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{{Short description|Book editor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name         = Maxwell Perkins
|image        = File:Maxwell Perkins NYWTS detail.jpg
|caption      = 
|birth_name   = William Maxwell Evarts Perkins
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1884|09|20|df=y}}
|birth_place  = New York City, US
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1947|6|17|1884|9|20|df=y}}
|death_place  = [[Stamford, Connecticut]], US
|alma_mater   = [[Harvard University]]
|occupation   = Book editor
|employer     = Scribner's 
|known_for    = 
|spouse       = Louise Saunders (m. 1910)
|children     = 5 daughters
|module       = 
}}

'''William Maxwell Evarts''' "'''Max'''" '''Perkins''' (September 20, 1884 – June 17, 1947) was an American [[editing|book editor]], best remembered for discovering authors [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings]], and [[Thomas Wolfe]].

==Early life and education==
Perkins was born on September 20, 1884, in [[New York City]], to Elizabeth (Evarts) Perkins, a daughter of [[William M. Evarts]], and Edward Clifford Perkins, a lawyer.<ref>1900 United States Federal Census</ref> He grew up in [[Plainfield, New Jersey]], attended [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]] in [[Concord, New Hampshire]] and then graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1907. Although an [[economics]] major in college, Perkins also studied under [[Charles Townsend Copeland]], a literature professor who helped prepare Perkins for his career.

==Career==
{{original research section|date=September 2025}}
After working as a reporter for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Perkins joined the publishing house of [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] in 1910 as an advertising manager, before becoming an editor.<ref>
{{cite book |last1 =Berg|first1 =A. Scott|date=2013|title=Max Perkins: Editor of Genius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbEAAAAAQBAJ|publisher=Simon & Schuster UK|isbn= 9781471130106}}</ref> At that time, Scribner's was known for publishing older authors such as [[John Galsworthy]], [[Henry James]], and [[Edith Wharton]]. However, Perkins wished to publish younger writers. Unlike most editors, he actively sought out promising new authors; he made his first big find in 1919 when he signed [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]. Initially, no one at Scribner's except Perkins had liked ''The Romantic Egotist'', the working title of Fitzgerald's first novel, and it was rejected. Even so, Perkins worked with Fitzgerald to revise the manuscript until it was accepted by the publishing house.

Its publication as ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'' (1920) marked the arrival of a new literary generation that would always be associated with Perkins. Fitzgerald's profligacy and [[alcoholism]] strained his relationship with Perkins. Nonetheless, Perkins remained Fitzgerald's friend to the end of Fitzgerald's short life, in addition to his editorial relationship with the author, particularly evidenced in ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925), which benefited substantially from Perkins' criticism.

It was through Fitzgerald that Perkins met [[Ernest Hemingway]], publishing his first major novel, ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', in 1926. Perkins fought for it over objections to Hemingway's profanity raised by traditionalists in the firm. The commercial success of Hemingway's next novel, ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]'' (1929), which topped the best-seller list, silenced colleagues' questions about Perkins' editorial judgment.

The greatest professional challenge Perkins faced was posed by [[Thomas Wolfe]]'s lack of artistic self-discipline. Wolfe wrote voluminously and was greatly attached to each sentence he wrote. After a tremendous struggle, Perkins induced Wolfe to cut 90,000 words from his first novel, ''[[Look Homeward, Angel]]'' (1929). His next, ''[[Of Time and the River]]'' (1935), was the result of a two-year battle during which Wolfe kept writing more and more pages in the face of an ultimately victorious effort by Perkins to hold the line on size.<ref name="sons" /> At first grateful to Perkins for discovering and mentoring him, Wolfe later came to resent the popular perception that he owed his success to his editor. Wolfe left Scribner's after numerous fights with Perkins. Despite this, Perkins served as Wolfe's literary executor after his early death in 1938 and was considered by Wolfe to be his closest friend.

