View source for Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

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[[File:Reuters vehicle used in Palestine.jpg|thumb|A [[Reuters]] [[armored vehicle]] that was damaged while reporting on the conflict in 2006, pictured on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Armoured Land Rover |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/70000517 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> ]]
{{Arab–Israeli conflict (topics)}}
Media coverage of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] has been said, by both sides and independent observers, to be biased. This coverage includes news, academic discussion, film, and social media. These perceptions of bias, possibly exacerbated by the [[hostile media effect]],{{sfn|Vallone|Ross|Lepper|1985|pp=577-585}} have generated more complaints of partisan reporting than any other news topic and have led to a proliferation of [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]].

==Types of bias==
===The language of conflict===
Several studies have concluded that "terminology bias" has been a recurrent feature of coverage of the conflict,{{sfn|Tiripelli|2016|p=24}}<ref>[[Frank Luntz]], [https://www.transcend.org/tms/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sf-israel-projects-2009-global-language-dictionary.pdf 'The Israel Project's 2009 Global Language Dictionary,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127095326/https://www.transcend.org/tms/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sf-israel-projects-2009-global-language-dictionary.pdf |date=January 27, 2022 }} [[Israel Project|The Israel Project]] 2009</ref><ref>Loubna Qutami and Omar Zahzah, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0066 'The War of Words: Language as an Instrument of Palestinian National Struggle,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118203005/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0066 |date=January 18, 2022 }} [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 42, No. 1-2 (Winter/Spring 2020), pp. 66-90.</ref> and scholars and commentators such as [[Yasir Suleiman]]{{efn|"One of the most important aspects of the Arab-Israeli conflict is the manipulation of terminology to create a ''linguistic map'' that conditions people's perceptions of the facts on the ground,"{{sfn|Suleiman|2004|p=138}}}} argue that language manipulation plays an important role in endeavours to win over the international public, with some concluding that Israel has proven more adept in this battle.{{sfn|Suleiman|2004|p=138}}{{sfn|Whitaker|2001}} [[Diction]], or word choice, affects the interpretation of the same set of entities or events. There is an emotional and [[semantic]] difference between the verbs ''died'' and ''killed,'' and similarly between ''kill'' and ''murder''; ''murder'' evokes stronger negative emotions and connotes intent. In the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, various terminological issues arise. The terms "[[disputed territories]]" versus "[[occupied territories]]" reflect different positions on the legal status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The terms "[[security fence]]" and "[[apartheid wall]]," "neighbourhood" and "settlement," and "militant," "[[freedom fighter]]" and "[[terrorist]]," while used to describe the same entities, present them in a different light and suggest a different narrative. Similarly, describing an attack or bombing as a "response" or "retaliation" again places the events in a different light.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In the immediate aftermath of the [[Six-Day War]] Israeli usage initially adopted the standard terminology of referring to the West Bank and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] as "occupied territories" (''ha-šeṭaḥim ha-kevušim''). This was soon replaced by "administered territories" (''ha-šeṭaḥim ha-muḥzaqim''). Finally, the West Bank area, excluding [[East Jerusalem]], was renamed "[[Judea and Samaria Area|Judea and Samaria]]" (''Yehudah we-Šomron''),{{sfn|Esposito|2014|p=539}} a term chosen to affirm the Biblical basis for the Jewish people's connection to that territory.{{sfn|Ben-Naftali|Sfard|Viterbo|2018|p=1}} [[Rashid Khalidi]] describes how, in the wake of the Six Day War, Israeli policy-makers have designated East Jerusalem not as "occupied" or a cultural and spiritual centre for Muslims and Arabs for 14 centuries, but as "the eternal, indivisible capital of Israel" and "reunited".{{sfn|Khalidi|2013|p=119}} While the default term in international law is ''[[belligerent occupation]]'',{{efn|'if viewed through the conceptual prism of "Belligerent occupation", the Israeli control of the OPT is possibly the most legalized such regime in world history.'{{sfn|Ben-Naftali|Sfard|Viterbo|2018|p=2}}}} over subsequent decades, U.S. media coverage, which initially described Israel's presence in either of the [[Palestinian territories]] as an "occupation", gradually dropped the word{{sfn|Tiripelli|2016|p=24}} and by 2001 it had become "almost taboo" in, and "ethereal in its absence" from, American reportage.{{efn|"more than 90 percent of network TV reporting on the occupied territories has failed to report that the territories are occupied."{{sfn|Ackerman|2001|pp=61–62}}}} A poll of British newsreaders that same year found that only 9% were aware that Israel was the occupying power of Palestinian territories.{{sfn|Bishara|2008|p=496}} Israeli academic surveys at the time of [[Operation Defensive Shield]] (2002) also found that the Israeli public thought the West Bank revolt was evidence that Palestinians were trying, murderously, to wrest control of territories within Israel itself.{{sfn|Bar|Ben-Ari|2005|p=143}}

In 2002, [[Greg Myre]] wrote of the rise of a "verbal arms race" where "(m)uch of the Mideast conflict is about winning international support", one which escalated with the onset of the [[Al-Aqsa Intifada]].{{sfn|Myre|2002}} [[Brian Whitaker]], reviewing 1,659 articles covering events in the [[The Guardian|Guardian]] and [[Evening Standard]] for this period (2000–2001), observed the same effects, adding that omission of important adjectives was notable: 66% failed to mention that the incidents took place in an occupied territory. [[Hebron]] was described as a divided city, though 99% of its inhabitants are Palestinian, whereas Israel describes Jerusalem as "undivided" though a third of its inhabitants are Palestinian. Likewise, Jews live in "communities", Palestinians in "areas".  In his view Israel had won the verbal war.{{sfn|Whitaker|2001}} In reporting the 2006 capture of [[Gilad Shalit]] on Israeli soil and his removal to the [[Gaza Strip]], and Israel's response of detaining 60 [[Hamas]] members, half [[Palestinian Legislative Council|Palestinian West Bank parliamentarians]], the former was said to have been ''kidnapped'' while the latter, seized from their beds in night raids and removed to Israeli prisons, were ''arrested''.{{sfn|Mendel|2008|p=30}}

According to 2008 analysis, Israeli newspaper reportage of violence, the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) ''confirms'', or ''says'', while the Palestinians ''claim''.{{sfn|Mendel|2008|p=30}} The word "violence" itself connotes, according to [[Gershon Shafir]], different events in Israeli and non-Israeli discourse: In the former, it is essentially dissociated from the 50-year-long practice of occupying Palestinian lands and used to refer only to an intermittent recourse to military methods to contain episodic upsurges of hostile Palestinian resistance, a means employed when the security of an otherwise peaceful state is said to be at stake.{{efn|The Palestinian view is that Israel's insistence on negotiating a solution to its security concerns, extending to its settlements, is always formulated at the expense of Palestinian rights.{{sfn|Falk|1997|p=1}}}}  Thus, Israeli violence is restricted to responses to specific events like putting down the [[First Intifada|First]] and [[Second Intifada]]s, Israel's wars in Gaza and the [[2015–2016 wave of violence in Israeli-Palestinian conflict|Palestinian knifing attacks in 2015–2016]],{{efn|"No name has yet been determined for this series of incidents. Options range from 'the silent intifada', the 'individual intifada', the 'children's intifada', the 'knives intifada', the 'Jerusalem intifada', and the 'third intifada'."{{sfn|Thrall|2017|p=155}}}} which were mainly the work of [[Lone wolf (terrorism)|lone wolves]].{{efn|"While identifying the agents as lone wolves, Chorev argues that Palestinian social media were responsible for creating the climate from which they emerged."{{sfn|Chorev|2017|p=155}}}} Shafir argues to the contrary that the occupation "is best understood as ongoing, day-in and day-out coercion, and its injuries include material, psychological, social, and bodily harm". And, he further claims, it is the coercive techniques of the institutions of occupation deployed to enforce submission that produce the occasional eruptions of "military operations" and wars. Violence is omnipresent reality for Palestinians, on the other hand, and found in all facets of the occupation. Consequently, he concludes, the most intense suppression of uprisings and wars cannot be considered in isolation from the occupation regime as an everyday experience.{{sfn|Shafir|2017|p=35}}

Such omissions and alterations in the terms used are cited as an example of the pervasive use of [[euphemism]]s or [[Loaded language|loaded terminology]] in reportage on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a problem which the [[International Press Institute]] thought sufficiently important by 2013 to issue a handbook to guide journalists through the semantic minefield.{{sfn|Hunt|2013}} What Palestinians call "assassinations" – the shooting of people suspected of terrorism – Israel first called "pre-emptive strikes", then "pinpoint preventive operations",{{efn|"A long-time focus on pinpoint warfare against the PLO and its leaders had concealed the swelling rage of the Palestinian people from Israel's intelligence community and its politicians. The Israelis' tactical achievements and ability to locate and eliminate PLO leaders and militants nearly anywhere in the world had given them the sense that Israel could forever impose its rule over the millions of Palestinians in the occupied territories without consequence."{{sfn|Bergman|2018|p=309}}}} and also "extrajudicial punishments" or "long-range hot pursuit"{{sfn|Luft|2003}} until "focused prevention" was finally settled on.{{sfn|Myre|2002}}{{sfn|Bar|Ben-Ari|2005|p=143}} Offers to return "occupied territory" are "(painful) concessions"{{sfn|Perugini|2014|pp=54–55}} rather than a compliance with international law.{{sfn|Suleiman|2004|p=139}} For decades, Israeli announcements, speaking of arrests of children, never used the word "child". Even a 10-year-old shot by the IDF could be referred to as "a young man of ten."{{sfn|Hajjar|2005|p=191}} The use of the term "colonialism" by [[New Historians]] to describe Zionist settlement, a term likening the process to the [[French conquest of Algeria|French colonization of Algeria]]{{efn|When the film [[The Battle of Algiers]] was played in Israel, one reviewer remarked:"Any viewer who has served in the army in the West Bank will recognize the barb-wire barricades, the sullen Arab faces, the body searches, the frantic chases after shadowy suspects in narrow bazaar alleys and the officers telling reporters that with just a little more time and force the unrest will be quelled". Ariel Sharon told [[Jacques Chirac]], "Mr President. You must understand that for us here it is like Algeria. We have no other place to go and, besides, we have no intention of leaving."{{sfn|Daulatzai|2016|p=58}}}}  and the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch settlement of South Africa]], has likewise been challenged,{{sfn|Aaronsohn|1996|pp=214–229,215}} with some asserting that this is a [[Criticism of the Israeli government|demonizing term]] used in Palestinian textbooks.{{sfn|Groiss|Shaked|2017|pp=2,18–21}} [[Robert Fisk]] argues that the descriptive language used by major political players and the press to describe the occupation is one of "[[wikt:desemanticization|desemanticization]]": occupied lands become "disputed territories"; colonies are described as "settlements", "neighbourhoods"{{efn|'Settlement conjures the idea of a virgin, unpopulated territory: an image of building log cabins in the wilderness...  "Settlement" also has a useful secondary sense "agreement", but Israeli settlements were deemed illegal by the UN Security Council and the International Court of justice...In 2002 attempts were made in the Israeli and US media to delete the shop-soiled euphemism "settlements" from the lexicon entirely and replace it with the even more euphemistic "neighbourhoods", where you indeed might expect to see white picket fences',{{sfn|Poole|2007|p=85}}}} "suburbs", "population centres"; dispossession and exile are referred to as "dislocation"/"displacement"; Israelis are shot by "terrorists" but when Palestinians are shot dead they die in "clashes"; the Wall becomes a "fence" or "security barrier". Suicide bombers for Palestinians are "martyrs" (''[[shahid]]'');{{sfn|Fisk|2018}}{{efn|"Palestinians have called suicide bombers 'martyrs', or 'F-11s', a nickname that plays off the Palestinians' view that they don't have high-tech firepower like Israel's [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] warplanes. 'We have F-11s', they say, wiggling their index and middle fingers simultaneously to approximate the legs of a suicide bomber walking toward a target."{{sfn|Myre|2002}}}} Israel prefers "homicide bombers". Israel calls one of its uses of Palestinians as [[human shields]] a "neighbour procedure".{{sfn|Myre|2002}}{{efn|"wherein the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) has forced Palestinians in the West Bank to enter houses that were thought to be booby-trapped or to approach houses where wanted men were thought to be hiding, in advance of the soldiers who sought to arrest them."{{sfn|Hoffnung|Weinshall–Margel|2010|p=160}}}} If children are killed by Israeli fire, these events are often contextualized by the "shop-worn euphemism" (Fisk) of their being "caught in the crossfire".{{sfn|Ackerman|2001|p=65}} Deporting West Bankers to Gaza, which Myre describes as [[collective punishment]] for families who have siblings that participated in terror incidents, is described by Israel as an "order limiting the place of residency".{{sfn|Myre|2002}} Israeli military actions are customarily referred to as "responses" or "retaliations" to a Palestinian attack, even if it is Israel that strikes first.{{sfn|Whitaker|2001}}{{sfn|Tiripelli|2016|p=24}}

