View source for Mercy Otis Warren

{{short description|American writer (1728–1814)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Mercy Otis Warren
| image            = Mrs James Warren (Mercy Otis), by John Singleton Copley.jpg
| image_size       =
| alt              =
| caption          = Warren {{circa|1763}}
| pseudonym        = A Columbian Patriot
| birth_name       = Mercy Otis
| birth_date       = {{birth date text|September 25, 1728}}
| birth_place      = [[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Barnstable]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts Bay]], [[British America]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|October 19, 1814|September 28, 1728}}
| death_place      = [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| resting_place    = [[Burial Hill]], Plymouth, U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|41.956|-70.666|region:US-MA}}
| occupation       = Poet and political writer
| language         = English
| education        = Writer (''[[History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution]]'')
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[James Warren (politician)|James Warren]]|November 14, 1754|November 28, 1808|end=d}}
| children         = 5
}}

[[File:Mercy Otis Warren bronze statue at Barnstable County Courthouse.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Bronze sculpture of Mercy Otis Warren stands in front of the [[Barnstable County Courthouse]]]]
'''Mercy Otis Warren''' (September 25, 1728 – October 19, 1814) was an American activist poet, playwright, and [[pamphleteer]] during the [[American Revolution]]. During the years before the Revolution, she had published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] and urged colonists to resist British infringements on colonial rights and liberties. She was married to [[James Warren (politician)|James Warren]], who was likewise heavily active in the independence movement.

During the debate over the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] in 1788, she issued a pamphlet, ''Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions,'' written under the pseudonym "A Columbian Patriot", that opposed ratification of the document and advocated the inclusion of a [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref name="Trickey">{{Cite news |last1=Trickey |first1=Erick |title=The Woman Whose Words Inflamed the American Revolution |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/woman-whose-words-inflamed-american-revolution-180963765/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> ''Observations'' was long thought to be the work of other writers, most notably [[Elbridge Gerry]]. It was not until one of her descendants, [[Charles Warren (U.S. author)|Charles Warren]], found a reference to it in a 1787 letter to British historian [[Catharine Macaulay]] that Warren was accredited authorship.<ref name="projectcontinua.org">Whipp, Koren (2014). [http://www.projectcontinua.org/mercy-otis-warren/ "Mercy Otis Warren"]. Project Continua.</ref> In 1790, she published a collection of poems and plays under her own name, an unusual occurrence for a woman at the time. In 1805, she published one of the earliest histories of the American Revolution, a three-volume ''[[History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution]]''.

==Early life==

Warren was born on September 25, 1728,{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=2}}{{efn|Her date of birth is September 25, 1728, on today's calendar. It was September 14, 1728, on the [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style calendar]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=2}}}} the third of thirteen children and the first daughter of Colonel [[James Otis Sr.|James Otis]] (1702–1778) and Mary (Allyne) Otis (1702–1774).{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=2}} The family lived in [[Barnstable, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=2}} Her mother was a descendant of ''[[Mayflower]]'' passenger [[Edward Doty]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=2}} Her father was a farmer and attorney, who served as a judge for the [[Barnstable County, Massachusetts|Barnstable County]] [[Courts of Common Pleas in Massachusetts|Court of Common Pleas]]. He won election to the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] in 1745.<ref name="mass moments">{{cite web |url=http://www.massmoments.com/moment.cfm?mid=328 |title=Mass. Foundation for the Humanities |work= Mercy Otis Warren |access-date=February 9, 2008}}</ref> He was an outspoken opponent of British rule and the appointed colonial governor, [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|pp=9–11, 16, 29}}

The Otis children were "raised in the midst of revolutionary ideals".<ref name="Caso">{{Cite magazine |last=Caso |first=Maddie |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Famous Women in History: Mercy Otis Warren |url=https://www.entitymag.com/famous-women-in-history-mercy-otis-warren/ |magazine=Entity Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Although Mercy had no formal education, she studied with the Reverend Jonathan Russell while he tutored her brothers Joseph and James in preparation for college. Her father also had unconventional views of his daughter's education, as he fully supported her endeavors, which was extremely unusual for the 18th century.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|p=12}} Her brother [[James Otis, Jr.|James]] attended [[Harvard College]] and became a noted patriot and lawyer. What little of his correspondence with Mercy survives suggests that James encouraged Mercy's academic and literary efforts, treating her as an intellectual equal and confidante.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=3}}

