh]], commander of part of the forces that took over Huế stated, "There was no case of killing civilians purposefully.... Those civilians who were killed were killed accidentally, in cross fire." However, he admitted "some rank and file soldiers may have committed individual mistakes."<ref>{{cite news|last=Richburg|first=K. B.|title=20 years after Huế, Vietnamese admit 'mistakes'|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post (1877–1995)|date=3 February 1988|pages=A8|id={{ProQuest|139802229}}}}</ref> However, in an internal document discussing the 1968 Tet offensive in Hue, General (Tổng) Hồ Trung wrote, referring to the Giá Hơi section: "These forces hunted down and killed enemy thugs, reactionaries, and puppet policemen" and that they "cleaned out.... nests of Catholic reactionaries."<ref>Ministry of Defense, Vietnamese Institute for Military History, "The 1968 Tet Offensive and Upgrising in the Tri-Thien-Hue Theatre", ''Huong Tien Cong va Noi Day Tet Mau Than o Tri-Thien-Hue'', Translated by Robert Destatte and Merle Pribbenow for the United States Army Center for Military Histories Division, p.1</ref><ref name=SACEI/>

==Discovery==
[[File:Va003099.jpg|thumb|Label on the shrouded remains of a Tet Offensive victim describing teeth, color of hair, footwear, and other possessions found with the body.]]
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:HUE massacre7.jpg|thumb|250px|Mass funeral of approximately 250 civilians, as remains had recently been discovered in 1969. {{deletable image-caption}}]] -->
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:HUE massacre10.jpg|thumb|250px|{{deletable image-caption}}]] -->

A first summary was published for the U.S. Mission in Vietnam by Douglas Pike, then working as a Foreign Service Officer for the [[United States Information Agency|U.S. Information Agency]] in 1970. Pike identified three distinct phases for the executions in Huế. In a report published in 1970, ''The Viet Cong Strategy of Terror'', Pike wrote that at least half of the bodies unearthed in Huế revealed clear evidence of "atrocity killings: to include hands wired behind backs, rags stuffed in mouths, bodies contorted but without wounds (indicating burial alive)."<ref name="his" /><ref name="Pike" />{{rp|47}} Pike concluded that the killings were done by local Vietcong cadres and were the result of "a decision rational and justifiable in the Communist mind."<ref name="his" /><ref name="Pike" />{{rp|52}} The three phases are as follows:

* Phase one was a series of kangaroo court trials of local ARVN officials. The highly publicized trials lasted anywhere from 5 to 10 minutes and the accused were always found guilty of "crimes against the people."<ref name=Pike/>{{rp|54–55}}
* Phase two was implemented when the communists thought that they could hold the city long-term and was a campaign of "social reconstruction" along [[Maoist]] dogmatic lines. Those who the communists believed to be [[counter-revolutionaries]] were singled out. Catholics, intellectuals, prominent businessmen, and other "[[imperialist]] lackeys" were targeted in order to "build a new social order."<ref name=Pike/>{{rp|55–58}}
* The last phase began when it became evident that the communists could not hold the city, and it was designed to "leave no witnesses." Anyone who could identify individual Vietcong members who participated in the occupation was to be killed and their bodies hidden.<ref name=Pike/>{{rp|58–60}}

After the Battle of Huế, between 1968 and 1969 a total of almost 2,800 bodies were recovered from mass graves, with 4 major mass grave finds.<ref name="his" />
* A few months after the battle, about 1,200 civilian bodies were found in 18 hastily concealed mass graves.<ref name="his" />
* A second major group of graves were discovered in the first 7 months of 1969.<ref name="his" /> In February 1968, a list of 428 names of people identified from the recovered bones was released by local authorities.<ref name="his" />
* In September 1969, three communist defectors confessed to the 101st Airborne Division intelligence officers that they had witnessed several hundred people being killed in a 100-yard area at Da Mai Creek bed (about 10 miles south of Huế).<ref name="his" />
* In November 1969, another major mass grave was found at Phu Thu Salt Flats, near the fishing village of Lương Viện, Vinh Hưng commune, Phú Lộc provincial district, 10 miles east of Huế and halfway between the cities of Huế and [[Đà Nẵng]].<ref name="his" />