''[[The Intercept]]'' reported that in October 2024, on the outbreak of the [[Gaza war]], an internal memo written by [[Philip Pan]] and other senior ''[[New York Times]]'' editors instructed the paper's journalists to restrict, or avoid or refrain generally from using the terms [[genocide]], [[ethnic cleansing]], occupied territory, [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]], and [[refugee camps]].<ref>[[Jeremy Scahill]], [[Ryan Grim]],  [https://theintercept.com/2024/04/15/nyt-israel-gaza-genocide-palestine-coverage/ "Leaked NYT Gaza memo tells journalists to avoid words "Genocide," "Ethnic cleansing," and "Occupied Territory"], [[The Intercept]] 15 April 2024:'The New York Times instructed journalists covering Israel's war on the Gaza Strip to restrict the use of the terms “genocide” and “ethnic cleansing” and to “avoid” using the phrase “occupied territory” when describing Palestinian land, according to a copy of an internal memo written by Susan Wessling, international editor Philip Pan obtained by The Intercept. The memo also instructs reporters not to use the word Palestine “except in very rare cases” and to steer clear of the term “refugee camps” to describe areas of Gaza historically settled by displaced Palestinians expelled from other parts of Palestine during previous Israeli–Arab wars...The memo — written by Times standards editor Susan Wessling, international editor Philip Pan, and their deputies — “offers guidance about some terms and other issues we have grappled with since the start of the conflict in October.”'</ref><ref>In an analysis of over 1,000 articles from the New York Times, the [[Washington Post]], and the [[Los Angeles Times]], a gross imbalance was found with 'Highly emotive terms for the killing of civilians like “slaughter,” “massacre,” and “horrific” . . . reserved almost exclusively for Israelis who were killed by Palestinians, rather than the other way around. . . . The term “slaughter” was used by editors and reporters to describe the killing of Israelis versus Palestinians 60 to 1, and “massacre” was used to describe the killing of Israelis versus Palestinians 125 to 2. “Horrific” was used to describe the killing of Israelis versus Palestinians 36 to 4.' Adam Johnson, Othman Ali, [https://theintercept.com/2024/01/09/newspapers-israel-palestine-bias-new-york-times/ "Coverage of Gaza War in the New York Times and other major newspapers heavily favored Israel, analysis shows,"] [[The Intercept]] 9 January 2024</ref>

===Media and academic coverage===
The quality of both Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict and research and debates on university campuses have been the object of extensive monitoring and research. Public discussion of the occupation is also contested, especially on [[Campus|university campuses]]. Pro-Israeli Jewish students complain that they have been vilified or harassed;{{sfn|Richman|2018}} some proposed talks on Palestinian perspectives have been cancelled on the grounds that audiences might not be able to objectively evaluate the material. In response to attempts to silence several high-profile critics of Israeli territorial policies{{sfn|Roy|2010|pp=27–28}} concerns have been expressed that the topic itself is at risk, and that the political pressures restricting research and discussion undermine [[academic freedom]].{{sfn|Findlay|2010|pp=5–18}}{{sfn|Beinin|2004|pp=101–115, 106ff}}{{sfn|Stern|2020}}{{efn|"Every year, [[Kenneth S. Stern|Stern]] pointed out, there are twice as many pro-Israel events on campus as pro-Palestinian. For all the heat that BDS, the boycott movement, has generated, no academic institution in America has ever divested from Israel in the 19 years of its existence... Much like the Middle East discord itself, the balance of forces lies overwhelmingly in favor of supporters of Israel, with pro-Palestinian groups vastly outgunned. The toxic atmosphere on some US campuses has been long in gestation. Last year Palestine Legal took on 213 cases involving attempts to quash pro-Palestinian advocacy." {{harv|Pilkington|2021}}}} In the latter regard, organizations like [[Campus Watch]] closely report and denounce what they consider "anti-Israeli" attitudes. In addition to Israel's [[Hasbara|hasbara organization]], intent on countering negative press images, there are also many private pro-Israeli organizations, among them [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]], [[Facts and Logic About the Middle East|FLAME]], [[HonestReporting]],{{sfn|Beeson|2010|pp=184–186}} [[Palestinian Media Watch]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]]{{sfn|Gerstenfeld|Green|2004|pp=40–45}} which subject reportage to scrutiny in the belief news on Israel has systematically distorted reality to privilege Palestinian versions. In [[Ehud Barak]]'s view Palestinians are "products of a culture in which to tell a lie..creates no dissonance".{{sfn|Bishara|2008|p=492}}{{efn|The statement is contextualized within a general tradition, visible in the writings of many journalists and scholars, of [[Orientalism|orientalist put-downs of Arabs]] by Krishna, who quotes the full text." They (Palestinians) are products of a culture.. in which to tell a lie creates no dissonance. They don't suffer from the problem of telling lies that exists in Judeo-Christian culture. Truth is seen as an irrelevant category"{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=135}}}}  Others allow that both sides lie, but "Arabs" are better at it.{{efn|"The Arab countries are often dictatorships which exist thanks to lack of transparency. Everything is based on appearances. Both parties, but in particular the Arabs, lie the whole day. You have to check their statements there on the spot."{{sfn|Gerstenfeld|Green|2004|p=34}}}}  The term [[Pallywood]] was coined to suggest that Palestinian coverage of their plight, in a genre called "traumatic realism", is marked by a diffuse intent to fraudulently manipulate the media, beginning with the killing of [[Muhammad al-Durrah incident|Mohammad Durrah]], and, it has been argued, still being evoked as late as 2014 to dismiss Israeli responsibility for the [[Beitunia killings]].{{sfn|Stein|2017b|p=562}} The idea has been dismissed as bearing the hallmarks of a "[[conspiracy theory]]".{{sfn|Lionis|2016|pp=89,211}}

In university settings, organizations like [[Campus Watch]] closely report and denounce what they consider "anti-Israeli" attitudes. Academics like [[Sara Roy]] have argued on the other hand that "the climate of intimidation and censorship surrounding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, both inside (at all levels of the education hierarchy) and outside the U.S. academy, is real and longstanding".{{sfn|Roy|2010|pp=23–24}}
On the other hand, book-length studies have been devoted to testing the theory that the world's understanding of the conflict, though "mediated by Israeli newspapers to a domestic audience", is "anti-Israel".{{efn|Müller found the assumption attributed to Israeli media reportage that "the whole world is against Israel" was born out by a comprehensive methodological examination of Israeli sources: "The reality mediated in Israeli newspapers indeed portrays an image of the world that is in large parts critical or even hostile towards the state of Israel, its actions and policies. Regardless of whether these portrayals correspond with a truth, media representations contribute to the perpetuation of such popular beliefs and sentiments, and in doing so may affect the conflict realities themselves".{{sfn|Müller|2017|pp=18,240–241}}}} Attempts have been made to silence several high-profile critics of Israeli policies in the territories, among them [[Tony Judt]], [[Norman Finkelstein]], [[Joseph Massad]], [[Nadia Abu El-Haj]] and [[William I. Robinson]].{{sfn|Roy|2010|pp=27–28}} Such difficulties have given rise to anxieties that the topic itself is at risk, and that the political pressures circumscribing research and discussion undermine [[academic freedom]] itself.{{sfn|Findlay|2010|pp=5–18}}{{sfn|Beinin|2004|pp=101–115,106ff.}}

Internal Israeli studies have argued that local press coverage has traditionally been conservative, reflecting the often tendentious and biased views of the political and military establishment, and similar tendencies have been noted in Palestinian reportage.{{sfn|Bar-Tal|Alon|2017|p=324}} In a sample of 48 reports of 22 Palestinian deaths, 40 Israeli accounts only gave the IDF version, a mere 8 included a Palestinian reaction.{{sfn|Mendel|2008|p=30}} [[Yehuda Liebes|Tamar Liebes]], former director of the Smart Institute of Communication at the [[Hebrew University]], argued that Israeli "Journalists and publishers see themselves as actors within the Zionist movement, not as critical outsiders".{{efn|Quoted by Yonatan Mendel who clarifies: 'This is not to say that Israeli journalism is not professional. Corruption, social decay and dishonesty are pursued with commendable determination by newspapers, TV and radio... When it comes to "security" there is no such freedom. It's "us" and "them", the IDF and the "enemy"; military discourse, which is the only discourse allowed, trumps any other possible narrative. It's not that Israeli journalists are following orders, or a written code: just that they'd rather think well of their security forces'.{{sfn|Mendel|2008|p=30}} Ariel Sharon predicted that: "What will largely dictate public opinion in Israel is the attitude of the IDF".{{sfn|Peri|2006|p=228}}}}{{sfn|Müller|2017|p=234}} The explosive expansion of the Internet has opened up a larger sphere of controversy.{{sfn|Gerstenfeld|Green|2004|p=39}} Digital forensics flourishing on social networks have occasionally revealed problems with a few widely circulating images of dead Palestinians, but, according to Kuntzman and Stein, technical suspicion quickly yielded ground, among Israeli Jewish social media practitioners who combined a politics of militant nationalism with global networking conventions,{{sfn|Kuntsman|Stein|2015|pp=xi–xii}} to unfounded polemical claims, making out that, 'the fraudulent, deceiving Palestinian was a "natural condition" that required no substantiation', and that, generically, images of dead or injured Palestinians were faked.{{sfn|Kuntsman|Stein|2015|pp=66–67}} Palestinians commonly use the phrases "gang of settlers" or "herd of settlers" to refer to Israeli settlers, expressions perceived as offensive and dehumanising because "gang" implies thuggish criminality (though some Palestinians view settlers as criminals) and "herd" uses animal imagery to refer to people.{{sfn|Hunt|2013|p=20}} A former vice president of the [[Jewish Council for Public Affairs]] in the United States has remarked that many rabbis themselves address their congregations by tiptoeing around the topic of Israel and Palestine, and that there is a widespread fear that speaking forthrightly will make their community life and careers insecure.{{efn|'"One of the concerns we have — and we hear this over and over again from rabbis and community leaders — people are afraid to discuss Israel,” Ethan Felson, then vice president of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, the umbrella body for Jewish policy groups and Jewish community relations councils, told JTA back in 2011. “People fear for their jobs, their professional lives if they have these conversations.”.'{{harv|Cramer|2021}}}}

