View source for Medal

{{short description|Small commemorative artistic object}}
{{distinguish|Meddle|Metal|Mettle (disambiguation){{!}}Mettle}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Medallion}}
[[File:Portrait medal of Cecilia Gonzaga (obverse); Innocence and a Unicorn in a Moonlit Landscape (reverse) MET DP-1241-015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Obverse]] of medal distributed by [[House of Gonzaga|Cecilia Gonzaga]]'s family to political allies, a common practice in [[Renaissance]] Europe. Designed by [[Pisanello]] in 1448.]]
[[File:Pisanello, medaglia di cecilia gonzaga.JPG|thumb|Reverse of the same medal, this copy with a suspension hole added later (inside a crescent moon in the design).]]
[[File:Dupont KBS-FRB(2).jpg|thumb|Medal depicting [[Herbert Hoover|Herbert C. Hoover]] by Devreese Godefroi]]
{{Numismatics}}
A '''medal''' or '''medallion''' is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides.  They typically have a commemorative  purpose of some kind, and many are presented as awards.  They may be intended to be worn, suspended from clothing or [[jewellery]] in some way, although this has not always been the case. They may be struck like a coin by dies or die-cast in a mould.

A medal may be awarded to a person or organisation as a form of recognition for sporting, military, scientific, cultural, academic, or various other achievements. [[Military awards and decorations]] are more precise terms for certain types of [[award|state decoration]]. Medals may also be created for sale to commemorate particular individuals or events, or as works of [[artistic expression]] in their own right. In the past, medals commissioned for an individual, typically with their portrait, were often used as a form of diplomatic or personal gift, with no sense of being an award for the conduct of the recipient.

An artist who creates medals or medallions is called a "[[medalist]]".  Medals have long been popular collectible items, and in [[numismatics]] form a class called either [[exonumia]] or [[militaria]]. 

Technically, medallions are larger than medals, starting at three inches in diameter, and medalets are smaller, at less than an inch.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Definition of Medalet, Medal, Medallion, Plaque Sizes| access-date = 2025-07-13| url = https://www.coinbooks.org/esylum_v10n15a24.html}}</ref> Medallions are usually too large to be worn very comfortably, though in colloquial use, "medallion" is often used to refer to a medal used as the [[pendant]] of a necklace (as in the [[medallion man]] fashion style of the 1960s and 1970s), or for other types of medals.  Medallions may also be called "table medals" because they are too large to be worn and can only be displayed on a wall, table top, desk, or cabinet.

==Main types==
[[Image:Medals.jpg|thumb|Various prize medals with obverse designs, suspension rings and ribbons typical of medals intended to be draped over the head and hung from the neck]]
[[Image:Peter Flötner Vanitas BNM.jpg|thumb|[[Plaquette]] by [[Peter Flötner]], ''Vanitas'', 1535–1540, gilt bronze. Created purely as an art object for a collector's market.]]
[[Numismatists]] divide medals into at least seven classes:
:* Awards: awarded to a person or organization as a form of recognition for sporting, military, scientific, cultural, academic, or various other achievements. [[Military awards and decorations]] are more precise terms for certain types of [[award|state decoration]].  Military decorations are often in shapes such as crosses or stars, but are still loosely called "medals", as in the star-shaped American [[Medal of Honor]]. 
:* Commemoratives: created for sale to commemorate particular individuals or events, or as works of medallic art in their own right.
:* Souvenirs: similar to a commemorative, but more focused on a place or event like state fairs, expositions, museums, historic sites, etc., and frequently found for sale within their respective souvenir shops. 
:* Religious: [[devotional medal]]s may be worn for religious reasons. 
:* Portraits: produced to immortalize a person with their portrait; European portrait medallions sometimes bear the Latin word ''aetatis'' ("of his age") to describe the depicted person's age at the time of the portrait.
:* Artistic: made purely as an art object. [[Plaquette]]s are often of this type. 
:* Society Medals: made for societies used as a badge or token of membership.

