View source for Messianic Judaism

{{Short description|Abrahamic sect}}
{{distinguish|Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Christianity|Chabad messianism}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Messianic Judaism}}
{{Jewish Christianity|Recent groups}}

'''Messianic Judaism''' is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]]{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=292|ps=: "[Messianic Judaism's] syncretism confuses Christians and Jews…"}} [[Protestant Christianity|Protestant Christian]] religious sect that incorporates elements of [[Judaism|Jewish]] practice. It [[Who is a Jew?|considers itself to be a form of Judaism]] but is generally considered to be a [[Christian denomination|form of Christianity]],<ref name="Melton2005" />{{sfn|Ariel|2013|pp=35{{ndash}}57}} including by all mainstream [[Jewish religious movements]]. Its roots are in [[Christian mission to Jews|Christian missionary activity aimed at Jews]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in North America.

Messianic Jews believe that [[Jesus]] was the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]] and a divine being in the form of [[God the Son]] (a member of the [[Trinity]]), some of the most defining distinctions between [[Christianity and Judaism]]. Messianic Judaism is also generally considered a Protestant Christian sect by scholars and other Christian groups.<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&q=advocated+offspring+rhetoric+Shalom 223]}}
*{{harvnb|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=179}}
*{{harvnb|Foreman|2006|p=399}}</ref><ref name="e-Rea 2012">{{cite journal |author-last=Ben Barka |author-first=Mokhtar |date=December 2012 |title=The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward |journal=E-Rea |location=[[Aix-en-Provence]] and [[Marseille]] |publisher=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte]] on behalf of [[Aix-Marseille University]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/erea.2753 |doi-access=free |issn=1638-1718 |s2cid=191364375 |quote=The [[Jews]] have cause to worry because [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]] are active on both fronts, [[Christian Zionism|promoting support for the State of Israel]], and [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|evangelizing the Jews]] at the same time. While the [[Israeli government]] eagerly accepts public support of Evangelicals and courts the leaders of the [[Christian right|New Christian Right]], many Jews bitterly condemn Christian proselytism and try their best to restrict the activities of missionaries in Israel. "[[Jews for Jesus]]" and other Christian Jewish groups in Israel have become especially effective in evangelizing, often with the support of foreign Evangelicals. It is not surprising that Jewish leaders, both in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]], react strongly to "Jews for Jesus" and the whole "Messianic Jewish" movement, whose concern is to promote awareness among the Jews as to God's real plans for humanity and [[Conversion to Christianity|the need to accept Jesus as a Savior]]. In this respect, [[Gershom Gorenberg]] lamented the fact that "people who see Israel through the lens of [[Eschatology|Endtimes prophecy]] are questionable allies, whose support should be elicited only in the last resort. In the long run, their apocalyptic agenda has no room for Israel as a normal country."}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Greer |first=Robert |date=2025-02-03 |title=Messianic Judaism and the Church |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol8/iss2/9 |journal=Eleutheria: John W. Rawlings School of Divinity Academic Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |issn=2159-8088}}</ref>

It emerged in the [[United States]] between the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier [[Hebrew Christian movement]],{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2010|p=100|ps=: "In the 1970s a number of [[American Jews|American Jewish]] [[Conversion to Christianity|converts to Christianity]], known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more [[Jewish tradition|Jewish lifestyle]]. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals.[…] In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."}}{{sfn|Lewis|2001|p=179|ps=: "The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity."}} and was most prominently propelled through the non-profit organization [[Jews for Jesus]] founded in 1973 by [[Moishe Rosen|Martin "Moishe" Rosen]], an American minister in the [[Venture Church Network|Conservative Baptist Association]].<ref name = "Brown2010" /><ref name = "Burton2018" />