A 2001 study of US coverage of the Second Intifada by [[Seth Ackerman]] concluded that press coverage had highlighted violent displays and demonstrations of Palestinian grievances as if it were Palestinians who "looked for a confrontation", but consistently failed to add any context of the systematic abuses to which they are subjected.{{sfn|Ackerman|2001|p=63}} 

[[John Mearsheimer]] and [[Stephen Walt]] argued in ''[[The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy]]'' that "the American media's coverage of Israel tends to be strongly biased in Israel's favour"  compared to reportage in other democratic countries'  media,{{sfn|Mearsheimer|Walt|2007|p=169}} with a tendency to marginalize anyone who voices a critical attitude.{{efn|"channelling public discourse in a pro-Israeli direction is crucially important, because an open and candid discussion of Israeli policy in the Occupied Territories, Israeli history, and the [[Israel lobby in the United States|lobby's role]] in shaping America's Middle East policy might easily lead more Americans to question existing policy".{{sfn|Mearsheimer|Walt|2007|p=169}}}} [[Marda Dunsky]] argues that empirical work appears to support Mearsheimer and Walt's claim.{{sfn|Peterson|2014|p=50}} She concluded that coverage of (a) the refugee problem; (b) settlements; (c) the historical and political background, (which are either frequently skimmed over or entirely omitted), and (d) violence, "reflects the parameters of U.S. Middle East policy", regarding both U.S. aid and support for Israel.{{efn|"The present study critically assesses reportage of these four themes to demonstrate not only that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict ''appears'' – through the mainstream media lens – to consist of an unending cycle of failed diplomacy, brutal violence, impervious rhetoric, and dashed hopes for peace but also that many aspects of its organic reality are all but obscured in this refraction. Although the reportage offers no shortage of details and images, its lack of context, coherence, and, ultimately clarity severely limits the range of American public discourse on the conflict and ultimately stifles public opinion that could effect constructive change."{{sfn|Dunsky|2008|pp=27–28,28}}}} This view that American media are biased towards Palestinians has been challenged by authors who cite research that concluded most mainstream media have a "liberal" bias, a criticism extended to European outlets like ''[[Le Monde]]'' and the [[BBC]].{{sfn|Gerstenfeld|Green|2004|pp=36,38–39,46–47}}

In a 2024 op ed, Israeli historian [[Ilan Pappe]] asserted that it is better to talk about the Palestinian resistance and decolonisation of Palestine from the river to the sea, instead of using the misleading language of the American and Western media such as "Iran-backed terrorist group Hamas" or "peace process". He argued that universities and mainstream media still refuse to define the Zionist project as a colonial project, or, as he believes it is more accurately called, a settler-colonial project.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappe |first1=Ilan |title=Israel after October 7: Between decolonisation and disintegration |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/10/7/israel-after-october-7-between-decolonisation-and-disintegration |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=7 Oct 2024}}</ref>

====Retaliation====
A study by the American organization [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] monitored the use of the term "retaliation" in the nightly news broadcasts of the three main American networks CBS, ABC, and NBC between September 2000 through March 17, 2002. It found that of the 150 occasions when "retaliate" and its variants were used to describe attacks in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, 79 percent were references to Israel "retaliating" and only 9 percent were references to Palestinians "retaliating".<ref>[http://www.fair.org/activism/network-retaliation.html Fair.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115042817/http://www.fair.org/activism/network-retaliation.html |date=January 15, 2009 }}, In U.S. Media, Palestinians Attack, Israel Retaliates</ref>

====Emotive language====
In a 2004 study of BBC television news coverage, the [[Glasgow Media Group]] documented differences in the language used by journalists for Israelis and Palestinians. The study found that terms such as "atrocity," "brutal murder," "mass murder," "savage cold blooded killing," "lynching" and "slaughter" were used to describe the death of Israelis but not the death of Palestinians. The word "terrorist" was often used to describe Palestinians. However, in reports of an Israeli group attempting to bomb a Palestinian school, members of the Israeli group were referred to as "extremists" or "vigilantes" but not as "terrorists."<ref>Greg Philo and Mike Berry, Bad News From Israel</ref>

A study by [[Greg Philo]] and [[Mike Berry (academic)|Mike Berry]] published in [[openDemocracy]] found that in [[BBC]] coverage of the [[Gaza war]] from 7 October to 4 November 2023, the word "[[massacre]]" was only used to describe Israeli deaths, despite a larger number of Palestinians being killed.<ref>{{cite news | title = NEW analysis of the BBC's coverage of the war in Gaza has suggested the corporation has been biased in its reporting of Israeli deaths compared to Palestinian deaths | url = https://www.thenational.scot/news/24023440.analysis-bbc-coverage-prioritises-israeli-deaths-palestinian/ | quote = The same pattern was found in relation to “massacre”, “brutal massacre” and “horrific massacre” (35 times for Israeli deaths, not once for Palestinian deaths) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=BBC bias against Israel doesn't exist, media researchers find {{!}} openDemocracy | url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/israel-palestine-bbc-news-coverage-bias-gaza-war/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225034448/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/israel-palestine-bbc-news-coverage-bias-gaza-war/ | access-date=2025-07-27 | archive-date=2023-12-25}}</ref>

===Omission===
A 2001 study by [[Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting]] (FAIR) found only 4% of US network news reports concerning Gaza or the West Bank mentioned that these are occupied territories.<ref name="Uprising Without Explanation">[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1055 Uprising Without Explanation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908190947/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1055 |date=September 8, 2012 }} Extra! January/February 2001</ref> The figure was cited in the 2003 documentary ''[[Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land]]'', screened by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Company]] (CBC) in 2008.<ref name="Uprising Without Explanation"/> CBC's French-language radio ombud questioned the independence of FAIR's research, referring to the group as a “pro-Palestinian” and “militant group.” FAIR responded by updating their analysis for the 2008-09 period, finding that number had gone down to only 2% of network news programs about Gaza or the West Bank mentioning an occupation.<ref name="fair.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3714|title=FAIR challenges CBC Ombud's Report|work=FAIR|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=September 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909015813/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3714|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Lack of verification===
{{see also|Journalism ethics and standards|Media ethics|Journalistic scandal}}

The [[Journalism ethics and standards|ethics and standards of journalism]] require journalists to verify the factual accuracy of the information they report.  Factual verification" is what separates journalism from other modes of communication, such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment".<ref name="pej">[http://www.journalism.org/resources/principles Principles of Journalism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505015451/http://journalism.org/resources/principles |date=May 5, 2008 }} by [[Project for Excellence in Journalism|PEJ]]</ref> Lack of verification involves the publication of potentially unreliable information prior to or without independent confirmation of the facts, and has resulted in various [[Journalistic scandal|scandals]]. In the context of the [[Israel-Palestinian conflict]], for example, consider:
*The [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|Battle of Jenin]], after which early media reports claimed that Israel "massacred" hundreds of Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{cite news| title=Hundreds of victims 'were buried by bulldozer in mass grave| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/04/13/wmid213.xml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020614022733/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2002%2F04%2F13%2Fwmid213.xml| url-status=dead| archive-date=June 14, 2002| work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| date=April 13, 2002| location=London| access-date=May 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name="jenin">{{cite news| title=Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=April 18, 2002| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=April 26, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426074156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Ben Wedeman: Access to Jenin difficult| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/11/wedeman.otsc/index.html| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=April 11, 2002| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=May 13, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513151924/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/11/wedeman.otsc/index.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Later investigations by the United Nations and [[Human Rights Watch]] estimated the total Palestinian death toll at 52 (with estimates of civilian deaths ranging from 22 to 26) and contradicted previous claims that a massacre had taken place.<ref>[https://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806175121/http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ |date=August 6, 2002 }} by the United Nations</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-05.htm#P234_38516|title=Jenin: IDF Military Operations|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=April 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414024800/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-05.htm#P234_38516|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| title=UN says no massacre in Jenin| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2165272.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=August 1, 2002| access-date=May 14, 2007| archive-date=May 8, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508191755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2165272.stm| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news| title=U.N. report: No massacre in Jenin| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm| work=[[USA Today]]| date=August 1, 2002| access-date=September 4, 2017| archive-date=September 11, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911123331/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Death on the campus: Jenin; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E6DD1E3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63| work=[[The New York Times]]| date=August 2, 2002| first=James| last=Bennet| author-link=James Bennet (journalist)| access-date=May 12, 2010| archive-date=December 11, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211044050/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E6DD1E3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63| url-status=live}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=May 2024}}
*The [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] shooting attack on [[Kiryat Arba]] in November 2002, which Western media reports described as an attack on "worshipers," resulting in international condemnations.<ref name="SalonManu">{{cite news| url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/11/19/hebron/| title=Manufacturing a Massacre| work=[[Salon.com|Salon]]| date=November 19, 2002| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606232957/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/11/19/hebron/| archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8498.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Condemns 'Despicable' Hebron Terrorist Attack|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131720/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8498.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Jerusalem Post]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] "opened fire at a [sic] security forces safeguarding Jewish worshipers," and according to both [[Haaretz]] and the [[Jerusalem Post]], the twelve Israelis killed all belonged to the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], the [[Israeli Border Police]], or the Hebron security force.<ref>{{cite news| title=Victims of the Hebron shooting attack| url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=231197&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y| work=[[Haaretz]]| date=November 17, 2002| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=January 27, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127220939/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=231197&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=12 killed in Hebron Shabbat eve ambush| url=https://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2002_11_15.html| work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]| date=November 15, 2002| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503040123/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2002_11_15.html| archive-date=May 3, 2008}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=May 2024}}
In a 2021 analysis of Austrian media reporting on the conflict, political scientist Florian Markl found that such failures of verification disproportionately affected Israel, with these failures consistently and incorrectly presenting Israel as the aggressor or Palestine as the victim.<ref name="Markl 2021 pp. 465–478">{{cite book | last=Markl | first=Florian | title=Confronting Antisemitism through the Ages: A Historical Perspective | chapter=“Israel Threatens to Defend Itself”: The Depiction of Israel in the Media | publisher=De Gruyter | date=9 August 2021 | doi=10.1515/9783110671995-023 | pages=465–478| isbn=978-3-11-067199-5 }}</ref>

===Selective reporting===
Selective reporting involves devoting more resources, such as news articles or air time, to the coverage of one side of the story over another.