==Etymology==
First attested in English in 1578, the word ''medal'' is derived from the [[Middle French]] ''médaille'', itself from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''medaglia'', and ultimately from the [[Late Latin|post-classical Latin]] ''medalia'', meaning a coin worth half a [[denarius]]. The word ''medallion'' (first attested in English in 1658) has the same ultimate derivation, but this time through the Italian ''medaglione'', meaning "large medal". There are two theories as for the etymology of the word ''medalia'': the first being that the Latin ''medalia'' itself is derived from the adjective ''medialis'' meaning "medial" or "middle";<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "[http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/115606 medal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313124518/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/115606 |date=2016-03-13 }}"; ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', s.v. "[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medal medal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108065013/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medal |date=2011-11-08 }}".</ref> the second being that ''medaglia'' comes from the [[Vulgar Latin]] ''metallea (moneta)'', meaning "metal (coin)" and that from [[Latin]] ''metallum'',<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dmetallum metallum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102163921/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dmetallum |date=2023-01-02 }}, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'', on Perseus</ref> which is the [[Latinisation (literature)|latinisation]] of the [[Greek language|Greek]] μέταλλον (''metallon''), "a mine".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dme%2Ftallon μέταλλον] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120140344/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dme%2Ftallon |date=2021-01-20 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>The New American Webster Handy College Dictionary, p. 450, Signet, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGB7vakNisC&q=The+New+American+Webster+Handy+College+Dictionary on Google books]</ref><ref>Heinemann English Dictionary, p. 623,</ref><ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medal medal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823030037/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medal |date=2011-08-23 }}, Online Etymology Dictionary</ref>

==Features==
Traditionally medals are [[Stamping (metalworking)|stamped]] with dies on a durable metal flan or planchet, or [[Casting (metalworking)|cast]] from a [[Molding (process)|mould]]. The imagery, which usually includes lettering, is typically in low [[relief]], albeit often higher than on coins: Limited-edition medals may be struck in repeated impacts allowing more metal displacement than in coins produced for mass circulation in a single impact. Circular medals are most common; rectangular medals are often known as [[plaquette]]s, and square medals as [[Klippe (coin)|klippe]]. The "decoration" types often use other shapes, especially crosses and stars.  These in particular usually come with a suspension loop, and a wide coloured ribbon with a clip at the top, for attaching to clothing worn on the chest.

The main or front surface of a medal is termed the obverse, and may contain a portrait, pictorial scene, or other image along with an inscription. The reverse, or back surface of the medal, is not always used and may be left blank or may contain a secondary design. It is not uncommon to find only an artistic rendering on the obverse, while all details and other information for the medal are inscribed on the reverse. The rim is found only occasionally employed to display an inscription such as a [[motto]], [[privy mark]], engraver symbol, [[Metallurgical assay|assayer's]] marking, or a series number.

Medals that are intended to be hung from a ribbon also include a small suspension piece at the crest with which to loop a suspension ring through. It is through the ring that a ribbon is run or folded so the medal may hang pendent. Medals pinned to the breast use only a small cut of ribbon that is attached to a top bar where the brooch pin is affixed. Top bars may be hidden under the ribbon so they are not visible, be a plain device from which the ribbon attaches, or may even be decorative to complement the design on the medal. Some top bars are elaborate and contain a whole design unto themselves.