==Marriage and children==
Mercy Otis married her second cousin,<ref>James and Mercy share Edward Doty, Jr. (1637-1689/90), as a common ancestor, their great grandfather.</ref> James Warren on November 14, 1754. After settling in [[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]], James inherited his father's position as [[sheriff]]. His previous occupations included farming and merchanting.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=4}} Throughout their lives, they wrote letters of respect and admiration to each other. These exchanges of adoration showed both a mutual respect and an enduring bond between the two. James would write from Boston, "I have read one Excellent Sermon this day & heard two others. What next can I do better than write to a Saint," and Mercy would then respond, "Your spirit I admire - were a few thousands on the Continent of a similar disposition we might defy the power of Britain."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Alice|title=Mercy Warren|url=https://archive.org/details/mercywarren00browuoft|date=1896|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mercywarren00browuoft/page/93 93], 96}}</ref> They had five sons, James (1757–1821), Winslow (1759–1791), Charles (1762–1784), Henry (1764–1828), and George (1766–1800).<ref name="masshist">{{cite web |url=http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0235 |title=Massachusetts Historical Society |work=Mercy Otis Warren Papers |access-date=February 18, 2008}}</ref>

Her husband James had a distinguished political career. In 1766, he was elected to the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]].{{sfn|Gillis|2005|p=40}} He became speaker of the House and president of the [[Massachusetts Provincial Congress]].{{sfn|Gerlach|2004}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 1775 |title=The Speaker of the House of Representatives to the Massachusetts |url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-03-02-0054 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=founders.archives.gov |language=en}}</ref> He also served as [[paymaster]] to [[George Washington]]'s army for a time during the [[American Revolutionary War]].{{sfn|Gerlach|2004}}{{sfn|Rodenbough|Haskin|2015|p=100}}

Their Plymouth home was often a meeting place for local politics and revolutionaries including the [[Sons of Liberty]].{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=44, 167}}{{sfn|King|2011|p=514}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hacker |first=Jeffrey H. |date=2019-09-12 |title=The story of Barnstable's James and Mercy Otis |url=https://capecodlife.com/otis/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Cape Cod LIFE |language=en-US}}</ref> Warren became increasingly drawn to political activism, and she hosted protest meetings in her home.<ref name="mass moments" /> These meetings laid the foundation for the [[Committees of correspondence]]. Warren wrote, "Perhaps no single step contributed so much to cement the union of the colonies, and the final acquisition of independence, as the establishment of committees of correspondence."{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=129}}

She wrote: "Every domestic enjoyment depends on the unimpaired possession of civil and religious liberty." Mercy's husband James encouraged her to write, fondly referring to her as the "scribbler",<ref name="bioMOW">{{cite web|url=http://streamer3.lacoe.edu/Americanhistory/enactments/Walters/Walters_biography.htm |title=American History for 21st Century Citizens: A Southern California Consortium |work=Biography (Virtual Re-enactments; Mercy Otis Warren) |access-date=February 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924113620/http://streamer3.lacoe.edu/Americanhistory/enactments/Walters/Walters_biography.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2008 }}</ref> and she became his chief correspondent and sounding board.<ref name="samizdat">{{cite web |url=http://www.seltzerbooks.com/warren/generalintroduction.html |title=Mercy Otis Warren, conscience of the American Revolution. |work=Introduction to the work of Mercy Otis Warren |access-date=February 18, 2008}}</ref>

==Revolutionary writings and politics==
Warren formed a strong circle of friends with whom she regularly corresponded, including [[Abigail Adams]], [[John Adams]], [[Martha Washington]], and Hannah Winthrop, wife of [[John Winthrop (educator)|John Winthrop]]. In a letter to [[Catharine Macaulay]], she writes: "America stands armed with resolution and virtue; but she still recoils at the idea of drawing the sword against the nation from whom she derived her origin. Yet Britain, like an unnatural parent, is ready to plunge her dagger into the bosom of her affectionate offspring."<ref name="Ellet">{{cite web |url=http://threerivershms.com/amwomenmwarr.htm |title=The Women of the American Revolution |first1= Elizabeth F. | last1=Ellet|work=Mercy Warren |year=1849}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital History |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/dearmadam/letter2.html |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref>