In 2014 former [[Associated Press|AP]] correspondent Matti Friedman criticised the media for ignoring certain aspects of the conflict (such as [[Ehud Olmert]]'s peace offer, the corruption of the Palestinian Authority, the [[1988 Hamas charter|Hamas charter]] and the intimidation of reporters by Hamas) for political reasons.<ref name=matti>{{cite news |title=An Insider's Guide to the Most Important Story on Earth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/israel-insider-guide |access-date=28 November 2023 |publisher=Tablet |date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123032743/https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/israel-insider-guide |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{further|NPR controversies#Allegations of bias for and against Israel}}

===Disproportionate coverage===

A former AP correspondent Matti Friedman criticised the media for focusing on the Arab-Israeli conflict in the disproportionate manner compared to other conflicts with more casualties, citing the example of his former employer having more staff in Israel and Palestine than in the whole of Africa, China or India.<ref name=matti/>

===False compromise===
{{see also|False compromise|wikt:middle ground|Moral equivalence|Moral relativism}}
False compromise refers to the claim, made by some Israeli advocates{{who|date=May 2024}} and by some Palestinian advocates{{who|date=May 2024}}, that their side of the conflict is morally right and the other side is morally wrong and, therefore, attempts to balance the presentation of both viewpoints wrongfully suggests that both sides are morally equivalent.  In the words of journalist [[Bret Stephens]], "Moral clarity is a term that doesn't get much traction these days, least of all among journalists, who prefer 'objectivity' and 'balance.' Yet good journalism is more than about separating fact from opinion and being fair. Good journalism is about fine analysis and making distinctions, and this applies as much to moral distinctions as to any others. Because too many reporters today refuse to make moral distinctions, we are left with a journalism whose narrative and analytical failings have become ever more glaring".<ref>''Eye on the Media: Depending on your 'point of view' '' by [[Bret Stephens]] on [[Jerusalem Post]], quoted from [http://watch.windsofchange.net/themes_16.htm Watch – "Immoral equivalency"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030705210224/http://watch.windsofchange.net/themes_16.htm |date=July 5, 2003 }}</ref>

===U.S. media bias===

Research indicates that major U.S. news outlets often portray the [[Gaza war]] in a manner that favors Israeli viewpoints. A study analyzing over 1,000 articles from prominent newspapers such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'', and the ''Los Angeles Times'' found a consistent bias against Palestinians. These publications disproportionately emphasized Israeli casualties, employed emotive language to describe Israeli suffering, and provided extensive coverage of antisemitic incidents in the U.S., while largely overlooking anti-Muslim racism following significant events.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Othman |last2=Johnson |first2=Adam |date=2024-01-09 |title=Coverage of Gaza War in the New York Times and Other Major Newspapers Heavily Favored Israel, Analysis Shows |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/01/09/newspapers-israel-palestine-bias-new-york-times/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top US Newspapers Show 'Consistent Bias' Against Palestinians: Analysis {{!}} Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/us-media-bias-palestinians |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.commondreams.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040829150852/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=2364 Killings Of Dozens Once Again Called Period Of Calm By US Media] by Michael Brown and [[Ali Abunimah]] on [[ZNet]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Holly M |date=2024-03-01 |title=The New York Times distorts the Palestinian struggle: A case study of anti-Palestinian bias in US news coverage of the First and Second Palestinian Intifadas |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17506352231178148 |journal=Media, War & Conflict |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=116–135 |doi=10.1177/17506352231178148 |issn=1750-6352|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The perceived imbalance in reporting has prompted responses from within the journalistic community. In 2021, over 500 journalists signed an open letter expressing concerns about U.S. media’s neglect of Israel’s oppression of Palestinians. This movement gained momentum in 2023, with more than 1,500 journalists from various U.S. news organizations signing a letter protesting Western media’s coverage of Israeli actions against Palestinians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Belle de |date=2023-12-07 |title=Why journalists are speaking out against Western media bias in reporting on Israel-Palestine |url=https://unbiasthenews.org/why-journalists-are-speaking-out-against-western-media-bias-in-reporting-on-israel-palestine/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Unbias The News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reasons for bias==
{{unbalanced|section|date=September 2013}}

===Coercion or censorship===
{{Main|Media of Israel}}
{{see also|Israeli Military Censor}} 
Coercion or censorship refers to the use of intimidation or force to promote favorable reports and to confiscate unfavorable reports. In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, both sides accuse each other of coercion or censorship as an explanation of alleged bias in favor of the other side. In support of these claims, Israeli advocates point to kidnappings of foreign reporters by Palestinians, while Palestinian advocates point to [[media blackout]]s and confiscation of reports by Israelis. Additionally, both sides point to reports by both governmental and non-governmental organizations, which assess the degree of journalistic freedom in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alsharif |first1=Samir |last2=Mandour |first2=Mohamed |last3=Daoud |first3=Doja |last4=Delgado Culebras |first4=Ignacio Miguel |date=2025-02-04 |title=Attacks, arrests, threats, censorship: The high risks of reporting the Israel-Gaza war |url=https://cpj.org/2025/02/attacks-arrests-threats-censorship-the-high-risks-of-reporting-the-israel-hamas-war/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Record number of journalists killed in 2024, Israel mostly responsible, CPJ says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/record-number-journalists-killed-2024-israel-mostly-responsible-cpj-says-2025-02-12/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Pressure, intimidation, and censorship: Israeli journalists have faced growing repression in the past year {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/pressure-intimidation-and-censorship-israeli-journalists-have-faced-growing-repression-past-year |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=rsf.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Prejudiced journalists===
Journalists may intentionally or unintentionally distort reports due to political ideology, national affiliation, antisemitism, anti-Arabism, or Islamophobia.

[[Richard Falk]], United Nations special rapporteur on Palestinian human rights, has stated that in the media-distorted picture surrounding the Middle East, those who reports honestly and factually are accused of bias, whereas pro-Israel bias is perceived as mainstream. Falk has stated that because the media don't adequately report violations of international law by Israel, "the American public isn't aware of the behavior of Israel or the victimization of the Palestinian people. This creates a kind of imbalance."<ref>[http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/09/4549418/un-official-says-media-biased.html sacbee.com]{{dead link|date=October 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Ira Stoll]] of the ''[[New York Sun]]'', and formerly of the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'', attributes alleged anti-Israel media bias in part to reporters of Jewish background.<ref name="theotherwar">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120003312/http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/3/bias.asp The Other War: A Debate]}} by [[Columbia Journalism Review]]</ref>

==Contentious incidents==
{{unbalanced|section|date=June 2012}}
{{see also|Journalistic scandal}}
To substantiate claims that the media favors the other side, participants in the conflict on each side frequently cite a number of illustrative and extreme examples of controversial reporting. This section lists incidents of controversial reporting frequently cited by only Israelis and Israel advocates, by only Palestinians and Palestinian advocates, or by both sides. The list of incidents appear chronologically, according to when the incident took place. Where events took place on the same date, the incidents appear sorted alphabetically.
<!--INCLUSION CRITERIA
Though there have been a number of controversial news reports regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict, reports listed in the "frequently cited incidents" section must meet the following criteria:
1. The reported information was refuted by one or more prominent governmental or non-governmental organizations, or
2. The reported information was admitted to be false by the publisher, or
3. The reported information was called into question by a high contracting party or by notable persons (e.g. a high-ranking government official of Israel or the Palestinian Authority)
AND
1. At least one pro-Israel/pro-Palestinian media watchdog group has referred to the incident on more than one occasion, or
2. Several pro-Israel/pro-Palestinian media watchdog groups have referred to the incident.
-->

===Muhammad al-Durrah affair===
{{See also|Philippe Karsenty}}
On September 30, 2000, the 11- to 12-year-old boy, [[Muhammad al-Durrah]], was shot in Palestinian-Israeli crossfire at the [[Muhammad al-Durrah incident|Netzarim junction]].<ref>{{cite news|title=12-year-old boy among dead in Israeli-Palestinian cross fire |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/30/israel.palestinian.victims.ap/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=October 1, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712170040/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/30/israel.palestinian.victims.ap/index.html |archive-date=July 12, 2007 }}</ref> [[France 2]], which caught the incident on tape, claimed that Israel had fatally shot the boy.<ref>{{cite news| title=French Public TV and the Perpetuation of a Scandal| url=http://www.nysun.com/article/5385| newspaper=[[The New York Sun]]| date=November 26, 2004| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=July 19, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719171229/http://www.nysun.com/article/5385| url-status=live}}</ref> After an official, internal investigation, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] conceded that it was probably responsible and apologized for the shooting.<ref>{{cite news| title=Israel 'sorry' for killing boy| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/954703.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=October 3, 2000| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=March 14, 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314142650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/954703.stm| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muhammed al-Durrah|Al-Durrah]] became a symbol of the [[Second Intifada]] and of Palestinian martyrdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/909972.html|title=Mohammed al-Dura Lives on|work=Haaretz|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=October 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011000810/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/909972.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

External investigations suggested that the IDF could not have shot the boy and that the tape had been staged.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/fallows|title=Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura?|author=James Fallows|date=June 1, 2003|work=The Atlantic|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=October 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001021047/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/fallows|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=46&x_article=855 Backgrounder: Mohammed Al Dura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825073839/http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=46&x_article=855 |date=August 25, 2016 }} by CAMERA</ref> In 2001, following a non-military investigation, conducted by Israeli Southern Command Maj.-Gen. Yom Tov Samia, the Israeli Prime Minister's Foreign Media Advisor, [[Raanan Gissin|Dr. Ra'anan Gissin]], along with [[Daniel Seaman]] of the Israeli Government Press Office (GPO) publicly challenged the accuracy of the [[France 2]] report.<ref name="jpost_wedidnotabandonkarsenty">{{cite news|title=We did not abandon Philippe Karsenty|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1214132686919 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018175116/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/we-did-not-abandon-philippe-karsenty |archive-date=2021-10-18 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 25, 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2005, the head of the Israeli National Security Agency, Major-General (res.) [[Giora Eiland]] publicly retracted the IDF's initial admittance of responsibility.<ref name="jpost_wedidnotabandonkarsenty" /> To avoid negative publicity and a resulting backlash, the IDF did not conduct its own official, military investigation until 2007.<ref>{{cite news| title=IDF demands uncut al-Dura tape| url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1189411415051| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709121808/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1189411415051| url-status=dead| archive-date=July 9, 2012| work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]| date=September 17, 2007}}</ref> On October 1, 2007, Israel officially denied responsibility for the shooting and claimed that the [[France 2]] footage had been staged,<ref>{{cite news| title=Israel officially denies responsibility for death of al-Dura in 2000| url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455496,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=October 1, 2007| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=July 25, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725145050/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455496,00.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=GPO head: Sept. 2000 death of Gaza child Al-Dura was staged| url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/908848.html| work=[[Haaretz]]| date=October 1, 2007| access-date=April 28, 2008| archive-date=November 25, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125022421/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/908848.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> prompting criticism from [[Muhammed al-Durrah|Al-Durrah]]'s father.<ref>{{cite news| title=Al-Dura's father: Israel's claims ridiculous| url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455539,00.html| publisher=[[YNet]]| date=October 2, 2007| access-date=October 2, 2007| archive-date=November 18, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118205102/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/who-shot-mohammed-al-dura/2735/| url-status=live}}</ref>

However, in early 2012, Dr. David Yehudah was sued by al-Dura's father and was acquitted in French court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4191706,00.html|title=PM: Doctor acquitted of libel in al-Dura case 'Israeli hero'|date=February 19, 2012|work=Ynetnews News|publisher=Yedioth Ahronot|access-date=August 27, 2012|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725145039/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4191706,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The French defamation case was definitely settled on June 26, 2013, by the French Court of Appeals: [[Philippe Karsenty]] was convicted of defamation and fined €7,000 by the Paris Court of Appeals.<ref name=FrenchVerdict>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/france-2-palestinian-boy-footage|title=Media analyst convicted over France-2 Palestinian boy footage|work=The Guardian|date=June 26, 2013|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416105936/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/france-2-palestinian-boy-footage|url-status=live}}</ref> Karsenty's version, which described the killing of young Mohammed Al Durah as "staged", was rejected by the French Court's final decision.