Bronze has been the most common material used to create medals, due to its fair price range, durability, ease with which to work when casting, and the ample availability. However, a wide range of other media have also been used. Rarer metals have been employed, such as [[silver]], [[platinum]], and [[gold]], when wishing to add value beyond the mere artistic depiction, as well as base metals and [[alloy]]s such as [[copper]], [[brass]], [[iron]], [[aluminum]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[nickel]], and [[pewter]]. Medals that are made with inexpensive material might be [[Gilding|gilded]], [[Plating#Silver plating|silver-plated]], [[Repoussé and chasing|chased]], or finished in a variety of other ways to improve their appearance. Medals have also been made of [[rock (geology)|rock]], [[gemstone]], [[ivory]], [[glass]], [[porcelain]], [[terra cotta]], [[coal]], [[wood]], [[paper]], [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]], [[lacquerware]], and [[plastic]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MedalStudio |date=2024-12-18 |title=Wooden Medals History, Pros/Cons, & Maintenance Advice |url=https://medalstudio.com/blog/wooden-medals-history/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Medal Studio {{!}} Medal and Award Specialists {{!}} UK |language=en-US}}</ref> Today, a large number of common events use zinc alloys for their medals, due to their low melting point, ease of casting and low price.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Materials Do You Need To Make A Medal? |url=https://peakeen.com/what-materials-do-you-need-to-make-a-medal/ |website=PeaKeen |publisher=PeaKeen |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:GCRomano3.jpg|thumb|Bronze medal of [[Isabella d'Este]], princess and patron of [[Renaissance humanist]]s, distributed as a gift.]]
[[File:7a 1572.jpg|thumb|Silver [[Geuzen medal]] commemorating the [[Capture of Brielle]] in 1572 by the [[Sea Beggars]]; this was produced commercially]]
The first known instance of a medal being awarded comes from the historian [[Josephus]] who, writing long after the event, accounts that in the second century [[Common Era|BCE]], the High Priest Jonathan led the [[Hebrews]] in aid of [[Alexander Balas]], and that in return for this, Alexander "...sent to Jonathan... honorary awards, as a golden button, which it is custom to give the king's kinsmen." Roman emperors used both military awards of medals, and political gifts of medallions that were like very large coins, usually in gold or silver, and die-struck like coins.<ref>Weitzmann, Kurt, ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533 Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426182735/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533 |date=2015-04-26 }},'' (online as PDF),  pp. 36-46, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979; Osbourne, 563</ref> Both these and actual golden coins were often set as pieces of jewellery, worn by both sexes.

The [[bracteate]] is a type of thin gold medal, usually plain on the reverse, found in Northern Europe from the so-called "[[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]" or [[Migration Period]].  They often have suspension loops and were clearly intended to be worn on a chain as jewellery. They imitate, at a distance, Roman imperial coins and medallions, but have the heads of gods, animals, or other designs.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2001.583 "Bracteate [Scandinavian&#93; (2001.583)"]. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. (October 2006) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125114508/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2001.583 |date=2010-11-25 }}</ref> The [[Liudhard medalet]], produced around AD 600 in [[Anglo-Saxon England]], is an isolated example, known from a single copy, of a Christian medal, featuring an inscription naming [[Liudhard]] (or "Saint Letard"), the first priest among the Anglo-Saxons, and most likely presented to converts. The surviving example is mounted for wearing as jewellery.

In Europe, from the late [[Middle Ages]] on, it became common for sovereigns, nobles, and later, intellectuals to commission medals to be given simply as gifts to their political allies to either maintain or gain support of an influential person. The medals were made in a range of metals, such as gold, [[silver-gilt]], silver, bronze, and lead, depending on the status of the recipient. They were typically up to about three inches across, and usually featured the head of the donor on the obverse, surrounded by an inscription with their name and title, and their [[emblem]] on the reverse, with a learned motto inscribed round the edges. Such medals were not usually intended to be worn, although they might have been set as [[pendant]]s on a chain. From the 16th century onward, medals were made, both by rulers for presentation and private enterprise for sale, to commemorate specific events, including military battles and victories, and from this grew the practice of awarding military medals specifically to combatants, though initially only a few of the much higher-ranking officers.