She became a correspondent and advisor to many political leaders, including Washington, Samuel Adams, [[John Hancock]], [[Patrick Henry]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and especially John Adams, who became her literary mentor in the years leading to the Revolution. In a letter to James Warren, Adams writes, "Tell your wife that God Almighty has entrusted her with the Powers for the good of the World, which, in the cause of his Providence, he bestows on few of the human race. That instead of being a fault to use them, it would be criminal to neglect them."<ref name="Heath Anthology">{{cite web |url=http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heaih/4e/students/author_pages/eighteenth/warren_me.html |title=Heath Anthology of American Literature |work=Mercy Otis Warren |access-date=February 12, 2008}}</ref>

She had already become acquainted with John Adam's cousin, [[Samuel Adams|Samuel]], as he was a frequent visitor{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=42–43}}<ref name="Stuart">{{Cite web|last=Stuart|first=Nancy Rubin|date=2016-04-06|title=Conscience of the Revolution: The Story of Mercy Otis Warren|url=https://www.historynet.com/conscience-of-the-revolution-the-story-of-mercy-otis-warren.htm|access-date=2021-11-11|website=HistoryNet|language=en-US}}</ref> Adams himself had suggested the basic content of the poem,<ref name="Stuart" /> while his request that Warren write was probably due to Warren's close friendship with his wife, Abigail.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=89–90}} Unsure of how her writing would be received, Warren consulted with her friend Abigail Adams about John Adams' opinion of her work.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=89–90}} John Adams was pleased with the anonymous poem and published it on the front page of the ''[[Boston Gazette]]''.<ref name="Stuart" /> It was also Adams who had urged her{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|p=143}} to write a history of the Revolution{{sfn|King|2011|p=516 }} even while the war was still being fought. For this work, she was able to use her memory of the Revolution,{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=143–145}} but she solicited copies of congressional debates, letters, and other information from the active participants in the revolution, many of whom she knew personally.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|p=145}}

Before and during the Revolution, the Warren home served as a gathering place for patriot debates and meetings, allowing Mercy Warren to meet patriot leaders and their wives. In addition, her husband, James, was on the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence and among other official positions served as the paymaster of the Continental Army in 1776,{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=44, 167}}{{sfn|King|2011|p=514}} a time when Mercy Warren would travel between home and the army to serve as her husband's secretary.<ref name="Trickey" /> Her elite and privileged status amid such a dramatically evolving political situation allowed her as a woman entry into the inner circles of revolutionary activity and debate.{{sfn|King|2011|p=515}} Not only did she come to know as individuals many of the most important political figures of her times, but she also formed strong opinions about many of them and some like Adams became influential in her literary life. Among those she met was George Washington, whom she described from their first meeting as "one of the most amiable and accomplished gentlemen, both in person, mind, and manners...."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-14 |title=Mercy Otis Warren  |url=https://www.revolutionary-war.net/mercy-otis-warren/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Revolutionary War |language=en-US}}</ref> Years later, in 1790, she would ask Washington to approve her History, which he did.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Warren|first=Mercy Otis|date=May 18, 1790|title=To George Washington from Mercy Otis Warren|url=https://founders.archives.gov/?q=mercy%20otis%20warren%20Recipient%3A%22Washington%2C%20George%22&s=1111311112&r=4|website=National Archives}}</ref> Another friend, Jefferson helped her get subscriptions for this work.{{sfn|King|2011|p=521}} Unfortunately, this same creation also contributed to the bitterness that rose between Warren and John Adams.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|p=127}} After the Revolution, Mercy sided with [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian Republicanism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reinier |first=Jacqueline S. |date=1997 |title=Review of A Women's Dilemma: Mercy Otis Warren and the American Revolution; Mercy Otis Warren |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953865 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=3 |page=660 |doi=10.2307/2953865 |jstor=2953865 |issn=0043-5597|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She openly expressed her opinion in the harshest of terms in her historical account of Adams, ending one of the most productive friendships of the revolutionary period.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=153–156}} As with John Adams, John Hancock, who had once wavered about the question of independence from Britain, also fell out of favor with the Warrens.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|pp=106–107}}