===Photo of Tuvia Grossman===
[[Image:grossmanattack.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right| [[Associated Press]] photograph misidentified [[Tuvia Grossman]]'s nationality and the photograph's location, and implied police brutality by Grossman's Israeli rescuer.]]
On September 30, 2000, ''[[The New York Times]]'', the [[Associated Press]], and other media outlets published a photograph of a club-wielding Israeli police officer standing over a battered and bleeding young man.<ref name=NYTtuvia/> The photograph's caption identified the young man as a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and the location as the [[Temple Mount]].<ref name=NYTtuvia/> The young man in the picture was 20-year-old [[Tuvia Grossman]], a Jewish American student from Chicago who had been studying at a [[Yeshiva]] in Israel; the Israeli police officer in the photograph, actually came to his rescue by threatening his Palestinian assailants.<ref name="nytimes_aldura_oct7_correction">{{cite news|title=Corrections|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02EEDD123CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 7, 2000|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414030555/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/07/nyregion/c-corrections-542970.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a complaint by Grossman's father, ''The New York Times'' issued a correction on October 4.<ref>{{cite news|title=Corrections|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DF1E3DF937A35753C1A9669C8B63|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 4, 2000|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414030649/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/04/nyregion/c-corrections-480142.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A few days later the ''Times'' published an article about the incident and printed a more complete correction.<ref name=NYTtuvia /> The ''Times'' attributed the error to a misidentification by the Israeli agency that took the photo compounded by a further misidentification by the Associated Press "which had received many pictures of injured Palestinians that day".<ref name=NYTtuvia>{{cite news| title=Abruptly, a U.S. Student in Mideast Turmoil's Grip| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E5DB153CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63| work=[[The New York Times]]| date=October 7, 2000| first=Robert D.| last=McFadden| access-date=May 12, 2010| archive-date=April 14, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414030625/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/07/world/abruptly-a-us-student-in-mideast-turmoil-s-grip.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes_aldura_oct7_correction" />

More than 20 years after the incident, the Grossman photo is cited as one of the most infamous examples of distorted media coverage in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Instead of showing Israeli aggression against a Palestinian, what the photo really showed was a Jewish victim of a brutal attack committed by Arabs.{{sfn|Lange|Mayerhofer|Porat|Schiffman|2021|pp=473}}<ref name="honestreporting_thephotothatstarteditall">{{cite web|url=http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/reports/The_Photo_that_Started_it_All.asp|title=The Photo that Started it All|work=HonestReporting|access-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118155341/http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/reports/The_Photo_that_Started_it_All.asp|archive-date=January 18, 2010}}</ref> The episode is often cited by those who accuse the media of having an anti-Israel bias, and was the impetus for the founding of pro-Israel media watchdog [[HonestReporting]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-10-06|title=Carnage for the Cameras|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB970792194386173971|access-date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220542/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB970792194386173971|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Photo that Started it All|url=https://honestreporting.com/the-photo-that-started-it-all/|access-date=September 30, 2021|website=Honest Reporting|archive-date=October 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003070124/https://honestreporting.com/the-photo-that-started-it-all/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rosenblum">{{cite book |last1=Rosenblum |first1=Yonoson |title=Rav Noach Weinberg: Torah Revolutionary |date=2020-03-02 |publisher=Mosaica Press |isbn=978-1946351876 |pages=495–497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1hcEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22honestreporting%22&pg=PA495 |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116115556/https://books.google.com/books?id=x1hcEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22honestreporting%22&pg=PA495 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GrossmanInterview">{{cite news |last1=Eglash |first1=Ruth |title=The pictures that are worth more than 1000 words |url=https://www.jpost.com/features/front-lines/the-pictures-that-are-worth-more-than-1000-words |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=2010-09-10 |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220602/https://www.jpost.com/features/front-lines/the-pictures-that-are-worth-more-than-1000-words |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JTAgrossman">{{cite news |last1=Jordan |first1=Michael J. |title=Photo caption reinforces belief in anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.jta.org/2000/10/08/lifestyle/photo-caption-reinforces-belief-in-anti-israel-bias-4 |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=2000-10-08 |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116115557/https://www.jta.org/2000/10/08/lifestyle/photo-caption-reinforces-belief-in-anti-israel-bias-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Seth Ackerman of [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] described the attention given to the photo, as well as the two ''[[New York Times|NYT]]'' corrections, as disproportionate to a "plausible, though careless" assumption resulting from "garbled information from the Israeli photographer".<ref>Seth Ackerman (2001), [http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/those-arent-stones-theyre-rocks/ Those Aren't Stones, They're Rocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020153740/http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/those-arent-stones-theyre-rocks/ |date=October 20, 2014 }}.</ref>

===Battle of Jenin===
On April 3, 2002, following the [[Passover massacre]] on March 27<ref>{{cite news|title=Passover massacre at Israeli hotel kills 19 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/03/27/mideast/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=March 27, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404051046/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/03/27/mideast/ |archive-date=April 4, 2008 }}</ref> which killed 30 Israeli civilians and wounded as many as 143,<ref>{{cite news|title=Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=March 26, 2008|access-date=May 20, 2008|archive-date=May 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508010805/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israel Passover bomb suspect held|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7315168.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 26, 2008|access-date=May 20, 2008|archive-date=July 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720093621/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7315168.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] began a [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|major military operation]] in the [[Jenin]] refugee camp, a city which, according to Israel, had "served as a launching site for numerous terrorist attacks against both Israeli civilians and Israeli towns and villages in the area".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/4/Jenin-s%20Terrorist%20Infrastructure%20-%204-Apr-2002 |title=2BackToHomePage3 |access-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218182029/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/4/Jenin-s%20Terrorist%20Infrastructure%20-%204-Apr-2002 |archive-date=February 18, 2009 }}</ref> The fighting, which lasted eight days and resulted in the deaths of 52 [[Palestinians]] (including 14 civilians, according to the IDF, and 22 civilians, according to [[Human Rights Watch|HRW]]) and 23 Israeli soldiers, has been interpreted quite differently by [[Israelis]] and Palestinians.<ref name="un_jenin">[https://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806175121/http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/ |date=August 6, 2002 }} by UN</ref><ref name="hrw_jenin_summary">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm|title=Jenin: IDF Military Operations|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080701/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="time_jenin">[https://web.archive.org/web/20020604071958/http://www.time.com/time/2002/jenin/story.html Inside the Battle of Jenin] by [[Time (magazine)|Time]]</ref><ref name="nyt_jenin_television">{{cite news|title=New Battle Over Jenin, on Television|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E6D9103BF936A25757C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 13, 2003|first=Greg|last=Myre|access-date=May 12, 2010|archive-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414030638/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/15/world/new-battle-over-jenin-on-television.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the aftermath of the fighting, chief Palestinian negotiator [[Saeb Erekat]] claimed that the IDF had killed 500 Palestinians and accused Israel of committing a "massacre".<ref>{{cite news|title=Powell postpones meeting with Arafat|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/12/mideast.diplomacy/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=April 12, 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209164953/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/12/mideast.diplomacy/index.html|archive-date=February 9, 2008}}</ref> Early news publications, following both IDF estimates of 200 Palestinians killed and Palestinian estimates of 500 Palestinians killed, reported hundreds of Palestinian deaths and repeated claims that a massacre had taken place.<ref name="jenin" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0204/12/lt.01.html|title=CNN.com – Transcripts|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190819/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0204/12/lt.01.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] later found that no massacre had taken place, although both organizations charged the IDF with war crimes and human rights violations.<ref name="hrw_jenin">{{cite web|url=https://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/|title=Jenin: IDF Military Operations|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090503/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/143/2002 Israel and the Occupied Territories: Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929213014/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/143/2002 |date=September 29, 2008 }} by [[Amnesty International]]</ref> The United Nations similarly dismissed claims that hundreds of Palestinians had been killed as unsubstantiated, a finding which was widely interpreted and reported as rejecting claims of a "massacre".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="usatoday.com"/><ref name="un_jenin" />{{sfn|Bennet|2002}}

Israelis cite the reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin Palestinian allegations that a massacre had taken place, a claim disputed by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/israel/jenin/|title=Anatomy of Anti-Israel Incitement: Jenin, World Opinion and the Massacre That Wasn't|access-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406084156/http://www.adl.org/Israel/jenin/|archive-date=April 6, 2012}}</ref>

===Gaza beach blast===
{{main|Gaza beach blast (2006)}}
On June 9, 2006, an explosion on a beach in the [[Gaza Strip]] killed seven Palestinians, including three children.<ref name="bbc_gazabeachblast">{{cite news|title=Hamas militants vow to end truce|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5065982.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 10, 2006|access-date=April 28, 2008|archive-date=November 16, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116104618/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5065982.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian sources claimed that the explosion resulted from Israeli shelling.<ref name="bbc_gazabeachblast" /> After a three-day investigation, Israel concluded that the blast could not have resulted from an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] artillery shell.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peretz: Friday's Gaza beach shelling 'not our doing' |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150191574202&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706010207/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150191574202&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2013 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 13, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IDF not responsible for Gaza blast |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150035838991&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 13, 2006}}{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This IDF investigation was criticized by both [[Human Rights Watch]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'' for ignoring evidence.<ref name="hrw_gazabeachblast">{{cite web|url=https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/20/israb13595.htm|title=Israel: Gaza Beach Investigation Ignores Evidence|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611232921/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/20/israb13595.htm|archive-date=June 11, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="guardian_gazabeachblast">{{cite news |title=The battle of Huda Ghalia – who really killed girl's family on Gaza beach? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1799825,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 17, 2006 |location=London |first=Chris |last=McGreal |author-link=Chris McGreal |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=April 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414030549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/17/israel |url-status=live }}</ref> The IDF agreed that the report should have mentioned two gunboat shells fired at about the time of the deaths but stated that these shells had landed too far away from the area to be the cause of the explosion and this omission did not impact the report's overall conclusion that Israel had not been responsible for the blast.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} According to Human Rights Watch, the IDF acknowledged that the cause of the blast may have been an unexploded 155mm artillery shell from an earlier shelling, or another location, but suggested it might have been placed there as an IED by Palestinians.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/10911/section/9|title=Indiscriminate Fire|date=June 30, 2007|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=November 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102001843/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/10911/section/9|url-status=live}}</ref>

An investigation by Human Rights Watch concluded that the explosion was caused by a 155mm Israeli artillery shell, stating that 'The shrapnel, crater, and injuries all point to this weapon as the cause.'<ref name="hrw.org" />

===2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies===
{{main|2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies}}
{{see also|Adnan Hajj|Salam Daher}}
On August 5, 2006 [[Charles Foster Johnson]] of [[Little Green Footballs]] accused [[Reuters]] of inappropriately manipulating images of destruction to [[Beirut]] caused by Israel during the Second Lebanon War. In response to these allegations, [[Reuters]] toughened its photo editing policy and admitted to inappropriate [[photo manipulation]] on the part of [[Adnan Hajj]], a freelance photographer whom Reuters subsequently fired.<ref name="reuters_adnanhajj">{{cite news|title=Reuters toughens rules after altered photo affair|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL18678707|work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 18, 2007|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112057/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL18678707|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, [[BBC]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', and the [[Associated Press]] recalled photos or corrected captions in response to some of the accusations.<ref name="jpost_reutersgate">{{cite news|title=Reutersgate strikes other news outlets|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154525850241&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=August 11, 2006}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This [[journalistic scandal]], dubbed "[[Reutersgate]]" by the [[blogosphere]] in reference to the [[Watergate scandal]] and is frequently cited by Israelis and by Israel advocates to demonstrate alleged anti-Israel bias, this time in the form of an [[#Forgery or falsification|outright forgery]] created by a biased local freelance photographer.<ref name="Fauxtography">{{cite web|url=http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol9/summer/articles/fauxtography.html |title=A Concise History of the Fauxtography Blogstorm in the 2006 Lebanon War |access-date=July 11, 2008 |work=American Communication Journal |year=2007 |author=Stephen D. Cooper, Marshall University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724160119/http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol9/summer/articles/fauxtography.html |archive-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref>