==Disputes, revisionism and denials==
In [[Bùi Tín]]'s 2002 memoir, ''From Enemy to Friend: a North Vietnamese perspective on the war'', the former PAVN Colonel acknowledged that executions of civilians had occurred in Huế. However, he added that under the intensity of the American bombardment, discipline of the troops disintegrated. The "units from the north" had been "told that Huế was the stronghold of feudalism, a bed of reactionaries, the breeding ground of [[Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party|Cần Lao Party]] loyalists who remained true to the memory of former South Vietnamese president [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] and of [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]'s [[National Social Democratic Front|Democracy Party]]."<ref name="Bùi">{{cite book |title=From Enemy to Friend: A North Vietnamese Perspective on the War |first1=Bùi |last1=Tin |translator=Nguyen Ngoc Bich |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute Press]] |collaboration=Foreword and introduction by James Webb |isbn=9781557508812 |edition=1st |language=English|date=17 May 2002 |page=67}}</ref> Tin explained that over 10,000 prisoners were taken at Huế, with the most important of them sent to North Vietnam for imprisonment. When U.S. Marines launched their counterattack to retake the city, communist troops were instructed to move the prisoners with the retreating troops. According to Tín, in the "panic of retreat," the company and battalion commanders shot their prisoners "to ensure the safety of the retreat."<ref name="his" /><ref name="Bùi" />

[[Marilyn B. Young]] disputes the "official figures" of executions at Huế. While acknowledging that there were executions, she cites freelance journalist [[Len Ackland]], who was at Huế and estimated the number to be somewhere between 300 and 400.<ref name=his /><ref name=Laderman>{{cite book|last=Laderman|first=Scott|title=Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory|date=16 January 2009|publisher=Duke University Press Books|isbn=978-0822344148|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzXtbyYXu7cC&q=marilyn+young+revolutionary+administration&pg=PA94}}</ref>

[[Ngo Vinh Long]] claims that 710 people were killed by the communists. In an interview he stated, "Yeah, there was a total of 710 persons killed in the Huế area, from my research, not as many as five thousand, six thousand, or whatever the Americans claimed at that time, and not as few as four hundred as people like some of the people in the peace movement here claim...."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Daniel C. |last=Tsang |title=Vietnam Today - Ngo Vinh Long, interviewed by Daniel C. Tsang|pages=459–464 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |date=September 2002 |volume=34 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/1467271022000008974 |s2cid=145019520 |issn=1467-2715 |publisher=BCAS, Inc./[[Routledge]] ([[Taylor & Francis]])|oclc=45440468 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183714/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1467271022000008974 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1467271022000008974 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Italian journalist [[Oriana Fallaci]] reported, "In the last few days the Vietcong lost their heads and did nothing but make reprisals, kill, punish". However, citing a French priest to whom she spoke in Huế, she also claimed that the death toll of up to 8,000 included deaths by American bombardment, and at least 200 people, and perhaps as many as 1,100, who were killed following the liberation of Huế by the US and ARVN forces.<ref name=Laderman /><ref name=Fallaci>{{cite journal|title=Working Up to Killing |journal=[[The Washington Monthly]] |first=Oriana |last=Fallaci |author-link=Oriana Fallaci |date=1 February 1972 |pages=39–46 |issn=0043-0633 |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]], United States of America |volume=III |issue=12 |editor1-first=Charles |editor1-last=Peters |editor1-link=Charles Peters |editor2-first=Markos |editor2-last=Kounalakis |publisher=Washington Monthly Publishing LLC. (Washington Monthly Corporation)}}</ref> [[Stanley Karnow]] wrote that the bodies of those executed by South Vietnamese teams were thrown into common graves.<ref name=Laderman /> Some reports alleged that South Vietnamese "revenge squads" had also been at work in the aftermath of the battle to search out and execute citizens supporting the communist occupation.{{sfn|Oberdorfer|2001|p=232–233|loc=VII. America the Vincible}}<ref name="Willbanks, pp. 101–102" />

The historian David Hunt posited that [[Douglas Pike]]'s study for the U.S. Mission was "by any definition, a work of [[propaganda]]." In 1988, Pike said that he had earlier been engaged in a conscious "effort to discredit the Vietcong."<ref>{{cite book|last=Laderman|first=Scott|title=Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory|date=16 January 2009|publisher=Duke University Press Books|isbn=978-0822344148|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzXtbyYXu7cC&q=marilyn+young+revolutionary+administration&pg=PA94}}</ref>