[[File:Pisanello, medaglia di giovanni paleologo, I esemplare del bargello.JPG|thumb|left|[[Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos]] during his visit to Florence, by [[Pisanello]] (1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos, ''[[basileus]]'' and ''[[autokrator]]'' of the Romans".]]
The medieval revival seems to have begun around 1400 with the extravagant French prince [[John, Duke of Berry|Jean, Duc de Berry]], who commissioned a number of large classicising medals that were probably produced in very small numbers, or a unique cast. Only casts in bronze from the originals in precious metal survive, although it is known that at least some medals were also set with jewels, and these may well have been worn on a chain.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1988.133 "Constantine medal, French (Paris)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501152629/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1988.133 |date=2011-05-01 }} (1988.133)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. Accessed July 5, 2010</ref> At the same period, the first known post-classical medal commemorating a victory was struck for [[Francesco Novello da Carrara|Francesco Carrara (Novello)]] on the occasion of the capture of Padua in 1390.  The Italian artist [[Pisanello]], generally agreed to be the finest medallist of the [[Renaissance]], began in 1438 with a [[Medal of John VIII Palaeologus|medal]], celebrating the unprecedented visit of the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[John VIII Palaiologos]] to Italy. This was presumably a commercial venture, but his later medals were mostly commissioned for distribution as gifts by rulers or nobles. Like almost all early Renaissance medals, it was cast rather than die-struck. With each successive cast the medal became slightly smaller, and the numbers that could be produced were probably not large. A lead "proof" was probably often used. The association between medals and the classical revival began to take a rather different form, and the exchange of medals became associated with [[Renaissance Humanism]]. Princes would send humanist writers and scholars medals in recognition of their work, and the humanists began to make their own medals, normally in bronze, to send to their patrons and peers.<ref>Osbourne, 563-564</ref>  The fashion remained restricted to Italy until near the end of the 15th century, when it spread to other countries. By the 16th century, medals were increasingly produced by rulers or cities for propaganda purposes.<ref>Scher</ref>  In 1550, a die-stamping machine, using steel dies, was introduced in [[Augsburg]], Germany, and soon this process became standard. The artist now cut an [[Intaglio (sculpture)|intaglio]] die rather than modelling in [[relief]].<ref>Osbourne, 567</ref>

By the 16th century, the wearing of smaller medals on a chain was a persistent fashion for both sexes, and a variety of medals were produced commercially for the purpose, commemorating persons or events, or just with non-specific suitable sentiments. German artists had been producing high-quality medals from the beginning of the century, while the French and British were slower to produce fine work. However, by the late 17th century, most parts of Western Europe could produce fine work.  Some medals were also collected, which continues to the present day. Official medals, from which specialized military awards descended, were increasingly produced, but the real growth in military medals did not come until the 19th century.

In the East, a wide variety of medals and decorations have been given by the Ottoman Empire since the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Küskü |first=Fırat |date=2021 |title=II. ABDÜLHAMİD İN MADALYA SİYASETİ: LİYAKAT MADALYASI ÖRNEĞİ |url=https://www.academia.edu/69826543 |journal=Turk Kulturu Lncelemeleri Dergisi |volume=04 |issue=46 |pages=109–144 |doi=10.24058/tki.2021.440 |s2cid=245535051 |issn=1302-4787|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Devotional medals became very popular in Catholic countries. Very famous is the [[Miraculous Medal]], whose design was created based on the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to Saint Catherine Labouré in Paris. In 1832, during an epidemic, the first medals were distributed, to which numerous healings and conversions were attributed, receiving the name of Miraculous Medal and distributed to millions of people around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapellenotredamedelamedaillemiraculeuse.com/langues/english/apparitions-et-la-medaille-miraculeuse-gb/|title = The apparitions and the Miraculous Medal &#124; Chapelle Notre-Dame de la Médaille Miraculeuse}}</ref>

During the Reformation there had also been a vigorous tradition of [[Protestant]] medals, more polemical than devotional, which continued with the [[Geuzen medals]] produced in the [[Dutch Revolt]].

==Military medals and decorations==

{{Main|Military awards and decorations}}

[[Military decoration]]s, service awards, and medals are often mistakenly confused with one another. ''Decoration'' is a term for awards which require specific acts of heroism or achievement (such as the British Victoria Cross or American Silver Star), whereas a ''service award'' or ''campaign medal'' is awarded for serving in a particular capacity in a particular geographical area and time frame (such as the Iraq Campaign Medal). In either case, an award or decoration may be presented as a medal.

