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{{Short description|1925 autobiography by Adolf Hitler}}
{{redirect|My Struggle}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name              = Mein Kampf
| image             = Mein Kampf dust jacket.jpeg
| caption           = 1926–1928 edition
| author            = [[Adolf Hitler]]
| cover_artist      = 
| country           = [[Weimar Republic|German Reich]]
| language          = [[German language|German]]
| subject           = [[Autobiography]]<br />[[Political manifesto]]<br />[[Political philosophy]]
| publisher         = [[Franz Eher Nachfolger|Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH]]
| release_date      = 18 July 1925
| english_pub_date  = 13 October 1933 (abridged)<br />1939 (full)
| pages             = 720
| media_type        = Print<br />([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
| isbn              = 978-0395951057
| isbn_note         = (1998 trans.&nbsp;by&nbsp;[[Ralph Manheim]])
| wikisource        = Mein Kampf (Stackpole Sons)
| dewey             = 943.086092
| congress          = DD247.H5
| preceded_by       = 
| followed_by       = [[Zweites Buch]]
}}
{{Adolf Hitler series|expanded=Works}}
{{Nazism sidebar|expanded=Literature}}
{{lang|de|'''Mein Kampf'''}} ({{IPA|de|maɪn ˈkampf|lang}}; {{Literal translation|lk=yes|'''My Struggle'''}}) is a 1925 [[Autobiography|autobiographical]] and political [[manifesto]] by [[Nazi Party]] leader [[Adolf Hitler]]. The book outlines many of [[Political views of Adolf Hitler|Hitler's political beliefs]], his political ideology, and his future plans for [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and the world. Volume 1 of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926.<ref name=":5">{{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} ''("My Struggle")'', Adolf Hitler (originally 1925–1926), Reissue edition (15 September 1998), Publisher: Mariner Books, Language: English, paperback, 720 pages, {{ISBN|978-1495333347}}</ref>  The combined volumes encompass roughly 750 pages.<ref name=":5" /> [[Emil Maurice]], [[SS]] member No. 2, was prominent in early transcription, then most of the editing was done by Hitler's deputy [[Rudolf Hess]].{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=85}}<ref name=":0">Robert G.L. Waite, ''The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler'', Basic Books, 1977, pp. 237–243</ref>

Hitler began {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} while imprisoned at [[Landsberg Prison]] following [[Beer Hall Putsch|his failed coup in Munich]] in November 1923 and trial in February 1924 for [[high treason]], in which he received a sentence of five years in fortress confinement ({{Lang|de|[[Festungshaft]]}}). Although he received many visitors initially, he soon devoted himself entirely to the book. As he continued, he realized that it would have to be a two-volume work. The governor of the prison noted at the time that "[Hitler] hopes the book will run into many editions, thus enabling him to fulfill his financial obligations and to defray the expenses incurred at the time of his trial."<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Heinz|first1=Heinz|title=Germany's Hitler|date=1934|publisher=Hurst & Blackett|page=191|url=https://archive.org/details/GermanysHitler}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Payne|first1=Robert|title=The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler|date=1973|publisher=Popular Library|page=203}}</ref> Hitler spent over a year incarcerated and had the first volume published the summer after his release. After slow initial sales, the book became a bestseller in Germany following [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Hitler's rise to power]] in 1933.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|pp=80–81}}

After [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler's death]], copyright of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, along with other Nazi assets, was given to the state government of [[Bavaria]], which refused to allow any copying or printing of the book in Germany. In 2016, following the expiry of the copyright held by the Bavarian government, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was republished in Germany for the first time since 1945, which prompted public debate and divided reactions from Jewish groups. A team of scholars from the [[Institute of Contemporary History (Munich)|Institute of Contemporary History]] in Munich published a two-volume, almost 2,000-page edition annotated with about 3,500 notes. This was followed in 2021 by a nearly 900-page French edition based on the German annotated version, with about twice as much commentary as text.<ref name=historicizing /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brayard |first=Florent |url=https://www.fnac.com/a15909281/Florent-Brayard-Historiciser-le-mal |title=Historiciser le mal: Une édition critique de Mein Kampf |publisher=Fayard |year=2021 |isbn=978-2213671185 |language=fr |trans-title=Historicizing evil}}</ref>

==Title==
Hitler originally wanted to call his forthcoming book "{{lang|de|Viereinhalb Jahre (des Kampfes) gegen Lüge, Dummheit und Feigheit}}" ("Four and a Half Years [of Struggle] Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice").{{sfn|Bullock|1999|p=121}} [[Max Amann]], head of the [[Franz-Eher-Verlag|Franz Eher Verlag]] and Hitler's publisher, is said to have suggested the much shorter "{{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}" ("My Struggle").<ref name=":3">{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Cohen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/28/bookend/bookend.html|title=Guess Who's on the Backlist|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 June 1998|accessdate=24 April 2008|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920192719/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/28/bookend/bookend.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Contents==
The arrangement of chapters is as follows:
*Volume One: A Reckoning
**Chapter 1: In the House of My Parents
**Chapter 2: Years of Study and Suffering in Vienna
**Chapter 3: General Political Considerations Based on My Vienna Period
**Chapter 4: Munich
**Chapter 5: The World War
**Chapter 6: War Propaganda
**Chapter 7: The Revolution
**Chapter 8: The Beginning of My Political Activity
**Chapter 9: The "German Workers' Party"
**Chapter 10: Causes of the Collapse
**Chapter 11: Nation and Race
**Chapter 12: The First Period of Development of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
*Volume Two: The National Socialist Movement
**Chapter 1: Philosophy and Party
**Chapter 2: The State
**Chapter 3: Subjects and Citizens
**Chapter 4: Personality and the Conception of the {{lang|de|Völkisch}} State
**Chapter 5: Philosophy and Organization
**Chapter 6: The Struggle of the Early Period – the Significance of the Spoken Word
**Chapter 7: The Struggle with the Red Front
**Chapter 8: The Strong Man Is Mightiest Alone
**Chapter 9: Basic Ideas Regarding the Meaning and Organization of the Sturmabteilung
**Chapter 10: Federalism as a Mask
**Chapter 11: Propaganda and Organization
**Chapter 12: The Trade-Union Question
**Chapter 13: German Alliance Policy After the War
**Chapter 14: Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy
**Chapter 15: The Right of Emergency Defense
*Conclusion
*Index

== Analysis ==
In {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, Hitler used the main thesis of "the Jewish peril", which posits a [[Antisemitic canard|Jewish conspiracy to gain world leadership]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Robert|last=Carr|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/mein-kampf-%E2%80%93-text-its-themes-and-hitler%E2%80%99s-vision|title=Mein Kampf – The Text, its Themes and Hitler's Vision|work=History Review|issue=57|date=March 2007|via=[[History Today]]}}</ref> The narrative describes the process by which he became increasingly [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] and [[militarism|militaristic]], especially during his years in Vienna. He speaks of not having met a [[Jew]] until he arrived in Vienna, and that at first his attitude was liberal and tolerant. When he first encountered the antisemitic press, he says, he dismissed it as unworthy of serious consideration. Later he accepted the same antisemitic views, which became crucial to his program of national reconstruction of Germany.

{{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} has also been studied as a work on [[political theory]]. For example, Hitler announces his hatred of what he believed to be the world's two evils: [[communism]] and [[Judaism]]. In the book, Hitler blamed Germany's chief woes on the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|parliament]] of the [[Weimar Republic]], the Jews, and [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]], as well as [[Marxism|Marxists]], though he believed that Marxists, Social Democrats, and the parliament were all working for Jewish interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/meinkampf035176mbp|title=Mein Kampf|work=Internet Archive|year=1941}}</ref> He announced that he wanted to destroy the [[parliamentary system]] completely, believing it to be corrupt in principle, as those who reach power are inherent [[opportunism|opportunists]].