Messianic Jews adhere to conventional [[Christian doctrine]], including the concept of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] by believing in Jesus (referred to by the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name {{transliteration|he|[[Yeshua]]}} among adherents) as the [[Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Messiah]] and humanity's [[Redeemer (Christianity)|redeemer]], and in the spiritual authority of the [[Bible]] (including the [[Hebrew Bible]] and [[New Testament]]).{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=170}}<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/><ref name=Ariel2006p194/>

In Hebrew, Messianics tend to identify themselves with the terms {{transliteration|he|maaminim}} ({{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|מאמינים}}|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|believers}}) and {{transliteration|he|yehudim}} ({{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים‬‎}}|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|Jews}}) in opposition to being identified as {{transliteration|he|[[Nazarene (sect)|notzrim]]}} ({{lang|he|נוצרים}}, {{Literal translation|[[Christians]]}}).{{efn|Followers are called either {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים}}}} {{transliteration|he|ISO|y'hudím mešiḥiyim; Yehudim Meshikiyim}} or simply {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נוֹצְרִים}}}} {{transliteration|he|ISO|nocirim}} (Christians).}}<ref name="Spector2008"/> Jewish organizations inside and outside of [[Israel]] reject this framing. The [[Supreme Court of Israel]] declared Messianic Judaism a Christian sect for purposes of the [[Law of Return]].<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="Berman"/>

== Demographics ==
From 2003 to 2007, the movement grew from 150 Messianic houses of worship in the [[United States]] to as many as 438, with over 100 in Israel and more worldwide; congregations are often affiliated with larger Messianic organizations or alliances.{{sfn|Schoeman|2003|p=351|ps=: "By the mid 1970s, ''Time'' magazine placed the number of Messianic Jews in the US at over 50,000; by 1993 this number had grown to 160,000 in the US and about 350,000 worldwide (1989 estimate).[…] There are currently over 400 Messianic synagogues worldwide, with at least 150 in the US."}}<ref name="Yeoman" /> {{As of|2012}}, Messianic population estimates were between 175,000 and 250,000 members in the United States. As of 2025, Messianic populations include roughly 30,000 members in [[Israel]], and an estimated total worldwide membership of up to 1.5 million.<ref name="Posner2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey 0009-0005-3435-2770 |first=Richard |date=2025-06-18 |title=Messianic Jewish Theology |url=https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/MessianicJewishTheology |journal=St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===Pre-19th century===
Efforts by [[Jewish Christians]] to [[Christian mission to Jews|proselytize to Jews]] began in the [[Apostolic Age|1st century]], when [[Paul the Apostle]] preached at the [[synagogue]]s in each city that he visited.{{sfn|Barnett|2002|p=367}} However, by the 4th century CE, non-biblical accounts of missions to the Jews{{efn|Such as [[Epiphanius of Salamis]]' record of the conversion of [[Joseph of Tiberias|Count Joseph of Tiberias]] and [[Sozomen]]'s accounts of other Jewish conversions.}} do not mention converted Jews playing any leading role in proselytization.<ref name="Stemberger"/> Notable converts from [[Judaism]] who attempted to convert other Jews are more visible in historical sources beginning around the 13th century when Jewish convert [[Pablo Christiani]] attempted to convert other Jews. This activity, however, typically lacked any independent Jewish-Christian congregations and was often imposed through force by organized Christian churches.{{sfn|Flannery|1985|p=129}}

===19th and early 20th centuries===
{{Main|Hebrew Christian Movement}}
In the 19th century, some groups attempted to create congregations and societies of Jewish converts to [[Christianity]], though most of these early organizations were short-lived.{{sfn|Ariel|2006|p=192}} Early formal organizations run by converted Jews include the Anglican [[London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews]] of [[Joseph Frey]] (1809),<ref name=Moscrop/> which published the first [[Bible translations by language|Yiddish New Testament]] in 1821;{{sfn|Greenspoon|1998|ps=: The first Yiddish New Testament distributed by the BFBS was published by the London Jews Society in 1821; the translator was Benjamin Nehemiah Solomon, "a convert from Judaism, who [had come] over to England from Poland."}}{{Verify source|date=December 2022}} the "Beni Abraham" association, established by Frey in 1813 with a group of 41 [[Jewish Christian]]s who started meeting at Jews' Chapel, London for prayers Friday night and Sunday morning;{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=16|ps=: "On 9 September 1813 a group of 41 Jewish Christians established the Beni Abraham association at Jews' Chapel. These Jewish Christians met for prayer every Sunday morning and Friday evening."}} and the London [[Hebrew Christian Alliance of Great Britain]] founded by Dr. [[Carl Schwartz]] in 1866.<ref name=Schwartz1870/>