The [[Roman Republic]] adopted an elaborate system of [[Roman military decorations and punishments|military awards]] that included medals called [[Phalera (military decoration)|phalerae]] to be issued to [[soldier]]s and [[military unit|units]] for a variety of achievements. The practice was revived in the Early Modern period, and medals began to be worn on the chest as part of standard [[military uniform]]. The United States [[Continental Congress]] awarded the [[Fidelity Medallion]] as early as 1780, to three specified men for a particular incident, as a one-off award, which was characteristic of early military decorations. In 1782, the [[Badge of Military Merit]] was established, and mostly awarded to non-officers. The [[Légion d'honneur]] instituted by [[Napoleon I]] in 1802 had some of the characteristics of the old military orders, but was intended to be far more inclusive, and was awarded to rank and file soldiers for bravery or exceptional service. Other nations followed with decorations such as the British [[Army Gold Medal]] from 1810, though this only went to senior officers, and the [[Prussia]]n [[Iron Cross]] from 1813. Medals were not awarded to all combatants in a war or battle until the 19th century, when the [[Waterloo Medal]] was the first British medal given to all present, at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] and all associated actions in 1815. By the middle of the 19th century, the number of awards used had greatly expanded in most countries to something near modern levels.

[[Image:Medalsofhonor2.jpg|thumb|The United States' [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]] (l to r: Army, Navy, Air Force), for "Conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty".]]
An [[order (honour)|order]] tends to be the most elaborate of military decorations, typically awarded for distinguished services to a nation or to the general betterment of humanity. Orders are distinguished from other forms of decoration in that they often imply membership in an organization or association of others that have received the same award. Two of the most well known and commonly awarded orders are the ''Légion d'honneur'' of France (military and civil) and the civil [[Order of the British Empire]]. The practice of conferring orders originates with the mediaeval [[Chivalric order|fraternities of knighthood]], some of which still exist and are still awarded. While most modern orders have no roots in knighthood, they still tend to carry over the terms of their historic counterparts, and terms such as knight, commander, officer, members, and so on are still commonly found as ranks. A military order may use a medal as its insignia, however, most tend to have a unique badge or a type of plaque specifically designed for an emblem.

The [[Medal of Honor]] is the highest [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|military decoration]] awarded by the [[United States Government]], and is an example of a decoration that is modeled as a military order, even though not expressly defining itself as one (The [[Legion of Merit]] distinctly serves this purpose, and unlike any other U.S. military decoration, has classes). It is bestowed on a member of the [[United States Armed Forces]] who distinguishes himself, "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2002/julqtr/32cfr578.4.htm|title=Code of Federal Regulations|publisher=Department of the Army|access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref> Each of the three departments of the American armed forces has a unique picture displayed on a medal, which is in turn displayed upon a star-shaped [[heraldic badge]]. The medal of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] depicts the head of [[Minerva]], the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] medal shows a scene of Minerva doing battle with Discord, and the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] depicts the [[Statue of Liberty]] upon its medal.

Military decorations, including medals and orders, are usually presented to the recipient in a formal ceremony. Medals are normally worn on more formal occasions and are suspended from a ribbon of the medal's colours on the left breast, while a corresponding [[ribbon bar]] is to be worn to common events where medals would be inappropriate or impractical to wear.

==Table medals and other large forms==
[[File:Paasikivi-medal-by-Haivaoja.jpg|thumb|Commemorative medal of Finnish president [[J. K. Paasikivi]], designed by Heikki Häiväoja]]
Medallion is a vague term, often used for larger, usually circular, medals, which might be worn as pendants round the neck. It is the correct term for such medals from the late [[Roman Empire]], typically distributed by the emperor and bearing his image, but in later periods larger medals are best termed just as medals.
  
Generally circular, table medals are issued for artistic, commemoration, or souvenir purposes, not for commerce, and are too large to be plausibly worn. [[Token (Numismatics)|Token]]s and Table Medals of coin-like appearance are part of the [[Exonumia]] subcategory of [[Numismatic]]s, while Orders, Decorations, and Medals are considered [[Militaria]] (military related). 
The Nobel Foundation, the organization awarding the prestigious [[Nobel Prize]], presents each winner, "an assignment for the amount of the prize, a diploma, and a gold medal..." This medal would be displayed framed like a picture, on a table, wall or in a cabinet, rather than be worn by the winner.