===Antisemitism===
While historians dispute the exact date Hitler decided to [[Final Solution|exterminate the Jewish people]], few place the decision before the mid-1930s.<ref name=Browning2003p12>{{cite book |first=Christopher R. |last=Browning |author-link=Christopher Browning |year=2003 |title=Initiating the Final Solution: The Fateful Months of September–October 1941 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=53343660 |page=12}}</ref> First published in 1925, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} shows Hitler's personal grievances and his ambitions for creating a [[New Order (Nazism)|New Order]]. Hitler also wrote that ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', a fabricated text that purported to expose a Jewish plot to control the world,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Graves |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/truthaboutthepro00londiala|title=The truth about 'The Protocols': a literary forgery |year=1921 |work=[[The Times of London]] |format=pamphlet |type=articles collection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510140102/https://archive.org/details/truthaboutthepro00londiala|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> was an authentic document. This later became a part of the [[Nazi propaganda]] effort to justify persecution and annihilation of the Jews.<ref>{{cite book |first=Adolf |last=Hitler |author-link=Adolf Hitler |title=Mein Kampf |chapter=XI: Nation and Race |volume=I |pages=307–308 |title-link=Mein Kampf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Nora|last=Levin|title=The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945|date=1973|publisher=Schocken|location=New York City|isbn=978-0805203769}}</ref>

The historian [[Ian Kershaw]] observed that several passages in {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} are undeniably of a [[Genocide|genocidal]] nature.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Kershaw|author-link=Ian Kershaw|title=Hitler 1889–1936 Hubris|publisher=[[W.W. Norton and Company]]|location=New York City|date=1999|isbn=978-0393320350|page=258}}</ref> Hitler wrote "the nationalization of our masses will succeed only when, aside from all the positive struggle for the soul of our people, their international poisoners are exterminated",<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''Mein Kampf'', Volume One – A Reckoning, Chapter XII: The First Period of Development of the National Socialist German Workers' Party</ref> and he suggested that, "If at the beginning of the war and during the war twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the nation had been subjected to poison gas, such as had to be endured in the field by hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers of all classes and professions, then the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain."<ref name="Yahil-1991">Adolf Hitler, ''Mein Kampf'', Volume Two – A Reckoning, Chapter XV: The Right of Emergency Defense, p. 984, quoted in {{cite book |last=Yahlil |first=Leni |title=The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_aRvKpLUf0C&pg=PA51 |access-date=9 January 2016 |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-504523-9 |page=51 |chapter=2. Hitler Implements Twentieth-Century Anti-Semitism |oclc=20169748}}</ref>

The racial laws to which Hitler referred resonate directly with his ideas in {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}. In the first edition, Hitler stated that the destruction of the weak and sick is far more humane than their protection. Apart from this allusion to humane treatment, Hitler saw a purpose in destroying "the weak" in order to provide the proper space and purity for the "strong".<ref>A. Hitler. ''Mein Kampf'' (Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger, 1930), p. 478</ref>

===Anti-Slavism and {{lang|de|Lebensraum}} (''living space'')===
Hitler described that, when he was in [[Vienna]], it was repugnant for him to see the mixture of races "of Czechs, Poles, Hungarians, [[Ruthenians]], Serbs and Croats, and always that infection which dissolves human society, the Jew, were all here and there and everywhere."<ref>Joachim Fest, Hitler, p. 60</ref> He also wrote that he viewed the Japanese victory over the Russians in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1904 as a "blow to [[Austrian Slavism]]".<ref>{{cite book|first=Francisco|last=Bethencourt|title=Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|date=2015|isbn=978-0691169750|page=325}}</ref>

In the chapter "Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy", Hitler argued that the Germans needed {{lang|de|[[Lebensraum]]}} (living space) in the East, a "historic destiny" that would properly nurture the German people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2history.com/experts/Sir_Ian_Kershaw/Hitler_s_expansionist_aims|title=Hitler's expansionist aims > Professor Sir Ian Kershaw > WW2History.com|website=ww2history.com|access-date=1 September 2010|archive-date=3 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203005619/http://ww2history.com/experts/Sir_Ian_Kershaw/Hitler_s_expansionist_aims|url-status=live}}</ref> Hitler believed that "the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia, but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacy of the German element in an inferior race."<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''Mein Kampf'', Eastern Orientation or Eastern policy</ref> In {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, Hitler openly described his proposed future German expansion in the East, foreshadowing [[Generalplan Ost]]:
{{blockquote|And so we [[Nazism|National Socialists]] consciously draw a line beneath the foreign policy tendency of our pre-[First World] War period. We take up where we broke off six hundred years ago. We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east. At long last we break off the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-War period and shift to the soil policy of the future.

If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and her vassal border states.<ref name="Fest2013">{{cite book|first=Joachim C.|last=Fest|title=Hitler|year=2013|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-544-19554-7|page=216}}</ref>}}

Hitler wrote that he was against any attempts to [[Germanization|Germanise]] Slavs, and criticised previous attempts at trying to Germanise the Austrian Slavs. He also criticised people in pan-German movements in Germany who thought that forcing ethnic Poles living in Germany to speak the German language would turn them into Germans; he believed that would have caused a "foreign race" by its own "inferiority" to damage the "dignity" and "nobility" of the German nation.<ref>Richard Weikart, Hitler's Ethnic, p. 73</ref>

==Sales==
[[File:Arabic Mein Kampf.jpg|thumb|Arabic edition of Mein Kampf]]
Although Hitler originally wrote {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} mostly for the followers of Nazism, interest in the work grew after his rise to power. (Two other books written by party members, [[Gottfried Feder]]'s ''Breaking The Interest Slavery'' and [[Alfred Rosenberg]]'s ''[[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]'', have since lapsed into comparative literary obscurity.)<ref name="spiegel"/> Hitler had made about {{Reichsmark|1.2 million|link=yes}} from sales of the book by 1933 ({{Inflation|DE|1200000|1933|fmt=eq|cursign=€}}), when the average annual income of a teacher was about {{Reichsmark|4,800}} ({{Inflation|DE|4800|1933|fmt=eq|cursign=€}}).<ref name="spiegel" /><ref name="taxes" /> He had accumulated a tax debt of {{Reichsmark|405,500|link=yes}} ({{Inflation|DE|405500|1933|fmt=eq|cursign=€}}) from the sale of about 240,000 copies before he became chancellor in 1933, at which time his debt was waived.<ref name="spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,druck-433526,00.html "Mythos Ladenhüter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902041030/http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0%2C1518%2Cdruck-433526%2C00.html |date=2 September 2006 }} ''Spiegel Online''</ref><ref name="taxes">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4105683.stm "Hitler dodged taxes, expert finds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429192627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4105683.stm |date=29 April 2019 }} BBC News</ref>

Hitler began to distance himself from the book after becoming chancellor of Germany in 1933. He dismissed it as "fantasies behind bars" that were little more than a series of articles for the {{lang|de|[[Völkischer Beobachter]]}} newspaper, and later told [[Hans Frank]] that "If I had had any idea in 1924 that I would have become Reich chancellor, I never would have written the book."<ref name="Ryback2010">{{cite book|author=Timothy W. Ryback|title=Hitler's Private Library: The Books that Shaped his Life|date=6 July 2010|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4090-7578-3|pages=92–93}}</ref> Nevertheless, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was a bestseller in Germany during the 1930s.<ref name="Guardian2016" /> During Hitler's years in power, the book was in high demand in libraries and often reviewed and quoted in other publications. It was given free to every newlywed couple and every soldier fighting at the front.<ref name="spiegel"/> By 1939, it had sold 5.2 million copies in eleven languages.<ref>"Mein Kampf work by Hitler". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Last updated 19 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015 from https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373362/Mein-Kampf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518135824/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373362/Mein-Kampf |date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Contemporary observations==
{{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, in essence, lays out the ideological program Hitler established for the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], by identifying the Jews and "Bolsheviks" as racially and ideologically inferior and threatening, and "Aryans" and National Socialists as racially superior and politically progressive. Hitler's revolutionary goals included expulsion of the Jews, and the unification of German peoples into one [[Pan-Germanism|Greater Germany]]. Hitler desired to restore German lands to their greatest historical extent, real or imagined.