The September 1813 meeting of Frey's "Beni Abraham" congregation at the rented "Jews' Chapel" in [[Spitalfields]] is sometimes pointed to as the birth of the semi-autonomous [[Hebrew Christian movement]] within Anglican and other established churches in Britain.{{sfn|Sobel|1968|pp=241–250|ps=: "Hebrew Christianity was born in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century through the efforts of a group of converts calling themselves the ''Beni Abraham'', or Sons of Abraham. It was on 9 September 1813 that a group of forty-one Jewish converts to Christianity met in London setting forth their purposes as being 'to attend divine worship at the chapel and to visit daily two by two in rotation any sick member, to pray with him and read the Bible to him; and on Sunday all who could were to visit the sick one'."}} However, the minister of the chapel at Spitalfields evicted Frey and his congregation three years later, and Frey severed his connections with the society.{{sfn|Gidney|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/historylondonso00gidngoog <!-- quote=The Jews' Chapel, Spitalfields, had to be given up in 1816. --> 57]|ps=: "The Jews' Chapel, Spitalfields, had to be given up in 1816, as the minister refused his consent to its being licensed as a place of worship of the Church of England. Frey's connexion with the Society ceased in the same year, and he left for America."}} A new location was found and the Episcopal Jew's Chapel Abrahamic Society registered in 1835.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2003}}

In [[Eastern Europe]], [[Joseph Rabinowitz]] established a Hebrew Christian mission and congregation called "Israelites of the New Covenant" in [[Kishinev|Kishinev, Bessarabia]], in 1884.{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=180}}{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|pp=18, 19, 24}}{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA19 19]}} In 1865, Rabinowitz created a sample order of worship for Sabbath morning service based on a mixture of Jewish and Christian elements. Mark John Levy pressed the Church of England to allow members to embrace Jewish customs.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|pp=18, 19, 24}}

In the United States, a congregation of Jewish converts to Christianity was established in New York City in 1885.<ref name=NYT18851012/> In the 1890s, immigrant Jewish converts to Christianity worshipped at the [[Methodism|Methodist]] "Hope of Israel" mission on New York's [[Lower East Side]] while retaining some Jewish rites and customs.{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA9 9]}} In 1895, the 9th edition of Hope of Israel's ''Our Hope'' magazine carried the subtitle "A Monthly Devoted to the Study of Prophecy and to Messianic Judaism", the first use of the term "Messianic Judaism".{{sfn|Rausch|1982b}}{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=27}} <!-- Balmer supports the following TWO sentences -->In 1894, Christian missionary [[Leopold Cohn (Christian clergyman)|Leopold Cohn]], a convert from Judaism, founded the Brownsville Mission to the Jews in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York as a Christian mission to Jews. After several changes in name, structure, and focus, the organization is now called [[Chosen People Ministries]].{{sfn|Balmer|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vjwly0QyeU4C&dq=Encyclopedia+of+evangelicalism&pg=PA154 154{{ndash}}155]}}

In the early 1900s, there was a community of Messianic Jews in [[South Africa]] representing themselves as "Christian Jews" whose goal was to create a "true and genuine Christ-loving Jewish Christian Synagogue".<ref name = "TMJ" />