The Carnegie Hero Foundation is the issuer of a bravery medal, most commonly issued in the US, Canada, and the UK. This large bronze table medal features Andrew Carnegie's likeness on the obverse and the name of the awardee and citation engraved on the reverse. It is usually issued for lifesaving incidents. In the [[United States armed forces|U.S. Military]], [[challenge coin]]s are a type of relatively unofficial medal given to boost morale, and sometimes to act as convenient passes for unit members.

Also related are [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]]s and [[plaquette]]s, which may be commemorative, but especially in the Renaissance and [[Mannerist]] periods were often made for purely decorative purposes, with often crowded scenes from religious, historical or mythological sources.  While usually metal, table medals have been issued in wood, plastic, fibre, and other compositions.  The US Government awards gold medals on important occasions, with bronze copies available for public sale.

==Fraternal jewels==
[[File:Kur Fraternity, Krakow.jpg|thumb|Breast jewels (medals) worn by members of a secular fraternity in Poland.]]
Amongst the many [[Fraternity|fraternal organisations]] which wear ceremonial [[regalia]], the use of medals is commonplace. In many prominent fraternal organisations, fraternal medals are known as ''jewels''. Their purpose varies, and may include use as a badge of membership, an indication of rank, a symbol of office within the fraternity, or an indication of support having been given to a designated charitable cause (so-called ''charity jewels''). Common secular fraternities using jewels (medals) in the English-speaking world include [[Freemasonry]], the [[Orange Order]], the [[Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes]], and the [[Oddfellows]]. There are also religious fraternal organisations attached to certain Christian denominations (for example, the [[Catenian Association]]), also using medals as jewels of their Orders. Many of these organisations advertise jewels (medals) for sale on their corporate websites.<ref>Jewels displayed on the [http://www.raobshop.com/acatalog/RAOB_Jewels.html RAOB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121013234/http://raobshop.com/acatalog/RAOB_Jewels.html |date=2016-01-21 }} central website.</ref>

Fraternal jewels may be worn as military-style medals, on ribbons, from the left breast, or more prominently on collars or collarettes as part of the organisation's regalia. Historic examples of such medals and jewels may be found in many museums, particularly museums dedicated to fraternal organisations.<ref>See this [http://www.freemasonry.london.museum/showcase/charity-jewels/ webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015451/http://www.freemasonry.london.museum/showcase/charity-jewels/ |date=2015-09-24 }} from the Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London.</ref>

There is extensive trade in fraternal jewels and medals, with societies and associations existing to promote such trade, and to encourage the sharing of resources,<ref>For example, see official website of [http://www.jotc.org.uk Jewels of the Craft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017222829/http://jotc.org.uk/ |date=2015-10-17 }}.</ref> and on-line resources available to support the hobby.<ref>See, for example, [http://masonicmedals.net Masonic Medals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801222321/http://masonicmedals.net/ |date=2015-08-01 }} website.</ref>

==Different metals==
[[Image:1896 Olympic medal.jpg|thumb|A silver medal was awarded to the winner of each event during the [[1896 Summer Olympics]]. Recent Olympic medals are suspended as a pendant from a ribbon, and are awarded in gold, silver and bronze.]]

Traditionally, medals are made of the following metals, in order of decreasing value{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}:
# [[Platinum]]
# [[Gold]]
# [[Silver]], or [[silver-gilt]], which is in fact used for Olympic "gold medals"
# [[Bronze]]
# [[Pewter]]
# [[Copper]]
# [[Tin]]
# [[Iron]]

[[File:Silver medal of the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Games, Grenoble, France.jpg|thumb|Silver 2nd place medal of European Athletic Indoor Games 11–12 March 1972]]

Many medals were and are made in several different metals, either representing awards for different places in a competition, or standards or classes, as with the [[Olympic medals]], or simply different price levels for medals made for sale or donation by the commissioner.  Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics.  The gold, silver and bronze Olympic medals for first, second and third places were first used at the [[1904 Summer Olympics]]. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given, not medals. The medals for the London [[2012 Summer Olympics]] are the largest ever, reflecting a trend for increasing size in Olympic medals.