Warren wrote several plays, including the [[Satire|satiric]] ''The Adulateur'' (1772). Directed against Governor [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]] of Massachusetts, ''The Adulateur'' foretold the War of Revolution. It was published as a part of a longer play by an unknown author without Warren's consent in 1773. One of the main characters in Warren's part of the play is "Rapatio", who represented Hutchinson. Because Warren was a [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] and Hutchinson was a [[Tory]], Warren disagreed with Hutchinson's views. Therefore, Rapatio is the antagonist in ''The Adulateur.'' The protagonist is "Brutus", whom Warren created to represent her brother, James Otis. In the play, the characters who are Whigs are brave, independent people, while the characters who are Tories are selfish and rude. The play includes a happy ending for the Whigs. After the play was published, Hutchinson become known as Rapatio to citizens of Massachusetts who identified with the Whigs. Because her first play was so successful and she thoroughly enjoyed writing about politics, Warren did not stop there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ladies for Liberty: Women Who Made a Difference in American History|last=Blundell|first=John|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2013|location=New York|pages=17–18|edition=2nd}}</ref>

In 1773, she wrote ''The Defeat'', also featuring a character based on Hutchinson. Hutchinson had no idea of the accuracy of her plot nor completely comprehended the impact she made on his political fate. Warren's assistance in the movement to remove Governor Hutchinson from his position through ''The Defeat'' was one of her greatest accomplishments, and she allowed the piece a rare happy ending.{{sfn|Anthony|1958|pp=86–87}} Warren began to doubt as she wrote the third installment in her trilogy'','' feeling the power of her satire compromised her divine purpose to be a "member of the gentler sex," but she found encouragement from Abigail Adams, who told her, "God Almighty has entrusted [you] with Powers for the good of the World".{{sfn|Anthony|1958|p=95}} With this affirmation, Warren then provided her sharpest political commentary yet: in 1775 Warren published ''The Group'', a satire conjecturing what would happen if the British king abrogated the Massachusetts charter of rights.{{sfn|Anthony|1958|p=12}} The anonymously published ''The Blockheads'' (1776) and ''The Motley Assembly'' (1779) are also attributed to her.{{sfn|Anthony|1958|p=84}} In 1788, she published ''Observations on the New Constitution'', whose ratification she opposed as an [[Anti-Federalism|Anti-Federalist]].{{sfn|Anthony|1958|pp=121–122}}

Warren was one of the most convincing [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] in the Revolution and her works inspired others to become Patriots. Her work earned the congratulations of numerous prominent men of the age, including George Washington and [[Alexander Hamilton]], who remarked, "In the career of dramatic composition at least, female genius in the United States has outstripped the male".{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|p=141}}

==Post-Revolutionary writings and politics==
[[File:History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution (1805).jpg|thumb|right|''History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution'' (1805)]]
All of Warren's works were published anonymously until 1790 when she published ''Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous'', the first work bearing her name. The book contains eighteen political poems and two plays. The two plays, called "The Sack of Rome" and "The Ladies of Castille," deal with liberty as well as social and moral values that were necessary to the success of the new republic.<ref name="samizdat"/>

In 1805, she completed her literary career with a three-volume ''[[History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution]]''. President [[Thomas Jefferson]] ordered subscriptions for himself and his cabinet and noted his "anticipation of her truthful account of the last thirty years that will furnish a more instructive lesson to mankind than any equal period known in history."<ref name="treasures">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm089.html |title=American Treasures of the Library of congress |work=Historian of the American Revolution |access-date=March 10, 2008}}</ref> Reflecting her access to Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, "it is considered one of the few great comprehensive histories of the Revolution and formative years of the Republic written by a contemporary," according to biographer Martha J. King.{{sfn|King|2011|p=513}} The book's sharp comments on John Adams led to a heated correspondence and a breach in her friendship with Adams, which lasted until 1812.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Mike |title=Written Out of History: The Forgotten Founders Who Fought Big Government |publisher=Sentinel |date=2017 |isbn=978-0399564451 |language=English}}</ref> In response to the book Adams fumed in a letter to a mutual friend "History is not the province of the ladies."<ref name="Trickey" />

==Death and legacy==
[[File:James Warren Grave.jpg|thumb|Mercy Otis Warren's gravestone is located directly behind James Warren's plaque. She is buried alongside her husband at Burial Hill.]]
Warren died on October 19, 1814, at the age of 86, six years after her husband died in 1808.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=3}} She is buried at [[Burial Hill]], [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=s5}}