Although his reputation as an editor is most closely linked to these three, Perkins worked with many other writers. He was the first to publish [[John P. Marquand|J. P. Marquand]] and [[Erskine Caldwell]]. His advice was responsible for the success of [[Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings]], whose ''[[The Yearling]]'' (1938) grew out of suggestions made by Perkins. It became a best-seller and won the [[Pulitzer Prize]]. [[Alan Paton]]'s ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'' (1946) was another Perkins find. His penultimate discovery was [[James Jones (author)|James Jones]], who approached Perkins in 1945. Perkins persuaded Jones to abandon the autobiographical novel he was working on and launched him on what would become ''[[From Here to Eternity (novel)|From Here to Eternity]]'' (1951). By this time, Perkins' health was failing and he did not live to see its success, nor that of Hemingway's ''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]'' (1952), which was dedicated to his memory.<ref>Perkins, Maxwell Evarts; Baughman, Judith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XfPa5B2blv0C ''The sons of Maxwell Perkins: letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and their editor''], University of South Carolina Press, 2004. Cf. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XfPa5B2blv0C&dq=the+old+man+and+the+sea+dedicated+to+maxwell+perkins&pg=PR27 p. xxvii]</ref> Perkins' final discovery was [[Marguerite Young]], who started her mammoth ''[[Miss MacIntosh, My Darling]]'' in 1947 with his encouragement, signing a contract in 1947 based on her 40-page manuscript.<ref>{{cite news|last=Burroughs|first=Mitchell|title=(title missing)|date=December 5, 1965|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|page=P5}}</ref>  The novel was finally published in 1965.

Perkins was noted for his courtesy and thoughtfulness. He also recognized skilled writing wherever he found it and encouraged writers as few editors did. That [[Ring Lardner]] has a reputation today, for example, is because Perkins saw him as more than a syndicated humorist. Perkins believed in Lardner more than the writer did, and despite the failure of several earlier collections he coaxed Lardner into letting him assemble another under the title ''How To Write Short Stories'' (1924). The book sold well and, thanks to excellent reviews, established Lardner as a literary figure.

Apart from his roles as coach, friend, and promoter, Perkins was unusual among editors for the close and detailed attention he gave to books, and for what the novelist [[Vance Bourjaily]], another of his discoveries, called his "infallible sense of structure." Although he never pretended to be an artist himself, Perkins could often see where an author ought to go more clearly than the writer did. By combining these different editorial activities into his work, Perkins might be considered to be the first [[authors' editor]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Robillard|first=Ambolena Hooker|title=Maxwell Evarts Perkins, the authors' editor, a study of a climate for creativity.|year=1953|publisher=University of Florida|type= Ed. Doctoral thesis}}</ref>

Scholar [[Matthew Bruccoli]] described Perkins as the most widely known [[literary editor]] of American literature.<ref name="sons">{{cite book|title=The Sons of Maxwell Perkins: Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and Their Editor|last=Bruccoli|first=Matthew|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-224-61721-5|location=Columbia SC|page=xvii|quote=Maxwell Perkins (1884–1947) is the only literary editor of whom students of American literature and most of their teachers have heard.}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1910, Perkins married Louise Saunders, also of Plainfield; together they had five daughters. Perkins died on June 17, 1947, in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], from pneumonia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michiko|last=Kakutani|title=Tone It Down, He Urged Hemingway|date=November 19, 1996|access-date=August 25, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-perkins.html}}</ref> 

His home in [[Windsor, Vermont]], had been purchased from John Skinner in the 1820s for $5,000 by [[William M. Evarts]], and had been passed down to Evarts' daughter and Max's mother, Elizabeth Hoar Evarts Perkins. She left the home to family members, including her son Maxwell. The home stayed in the family until 2005, and has been restored and reopened as the Snapdragon Inn. The inn houses the Maxwell Perkins Library, which displays and collects items associated with Maxwell Perkins and his extended family. His house in [[New Canaan, Connecticut]], the [[Maxwell E. Perkins House]], is on the National Register of Historic Places. 