Missions to the Jews saw a period of growth between the 1920s and the 1960s.<ref name=Ariel2006p191/>{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&q=advocated%20offspring%20rhetoric%20Shalom&pg=PA191 191]}} In the 1940s and 1950s, missionaries in Israel, including the [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptists]], adopted the term {{transliteration|he|meshichyim}} ({{lang|he|משיחיים|rtl=yes}}, "messianics") to counter negative connotations of the word {{transliteration|he|notsrim}} ({{lang|he|נוצרים|rtl=yes}}, "Christians"). The term was used to designate all Jews who had converted to Protestant Evangelical Christianity.<ref name=Ariel2006p194/>

===Modern-day Messianic Judaism movement, 1960s onwards===
The Messianic Jewish movement emerged in the United States in the 1960s.<ref name="Feher1998p140"/>{{sfn|Juster|Hocken|2004|p=15}}<ref name=":0" /> Prior to this time, Jewish converts assimilated into [[gentile]] Christianity, as the church required abandoning their Jewishness and assuming gentile ways to receive baptism. [[Peter Hocken]] postulates that the Jesus movement, which swept the nation in the 1960s, triggered a change from Hebrew Christians to Messianic Jews and was a distinctly [[charismatic movement]]. These Jews wanted to "stay Jewish while believing in Jesus". This impulse was amplified by the results of the [[Six-Day War]] and the restoration of [[Jerusalem]] to Jewish control.{{sfn|Hocken|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ziw73-alUrMC&pg=PA97 97-100]}}<ref name = "Kinzer2005" />{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=286}}

====Foundational organizations====
In 2004, there were 300 Messianic congregations in the United States, with roughly half of all attendants being Gentiles and roughly one-third of all congregations comprising 30 or fewer members.{{sfn|Juster|Hocken|2004|p=10}} Many of these congregations belong to the International Association of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS), the Union of Messianic Congregations (UMJC), or Tikkun International.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

The [[Messianic Jewish Alliance of America]] (MJAA) began in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA).<ref>Ariel, Y. (2016). THEOLOGICAL AND LITURGICAL COMING OF AGE: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MESSIANIC JUDAISM AND EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY. Hebrew Studies, 57, 381–391. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44072313</ref> As the idea of maintaining Jewish identity spread in the late 1960s, the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA) changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA).{{sfn|Juster|1995|pp=152–153|ps=: "In 1975, the Alliance changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance, reflecting the growing Jewish identity of Jewish followers of Yeshua.[…] Hebrew-Christianity, at times, saw Jewishness as merely an ethnic identity, whereas Messianic Judaism saw its Jewish life and identity as a continued call of God."}} [[David A. Rausch|David Rausch]] writes that the change "signified far more than a semantical expression—it represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity."{{sfn|Rausch|1982a|p=77}} {{As of|2005}}, the MJAA was an organization of Jewish members who welcome non-Jews as "honored associates".{{sfn|Robinson|2005|p=42}} In 1986, the MJAA formed a congregational branch called the International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS).<ref name="IAMCS_home"/>