==Medals as art==
[[File:Museo del Bicentenario - "Alegoría del Centenario".jpg|thumb|Commemorative Medal for the [[Argentina Centennial|Centennial of Argentina]] by [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] (1910)]]
The first well-known great artist to create medals was the Italian painter Antonio Pisano, also known as [[Pisanello]], who modelled and cast a number of portrait medals of princes and scholars in the 1440s. Many other artists followed his example, in places such as Italy, the Low Countries, Germany, and France. In the seventeenth century medals were extensively used to commemorate events and glorify rulers. In the eighteenth century prize medals became common. In the 19th century [[Medallic art|art medals]] exploded in popularity. In the early part of the aforementioned century, [[Pierre Jean David|David d'Angers]] produced a great series of portrait medals of famous contemporaries and in the latter part of the century, [[Jules-Clément Chaplain]] and [[Louis-Oscar Roty]] were among many highly regarded medalists. The early twentieth century saw art medals flourish, particularly in France, Italy, and Belgium, while later in the century Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, the US, Canada, and England produced much high quality work.

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|width="50%" align="center"|[[File:Colonial Expo 1896.jpg|300px]]
|width="50%" align="center"|[[File:Medal xvolsona paris1900.jpg|300px]]
|-
|width="50%" align="center"|1896 Colonial Exposition medal,<br />by [[Louis-Oscar Roty]].
|width="50%" align="center"|1900 [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]] medal,<br />by [[Jules-Clément Chaplain]].
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Numismatics}}
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
*[[Exonumia]]<!-- 
*[[Fédération Internationale de la Médaille d'Art]] -->
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium]]
*[[List of highest military decorations]]
*[[Medalist]]
**[[List of medallists]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia]]
*[[Orders and decorations of the Commonwealth realms]]
*[[Awards and decorations of the United States government]]
*[[Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces]]
*[[Military awards and decorations]]
*[[Medal ribbon]]
*[[Medal inflation]]
*[[The Supremacy Medallion of Henry VIII]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Osborne, Harold (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts'', 1975, OUP, {{ISBN|0-19-866113-4}}
*Stephen K. Scher, et al. "Medal." In [[Grove Art Online]]. Oxford Art Online, [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T056332 Subscription required], (accessed July 28, 2010).
* Weiss, B. "Collection of Historical and Commemorative Medals".  [http://www.historicalartmedals.com]

==Further reading==
*Louis Forrer, ''Biographical Dictionary of Medallists'' (Spink & Sons, 1904–1930) is an eight volume reference in English listing medallists through history. 
*Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker, '' Allgemeines Lexicon der Bildenden Kùnstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart '' (Leipzig : 1907–1949) is a thirty six volume work in German that lists all artists without differentiating their specialty and medium like the Forrer work.

==External links==
{{commons category|Medals}}
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/66219/rec/1 European sculpture and metalwork], a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on medals (see index)
*[http://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/collection/collection-highlights/medals/medals-and-the-royal-mint/index.html Medals and the Royal Mint]
*{{cite web|url=https://www.expositionmedals.com/|title=American World's Fair and Expo Medals|publisher=ExpositionMedals.com}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.historicalartmedals.com|title=Historical and Commemorative Medals|publisher=Benjamin Weiss}}
*{{cite web|url=https://historicalmedallions.com/|title=Historical Medallions|publisher=Historical Medallions}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.medals.org.uk/|title=Medals of the World|publisher=Megan C. Robertson}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.military-medal.co.uk |title=The home of British and Allied militaria |publisher=Julie McCullum's Militarium |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811221056/http://www.military-medal.co.uk/ |archive-date=2008-08-11 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel/medals|title=The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410082504/http://nobelprize.org/nobel/medals/|archive-date=2005-04-10}}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Medal |volume=18 |pages=1–18|short=1}}
{{Orders}}
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[[Category:Medals| ]]
[[Category:Award items]]