His granddaughter Ruth King Porter is a Vermont writer, and one of his grandsons is the ''[[Riptide (American TV series)|Riptide]]'' TV series actor [[Perry King]]. His granddaughter [[Jenny Phillips|Jenny King Phillips]], a documentary filmmaker and therapist, helped spearhead the restoration of Ernest Hemingway’s home in Cuba. Another grandson, Maxwell E.P. King, is a former editor of ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', president of The [[Heinz Endowments]], chief executive officer of the [[Fred Rogers]] Center for Early Learning and Children's Media at St. Vincent's College, president and CEO of The Pittsburgh Foundation, and the author of ''The Good Neighbor: The Life and Work of Fred Rogers,'' an authorized biography of the beloved children's television host.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Pittsburgher of the Year: Max King |url=https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/pittsburgher-of-the-year-max-king/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Pittsburgh Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the 1983 film ''[[Cross Creek (film)|Cross Creek]]'', exploring his professional relationship with Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Perkins is portrayed by actor [[Malcolm McDowell]].

In the 2016 biographical drama film ''[[Genius (2016 film)|Genius]]'', based on [[A. Scott Berg]]'s biography of the man, ''Max Perkins: Editor of Genius'', Perkins is portrayed by British actor [[Colin Firth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Genius Movie Review|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/genius-2016|access-date=April 15, 2017|work=Roger Ebert}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Biography, ''Max Perkins: Editor of Genius'' (1978), written by [[A. Scott Berg]].
* Perkins' editorial papers are in the Charles Scribner's Sons collection at [[Princeton University]].
* Profile by Malcolm Cowley, "Unshaken Friend", ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (April 1 and edition of 8 April, 1944).
* Ernest Hemingway and Carlos Baker. ''Ernest Hemingway, Selected Letters, 1917–1961''. This book provides insight into Perkins' life through the eyes of Hemingway.
* Perkins' correspondence with [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] is collected in ''Dear Scott, Dear Max: The Fitzgerald-Perkins Correspondence,'' ed. John Kuehl and Jackson Bryer (1991). A similar book regarding Perkins' relationship with Hemingway is ''The Only Thing That Counts'', ed. [[Matthew J. Bruccoli]] and Robert W. Trogdon.
* A third book of Perkins' letters is also in print: ''Editor to Author: The Letters of Maxwell E. Perkins'', edited by John Hall Wheelock.
* ''Father to Daughter: The Family Letters of Maxwell Perkins'', letters written by Perkins to his wife and five daughters, collected and edited by his granddaughters. Andrews McMeel Publishing (October 1995).
* ''As Ever Yours: The Letters of Max Perkins and Elizabeth Lemmon'', edited by Rodger L. Tarr.
* "William Maxwell Evarts Perkins." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', 2nd edn. 17 vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale. 1999.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080419005106/http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/wolfe/perkins.htm Thomas Wolfe Memorial - Maxwell Perkins]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gormley-cox.html Archibald Cox, Conscience of a Nation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032032/http://www.newenglandancestors.org/education/articles/research/special_guests/gary_boyd_roberts/53_659_453.asp New England Historic Genealogical Society: Major Historical Figures Descended from Anne (Lloyd) (Yale) Eaton of the New Haven Colony]
* John Walsh, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/the-return-of-a-man-called-perkins-2043552.html "The return of a man called Perkins"], ''[[The Independent]]'', August 5, 2010
*[http://www.snapdragoninn.com Snapdragon Inn, former home of Maxwell Perkins in Windsor, Vermont]

{{F. Scott Fitzgerald}}
{{Ernest Hemingway}}
{{Thomas Wolfe}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perkins, Maxwell}}
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:American literary editors]]
[[Category:Novelists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Gardiner family]]