==="Mystery of Israel's Secret Uranium Bomb"===
On October 28, 2006, ''[[The Independent]]'' published an article, by [[Robert Fisk]], which speculated, based on information from the [[European Committee on Radiation Risk]], that Israel may have used [[depleted uranium]] weapons during the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref name="independent_mystery">{{cite news|title=Robert Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fisk/robert-fisk-mystery-of-israels-secret-uranium-bomb-421960.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 28, 2006 |location=London |access-date=May 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010195321/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fisk/robert-fisk-mystery-of-israels-secret-uranium-bomb-421960.html |archive-date=October 10, 2008}}</ref> The article prompted criticism by HonestReporting for coming to conclusions prematurely,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/Indies_Uranium_Charges.asp|title=honestreporting.co.uk|access-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601135704/http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/Indies_Uranium_Charges.asp|archive-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref> and resulted in an investigation by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] ([[UNEP]]).<ref name="independent_investigates">{{cite news |title=UN investigates Israel's 'uranium weapons' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/un-investigates-israels-uranium-weapons-422210.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/un-investigates-israels-uranium-weapons-422210.html |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 30, 2006 |location=London |first=Eric |last=Silver |access-date=May 12, 2010}}</ref> On November 8, 2006, [[UNEP]] concluded that Israel had not used any form of [[uranium]]-based weapons.<ref name="un_nouranium">{{cite news |title=Israel did not use depleted uranium during conflict with Hizbollah, UN agency finds |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20532&Cr=leban&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]] |date=November 8, 2006 |access-date=June 29, 2017 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118110458/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20532&Cr=leban&Cr1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ynet_nouranium">{{cite news |title=UN: No IDF uranium bomb use in Lebanon |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3325254,00.html |publisher=[[YNet]] |date=November 8, 2006 |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517051409/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3325254,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Israelis]] and Israel advocates cite the article as an instance of "shoddy journalism", arising allegedly as a result of [[#Exaggeration or sensationalism|media sensationalism]].<ref name="honestreporting_noretractionforindiesfalseuraniumlibel">{{cite web|url=http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/No_Retraction_For_Indies_False_Uranium_Libel.asp|title=honestreporting.co.uk|access-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601160302/http://www.honestreporting.co.uk/articles/critiques/No_Retraction_For_Indies_False_Uranium_Libel.asp|archive-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref>

===Samir Kuntar as a hero===
On July 19, 2008, Al Jazeera TV broadcast a program from Lebanon that covered the "welcome-home" festivities for [[Samir Kuntar]], a Lebanese militant who had been imprisoned in Israel for murdering several people, including a four-year-old child, in a [[Palestinian Liberation Front]] raid from Lebanon. In the program, the head of Al Jazeera's Beirut office, Ghassan bin Jiddo, praised Kuntar as a "pan-Arab hero" and organized a birthday party for him. In response, Israel's Government Press Office (GPO) threatened to boycott the satellite channel unless it apologized. A few days later an official letter was issued by Al Jazeera's director general, Wadah Khanfar, in which he admitted that the program violated the station's Code of Ethics and that he had ordered the channel's programming director to take steps to ensure that such an incident does not recur.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/video-al-jazeera-admits-to-unethical-behavior-over-kuntar-party-1.251274 Al-Jazeera admits to 'unethical' behavior over Kuntar party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190946/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/video-al-jazeera-admits-to-unethical-behavior-over-kuntar-party-1.251274 |date=October 19, 2015 }} By Yoav Stern and Haaretz Correspondent</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/media-blog/33223/honoring-samir-kuntar/greg-pollowitz Honoring Samir Kuntar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205183420/http://www.nationalreview.com/media-blog/33223/honoring-samir-kuntar/greg-pollowitz |date=December 5, 2013 }} By Greg Pollowitz, NRO's MSM watchdog.</ref><ref>[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1818.htm #1818 – Al-Jazeera TV Throws a Birthday Party for Released Lebanese Terrorist Samir Al-Quntar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109194954/http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1818.htm |date=November 9, 2016 }}. MEMRI.</ref>

===Baby death date misrepresentation===
A Gaza man falsely claimed that his five-month-old baby died on March 23, 2012, when the generator powering his respirator ran out of fuel, a result of the Egyptian blockade on Gaza and Egyptian cut-off of fuel to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10162374 |title=Gaza baby dies after respirator runs out of fuel |work=The Guardian |date=March 25, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012 |location=London |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227110625/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10162374 |url-status=live }}</ref> The baby's death, which had been "confirmed" by a Gaza health official, would have been the first to be connected with the territory's energy shortage. The baby's father, Abdul-Halim Helou, said that his son Mohammed was born with a lymphatic disorder and needed removal of the fluids that accumulated in his respiratory system, and had only a few months to live. He said that they had erred in how much fuel was required and that if they had been "living in a normal country with electricity", his son's chances of living longer would have been better.<ref name="Baby Hamas">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4207715,00.html |title=Hamas blames fuel shortage for Gaza baby's death |work=Yedioth Ahronot |date=March 25, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012 |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227041143/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4207715,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, the report was called into question when it emerged that the timing of the baby's death had been misrepresented, and appeared to be an attempt by Gaza's Hamas rulers to exploit the death to gain sympathy.<ref name="Baby Hamas" /> The [[Associated Press]] later learned that news of Mohammed Helou's death had already appeared on March 4 in the local Arabic newspaper Al-Quds and that Hamas was now trying to recycle the story to capitalize on the family's tragedy. The Al-Quds article contained the same details as the later report, but with an earlier date.<ref name=YahooBaby /><ref name=HeraldSunBaby /> When confronted by the Associated Press, the family and Hamas official Bassem al-Qadri continued to insist that the baby had only recently died. The AP reporter Diaa Hadid tweeted, "#Hamas misrepresented a story. Two Hamas officials misled us and so did the family."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/diaahadid |title=Diaa Hadid Tweets |publisher=Twitter |date=March 26, 2012 |access-date=March 27, 2012 |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926221136/http://twitter.com/diaahadid |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2020}}

The Associated Press then retracted the story, explaining that "The report has been called into question after it was learned that a local newspaper carried news of the baby's death on March 4."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10162848 |title=Story Removed: Gaza-Power Cuts |work=The Guardian |date=March 25, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012 |location=London |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190946/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10162848 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Boston Hamas">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2012/03/25/gaza_baby_dies_after_respirator_runs_out_of_fuel/ |title=Hamas blames fuel shortage for Gaza baby's death |work=Boston Globe |date=March 25, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012 |first1=Ibrahim |last1=Barzak |first2=Diaa |last2=Hadid |archive-date=August 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802021112/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2012/03/25/gaza_baby_dies_after_respirator_runs_out_of_fuel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

An Israeli government spokesman said he was not surprised by Hamas' attempt to "hide the truth and manipulate the information that is allowed to get out of Gaza."<ref name=YahooBaby>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/hamas-blames-fuel-shortage-gaza-babys-death-203346455.html;_ylt=AtNyZQxhxPAcXnzk_fwK3Ce1qHQA;_ylu=X3oDMTQ5YWd1OTZtBG1pdANUb3BTdG9yeSBXb3JsZFNGIE1pZGRsZUVhc3RTU0YEcGtnA2U4ODgzNGRjLWNlY2ItMzg1MS1hN2EyLTNhMzYxMmU1YTg5NwRwb3MDMTIEc2VjA3RvcF9zdG9yeQR2ZXIDZDYxMmJmZWUtNzc0NC0xMWUxLWFjZmUtZDdjNTM0NzhjYWY4;_ylg=X3oDMTFrM25vcXFyBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDBHBzdGNhdAMEcHQDc2VjdGlvbnMEdGVzdAM-;_ylv=3 |title=Hamas blames fuel shortage for Gaza baby's death |work=Yahoo News |access-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190946/http://news.yahoo.com/hamas-blames-fuel-shortage-gaza-babys-death-203346455.html;_ylt=AtNyZQxhxPAcXnzk_fwK3Ce1qHQA;_ylu=X3oDMTQ5YWd1OTZtBG1pdANUb3BTdG9yeSBXb3JsZFNGIE1pZGRsZUVhc3RTU0YEcGtnA2U4ODgzNGRjLWNlY2ItMzg1MS1hN2EyLTNhMzYxMmU1YTg5NwRwb3MDMTIEc2VjA3RvcF9zdG9yeQR2ZXIDZDYxMmJmZWUtNzc0NC0xMWUxLWFjZmUtZDdjNTM0NzhjYWY4;_ylg=X3oDMTFrM25vcXFyBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDBHBzdGNhdAMEcHQDc2VjdGlvbnMEdGVzdAM-;_ylv=3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=HeraldSunBaby>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/confusion-of-gaza-babys-death/story-e6frf7jx-1226309962287 |title=Confusion of Gaza baby's death |work=Herald Sun |access-date=March 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kptv.com/story/17248715/gaza-baby-dies-after-respirator-runs-out-of-fuel |title=Hamas blames fuel shortage for Gaza baby's death |publisher=Fox 12 Oregon |access-date=March 27, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=733085&vId= |title=Confusion of Gaza baby's death |publisher=Sky News |access-date=March 27, 2012 |archive-date=March 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327184944/http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=733085&vId= |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Gaza floods caused by opening dams in Israel===

Gaza is a coastal plain, bordering the Negev desert which witnesses flash floods during heavy rains as water runs across the surface of the impervious desert soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geckogo.com/Guide/Israel/Natural-Environment/Climate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901093540/http://www.geckogo.com/Guide/Israel/Natural-Environment/Climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 1, 2009 |title=Israel Natural Environment |publisher=Geckogo.com }}</ref> During the [[2013 Middle East cold snap|2013 winter storm in the Middle east]] Ma'an News Agency reported that Israel opened dams, leading to Gaza floods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=656950|title=Israel 'opens dams' flooding Gaza Strip near Deir al Balah|agency=Ma'an News Agency|access-date=September 25, 2016|archive-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927102041/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=656950|url-status=live}}</ref> However, no such dams actually exist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/gaza-floods-dispelling-myth-israeli-dams-153701865.html|title=Gaza floods: dispelling the myth about Israeli 'dams'|website=news.yahoo.com|access-date=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513045312/https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-floods-dispelling-myth-israeli-dams-153701865.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gazan paramedic killed by the Israeli army ===
{{Main|Razan al-Najjar}}

Razan Ashraf Abdul Qadir al-Najjar was a nurse/paramedic who was killed by the Israeli army while volunteering as a medic during the [[2018 Gaza border protests]]. She was fatally shot in the chest by an Israeli soldier as she, reportedly with her arms raised to show she was unarmed,<ref>Khoury, Jack; Kubovich, Yaniv (June 2, 2018). [https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/authorities-in-gaza-slain-medic-s-team-had-hands-raised-1.6138195 'Authorities in Gaza: Slain Medic's Teams' Hands Were Raised as They Approached Israeli Border,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813175330/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/authorities-in-gaza-slain-medic-s-team-had-hands-raised-1.6138195 |date=August 13, 2018 }} ''[[Haaretz]]''. Retrieved June 14, 2018.</ref> tried to help evacuate the wounded near Israel's border fence with Gaza.<ref name="NBCAP">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/protests-resume-after-palestinian-paramedic-s-gaza-funeral-n879621|title=Protests resume after Palestinian paramedic's Gaza funeral|publisher=NBC News|access-date=June 5, 2018|archive-date=June 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605013840/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/protests-resume-after-palestinian-paramedic-s-gaza-funeral-n879621|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Israeli army released footage in which she purportedly admitted to participating in the protests as a [[human shield]], supposedly at the request of Hamas.<ref name=indy /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/06/08/israel-attempts-smear-razan-al-najjar-palestinian-medic-killed-calling-no-angel/|title=Israel Attempts to Smear Razan al-Najjar, Palestinian Medic It Killed, Calling Her "No Angel"|last=Mackey|first=Robert|date=June 8, 2018|website=[[The Intercept]]|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143828/https://theintercept.com/2018/06/08/israel-attempts-smear-razan-al-najjar-palestinian-medic-killed-calling-no-angel/|url-status=live}}</ref> The video was later found to be a clip from an interview with a Lebanese television station that had been edited by the IDF to misleadingly take al-Najjar's comments out of context.<ref name=indy /> In the actual, unedited video, she made no mention of Hamas, and called herself a "rescuing human shield to protect and save the wounded at the front lines", with everything following "human shield" trimmed out of the Israeli clip. The IDF was widely criticized for tampering with the video to chip away at her image.<ref name="indy">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-protests-latest-idf-condemned-edited-video-angel-of-mercy-medic-razan-al-najjar-a8389611.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-protests-latest-idf-condemned-edited-video-angel-of-mercy-medic-razan-al-najjar-a8389611.html |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Israeli army edits video of Palestinian medic its troops shot dead to misleadingly show she was 'human shield for Hamas'|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|date=June 8, 2018|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Films==
This section discusses films with media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict as its main topic. The films presented in this section appear in alphabetical order.