Although at first dubious about the proper role of women as propagandists, she succumbed to the urgings of her friends and accepted her duty to use her talents for the patriot cause. Her interest in current events blossomed into the skills of a self-taught historian, with a romanticized style of the sort readers of contemporary literature expected. Like the fiction of the day, her historiography pointed toward moral lessons, and her plays and histories reflected her partisanship against the faction around Governor Hutchinson, or the Hamiltonian [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] in the national capital. Historians no longer read her for factual details, but they do find her a valuable source on the mood among intellectuals in the Revolutionary era and the early nation. Feminists debate whether she could be considered one of them, for her expressed approach was traditional, with some impatience shown at the restraints. She did strongly encourage women writers while stressing the cheerful performance of household duties.<ref>Mary S. Benson, "Warren, Mercy Otis," in John A. Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (1974), pp. 1152–1153.</ref>

Warren proved her ability to resonate with her colonial audience, both men and women. She was willing to put forth work calling out the authoritative power while raising a family but was humble and practical in how she presented the commentary through quieter presentations. She told her son George, "The thorns, the thistles, and the briers, in the field of politics seldom permit the soil to produce anything... but ruin to the adventurer", yet the public would not let her retire from commenting on the political conflicts of her later days.{{sfn|Zagarri|2015|p=137}}

The [[List of Liberty ships, M|SS ''Mercy Warren'']], a World War II [[Liberty ship]] launched in 1943, was named in her honor. In 2002, she was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]] in [[Seneca Falls (CDP), New York|Seneca Falls, New York]]. She is remembered on the [[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Downtown|url=http://bwht.org/downtown/#15|website=Boston Women's Heritage Trail}}</ref> Her great-great-grandson, [[Charles Warren (U.S. author)|Charles Warren]], became a distinguished lawyer and historian.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Charles Warren Revisited |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/assets/schs-journal/pub_journal_1996_vol_2.pdf |journal=Journal of Supreme Court History | publisher=Supreme Court Historical Society |volume=2 |page=162 | isbn=0-914785-13-3}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

* 1772&nbsp;- ''Adulateur''
* 1773&nbsp;- ''The Defeat''
* 1776&nbsp;- ''The Blockheads''
* 1779&nbsp;- ''The Motley Assembly''
* 1788&nbsp;- ''Observations on the New Constitution''
* 1790&nbsp;- ''Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous''
* 1805&nbsp;- ''[[History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution]]''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|title=First Lady of the Revolution: The Life of Mercy Otis Warren|last=Anthony|first=Katharine|publisher=Doubleay & Company|year=1958|pages=86–87}}
* {{Cite ODNB|first=Murney|last=Gerlach|title=Warren, James (1726–1808)|year=2004|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68768|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/68768}}
* {{Cite book|first=Jennifer Blizin|last=Gillis|title=Mercy Otis Warren: Author and Historian|date=2005|publisher=[[Compass Point Books]]|isbn=978-0-7565-0982-8}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Martha J. |date=2011 |title=The 'pen of the historian': Mercy Otis Warren's History of the American Revolution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513 |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=513–532 |doi=10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513|jstor=10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513 |issn=0032-8456|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=Jeffrey H. |url=http://archive.org/details/mercyotiswarren0000rich |title=Mercy Otis Warren |date=1995 |publisher=New York : Twayne Publishers; London : Prentice Hall International |isbn=978-0-8057-4003-5}} (Reviewed in ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 1997 54(3): 659–361, {{JSTOR|2953865}}  by Jacqueline S. Reinier.)
* {{Cite book|first1=Theophilus Francis|last1=Rodenbough|authorlink=Theophilus Francis Rodenbough|first2=William Lawrence|last2=Haskin|title=The Army Of The United States: Historical Sketches Of Staff And Line With Portraits Of Generals-in-chief|date=2015|orig-year=1896|publisher=Arkose Press|isbn=978-1-3441-3256-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zagarri |first=Rosemarie |url=http://archive.org/details/womansdilemmamer0000zaga_p9y3 |title=A Woman's Dilemma : Mercy Otis Warren and the American Revolution |date=2015 |publisher=Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc. |isbn=978-1-118-98113-9}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite web 
  | last = Antidormi 
  | first = Andrea 
  | title = Mercy Otis Warren: The First Lady of the American Revolution 
  | website = Old North Church & Historic Site Blog 
  | date = 17 March 2017 
 | publisher = Old North Foundation of Boston 
  | url = https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/mercy-otis-warren-the-first-lady-of-the-american-revolution/ 
  | access-date = 2025-06-15 
}}*