Due to its [[Racism|racist]] content and the historical effect of Nazism upon Europe during [[World War II]] and the Holocaust, it is considered a highly controversial book. Criticism has not come solely from opponents of Nazism. [[Italian fascism|Italian fascist]] dictator and Nazi ally [[Benito Mussolini]] was also critical of the book, saying that it was "a boring [[wikt:tome|tome]] that I have never been able to read" and remarking that Hitler's beliefs, as expressed in the book, were "little more than commonplace clichés".<ref>[[Denis Mack Smith|Mack Smith, Denis]]. 1983. ''Mussolini: A Biography''. New York: Vintage Books. p. 172. London: Paladin, p. 200</ref> The American literary theorist and philosopher [[Kenneth Burke]] wrote a 1939 analysis of the work, ''[[The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle"]]'', pointing out an underlying message of aggressive intent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uregina.ca/~rheaults/rhetor/2004/schmidt.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125085622/http://uregina.ca/~rheaults/rhetor/2004/schmidt.pdf|title=Uregina.ca|archivedate=25 November 2011}}</ref>

The American journalist [[John Gunther]] said in 1940 that compared to autobiographies such as [[Leon Trotsky]]'s ''[[My Life (Trotsky)|My Life]]'' or [[Henry Adams]]'s ''[[The Education of Henry Adams]]'', {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was "vapid, vain, rhetorical, diffuse, prolix." However, he added that "it is a powerful and moving book, the product of great passionate feeling". He suggested that the book exhausted curious German readers, "but with its message, if only by ceaseless repetition of the argument, left impregnably in their minds, fecund and germinating".<ref name="gunther1940">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n53/mode/2up | title=Inside Europe | publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York| author=Gunther, John |author-link=John Gunther| year=1940 | page=31}}</ref>

In March 1940, British writer [[George Orwell]] reviewed a then-recently published uncensored translation of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} for ''[[The New English Weekly]]''. Orwell suggested that the force of Hitler's personality shone through the often "clumsy" writing, capturing the magnetic allure of Hitler for many Germans. In essence, Orwell notes, Hitler offers only visions of endless struggle and conflict in the creation of "a horrible brainless empire" that "stretch[es] to Afghanistan or thereabouts". He wrote, "Whereas Socialism, and even capitalism in a more grudging way, have said to people 'I offer you a good time,' Hitler has said to them, 'I offer you struggle, danger, and death,' and as a result a whole nation flings itself at his feet." Orwell's review was written in the aftermath of the 1939 [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], when Hitler made peace with the USSR after more than a decade of vitriolic rhetoric and threats between the two nations; with the pact in place, Orwell believed, England was now facing a risk of Nazi attack, and the UK must not underestimate the appeal of Hitler's ideas.<ref>Orwell, George. "Mein Kampf" review, reprinted in ''The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell'', Vol 2., Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, eds., Harourt Brace Jovanovich 1968</ref>

In his 1943 book ''The Menace of the Herd'', Austrian scholar [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]]<ref>Francis Stuart Campbell, pen name of [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]] (1943), ''Menace of the Herd, or, Procrustes at Large'', Milwaukee, WI: The Bruce Publishing Company</ref> described Hitler's ideas in {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} and elsewhere as "a veritable {{lang|la|[[reductio ad absurdum]]}} of '[[Progressivism|progressive]] thought'"<ref>Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 159</ref> and betraying "a curious lack of original thought" that shows Hitler offered no innovative or original ideas but was merely "a ''virtuoso'' of commonplaces which he may or may not repeat in the guise of a 'new discovery.{{'"}}<ref>Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 201</ref> Hitler's stated aim, Kuehnelt-Leddihn writes, is to quash individualism in furtherance of political goals:

{{blockquote|When Hitler and Mussolini attack the "western democracies" they insinuate that their "democracy" is not genuine. National Socialism envisages abolishing the difference in wealth, education, intellect, taste, philosophy, and habits by a leveling process which necessitates in turn a total control over the child and the adolescent. Every personal attitude will be branded&nbsp;— after communist pattern&nbsp;— as "[[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]]", and this in spite of the fact that the bourgeois is the representative of the most herdist class in the world, and that National Socialism is a basically bourgeois movement.

In {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, Hitler repeatedly speaks of the "masses" and the "herd" referring to the people. The German people should probably, in his view, remain a mass of identical "individuals" in an enormous sand heap or ant heap, identical even to the color of their shirts, the garment nearest to the body.<ref>Kuehnelt-Leddihn, pp. 202–203</ref>}}

In his ''[[The Second World War (book series)|The Second World War]]'', published in several volumes in the late 1940s and early 1950s, [[Winston Churchill]] wrote that he felt that after Hitler's ascension to power, no other book than {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} deserved more intensive scrutiny.<ref name="ChurchillTheSecondWorldWar">''Winston Churchill: The Second World War''. Volume 1, Houghton Mifflin Books 1986, S. 50. "Here was the new Koran of faith and war: turgid, verbose, shapeless, but pregnant with its message."</ref>

==Later analysis==
The critic [[George Steiner]] suggested that {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} can be seen as one of several books that resulted from the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in [[World War I]], comparable in this respect to the philosopher [[Ernst Bloch]]'s ''The Spirit of Utopia'' (1918), the historian [[Oswald Spengler]]'s ''[[The Decline of the West]]'' (1918), the theologian [[Franz Rosenzweig]]'s ''[[The Star of Redemption]]'' (1921), the theologian [[Karl Barth]]'s ''[[The Epistle to the Romans (Barth book)|The Epistle to the Romans]]'' (1922), and the philosopher [[Martin Heidegger]]'s ''[[Being and Time]]'' (1927).<ref>{{cite book |author=Steiner, George |title=Martin Heidegger |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1991 |pages=vii–viii |isbn=0-226-77232-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/martinheidegger000stei }}</ref>

==Criticism by translators==
A number of translators have commented on the poor quality of Hitler's use of language in writing ''Mein Kampf''. Olivier Mannoni, who translated the 2021 French critical edition, said about the original German text that it was "An incoherent soup, one could become half-mad translating it", and said that previous translations had corrected the language, giving the false impression that Hitler was a "cultured man" with "coherent and grammatically correct reasoning". He added "To me, making this text elegant is a crime."<ref name=historicizing /> Mannoni's comments are similar to those made by [[Ralph Manheim]], who made the first English-language translation in 1943. Manheim wrote in the [[foreword]] to the edition "Where Hitler's formulations challenge the reader's credulity I have quoted the German original in the notes." This evaluation of the poor quality of Hitler's prose and his inability to express his opinions coherently was shared by William S. Schlamm, who reviewed Manheim's translation in ''[[The New York Times]]'', writing that "there was not the faintest similarity to a thought and barely a trace of language."<ref>Schlamm, William S. (17 October 1943) [https://www.nytimes.com/1943/10/17/archives/german-best-seller-mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-translated-by-ralph.html?searchResultPosition=2 "German Best Seller; MEIN KAMPF. By Adolf Hitler. Translated by Ralph Manheim. 694 pp. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. $3.50."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603224707/https://www.nytimes.com/1943/10/17/archives/german-best-seller-mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-translated-by-ralph.html?searchResultPosition=2 |date=3 June 2021 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

==German publication history==
While Hitler was in power (1933–1945), {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was made available in three common editions, all of which combined both volumes into one book. The first, the {{lang|de|Volksausgabe}} or People's Edition, featured the original cover on the dust jacket and was navy blue underneath with a gold [[swastika]] eagle embossed on the cover. The {{lang|de|Hochzeitsausgabe}}, or Wedding Edition, in a slipcase with the seal of the province embossed in gold onto a parchment-like cover was given free to marrying couples. In 1940, the {{lang|de|Tornister-Ausgabe}}, or Knapsack Edition, was released. This edition was a compact, but unabridged, version in a red cover and was released by the post office, available to be sent to soldiers fighting at the front.

The deluxe {{lang|de|Jubiläumsausgabe}}, or Anniversary Issue, containing both volumes, was published in 1939 in honour of Hitler's 50th birthday. It came in both dark blue and bright red boards with a gold sword on the cover. The book could also be purchased as a two-volume set during Hitler's rule, and was available with soft or hard covers. The soft-cover edition had the original cover (as pictured at the top of this article). The hardcover edition had a leather spine with cloth-covered boards. The cover and spine contained an image of three brown oak leaves.

===2016 critical edition===
Along with the [[Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler|rest of his wealth and property]], Hitler left the rights to the book to the German state. As Hitler's official place of residence was in [[Munich]], the copyright passed to the government of Bavaria, which refused to allow the book to be republished. The copyright ran out on 31 December 2015.

On 3 February 2010, the [[Institute of Contemporary History (Munich)|Institute of Contemporary History]] (IfZ) in Munich announced plans to re-publish an annotated version of the text, for educational purposes in schools and universities, in 2016. The book had last been published in Germany in 1945.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/mein-kampf-to-see-its-first-postwwii-publication-in-germany-1891347.html |title='Mein Kampf' to see its first post-WWII publication in Germany |date=6 February 2010 |work=[[The Independent]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212000803/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/mein-kampf-to-see-its-first-postwwii-publication-in-germany-1891347.html |archive-date=12 February 2010 }}</ref> The IfZ argued that re-publication was necessary to get an authoritative annotated edition by the time the copyright ran out, which might open the way for [[neo-Nazi]] groups to publish their own versions.<ref name="Baetz" /> The Bavarian Finance Ministry opposed the plan, citing respect for victims of the [[Holocaust]]. It stated that permits for reprints, or a new annotated edition, would not be issued, at home or abroad.