===''Décryptage''===
{{main|Décryptage}}
''[[Décryptage]]'' is a 2003 documentary written by [[Jacques Tarnero]] and directed by [[Philippe Bensoussan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348596/|title=Décryptage (2003)|author=kaicarver|date=January 22, 2003|website=IMDb|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190945/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348596/|url-status=live}}</ref> The French film (with English [[subtitles]]) examines media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict in [[French media]], and claims that the media's presentation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in France is consistently skewed against Israel and may be responsible for exacerbating [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundancechannel.com/films/500063974 |title=Decryptage |work=sundance.tv |access-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517120545/http://www.sundancechannel.com/films/500063974 |archive-date=May 17, 2011 }}</ref>

===''Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land''===
{{main|Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land}}
''[[Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land]]'' is a 2004 documentary by [[Sut Jhally]] and [[Bathsheba Ratzkoff]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0428959/|title=Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land (Video 2004)|author=zipzipsaib|date=May 6, 2016|website=IMDb|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=January 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114155835/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0428959/|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie claims that the influence of pro-Israel [[Watchdog journalism|media watchdog groups]], such as CAMERA and Honest Reporting, leads to distorted and pro-Israel media reports.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6604775898578139565&q=Peace%2C+Propaganda+%26+the+Promised+Land Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314140126/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6604775898578139565 |date=March 14, 2008 }} on [[Google Video]]</ref> In its response to the movie, the pro-Israel [[Jewish Community Relations Council|JCRC]] criticizes the film for not discussing the influence of "the numerous pro‐Palestinian media watchdog groups, including, ironically, FAIR (Fair and Accuracy in the Media, which describes itself as 'A National Media Watch Group'), whose spokesperson played a prominent role in the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcrc.org/israel/p3l/P3L-Review.pdf |title=Jewish Community Relations Council |access-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010011504/http://www.jcrc.org/israel/p3l/P3L-Review.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2006 }}</ref> According to the pro-Palestinian ''[[LiP Magazine]]'', the movie "offers a great starting point for thinking about media misrepresentation of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, and useful analysis of how language is used to manipulate public opinion," but is short on "solid statistics and facts to back up some of its blanket statements".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060508234452/https://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revicontent_peaceprop.htm File Review: Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land] by ''[[LiP magazine]]''</ref> A review in ''[[The New York Times]]'' by [[Ned Martel]] found that the film "largely ignores Palestinian leadership, which has surely played a part in the conflict's broken vows and broken hearts. And such a lack of dispassion weakens the one-sided film's bold and detailed argument".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071209083255/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/295440/Peace-Propaganda-The-Promised-Land-American-Media-The-Subversion-of-Peace/overview Peace, Propaganda and the Promised Land (2003)] by [[Ned Martel]] on ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

==Internet and social media==
{{see also|List of countries by number of Internet users}}
Advocacy groups, governments and individuals use the Internet, [[new media]] and social media to try to influence public perceptions of both sides in the Arab/Palestinian–Israeli conflict. ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' writer [[Megan Jacobs]] has written "War in the Middle East is being waged not only on the ground, but also in cyberspace."<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate">{{cite news|title=Facebook sparks 'Palestine' debate|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1191257264690&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=October 10, 2007}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> While Israeli and Palestinian advocacy websites promote their respective points of view, fierce debate over the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] has embroiled [[social networking]] websites and applications with [[user-generated content]], such as Facebook, [[Google Earth]], Twitter and Wikipedia.<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /><ref name="jpost_facebook_dilemna">{{cite news|title=Facing up to the 'Facebook' dilemma|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1202211059878|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=February 5, 2008}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Hadid>Diaa Hadid, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030203/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-1f40d5c71d714838a2ee4223ba3b6bcb.html Old photos tweeted in Israel-Palestinian conflict], [[Associated Press]] Worldstream.</ref> According to an Associated Press article, Israelis and Palestinians make use of social media to promote "rival narratives" and draw attention to their own suffering to gain international sympathy and backing. However, "distortions and mistakes are instantly magnified on a global scale."<ref name=Hadid />

===Facebook===
Facebook is a [[social networking website]], which allows users to connect and interact with other people online, both directly by "friending" people and indirectly through the creation of groups. Because the website allows users to join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region, Facebook has become embroiled in a number of regional conflicts. [[Facebook groups]] such as "'Palestine' Is not a country... De-list it from Facebook as a country!" and "Israel is not a country! ... Delist it from Facebook as a country!", among others reflecting the mutual non-recognition of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, have protested Facebook's listing of Israel and Palestine, respectively, as countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Playing politics on Facebook |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/columnists/2007/05/03/playing_politics_on_facebook.html |work=[[Toronto Star|The Star]] |date=May 3, 2007 |location=Toronto |first=Antonia |last=Zerbisias |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190946/http://www.thestar.com/opinion/columnists/2007/05/03/playing_politics_on_facebook.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This controversy became particularly heated when, in response to protests over Palestine being listed as a country, Facebook delisted it. The move infuriated Palestinian users and prompted the creation of numerous Facebook groups such as "The Official Petition to get Palestine listed as a Country", "Against delisting Palestine from Facebook", and "If Palestine is removed from Facebook ... I'm closing my account".<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /> Facebook, in response to user complaints, ultimately reinstated Palestine as a country network.<ref name="jpost_facebook_debate" /> A similar controversy took place regarding the status of [[Israeli settlements]]. When Israeli settlements were moved from being listed under the Israel network to the Palestine network, thousands of Israelis living in the area protested Facebook's decision.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface">{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125595|title=Facebook Makes an About-Face|publisher=[[Arutz 7]]|date=March 18, 2008|access-date=May 22, 2008|archive-date=May 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522170144/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125595|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to the protest, Facebook has allowed users living in the area to select either Israel or Palestine as their home country.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_aboutface" />

Another controversy over Facebook regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict concerns [[Facebook groups]] which, against Facebook's [[terms of use]], promote hatred and violence. According to former [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Shimon Peres]], Facebook has been used to promote [[New antisemitism|anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism]].<ref name="jpost_facebook_dilemna" /> A proliferation of Facebook groups praising the perpetrator of the [[Mercaz HaRav massacre]] in 2008 prompted the creation of the Facebook group "FACEBOOK: Why do you support Anti-Semitism and Islamic Terrorism", which claimed to have succeeded in deleting over 100 pro-Palestinian Facebook groups with violent content, by reporting the groups to Facebook.<ref name="arutzsheva_facebook_jewishactivist">{{cite news|title=Jewish Activist Battles For Israel on Facebook|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125783|publisher=[[Arutz 7]]|date=April 3, 2008|access-date=May 22, 2008|archive-date=November 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112040954/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125783|url-status=live}}</ref> The group, which since evolved into the [[Jewish Internet Defense Force]], took over the Facebook group "Israel is not a country! Delist it from Facebook as a country" when, according to the JIDF, Facebook stopped removing such groups.<ref name="jpost_jidf">{{cite news|title=Jewish Internet Defense Force 'seizes control' of anti-Israel Facebook group|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331137728&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=July 29, 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="telegraph_jidf">{{cite news|title=Facebook: 'Anti-Semitic' group hijacked by Jewish force|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2478773/Facebook-Anti-semitic-group-destroyed-by-Israeli-hackers.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=July 31, 2008|location=London|first=Matthew|last=Moore|access-date=May 12, 2010|archive-date=November 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112040959/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2478773/Facebook-Anti-semitic-group-destroyed-by-Israeli-hackers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After taking over the group, the JIDF began to remove its more than 48,000 members and replaced the group's graphic with a picture of an [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] jet with the [[flag of Israel]] in the background. This sparked controversy.<ref name="telegraph_jidf" />

===Twitter===
According to a McClatchy news article, those using social media, including even official spokesmen and public officials, have a habit of "re-purposing" older photographs and videos to illustrate current-day events. Few people check the accuracy of the material before spreading it to others.<ref name=Frenkel>Sheera Frenkel, [http://northiowatoday.com/?p=12254 Tweets of misleading photos feed Israeli-Palestinian feud] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624162508/https://northiowatoday.com/2012/03/14/tweets-of-misleading-photos-feed-israeli-palestinian-feud/ |date=June 24, 2022 }}, [[The McClatchy Company]], March 14, 2012.</ref> During the [[March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes]] there were three such notable Twitter incidents. [[Ofir Gendelman]], a spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], tweeted a photo of an Israeli woman and her two children ducking a Gaza rocket describing it as "when a rocket fired by terrorists from Gaza is about to hit their home." When it was proved the photo was from 2009 he said "I never stated that the photo was current. It illustrates the fear that people in southern Israel live in."<ref name=Hadid /> [[Avital Leibovich]], the head of the foreign desk for Israel's military, sent a tweet from her official account of a video of rockets from Gaza being fired at Israel. It later was discovered the video had been taken in October 2011. When questioned she said her tweet was not misleading and "Launching a rocket does not differ whether it happened in November, July or now".<ref name=Frenkel />

Leibovich was one of a number of bloggers who criticized Khulood Badawi, an Information and Media Coordinator for the United Nations [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] who tweeted a picture of a Palestinian child covered in blood.<ref name=Frenkel /> She captioned it "Another child killed by #Israel... Another father carrying his child to a grave in #Gaza." It was discovered the picture was published in 2006 and was of a Palestinian girl who had died in an accident and been brought to the hospital shortly after an Israeli air strike in Gaza. Israel's Ambassador to the United Nations [[Ron Prosor]] called for Badawi's dismissal, stating that she was "directly engaged in spreading misinformation".<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel: Fire UN official over false Gaza photo|url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?ID=262098&R=R1|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=March 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120030608/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?ID=262098&R=R1|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> Humanitarian Coordinator and the Head of Office in Jerusalem later met with officials at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel to discuss these events.<ref name=FoxNews>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-agency-under-fire-for-staffers-tweet-of-bloody-child/ |title=UN agency under fire for staffers' tweet of bloody child |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=March 27, 2012 |date=March 17, 2012 |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326103013/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/03/17/tweeting-international-controversy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fake photos of escalation posted on Twitter|url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=261757|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=March 14, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317121000/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=261757|archive-date=March 17, 2012}}</ref> UN Under-Secretary General [[Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos|Valerie Amos]] wrote, "It is regrettable that an OCHA staff member has posted information on her personal Twitter profile, which is both false and which reflects on issues that are related to her work."<ref name=FoxNews />