In June 1979, 19 congregations in North America met at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, and formed the [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] (UMJC).{{sfn|Juster|1995|p=155}} In 2022, it would have 75 congregations in 8 countries.<ref>Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, [https://www.umjc.org/learn-1 OUR HISTORY], umjc.org, USA, retrieved October 22, 2022</ref><!-- This paragraph quote was previously just abandoned at the bottom of this section; if it can be placed in some context, i.e. some text around it that isn't just a quote, then it can stay, but otherwise, just seems out of place and near-promotional. "Tikkun International is a Messianic Jewish umbrella organization for an apostolic network of leaders, congregations and ministries in covenantal relationship for mutual accountability, support and equipping to extend the Kingdom of God in America, Israel, and throughout the world."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tikkunministries.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180209/http://www.tikkunministries.org/ |archive-date=2019-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> -->
In 2016, Douglas Hamp founded The Way Congregation near Denver, CO. with the concept of recognizing fundamentalist Christian beliefs<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Way Congregation - What We Believe |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/what-we-believe |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=thewaycongregation.com}}</ref> and yet embracing One Law Theology, Two House Theology (see sections below), and [[Commonwealth Theology]]. Their website states the fellowship was founded "to serve as a bridge between the Jews and the gentile Church."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Way Congregation - Our Story |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/our-story |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=thewaycongregation.com}}</ref> Non-Jewish congregants are not encouraged to convert to Judaism and Jewish attendants are encouraged to celebrate their Jewish heritage. Hamp blames the heretic [[Marcion of Sinope|Marcion]] for mainstream Christianity's juxtaposition of Law and Grace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haunted Theology |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/media/gb3mg9q/haunted-theology |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Way Congregation}}</ref> On the other hand, the Congregation meets on the Sabbath, celebrates the Feasts, and teaches conformance to the Dietary Laws given through Moses.

==Messianic Seal of Jerusalem==
[[File:Messianic symbol.svg|150px|thumb|alt=A blue symbol on a white background. At the top is Menorah, connected to the Star of David at its base, which itself is connected to an Ichthys fish pointed down below it.|The Messianic Seal]]
The Messianic Seal of Jerusalem is a symbol used by Messianic Judaism. It is a depiction of the [[temple menorah]], an ancient symbol used by Jews, together with the "[[ichthys]]", a depictive representation of [[Christianity]], with a [[Star of David]] at the intersection.<ref name = "ENS" />

There is an ongoing dispute as to whether the seal dates from the 1st century CE<ref name = "Schmalz">{{cite book
|last1= Schmalz
|first1= Reuven Efraim
|last2= Fischer
|first2= Raymond Robert
|title= The Messianic seal of the Jerusalem church
|year= 1999
|publisher= Olim Publications
|location= [[Tiberias]], [[Israel]]
|isbn= 978-965-222-962-5
|oclc= 48454022
}}
</ref> or if it is a 20th-century invention.<ref name="Nerel"/>{{clarification needed|date=November 2025}}

Other symbols of Messianic Judaism include a [[cross]] inside a Star of David; a dolphin; and a lit menorah.<ref name="Nerel" />

==Theology and core doctrines==
{{See also|Oral gospel traditions}}
===The Trinity===
Many Messianic Jews affirm the doctrine of the Trinity: [[God the Father]], [[God the Son]], and [[Holy Spirit in Judaism|God the Holy Spirit]] as three representations of the same divinity.<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/><ref name="IAMCS_Belief"/><ref name="GraftedInSoF"/>

# God the Father: Messianic Jews believe in God, and that he is all-powerful, omnipresent, eternally existent outside of creation, and infinitely significant and benevolent. Some Messianic Jews affirm both the [[Shema]] and the Trinity, understanding the phrase "the {{LORD}} is One" to be referring to "a differentiated but singular deity",<ref name="Kinzer2010"/> and "eternally existent in plural oneness".<ref name="IAMCS_Belief"/>
# God the Son: Most Messianic Jews consider Jesus to be the Messiah and divine as God the Son, in line with mainstream Christianity,<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/><ref name="IAMCS_Belief"/> and will even pray directly to him.{{sfn|Berkley|1997|p=129|ps=: "A more rapidly growing organization [than Jews for Jesus] is the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America which seeks to incorporate many of the trappings of Judaism with the tenets of Christianity. Its congregants assemble on Friday evening and Saturday morning, recite Hebrew prayers, and sometimes even wear ''talliot'' (prayer shawls). But they worship not just God but Jesus, whom they call Yeshua."}} Many also consider Jesus to be their "chief teacher and rabbi" whose life should be copied.<ref name="FFOZ"/>
# God the Holy Spirit: According to some Messianic Jews, the Spirit is introduced in the Old Testament, is the inspirer of prophets, and is the spirit of truth described in the New Testament.<ref name="IAMCS_Belief"/>