There was disagreement about the issue of whether the republished book might be banned as Nazi propaganda. The Bavarian government emphasized that even after expiration of the copyright, "the dissemination of Nazi ideologies will remain prohibited in Germany and is punishable under the penal code".<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Kulish |date=4 February 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/world/europe/05germany.html |title=Rebuffing Scholars, Germany Vows to Keep Hitler Out of Print |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921212343/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/world/europe/05germany.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Bavarian Science Minister Wolfgang Heubisch supported a critical edition, stating in 2010: "Once Bavaria's copyright expires, there is the danger of charlatans and neo-Nazis appropriating this infamous book for themselves."<ref name="Baetz">{{cite news |first=Juergen |last=Baetz |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/historians-hope-to-publish-mein-kampf-in-germany/ |title=Historians Hope to Publish 'Mein Kampf' in Germany |date=5 February 2010 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152440/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/historians-hope-to-publish-mein-kampf-in-germany/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 December 2013, the Bavarian government cancelled its financial support for an annotated edition. IfZ, which was preparing the translation, announced that it intended to proceed with publication after the copyright expired,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25346140 | website=[[BBC News]] | title=Bavaria abandons plans for new edition of Mein Kampf | date=12 December 2013 | access-date=22 June 2018 | archive-date=17 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117103816/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25346140 | url-status=live }}</ref> and scheduled an edition of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} for release in 2016.<ref name=NYT_Scholars_Unveil_New_Edition>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/world/europe/scholars-unveil-new-edition-of-hitlers-mein-kampf.html |title=Scholars Unveil New Edition of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' |first=Alison |last=Smale |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120161118/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/world/europe/scholars-unveil-new-edition-of-hitlers-mein-kampf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Richard Verber, vice-president of the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]], stated in 2015 that the board trusted the academic and educational value of republishing. "We would, of course, be very wary of any attempt to glorify Hitler or to belittle the Holocaust in any way," Verber declared to ''[[The Observer]]''. "But this is not that. I do understand how some Jewish groups could be upset and nervous, but it seems it is being done from a historical point of view and to put it in context."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/26/hitler-main-kampf-wary-welcome-british-jews|title=British Jews give wary approval to the return of Hitler's Mein Kampf|first=Vanessa|last=Thorpe|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 December 2015|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924212341/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/26/hitler-main-kampf-wary-welcome-british-jews|url-status=live}}</ref>

The annotated edition of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was published in Germany in January 2016 and sold out within hours on Amazon's German site. The two-volume edition included about 3,500 notes and was almost 2,000 pages long.<ref name="nyt-eddy">{{cite web |title='Mein Kampf,' Hitler's Manifesto, Returns to German Shelves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/09/world/europe/mein-kampf-hitler-germany.html |last=Eddy |first=Melissa |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109024312/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/09/world/europe/mein-kampf-hitler-germany.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Usually, according to [[Gerhard Weinberg]], the information in the annotated edition that accompanies a chapter is mostly about when the chapter was written, though "in some cases" there is commentary on the nature and argument of the chapter.<ref name=Weinberg2017>{{Cite journal|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|date=25 April 2017|title=Hitler, Mein Kampf: Eine kritische Edition|editor1-first=Christian|editor1-last=Hartmann|editor2-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Vordermayer|editor3-first=Othmar|editor3-last=Plöckinger|editor4-first=Roman|editor4-last=Töppel|editor5-first=Edith|editor5-last=Raim|url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/31/1/110/3755313?redirectedFrom=fulltext|access-date=27 March 2022|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=110–115 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcx012 |archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327133743/https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/31/1/110/3755313?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The book's publication led to public debate in Germany, and divided reactions from Jewish groups, with some supporting, and others opposing, the decision to publish.<ref name="Guardian2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/08/copies-of-hitlers-mein-kampf-go-on-sale-in-germany-for-first-time-in-70-years |title=High demand for reprint of Hitler's Mein Kampf takes publisher by surprise |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104165714/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/08/copies-of-hitlers-mein-kampf-go-on-sale-in-germany-for-first-time-in-70-years |url-status=live }}</ref> German officials had previously said they would limit public access to the text amid fears that its re-publication could stir neo-Nazi sentiment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35209185|title=Copyright of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf expires|website=[[BBC News]]|date=1 January 2016|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627093017/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35209185|url-status=live}}</ref> Some bookstores stated that they would not stock the book. Dussmann, a Berlin bookstore, stated that one copy was available on the shelves in the history section, but that it would not be advertised, and more copies would be available only on order.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35242523|title=Mein Kampf hits stores in tense Germany|website=[[BBC News]]|date=8 January 2016|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=1 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601144142/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35242523|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 2017, the German annotated edition had sold over 85,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-annotated-version-of-hitlers-mein-kampf-a-hit-in-germany-2017-1|title=The annotated version of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' is a hit in Germany|work=[[Business Insider]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104142431/http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-annotated-version-of-hitlers-mein-kampf-a-hit-in-germany-2017-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2017 |title=Germany sees 'overwhelming' sales of Hitler's Mein Kampf |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38495456 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

[[Gerhard Weinberg]] wrote a generally positive review of the annotated edition, praising the choice to include not only editors' comments but also changes of the original text. He said that notes such as those of chapters eight and nine "will be extremely helpful" about the situation in the time of Hitler's entry into politics and lauded the notes to chapter 11 ("People and Race") as "extensive and very helpful" as well. On the negative side, Weinberg observed that the editors make a false correction at one point; that they miss an informative book on German atrocities during World War I; that they include a survey of Nazi membership too late; and that all of his own work on Hitler goes unmentioned in the bibliography.<ref name=Weinberg2017/>

==English translations==
{{see|Mein Kampf in English}}

Ever since the early 1930s, the history of ''Mein Kampf'' in English has been complicated and an occasion for controversy.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 September 1933|title=HOUGHTON-MIFFLIN, BEWARE!|work=The Sentinel|url=http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI_heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=CGS%2F1933%2F09%2F14&id=Ar00400&sk=9A981ABF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 June 1939|title=Hitler Aberration|work=The Sentinel|url=http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=CGS%2F1939%2F06%2F08&id=Ar00600&sk=5A2BEA27}}</ref> No fewer than four full translations were completed before 1945, as well as a number of extracts in newspapers, pamphlets, government documents and unpublished typescripts. Not all of these had official approval from his publishers, [[Franz Eher Nachfolger]]. Since the war, the 1943 [[Ralph Manheim]] translation has been the most commonly published translation, though other versions have continued to circulate.

==Current availability==
=== Germany ===
At the time of his suicide, Hitler's official place of residence was in [[Munich]], which led to his entire estate, including all rights to {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, changing to the ownership of the state of [[Bavaria]]. The government of Bavaria, in agreement with the federal government of Germany, refused to allow any copying or printing of the book in Germany. It also opposed copying and printing in other countries, but with less success. Under [[German copyright law]], the entire text entered the [[public domain]] on 1 January 2016, upon the expiration of the calendar year 70 years after the author's death.<ref>[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__64.html § 64 Allgemeines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080709/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__64.html |date=5 October 2010 }}, German Copyright Law. The copyright has been relinquished for the Dutch and Swedish editions and some English ones (though not in the U.S., see below).</ref>

Owning and buying the book in Germany is not an offence. Trading in old copies is lawful as well, unless it is done in such a fashion as to "promote hatred or war." In particular, the unmodified edition is not covered by §86 [[StGB]] that forbids dissemination of means of propaganda of unconstitutional organizations, since it is a "pre-constitutional work" and as such cannot be opposed to the free and democratic basic order, according to a 1979 decision of the [[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]].<ref>Judgement of 25 July 1979 – 3 StR 182/79 (S); BGHSt 29, 73 ff.</ref> Most German libraries carry heavily commented and excerpted versions of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}. In 2008, Stephan Kramer, secretary-general of the [[Central Council of Jews in Germany]], not only recommended lifting the ban, but volunteered the help of his organization in editing and annotating the text, saying that it is time for the book to be made available to all online.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jewish Leader Urges Book Ban End|website=Dateline World Jewry|publisher=[[World Jewish Congress]]|date=July–August 2008}}</ref>