In a letter to the editor of ''[[The New York Times]]'', the historian [[Gareth Porter]], who is also known for his [[Cambodian genocide denial]], stated that there was little evidence that the communists carried out more than "several hundred" political executions and revenge killings in Huế, while the U.S. official estimate maintains that over 2,800 bodies were "victims of Communist executions." He alleged that the site of one set of mass graves was also the site of a major battle in which some 250 communist troops were reported killed in U.S air strikes and that Saigon's minister of health, after visiting burial sites, said the bodies could have been communist soldiers killed in battle. He dismissed Pike's claim that there were communist blacklists of students and intellectuals to be killed as unsupported by interviews and captured communist documents.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 1987 |page=A30 |first=D. Gareth |last=Porter |title=Little Evidence of 1968 Tet Massacre in Hue|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |language=English |oclc=1645522 |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=4 July 2021 |department=Main section |url-status=live |volume=CXXXVI |issue=215 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/29/opinion/l-little-evidence-of-1968-tet-massacre-in-hue-587087.html |archive-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425052316/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/29/opinion/l-little-evidence-of-1968-tet-massacre-in-hue-587087.html }}</ref>

The historian [[James Willbanks]] concluded, "We may never know what really happened at Huế, but it is clear that mass executions did occur."<ref name="his" /> According to [[Stanley Karnow]], "Balanced accounts have made it clear, however, that the Communist butchery at Huế did take place—perhaps on an even larger scale than reported during the war."<ref>{{cite book|last=Elliot|first=Duong Van Mai|title=RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era|chapter=The End of the War|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2010|isbn=9780833047540|page=501}}</ref> [[Ben Kiernan]]'s 2017 history of Vietnam states that "thousands" were killed at Huế in "possibly the largest atrocity of the war."<ref name="Kiernan 444">{{cite book|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2017|isbn=9780190627300|page=444}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Reports of the massacre had a profound impact on the South Vietnamese for many years after the Tet Offensive, with an anticipation of a bloodbath following any North Vietnamese takeover, like the one in Huế. Novelist James Jones, in a ''New York Times'' article wrote, "Whatever else they accomplished, the Huế massacres effectively turned the bulk of the South Vietnamese against the Northern Communists. In South Vietnam, wherever one went, from Can Tho in the delta to Tay Ninh to Kontum in the north, and of course in Huế, the 1968 Tet massacres were still being talked about in 1973."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=James|title=In the Shadow of Peace|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 June 1973|agency=ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010)|page=273|id={{ProQuest|118191345}}}}</ref> For their part, left-leaning scholars have since commented that the massacre was a rare propaganda coup during the unpopular war in Vietnam, especially as it allowed Richard Nixon's government to counteract the public outrage derived from the American-perpetrated [[Mỹ Lai massacre]] that would take place a few weeks later during that same year.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott |last=Lederman |isbn=9780857452993 |editor1-first=Philip G. |editor1-last=Dwyer |publisher=Berghahn Books |editor2-first=Lyndall |editor2-last=Ryan |title=A Necessary Salve: The Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing, and Atrocity Throughout History |pages=213–225 |chapter=16. A Necessary Salve: The ‘Hue Massacre’ in History and Memory |year=2012 |volume=XI |via=[[Google Books]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3XO6FkWmEMC&pg=PA213 |language=English}}</ref>