* {{cite journal | last = Botting | first = Eileen Hunt | title=Women Writing War: Mercy Otis Warren and Hannah Mather Crocker on the American Revolution | journal=Massachusetts Historical Review | publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society | volume=18 | year=2016 | issn=1526-3894 | doi=10.5224/masshistrevi.18.1.0088 | page=88 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Cohen | first=Lester H. | title=Mercy Otis Warren: The Politics of Language and the Aesthetics of Self | journal=American Quarterly | volume=35 | issue=5 | year=1983 | pages=481–498 | issn=0003-0678 | doi=10.2307/2712812 | jstor=2712812 }}
* Davies, Kate. ''Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
* Davies, Kate, "Revolutionary Correspondence: Reading Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren," ''Women's Writing: the Elizabethan to Victorian Period''. 2006 13:1, 73–97.
* Ellis, Joseph J. ''The Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams''. Norton, 1993. {{ISBN|0-393-31133-3}}
* Franklin, Benjamin V. and Warren, Mercy Otis. ''The Plays and Poems of Mercy Otis Warren.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1980. Print.
* Friedman, Lawrence J. and Shaffer, Arthur H. "Mercy Otis Warren and the Politics of Historical Nationalism." ''New England Quarterly'' 1975 48(2): 194–215. {{JSTOR|364658}}
* [[Edith B. Gelles|Gelles, Edith B.]] "Bonds of Friendship: the Correspondence of Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren" ''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 1996 108: 35–71. {{ISSN|0076-4981}}
* Lane, Larry M. and Lane, Judith J. "The Columbian Patriot: Mercy Otis Warren and the Constitution." ''Women & Politics'' 1990 10(2): 17–32. {{ISSN|0195-7732}}
* {{cite book | last=Lee | first=Mike | title=Written out of history : the forgotten founders who fought big government | publication-place=New York | date=2017 | isbn=978-0-399-56445-1 | oclc=987958509}}
* Oreovicz, Cheryl Z. "Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814)" ''Legacy'' 1996 13(1): 54–64. {{ISSN|0748-4321}} Fulltext online at Swetswise
* Shalev, Eran. "Mercy Otis Warren, the American Revolution and the Classical Imagination." ''Transatlantica. Revue d'études américaines. American Studies Journal'' 2 (2015). [https://journals.openedition.org/transatlantica/7713 online]
* {{cite book|last=Shone|first=Steve J.|year=2019|chapter=Mercy Otis Warren, the So-Called "Republican" Patriot|title=Women of Liberty|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|pages=9–53|series=Studies in Critical Social Sciences|volume=135|isbn=978-90-04-39045-4|doi=10.1163/9789004393226_003}}
* [[Nancy Rubin Stuart|Stuart, Rubin, Nancy]]. ''The Muse of the Revolution: The Secret Pen of Mercy Otis Warren and the Founding of a Nation''. Beacon Press, 2008.
* Tarantello, Patricia F. "Insisting on Femininity: Mercy Otis Warren, Susanna Rowson, and Literary Self-Promotion." ''Women's Studies'' 46.3 (2017): 181–199.
* Wood, Gordon S. "The Authorship of the Letters from the Federal Farmer" (in Notes and Documents). ''William and Mary Quarterly''. 3rd Ser., Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr., 1974), pp.&nbsp;299–308.

===Primary sources===
* Warren, Mercy Otis. ''The Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, Interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations''. Ed. and Ann. by Lester H. Cohen (2 vols.) Liberty Classics, 1988 (modern reprint of orig. 1804 edition).
* Warren, Mercy Otis. ''Mercy Otis Warren: Selected Letters'' (University of Georgia Press, 2010).

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* Michals, Debra. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mercy-otis-warren "Mercy Otis Warren"]. National Women's History Museum. 2015.
* {{Gutenberg author | id=33784| name=Mercy Otis Warren}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mercy Otis Warren}}
* {{librivox author|id=11769}}

{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warren, Mercy Otis}}
[[Category:1728 births]]
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[[Category:18th-century American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Anti-Federalists]]
[[Category:Historians of the United States]]
[[Category:People from colonial Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Otis family|Mercy]]
[[Category:People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:People from Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Women in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Writers from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:18th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Burials at Burial Hill]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:18th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:18th-century American writers]]