After the copyright expired, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was reprinted and sold on a large scale by a right-wing extremist publisher. Several thousand copies were confiscated during a raid.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndr.de/fernsehen/sendungen/panorama/aktuell/Razzia-bei-rechtsextremem-Versandhandel-Der-Schelm,schelm100.html | title=Razzia bei rechtsextremem Versandhandel "Der Schelm" }}</ref> In a court ruling against the publisher's operator, the distribution of the unabridged, uncommented version of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was classified as ''[[Volksverhetzung|Incitement of masses]]'' in accordance with Section 130 of the German Criminal Code.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#p1368 | title=German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch – STGB) }}</ref><ref>Urteil des AG Forchheim vom 27. Oktober 2016 (Az. 1 Ds 1108 Js 6660/16)</ref> As a result of the ruling, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was added to the ''List of Media Harmful to Young People'' by the [[Federal Agency for Child and Youth Protection in the Media]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/indizierung-zur-adolf-hitler-mein-kampf/ | title=Indizierung zur Adolf Hitler - Mein Kampf }}</ref>

=== Egypt ===
In [[Egypt]], the book was first translated into Arabic in 1937. It had a new translation in 1963 which was reprinted in 1995.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2002 |title=Mein Kampf for sale, in Arabic |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1388161/Mein-Kampf-for-sale-in-Arabic.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510133232/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1388161/Mein-Kampf-for-sale-in-Arabic.html |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> The book was also displayed for sale in [[Cairo]]'s state-run book fairs in 2007, 2021, and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Massive Cairo book fair sets religious tone-Etisalat News |url=http://news.weyak.ae/article/view/lang/en/type/middleEast/id/634108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131824/http://news.weyak.ae/article/view/lang/en/type/middleEast/id/634108 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2007 |title=Reading 'Mein Kampf' in Cairo |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/reading-mein-kampf-in-cairo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113020239/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/reading-mein-kampf-in-cairo |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berman |first=Lazar |orig-date=23 January 2023 |title=As Cairo book fair opens, Israel expresses concern over persistent antisemitism |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-cairo-book-fair-opens-israel-expresses-concern-over-persistent-antisemitism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116085658/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-cairo-book-fair-opens-israel-expresses-concern-over-persistent-antisemitism/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

=== Finland ===
The Nazi group [[Finnish People's Organisation]] had circulated an unofficial translation since at least 1934.<ref>Ekholm, Kai: ''Kielletyt kirjat 1944–1946. Yleisten kirjastojen kirjapoistot vuosina 1944–1946''. Väitöskirja, Oulun yliopisto. Jyväskylä: Things to come, 2000. {{ISBN|951-8908-03-6}}.</ref> One of Finland's largest publishing companies, [[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö]], was granted publishing rights to ''Mein Kampf'' after the Winter War in 1940, and Lauri Hirvensalo was approved as a translator by a German publishing house after WSOY confirmed his "Aryan" ancestry. In 1941–1944, two editions of Mein Kampf, 27,000 and 32,000 copies respectively  were sold, a large number in Finland, and professor [[Veikko Antero Koskenniemi]] wrote a glowing review of the book for ''[[Uusi Suomi]]'' newspaper. During the first week after its publication, 8,000 copies were sold.<ref>Hitler, Adolf: Taisteluni. I–II. ((Mein Kampf. I–II, 1925, 1926.) Saksan kielestä suomentanut Lauri Hirvensalo) Porvoo: WSOY, 1941.</ref><ref>Jarl Hellemann: ''Kustantajan näkökulma: kirjoituksia kirjallisuuden reunalta'', p. 236–238. Helsinki: Otava, 1999. {{ISBN|951-1-16145-8}}.</ref> In the 2000s, a group called ''Nordic Heritage'' reprinted Mein Kampf. This edition was funded by department store tycoon and Holocaust denier [[Juha Kärkkäinen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/853ed8ec-8afc-4b22-a027-37adbd84f7e6/content|work=[[Vartija]]|date=17 February 2025|title=Vihapuhe Antisemitismi|page=67}}</ref> In the 2020s, the Kielletyt Kirjat ('Banned Books') publishing company, linked to the neo-Nazi group [[Nordic Resistance Movement]] published new editions of the 1941 translations of ''Mein Kampf'', and it has been sold in department stores in Finland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-12251767|title=Hitlerin Taisteluni-kirjan kritiikitön versio vedettiin pois myynnistä verkkokaupoista – S-ryhmän mukaan kirjan myyminen oli erehdys|work=[[Yleisradio]]|date=2 June 2024|access-date=2 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603132814/https://yle.fi/a/3-12251767|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Pseudonymous Thomas Dalton, suspected of being a researcher in [[University of Helsinki]] has also republished Mein Kampf in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Demokraatti]]|url=https://demokraatti.fi/helsingin-yliopiston-tutkija-mukana-antisemitismiskandaalissa-epaillaan-netin-vihankylvajahahmoksi|date=23 March 2025|title=Helsingin yliopiston vieraileva tutkija mukana antisemitismiskandaalissa: epäillään netin vihankylväjähahmoksi}}</ref>

=== France ===
In 1934, the French government unofficially sponsored the publication of an unauthorized translation. It was meant as a warning and included a critical introduction by [[Hubert Lyautey|Marshal Lyautey]] ("Every Frenchman must read this book"). It was published by [[far-right]] publisher [[Fernand Sorlot]] in an agreement with the activists of [[LICRA]] who bought 5,000 copies to be offered to "influential people"; however, most of them treated the book as a casual gift and did not read it.<ref>{{cite book|first=Marcel| last=Bleustein-Blanchet|author-link=Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet|location=Paris|title=Les mots de ma vie|language=fr|trans-title=The words of my life|publisher=Robert Laffont|year=1990|page=271|isbn=2221067959}}</ref> The Nazi regime unsuccessfully tried to have it forbidden. Hitler, as the author, and [[Eher-Verlag]], his German publisher, had to sue for [[copyright infringement]] in the [[Commercial Court (France)|Commercial Court]] of France. Hitler's lawsuit succeeded in having all copies seized, the print broken up, and having an [[injunction]] against booksellers offering any copies. However, a large quantity of books had already been shipped and stayed available undercover by Sorlot.<ref name=point/>

In 1938, Hitler licensed for France an authorized edition by [[Fayard]], translated by François Dauture and [[Georges Blond]], without the threatening tone against France of the original. The French edition was 347 pages long, while the original title was 687 pages, and it was titled {{lang|fr|Ma doctrine}} ("My doctrine").<ref name=barnes>{{cite book|first1=James J.| last1=Barnes|first2=Patience P.| last2=Barnes|location=Cambridge, England|title=Hitler's Mein Kampf in Britain and America: A Publishing History 1930–39|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|page=271|isbn=978-0521072670}}</ref> After the war, Fernand Sorlot re-edited, re-issued, and continued to sell the work, without permission from the [[state of Bavaria]], to which the author's rights had defaulted. In the 1970s, the rise of the extreme right in France along with the growing of [[Holocaust denial]] works, placed {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} under judicial watch, and in 1978 LICRA entered a complaint in the courts against the publisher for inciting [[antisemitism]]. Sorlot was issued a "substantial fine", but the court also granted him the right to continue publishing the work, provided certain warnings and qualifiers accompanied the text.<ref name=point>{{cite news|last=Braganca|first=Manu|date=10 June 2016|title=La curieuse histoire de Mein Kampf en version française|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/histoire/la-curieuse-histoire-de-mein-kampf-en-version-francaise-10-06-2016-2045729_1615.php|language=fr|trans-title=The curious history of Mein Kampf in the french version|work=[[Le Point]]|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604092712/https://www.lepoint.fr/histoire/la-curieuse-histoire-de-mein-kampf-en-version-francaise-10-06-2016-2045729_1615.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 January 2016, 70 years after Hitler's death, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} entered the [[public domain]] in France.<ref name=point/> A new edition was published in 2017 by Fayard, now part of the [[Hachette (publisher)|Groupe Hachette]], with a critical introduction like the 2018 edition published  in Germany by the {{lang|de|[[Institut für Zeitgeschichte]]}}.<ref name=point/> In 2021, a 1,000-page critical edition, based on the German edition of 2016, was published in France. Titled ''Historiciser le mal: Une édition critique de Mein Kampf'' ('Historicizing Evil: A Critical Edition of Mein Kampf'), with almost twice as much commentary as text, it was edited by Florent Brayard and Andraes Wirsching, translated by Olivier Mannoni, and published by Fayard. The print run was deliberately kept small at 10,000, available only by special order, with copies set aside for public libraries. Proceeds from the sale of the edition were earmarked for the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation]]. Some critics who had objected in advance to the edition's publication had fewer objections upon publication. One historian noted that there were so many annotations that Hitler's text had become "secondary."<ref name=historicizing>{{cite news|first=Aurelien|last=Bredeen|date=2 June 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/world/europe/france-hitler-mein-kampf.html|title=Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' Gets New French Edition, With Each Lie Annotated|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603222854/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/world/europe/france-hitler-mein-kampf.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur|url-status=live}}</ref>