A few days later Badawi tweeted on her personal account "Correction: I tweeted the photo believing it was from the last round of violence & it turned out to be from 2006 This is my personal account."<ref>Herb Keinon, [https://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=262541 No sign UN will fire worker over incendiary tweet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120030628/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=262541 |date=January 20, 2013 }}, ''The Jerusalem Post'', March 20, 2012.</ref> [[Ma'an News Agency]] reported a week later that the hospital medical report on the dead girl stated that she died "due to falling from a high area during the Israeli strike on Gaza". There are differing accounts of how the Israeli air strike, reported to be as little as 100 meters away, may have caused the accident.<ref>Charlotte Alfred, [http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=471498 Twitter flap obscures details of Gaza girl's death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101556/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=471498 |date=January 16, 2013 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], March 27, 2012 (updated) 1 April 2012 09:31</ref>

In the immediate aftermath of the [[2021 Israeli-Palestinian crisis]], [[Associated Press]] reporter Emily Wilder was fired because of tweets made during the conflict, after right-wing media sources complained of her pro-Palestinian views.{{sfn|Singh|2021}}

===Wikipedia===
{{see also|Reliability of Wikipedia|Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
Wikipedia is an online, [[Collaborative writing|collaboratively written]] encyclopedia. While editing conflicts occur frequently, one particular conflict, involving CAMERA and ''[[The Electronic Intifada]],'' was reported in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' (''IHT'').<ref name="jpost_wikipedia">{{cite news|title=Wiki-Warfare: Battle for the on-line encyclopedia|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1210668627359&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=May 13, 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="iht_wikipedia">{{cite news|title=Wiki-war in the Middle East|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/opinion/edbeam.php|work=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=May 6, 2008|access-date=June 13, 2008|archive-date=June 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611055550/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/opinion/edbeam.php|url-status=live}}</ref> When CAMERA encouraged individuals sympathetic to Israel to participate in editing Wikipedia to "lead to more accuracy and fairness on Wikipedia",<ref name="camera_wikipedia">[http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=118&x_article=1485 How and Why to Edit Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813013324/http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=118&x_article=1485 |date=August 13, 2009 }} by CAMERA</ref> ''The Electronic Intifada'' accused CAMERA of "orchestrating a secret, long-term campaign to infiltrate the popular online encyclopedia Wikipedia to rewrite Palestinian history, pass off crude propaganda as fact, and take over Wikipedia administrative structures to ensure these changes go either undetected or unchallenged."<ref name="NYT20080506">{{cite news|date=May 6, 2008 |last=Beam |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Beam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/opinion/06iht-edbeam.1.12610693.html |url-access=subscription |title=War of the virtual Wiki-worlds |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[International Herald Tribune]] |access-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002170235/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/opinion/06iht-edbeam.1.12610693.html |archive-date=October 2, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The accusations led to administrative actions on Wikipedia—including the banning of certain editors. In a separate article entitled "The Wild West of Wikipedia", which appeared in ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' and [[Independent Media Review Analysis|IMRA]], [[Gilead Ini]] of CAMERA decried "Wikipedia's often-skewed entries about the Middle East", described Wikipedia's rules as "shoddily enforced", and wrote that, following the incident, "many editors who hoped to ensure accuracy and balance ... are now banned" while "partisan editors ... continue to freely manipulate Wikipedia articles to their liking".<ref>[http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/16372/ The Wild West of Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213013348/http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/16372 |date=December 13, 2010 }} by [[Gilead Ini]] of CAMERA.</ref>

Two Israeli right-wing groups, the [[Yesha Council]] and [[My Israel]], launched a project to increase the dissemination of pro-Israel views on Wikipedia.<ref name="Haaretz">''Haaretz'', 2010 Aug 18, "[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/the-right-s-latest-weapon-zionist-editing-on-wikipedia-1.308667 The Right's Latest Weapon: 'Zionist Editing' on Wikipedia-- 'Idea Is Not to Make Wikipedia Rightist But for It to Include Our Point of View,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904042957/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/the-right-s-latest-weapon-zionist-editing-on-wikipedia-1.308667 |date=September 4, 2011 }} [[Naftali Bennett]], Director of the Yesha Council Says."</ref> The project organiser, [[Ayelet Shaked]], emphasized that the information has to be reliable and meet Wikipedia rules.<ref name="sheva">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138917|title=Zionist Struggle on Wikipedia – Jewish World|date=August 3, 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=August 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821104221/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/138917|url-status=live}}</ref> "The idea is not to make Wikipedia rightist but for it to include our point of view," said Naftali Bennett, the director of the Yesha Council.<ref name=Haaretz/> In this vein, the groups taught a course on how to edit Wikipedia. The Yesha Council also launched a new prize, "Best Zionist Editor," to be awarded to the most productive editor on Israel-related topics.<ref name="Haaretz"/>

In 2013, news outlets including ''[[Haaretz]]'' and [[France24]] reported the indefinite block of an editor who had concealed the fact that he was an employee of right-wing media group [[NGO Monitor]]. The editor was reported to have edited English Wikipedia articles on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict "in an allegedly biased manner".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130617-biased-wikipedia-israel-political-meddling-arnie-draiman-monitor-ngo|title=Biased Wikipedia editing in Israel raises concerns of political meddling|publisher=France 24|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203023611/http://www.france24.com/en/20130617-biased-wikipedia-israel-political-meddling-arnie-draiman-monitor-ngo|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/aligning-text-to-the-right-is-a-political-organization-editing-wikipedia-to-suit-its-interests.premium-1.530285|title=Aligning Text to the Right: Is a Political Organization Editing Wikipedia to Suit Its Interests?|magazine=Haaretz|access-date=May 6, 2016|archive-date=July 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713032949/http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/aligning-text-to-the-right-is-a-political-organization-editing-wikipedia-to-suit-its-interests.premium-1.530285|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>See also [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2013-06-19/In the media]]</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Palestinian journalism]]
*[[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]]
*[[Israeli Military Censor]]
*[[Israel-related animal conspiracy theories]]
*[[2006 Fox journalists kidnapping]]
*[[Adnan Hajj photographs controversy]]
*[[Hasbara]]
*[[Jewish Internet Defense Force]]
*[[James Miller (filmmaker)|James Miller]]
*[[Fadel Shana'a]]
*[[Deception: Betraying the Peace Process]]
*[[Media of Israel]]
*[[Media coverage of the Gaza War (2008–2009)]]
*[[Media coverage of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]]
*[[Media coverage of the Gaza war]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*''[http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/mediagroup/badnews.htm Bad News from Israel]'', [[Greg Philo]] and Mike Berry Pluto Press, (2004)
*''Caught in the Middle'' by [[Steve Mcnally]]; [[Columbia Journalism Review]], Vol. 40, January–February 2002
*''Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World'', by [[Edward W. Said]] (1997)
*''Covering the Intifada: A Hazardous Beat; Photographers and Journalists Come under Gunfire While Reporting on the Conflict'', by [[Joel Campagna]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=137 Covering the Intifada: How the Media Reported the Palestinian Uprising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101121512/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=137 |date=January 1, 2007 }}'', by [[Joshua Muravchik]]; [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 2003 {{ISBN|0-944029-85-X}}
*''Days of Rage: News Organizations Have Been Besieged by Outraged Critics Accusing Them of Unfair Coverage of the Violence in the Middle East. Are They Guilty as Charged?'', by [[Sharyn Vane]]; [[American Journalism Review]], Vol. 24, July–August 2002
*''Do Words and Pictures from the Middle East Matter? A Journalist from the Region Argues That U.S. Policy Is Not Affected by the Way News Is Reported'', by [[Rami G. Khouri]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[[Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict]]'', New and Revised Edition, by [[Norman G. Finkelstein]] (2003)
*''Images Lead to Varying Perceptions: 'In Photographs in Which We, as Journalists, Saw Danger, Some Readers Saw Deception'', by [[Debbie Kornmiller]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East''  by [[Richard A. Falk]] and [[Howard Friel]] London: [[Verso]] (2007)  {{ISBN|1-84467-109-7}}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080726174729/http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP07-012/$File/rwp_07_012_kalb.pdf The Israeli-Hezbollah War of 2006: The Media as a Weapon in Asymmetrical Conflict] by [[Marvin Kalb]]<!--  Faculty Research Working Paper, RWP07-012, --> [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], [[Harvard University]], February 2007
* ''The Minefield of Language in Middle East Coverage: Journalists Rarely Have the Time or Space to Navigate through the War of Words'', by [[Beverly Wall]]; [[Nieman Reports]], Vol. 56, Fall 2002
*''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858380 Missing: The Bias Implicit in the Absent]'', by [[Marda Dunsky]]; [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 23, 2001
*''The Other War: A Debate: Questions of Balance in the Middle East'' by [[Adeel Hassan]]; [[Columbia Journalism Review]], Vol. 42, May–June 2003
*''The Other War: Israelis, Palestinians and the Struggle for Media Supremacy'', by [[Stephanie Gutmann]], [[Encounter Books]] 2005 ({{ISBN|1-893554-94-5}})
*''Pens and Swords: How the American Mainstream Media Report the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,'' [[Marda Dunsky]], [[Columbia University Press]], 2008 ({{ISBN|978-0-231-13349-4}})
*''Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy'', [[Kathleen Christison]] (2001)
*''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858440 Racism and the North American Media Following September 11: The Canadian Setting]'', by [[Tareq Y. Ismael]] and [[John Measor]]; [[Arab Studies Quarterly]], Vol. 25, 2003
*''Reporting the Arab Israeli Conflict: How Hegemony Works'' by [[Tamar Liebes]] (1997)
*''Understanding the Arab-Israeli Conflict: What the Headlines Haven't Told You'', by [[Michael Rydelnik]]; [[Moody Publishers]] (June 1, 2004) {{ISBN|0-8024-2640-9}}

==External links==
{{External links|section|date=November 2025}}
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DE1F3EF932A35754C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 CNN Navigates Raw Emotions In Its Coverage From Israel] by ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/weekinreview/24okrent.html The Hottest Button: How The Times Covers Israel and Palestine] by ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DE1E38F930A15756C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Some U.S. Backers of Israel Boycott Dailies Over Mideast Coverage That They Deplore] by ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1021166.stm Journalists caught in the middle] by the [[BBC]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/apr/19/nationalunionofjournalists.mediaunions NUJ under fire for Israel boycott] by [[The Guardian]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,988767,00.html Israel cuts links with BBC] by [[The Guardian]]
*[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/963582.html Israel to boycott Al-Jazeera TV, claiming incitement to terror] by [[Haaretz]]
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7292676.stm Israel accuses al-Jazeera of bias] by [[BBC]]
*[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/18438/edition_id/369/format/html/displaystory.html NPR reacts to charges of anti-Israel bias in coverage] by [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]
*[http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-gerstenfeld-f04.htm Watching the Pro-Israeli Media Watchers] by [[Manfred Gerstenfeld]] and Ben Green on [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|JCPA]]

{{History of Palestinian journalism}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict|state=expanded}}
{{Gaza-Israel conflict|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media Coverage Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}
[[Category:Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict| ]]
[[Category:Media bias controversies involving Israel|*]]
[[Category:Mass media in Palestine]]
[[Category:Media coverage of conflicts]]