===God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit===
# God the Father: Some Messianic Jews profess only a strict view of monotheism, rejecting [[Trinitarianism|Trinitarian]] doctrine<ref name="Kerstetter"/> and [[Arianism|Arian]] doctrine.
# Jesus the [[Son of God]]: Some Messianic Jews, who reject Trinitarian doctrine and Arian doctrine, believe that the Jewish Messiah is the son of God in the general sense (Jewish people are children of God) and that the Jewish Messiah is a mere human, the promised Prophet. Some Messianic Jews believe Jewish Messiah is the pre-existent Word of God, the mighty God, and the only begotten God. Some congregations do not directly ascribe divinity to Jesus, considering him a man, yet not just a man, fathered by the Holy Spirit, who became the Messiah.<ref name="JC_IYG"/> Even others consider him "Word made flesh" and the "human expression of Divinity".<ref name="LevH"/>
# The Holy Spirit ({{langx|he|רוח הקודש}}, {{transliteration|he|ruach ha-kodesh}}) refers to the divine force, or to the word or spirit of God.<ref name = "JC_T" />

===Scriptures and writings===

====The Bible====
Both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament{{efn|The name of the New Testament is often translated back into Hebrew as {{transliteration|he|"Brit Chadasha"}}. This directly means "New Covenant", however "Testament" is traditionally taken from the Latin translation of {{transliteration|he|Chadasha}} ({{lang|la|"testamentum"}}), and therefore can mean both English words.}} are usually considered to be the established and divinely inspired biblical scriptures by Messianic Jews.<ref name="Beit Simcha"/> <!-- Next 
 two sentences both rely on GraftedInSof for now -->With a few exceptions, Messianic believers generally consider the written Torah, the five books of [[Moses]], to remain in force as a continuing covenant, revised by Jesus and the Apostles in the New Testament, that is to be observed both morally and ritually. Jesus did not annul the Torah, but its interpretation is revised through the Apostolic scriptures.<ref name="GraftedInSoF"/>

====Jewish oral tradition====
There is no unanimity among Messianic congregations on the issue of the Talmud and the Oral Torah. There are congregations which believe that adherence to the Oral Law, as encompassed by the Talmud, is against Messianic beliefs.<ref name="Brown-CPM-Talmud"/> Similarly, there are congregations which deny the authority of the [[Pharisees]], believing that they were superseded, and their teachings contradicted, by Messianism.<ref name="RabbiYeshuaRab"/> There are adherents which call rabbinic commentaries such as the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]] "dangerous",<ref name="RabbiYeshuaRab"/> and state that followers of rabbinic and [[Halakha|halakhic]] explanations and commentaries are not believers in Jesus as the Messiah.<ref name="RabbiYeshuaRab"/><ref name="BT"/> Other congregations are selective in their applications of Talmudic law, and may believe that the rabbinic commentaries such as the Mishnah and the Talmud, while historically informative and useful in understanding tradition, are not normative and may not be followed where they differ from the New Testament.{{sfn|Burgess|2006|p=308}}<ref name="CTOMC-SoF-4"/><ref name="MJRC2"/> Still others encourage a serious observance of Jewish [[halakha]].<ref name="Fischer"/>

====Messianic Bible translations====
{{Main|Messianic Bible translations}}

====Messianic publications====
{{unsourced section|date=December 2024}}
[[David H. Stern]] has released a one-volume Jewish New Testament Commentary, providing explanatory notes from a Messianic Jewish point of view. Other New Testament commentary authors include [[Arnold Fruchtenbaum]] of Ariel Ministries, who has written commentaries on the Epistles, Judges and Ruth, Genesis, and 7 systematic doctrinal studies.