===India===
Since its first publication in [[India]] in 1928, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} has gone through hundreds of editions and sold over 100,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jungle-world.com/artikel/2013/33/48296.html|title=Archiv – 33/2013 – Dschungel – Über die Wahrnehmung von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus in Indien|website=Jungle-world.com|access-date=17 August 2013|archive-date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817215323/http://jungle-world.com/artikel/2013/33/48296.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Suman |title=On the Indian Readers of Hitler's Mein Kampf |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2012_47/46/On_the_Indian_Readers_of_Hitlers_Mein_Kampf.pdf |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=Economic & Political Weekly |date=17 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509164010/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2012_47/46/On_the_Indian_Readers_of_Hitlers_Mein_Kampf.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2015 |title=In fact: What Mein Kampf tells us about the now and here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-what-mein-kampf-tells-us-about-the-now-and-here/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=The Indian Express|archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313035334/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-what-mein-kampf-tells-us-about-the-now-and-here/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was translated into various [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] such as [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noman |first1=Natasha |title=The Strange History of How Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' Became a Bestseller in India |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/120411/how-hitler-s-mein-kampf-became-a-bestseller-in-india |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[Mic (magazine)|Mic]] |date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212160224/https://www.mic.com/articles/120411/how-hitler-s-mein-kampf-became-a-bestseller-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref> 

===Israel===
An extract of ''Mein Kampf'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] was first published<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> in 1992 by Akadamon in a run of 400 copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/05/world/israeli-publisher-issues-parts-of-mein-kampf-in-hebrew.html|title= Israeli Publisher Issues Parts Of 'Mein Kampf' in Hebrew|work= [[The New York Times]]|date= 5 August 1992|access-date= 6 February 2021|archive-date= 11 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210411000701/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/05/world/israeli-publisher-issues-parts-of-mein-kampf-in-hebrew.html|url-status= live}}</ref> A complete translation of the book into Hebrew by Dan Yaron, a Vienna-born retired teacher and Holocaust survivor,<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/feb/16/hebrew-translation-of-hitler-book-to-be-printed/|title= Hebrew Translation Of Hitler Book To Be Printed|date=16 February 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207035408/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/feb/16/hebrew-translation-of-hitler-book-to-be-printed/|archive-date=7 February 2021|website=[[The Spokesman-Review]]}}</ref> was published by the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] in 1995.

===Latvia===
On 5 May 1995, a translation of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} released by a small Latvian publishing house {{lang|lv|Vizītkarte}} began appearing in bookstores, provoking a reaction from Latvian authorities, who confiscated the approximately 2,000 copies that had made their way to the bookstores and charged director of the publishing house Pēteris Lauva with offences under anti-racism law.<ref name="latimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-21-mn-4167-story.html |title=Latvia Calls Halt to Sale of 'Mein Kampf' |date=21 May 1995 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110031/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-21-mn-4167-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Currently the publication of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} is forbidden in Latvia.<ref name="latimes.com"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Bowcott |first=Owen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jun/18/books.humanities |title=Charity returns £250,000 royalties for Hitler's credo |date=18 June 2001 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |quote=Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, Switzerland and Hungary have also all forbidden publication. |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011122136/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jun/18/books.humanities |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2018, multiple Russian-language news sites (''Baltnews'', ''[[Zvezda (TV channel)|Zvezda]]'', ''[[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]]'','' [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' and ''Komprava'' among others) reported that Adolf Hitler had allegedly become more popular in Latvia than [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]], referring to a Latvian online book trading platform ibook.lv, where {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} had appeared at the No. 1 position in "The Most Current Books in 7 Days" list.<ref name="Sprūde">{{cite web |last=Sprūde |first=Viesturs |title=Fake News: In Latvia Hitler's "Mein Kampf" is more popular than Harry Potter |url=https://vecais.okupacijasmuzejs.lv/en/history/independent-latvia/fake-news-in-latvia-hitlers-mein-kampf-is-more-popular-than-harry-potter |access-date=9 October 2019 |publisher=[[Museum of the Occupation of Latvia]] |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174908/https://vecais.okupacijasmuzejs.lv/en/history/independent-latvia/fake-news-in-latvia-hitlers-mein-kampf-is-more-popular-than-harry-potter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Polygraph">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygraph.info/a/factcheck-harry-potter-hitler-latvia/29166375.html |title=Sputnik and Zvezda Falsely Claim Hitler's Mein Kampf is more popular than Harry Potter in Latvia |date=13 April 2018 |website=[[Polygraph.info]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110030/https://www.polygraph.info/a/factcheck-harry-potter-hitler-latvia/29166375.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-49973668/do-latvians-really-read-more-hitler-than-harry-potter |title=Do Latvians really read more Hitler than Harry Potter? |date=9 October 2019 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009053206/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-49973668/do-latvians-really-read-more-hitler-than-harry-potter |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Alexa Internet]] reported that ibook.lv was only the 878th-most-popular website and 149th-most-popular shopping site in Latvia at the time, and only had 4 copies on sale by individual users, and no users wishing to purchase the book.<ref name="Polygraph"/> Owner of ibook.lv pointed out that the book list is not based on actual deals but rather page views, of which 70% in the case of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} had come from anonymous and unregistered users she believed could be fake users.<ref name="BBC"/> [[Ambassador of Latvia to the Russian Federation]] [[Māris Riekstiņš]] responded to the story by tweeting "everyone, who wishes to know what books are actually bought and read in Latvia, are advised to address the largest book stores @JanisRoze; @valtersunrapa; @zvaigzneabc".<ref name="Sprūde"/> The [[BBC]] also acknowledged the story was fake news, adding that in the last three years {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} had been requested for borrowing for only 139 times across all libraries in Latvia, in comparison with around 25,000 requests for books about Harry Potter.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Netherlands===
In the Netherlands, {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} was not available for sale for years following World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2017/02/shop-owner-cleared-of-spreading-hatred-for-selling-mein-kampf/|title=Shop owner cleared of spreading hatred for selling Mein Kampf|website=DutchNews.nl|date=14 February 2017|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218071802/http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2017/02/shop-owner-cleared-of-spreading-hatred-for-selling-mein-kampf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tmgonlinemedia.nl/consent/consent/?return=https://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/binnenland/2016/10/promotheus-wil-mein-kampf-in-nederland-uitgeven&clienttime=1494413267840&version=0&detect=true|title=metronieuws.nl cookie consent|website=tmgonlinemedia.nl|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228070647/https://tmgonlinemedia.nl/consent/consent/?return=https://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/binnenland/2016/10/promotheus-wil-mein-kampf-in-nederland-uitgeven&clienttime=1494413267840&version=0&detect=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Sale of the book has been prohibited since a court ruling in the 1980s. In September 2018, however, Dutch publisher Prometheus officially released an academic edition of the 2016 German translation with comprehensive introductions and annotations by Dutch historians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uitgeverijprometheus.nl/nieuws/wetenschappelijke-editie-mijnstrijd.html|title=De wetenschappelijke editie van Mein Kampf|date=23 August 2018|work=Uitgeverij Prometheus|access-date=5 September 2018|language=nl-NL|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905102122/https://uitgeverijprometheus.nl/nieuws/wetenschappelijke-editie-mijnstrijd.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The book is widely available to the general public in the Netherlands for the first time since World War II.