Anticipation of a bloodbath was a major factor in the widespread panic and chaos across South Vietnam when North Vietnam executed their [[1975 Spring Offensive]], and the panic culminated in the disintegration and defeat of South Vietnamese military forces, and the [[Fall of Saigon|fall of the Republic of Vietnam]] on 30 April 1975.<ref name=his/> Today, the massacre remains unrecognized and entirely ignored in the Vietnamese communist government's [[War Remnants Museum]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name=Tucker/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Vietnam|United States}}
*[[List of massacres in Vietnam]]
*[[Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War]]
*[[Bửu Đồng]]
*[[Red Terror (disambiguation)|Red Terror]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Arnold, James R., ''Tet Offensive 1968: Turning Point in Vietnam'', London: Osprey, 1990. {{ISBN|0850459605}}
* Bullington, James R. "And Here, See Huế," Foreign Service Journal, November 1968. 
* Christmas, G. R. "A Company Commander Reflects on Operation Huế City," Marine Corps Gazette, April 1971.
* Davidson, Phillip B. ''Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975''. Oxford University Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0195067924}}
* Hammel, Eric. ''Fire in the Streets: The Battle for Huế, Tet 1968''. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1991. {{ISBN|0809242796}}
* Harkanson, John, and Charles McMahon. "USMC & Tet '68: There's a Little Trouble in Huế ...," Vietnam Combat, Winter 1985.
* Krohn, Charles A., ''The Lost Battalion: Controversy and Casualties in the Battle of Huế'', Praeger Publishers, 1993. {{ISBN|0275945324}}
* Larson, Mike, ''Heroes: A Year in Vietnam With The First Air Cavalry Division'', Barnes & Noble, 2008. {{ISBN|9780595525218}}
* Nolan, Keith William. ''Battle for Huế: Tet 1968''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0891411984}}
* Oberdorfer, Don. ''Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War''. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971. Reissued in 1984 by Da Capo Press.  {{ISBN|0306802104}}
* Palmer, Dave Richard. ''Summons of the Trumpet: U.S.-Vietnam in Perspective''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978. {{ISBN|0891410414}}
* Phan Van Son. ''The Viet Cong Tet Offensive (1968)''. Saigon: Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces, 1969.
* Pike, Douglas. ''PAVN: People's Army of Vietnam''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0891412433}}
* ''Secrets of the Vietnam War''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0891413820}}
* Smith, Captain George W., US. "The Battle of Huế," Infantry, July–August 1968.
* Stanton, Shelby L. ''Anatomy of a Division: 1st Cav in Vietnam''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1987. {{ISBN|089141259X}}
* Tolson, Major General John J., 3rd. ''Airmobility: 1961–1971''. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1973.
* Truong Sinh. "The Fight to Liberate the City of Huế During Mau Than Tet (1969)," Hoc Tap, December 1974.
* Tucker, Spencer, ''Vietnam''.  London: UCL Press, 1999
* Vietnam Order of Battle. New York: U.S. News & World Report, Inc., 1981.
* Young, Marilyn B., ''The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990'' (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991)
* Vennama, Alje, ''The Viet Cong Massacre at Huế''. New York, Vantage Press, 1976. {{ISBN|0533019249}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190128233547/https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/231/2310402003a.pdf Complete text of Douglas Pike's "Vietcong Strategy of Terror" (PDF)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050728023414/http://www.vietquoc.com/0002vq.htm Viet Quoc article]
*[https://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1977/08b.html Misreporting that Doomed Millions, Setting the Record Straight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901120442/https://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1977/08b.html |date=1 September 2019 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhJlEZpvhvkC |title=Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations |editor1-first=William G. |editor1-last=Robertson |editor2-first=Lawrence A. |editor2-last=Yates |pages=123–160 |chapter=Chapter 5: The Battle for Hue, 1968 |first=James H. |last=Willbanks |year=2003 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhJlEZpvhvkC&pg=PA123 |publication-place=[[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], United States of America |publisher=[[United States Army Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College Press (CGSC Press)]] |isbn=9781780396712 |edition=1st |via=[[Google Books]] }}
*{{cite interview |last=Gioia |first=Phil |interviewer=[[Alex Last]] |title=Mass Graves in Hue, Vietnam |subject-link=Massacre at Huế |work=BBC Witness History |date=19 October 2015 |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=[[London]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |url=https://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/6/redir/version/2.0/mediaset/audio-nondrm-download/proto/https/vpid/p035f818.mp3 |format=MP3 |via=[[BBC World Service]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133128/https://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/6/redir/version/2.0/mediaset/audio-nondrm-download/proto/https/vpid/p035f818.mp3 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=30 June 2021 }}
{{coord missing|Vietnam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hue}}
[[Category:1968 in South Vietnam]]
[[Category:History of Huế]]
[[Category:Collective punishment]]
[[Category:Communist terrorism]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1968]]
[[Category:North Vietnamese war crimes in the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Massacres in the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:20th-century prisoner of war massacres]]
[[Category:Torture in the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Viet Cong war crimes in the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Tet Offensive]]