===Romania===
On 20 April 1993, under the sponsorship of the vice-president of the [[Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania]], [[Sibiu]]-based Pacific publishers began issuing a Romanian edition of ''Mein Kampf''. Authorities promptly banned the sale and confiscated the copies, citing Article 166 of the [[Penal Code of Romania|Penal Code]], but the ban was overturned on appeal by the Prosecutor General on 27 May 1993. Chief Rabbi [[Moses Rosen]] protested, and on 10 July 1993 President [[Ion Iliescu]] asked the Prosecutor General in writing to reinstate the ban of further printing and have the book withdrawn from the market. On 8 November 1993, the Prosecutor General rebuffed Iliescu, stating that the publication of the book was an act of spreading information, not conducting fascist propaganda. Although Iliescu deplored this answer "in strictly judicial terms", this was the end of the matter.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuStivk_NYC&pg=PA414 |title=Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1 iun. 1996, ''Israel Yearbook on Human Rights: 1995'', pp. 414–415 |isbn=90-411-0258-2 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307032004/https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuStivk_NYC&pg=PA414#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Dinstein |first1=Yoram |date=June 1996 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.turnulsfatului.ro/2015/12/14/cum-a-fost-tiparit-si-ars-la-sibiu-volumul-bdquo-mein-kampf-rdquo-nbsp-al-lui-hitler-49333|title=Cum a fost tipărit și ars la Sibiu volumul 'Mein Kampf' al lui Hitler|first=Daniela|last=Solomon|publisher=Turnul Sfatului|date=14 December 2015|access-date=26 February 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226071021/https://www.turnulsfatului.ro/2015/12/14/cum-a-fost-tiparit-si-ars-la-sibiu-volumul-bdquo-mein-kampf-rdquo-nbsp-al-lui-hitler-49333|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Russia===
In the [[Soviet Union]], ''Mein Kampf'' was published in 1933 in a translation by [[Grigory Zinoviev]].<ref>Alexander Watlin. [http://gefter.ru/archive/13902 "Mein Kampf". What to do?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128101739/http://gefter.ru/archive/13902 |date=28 January 2022 }} Gefter (24 December 2014).</ref> In the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} has been published at least three times since 1992; the Russian text is also available on websites. In 2006 the [[Public Chamber of Russia]] proposed banning the book. In 2009, St. Petersburg's branch of the [[Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs]] requested to remove an annotated and hyper-linked Russian translation of the book from a historiography website.<ref>[http://newsru.com/russia/08jul2009/hrono.html "A well-known historiography web site shut down over publishing Hitler's book"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711122103/http://www.newsru.com/russia/08jul2009/hrono.html |date=11 July 2009 }}, [[Newsru.com]], 8 July 2009.</ref><ref>Adolf Hitler, annotated and hyper-linked ed. by Vyacheslav Rumyantsev, archived from the [http://www.hrono.info/libris/lib_g/meinkampf00.html original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218155655/http://www.hrono.info/libris/lib_g/meinkampf00.html |date=18 December 2008 }} 12 February 2008; an [http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/192_dok/mein_kampf.html abridged version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508122637/http://hrono.ru/dokum/192_dok/mein_kampf.html |date=8 May 2009 }} remained intact.</ref> On 13 April 2010, it was announced that {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} is outlawed on grounds of extremism promotion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/mein-kampf-banned-russia |title=Radio Netherlands Worldwide |access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607053633/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/mein-kampf-banned-russia |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sweden===
{{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} has been reprinted several times since 1945; in 1970, 1992, 2002 and 2010. In 1992 the Government of Bavaria tried to stop the publication of the book, and the case went to the [[Supreme Court of Sweden]] which ruled in favour of the publisher, stating that the book is protected by copyright, but that the copyright holder is unidentified (and not the [[State of Bavaria]]) and that the original Swedish publishing firm from 1934 was no longer in existence. It therefore refused the Government of Bavaria's claim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagglundsforlag.se/forfattaredok/Hitler/Pressmed0324.htm|title=Hägglunds förlag|website=Hagglundsforlag.se|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331194349/http://www.hagglundsforlag.se/forfattaredok/Hitler/Pressmed0324.htm|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

===Turkey===
''Mein Kampf'' ({{langx|tr|Kavgam}}) was widely available in [[Turkey]] selling up to 100,000 copies in just two months in 2005. Analysts and commentators believe the sales of the book to be related to a rise in nationalism and anti-U.S. sentiment. İvo Molinas of ''[[Şalom]]'' stated this was a result of "what is happening in the Middle East, the Israeli-Palestinian problem and the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]]."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/29/turkey.books | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Mein Kampf sales soar in Turkey | first=Helena | last=Smith | date=29 March 2005 | access-date=17 December 2016 | archive-date=22 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922133314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/29/turkey.books | url-status=live }}</ref> Doğu Ergil, a political scientist at [[Ankara University]], said both far-right ultranationalists and extremist Islamists had found common ground – "not on a common agenda for the future, but on their anxieties, fears and hate".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4361733.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Hitler book bestseller in Turkey | date=18 March 2005 | access-date=28 September 2009 | archive-date=26 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826122735/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4361733.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===United States===
In the [[United States]], {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} can be found at many community libraries and can be bought, sold, and traded: it is protected by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]] as a matter of [[freedom of speech]] and of [[freedom of the press]].<ref name=Pascal>{{cite news |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/node/153682 |title=Unbanning Hitler |first=Julia |last=Pascal |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=25 June 2001 |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155611/https://www.newstatesman.com/node/153682 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The U.S. government seized the copyright in September 1942 during the [[World War II|Second World War]] under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917|Trading with the Enemy Act]] and in 1979, Houghton Mifflin, the U.S. publisher of the book, bought the rights from the government pursuant to 28 CFR 0.47.<ref>{{USCFR|28|0|47}}</ref> More than 15,000 copies are sold a year.<ref name="Pascal"/> In 2016, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt reported that it was having difficulty finding a charity that would accept profits from the sales of its version of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, which it had promised to donate.<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2016/04/30/boston-publisher-grapples-with-mein-kampf-profits/zgFxVGBpfPx98xKchc382L/story.html "Boston publisher grapples with 'Mein Kampf' profits"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203144246/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2016/04/30/boston-publisher-grapples-with-mein-kampf-profits/zgFxVGBpfPx98xKchc382L/story.html |date=3 February 2017 }} ''The Boston Globe'' Retrieved 3 May 2016.</ref>

===Online availability===
In 1999, the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] documented that the book was available in Germany via major online booksellers such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and [[Barnes & Noble]]. After a public outcry, both companies agreed to end these sales to addresses in Germany.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beyette|first=Beverly|title=Is hate for sale?|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jan-05-cl-50757-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=5 January 2000|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=13 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013022513/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/05/news/cl-50757|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, Amazon banned sales of new and second-hand copies of {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}}, and several other Nazi publications, on its platform.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/16/amazon-bans-sale-of-most-editions-of-adolf-hitlers-mein-kampf|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Amazon bans sale of most editions of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf|first=Jim|last=Waterson|author-link=Jim Waterson|date=16 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320194308/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/16/amazon-bans-sale-of-most-editions-of-adolf-hitlers-mein-kampf|url-status=live}}</ref> The book remains available on Barnes and Noble's website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/Mein+kampf?_requestid=1229787|title=Mein Kampf|publisher=Barnes & Noble|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308071847/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/Mein+kampf?_requestid=1229787|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also available in multiple languages, including German, at the [[Internet Archive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=MEIN%20KAMPF%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts|title=Internet Archive Search: Mein Kampf |work=archive.org}}</ref> One of the first complete [[Mein Kampf in English|English translations]], completed by [[James Vincent Murphy]] in 1939,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30697262 | title=Why did my grandfather translate Mein Kampf? | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=14 January 2015 | access-date=19 May 2018 | author=Murphy, John | archive-date=20 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520142428/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30697262 | url-status=live }}</ref> is freely available on [[Project Gutenberg Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt|title=Mein Kampf – Project Gutenberg Australia|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718064904/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{Main|Zweites Buch}}

Hitler believed that the reason for the Nazi party's poor showing in the 1928 elections was the public's misunderstanding of his ideas. He retired to Munich to dictate a sequel to {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} to expand on its ideas, with more focus on foreign policy. Only two copies of the 200-page manuscript were originally made, and only one of these was ever made public. The document was neither edited nor published during the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi era]], and remains known as {{lang|de|[[Zweites Buch]]}}, or 'Second Book'. To keep the document strictly secret, in 1935 Hitler ordered that it be placed in a safe in an air raid shelter, where it remained until being discovered by an American officer in 1945.

The authenticity of the document found in 1945 has been verified by Josef Berg, a former employee of the Nazi publishing house Eher Verlag, and [[Telford Taylor]], a former brigadier general of the United States Army Reserve and Chief Counsel at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials. In 1958, the {{lang|de|Zweites Buch}} was found in the archives of the United States by American historian [[Gerhard Weinberg]]. Unable to find an American publisher, Weinberg turned to his mentor – [[Hans Rothfels]] at the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich – and his associate [[Martin Broszat]], who published {{lang|de|Zweites Buch}} in 1961. A pirated edition was published in English in New York in 1962. The first authoritative English edition was not published until 2003 (''[[Zweites Buch|Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf]]'', {{ISBN|1-929631-16-2}}).

==See also==
*''[[Berlin Without Jews]]'', a dystopian satirical novel about German antisemitism, published in the same year as ''Mein Kampf''
*''[[Generalplan Ost]]'', Hitler's "new order of ethnographical relations"
*''[[Ich Kämpfe]]''
*[[Gustave Le Bon]], a main influence on this book and [[crowd psychology]]
*[[List of books banned by governments]]
*''[[LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii]]''
*[[Mein Kampf in Arabic|''Mein Kampf'' in Arabic]]
*''[[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]''
*[[Bibliography of the Holocaust#Primary sources|Bibliography of the Holocaust]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Alan | author-link = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1999 | orig-year = 1952 | publisher = Konecky & Konecky | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56852-036-0 }}
*{{Cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | author-link = William L. Shirer | title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich | year = 1960 | publisher = Simon and Schuster |location = New York }}

==Further reading==
===Hitler===
*Hitler, A. (1925). ''Mein Kampf'', Band 1, Verlag Franz Eher Nachfahren, München. (Volume 1, publishing company Fritz Eher and descendants, Munich).
*Hitler, A. (1927). ''Mein Kampf'', Band 2, Verlag Franz Eher Nachfahren, München. (Volume 2, after 1930 both volumes were only published in one book).
*Hitler, A. (1935). ''[[Zweites Buch]]'' ([[translation|trans.]]) ''Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler.'' Enigma Books. {{ISBN|978-1-929631-61-2}}.
*Hitler, A. (1945). ''[[Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler|My Political Testament]].'' [[s:My Political Testament|Wikisource Version]].
*Hitler, A. (1945). ''[[Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler|My Private Will and Testament]].'' [[s:My Private Will and Testament|Wikisource Version]].
*Hitler, A., et al. (1971). ''[[Unmasked: two confidential interviews with Hitler in 1931]].'' Chatto & Windus. {{ISBN|0-7011-1642-0}}.
*Hitler, A., et al. (1974). ''[[Hitler's Letters and Notes]].'' Harper & Row. {{ISBN|0-06-012832-1}}.
*Hitler, A., et al. (2008). ''[[Hitler's Table Talk]].'' Enigma Books. {{ISBN|978-1-929631-66-7}}.
*A. Hitler. ''Mein Kampf'', Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger, 1930
*A. Hitler, ''Außenpolitische Standortbestimmung nach der Reichtagswahl Juni–Juli 1928'' (1929; first published as Hitlers Zweites Buch, 1961), in Hitler: Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen, Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933, Vol IIA, with an introduction by G. L. Weinberg; G. L. Weinberg, C. Hartmann and K. A. Lankheit, eds (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1995)
*Christopher Browning, ''Initiating the Final Solution: The Fateful Months of September–October 1941'', Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, D.C.: USHMM, 2003).
*Gunnar Heinsohn, "What Makes the Holocaust a Uniquely Unique Genocide", ''[[Journal of Genocide Research]]'', vol. 2, no. 3 (2000): 411–430.
*[http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/EN:Mein_Kampf_(Adolf_Hitler,_1925/26) Eberhard Jäckel/Ellen Latzin, Mein Kampf (Adolf Hitler, 1925/26)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021015313/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/EN:Mein_Kampf_(Adolf_Hitler,_1925/26) |date=21 October 2020 }}, published 11 May 2006, English version published 3 March 2020; in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns

===Others===
*{{Cite book |title=Hitler Mein Kampf in Britain and America |last=Barnes |first=James J. |author2=Barnes, Patience P. |year=1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge }}
*{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Weltanschauung: A Blueprint For Power |last=Jäckel |first=Eberhard |author-link=Eberhard Jäckel |year=1972 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |location=Middletown, Conn. |isbn=0-8195-4042-0 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Hauner |first=Milan |year=1978 |title=Did Hitler Want World Domination? |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1177/002200947801300102|publisher=Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 1 |jstor= 260090 |s2cid=154865385 |issn = 0022-0094}}
*{{Cite book |title=Germany and the Two World Wars |last=Hillgruber |first=Andreas |author-link=Andreas Hillgruber |year=1981 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=0-674-35321-8 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Littauer-Apt |first=Rudolf M. |year=1939–1940 |title=The Copyright in Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' |journal=Copyright |volume=5 |pages=57 et seq }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Michaelis |first= Meir |year=1972 |title=World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970) |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=331–360 |doi= 10.1017/s0018246x00002624 |jstor= 2638127 |s2cid= 162629479 }}
*{{Cite book |title=Hitler's War Aims |last=Rich |first=Norman |year=1973 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-05454-3 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Trevor-Roper |year=1960 |title=Hitlers Kriegsziele |journal=Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte |volume=8 |pages=121–133 |issn=0042-5702 }}
*{{Cite book |title=The Book Thief |last=Zusak |first=Markus |year=2006 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-375-83100-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookthief00zusa }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{src|Mein Kampf}}
{{Wikiquote}}
<!-- empty as of 2012/07 *[http://www.globaljournalist.org/magazine/2006-2/forgetting.html Forgetting the Past to Prevent Repeating It] Global Journalist Magazine -->
*[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks16/1600051h.html A review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720045707/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks16/1600051h.html |date=20 July 2023 }} of ''Mein Kampf'' by [[George Orwell]], first published in March 1940
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/22/hitlers-mein-kampf-seen-a_n_190064.html "Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'' Seen as Self-Help Guide for India's Business Students"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822122009/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/22/hitlers-mein-kampf-seen-a_n_190064.html |date=22 August 2009 }} ''The Huffington Post'', 22 April 2009
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4361733.stm Hitler book bestseller in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826122735/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4361733.stm |date=26 August 2011 }}, [[BBC News]], 18 March 2005
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/688699.stm Protest at Czech Mein Kampf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308024200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/688699.stm |date=8 March 2011 }}, BBC News, 5 June 2000
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8382132.stm Mein Kampf a hit on Dhaka streets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130060319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8382132.stm |date=30 November 2009 }}, BBC News, 27 November 2009
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4085857.stm Hitler's book stirs anger in Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4085857.stm |date=26 May 2011 }}, BBC News, 10 December 2004
* ''[https://www.dw.com/en/mein-kampf-secrets-of-adolf-hitlers-book/av-50039945 "Mein Kampf:" – Adolf Hitler's book]'' ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819172014/https://www.dw.com/en/mein-kampf-secrets-of-adolf-hitlers-book/av-50039945 |date=19 August 2019 }}), a [[DW-TV|Deutsche Welle television documentary]] covering the history of the book through contemporary media and interviews with experts and German citizens, narrated in English, 15 August 2019

'''Online versions of ''Mein Kampf'''''
::'''German'''
*[https://www.mein-kampf-edition.de/ Critical edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410184725/https://www.mein-kampf-edition.de/ |date=10 April 2023 }}
*[https://archive.org/details/AdolfHitler-MeinKampf/AdolfHitler-MeinKampf-Band1Und2173.Auflage1936828S.ScanFraktur/page/n3/mode/2up 1936 edition (172–173. printing) in German Fraktur script] (71.4 Mb)
*[https://archive.org/details/Hitler-Adolf-Mein-Kampf-Text 1943 edition (3.8 MB)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100801144601/http://nsl-archiv.com/Tontraeger/Hoerbuecher/Bis-1945/1936%20-%20Adolf%20Hitler%20-%20Mein%20Kampf%20-%20Band%201%20und%202%20%282008%2C%2027h%2017m%29.zip German version as an audiobook], human-read (27h 17m, 741 Mb)

::'''English '''
*{{wikisource-inline|Mein Kampf (Stackpole Sons)|single=true}}
*[https://archive.org/details/MeinKampf.StalagEditionOfficiallyAuthorizedByTheNSDAPIn1940ForTheInvasionOfBritain/page/n2 1940 Mein Kampf: Operation Sea Lion Edition at archive.org]
*[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt Murphy translation at Gutenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226091554/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt |date=26 December 2018 }}
*[http://greatwar.nl/books/meinkampf/ Murphy translation at greatwar.nl (pdf, txt)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414085503/http://greatwar.nl/books/meinkampf/ |date=14 April 2010 }}
*[https://archive.org/details/MyStruggle Complete Dugdale abridgment at archive.org]
*[https://archive.org/details/meinkampf035176mbp 1939 Reynal and Hitchcock translation at archive.org.]

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