===Sin and atonement===
Some Messianic believers define [[sin]] as transgression of the Law of God and include the concept of [[original sin]]. Some adherents atone for their sins through prayer and [[repentance]] – the acknowledgment of the wrongdoing and seeking forgiveness for their sins (especially on [[Yom Kippur]], the Day of Atonement). Disagreeing with these rites and practices, other Messianics hold to a belief that all sin (whether committed yet or not) is already atoned for because of Jesus's death and resurrection.{{sfn|Goble|1974|pp=4–6}}

===Evangelism and attitudes toward Jews and Israel===
<!-- Using GraftedIn as source for entire paragraph for now. Could use another -->Messianic Jews believe God's people have a responsibility to spread his name and fame to all nations. It is believed that the Children of Israel were, remain, and will continue to be the chosen people of the God, and are central to his plans for existence. Most Messianic believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish, can be said to oppose [[supersessionism]] (popularly referred to as [[replacement theology]]), the view that the Church has replaced Israel in the mind and plans of God.<ref name="GraftedInSoF"/>

According to certain branches of Messianic Judaism, Jews are individuals who have one or more Jewish parents, or who have undergone halakhic conversion to Judaism.<ref name=MJRC_Status/><ref name="MJO"/>{{primary source inline|date=February 2022}}

=== One Law theology ===
One Law theology (also known as "One Torah for All") teaches that anyone who is a part of Israel is obligated to observe the Covenant and its provisions as outlined in the Torah. Dan Juster of Tikkun, and Russ Resnik of the UMJC, have argued against the One Law movement's insistence on gentiles being required to observe the entirety of Torah in the same way as Jews.<ref>[http://www.umjc.net/umjc/dmdocuments/onelaw_movements_abridged.pdf One Law Movements; a Challenge to the Messianic Jewish Community] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060523/http://www.umjc.net/umjc/dmdocuments/onelaw_movements_abridged.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }} January 28, 2005</ref> Tim Hegg{{who|date=February 2021}} responded to their article defending what he believes to be the biblical teaching of "One Law" theology and its implications concerning the obligations of Torah obedience by new Messianic believers from the nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torahresource.com/EnglishArticles/OLMResponse.pdf|title=One Law Movements A Response to Russ Resnik & Daniel Juster|access-date=2007-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072746/http://www.torahresource.com/EnglishArticles/OLMResponse.pdf|archive-date=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations (CTOMC) likewise rejects bi-lateral Ecclesiology in favor of the One Torah for All (One Law) position.<ref name=CTOMC_SoF/>

=== Two House theology ===
Proponents of [[Two House theology]] espouse their belief that the phrase "[[House of Judah]]" in scripture refers to Jews, while "the [[House of Israel]]" refers to the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] of Israel, or [[Ephraim]]. Where scripture states the House of Israel and Judah will again be "one stick" ({{bibleverse||Ezekiel|37:15–23|KJV}}), it is believed to be referring to the End Times, immediately prior to the [[Second Coming]], when many of those descended from Israel will come back to Israel. Advocates of this theology postulate that the reason so many gentiles convert to Messianic Judaism is that the vast majority of them are truly Israelites. Like One Law groups, the Two House movement has many superficial similarities to Messianic Judaism, such as their belief in the ongoing validity of the Mosaic Covenant. While much of the Two House teaching is based on interpretations of Biblical prophecy, the biggest disagreements are due to inability to identify the genealogy of the Lost Tribes. Organizations such as the [[Messianic Jewish Alliance of America]] and [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] have explicitly opposed the Two House teaching.<ref>MJAA position paper:[http://www.mjaa.org/files/EphraimiteError.pdf The Ephraimite Error] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070722041050/http://www.mjaa.org/files/EphraimiteError.pdf |date=July 22, 2007}}</ref>

=== Supersessionism ===
Historically, Christianity has taught [[supersessionism]] (replacement theology), which implies or outright states that Christianity has superseded Judaism,{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} and that the [[Mosaic Covenant]] of the Hebrew Bible has been superseded by the [[New Covenant]] of Jesus, wherein salvation is brought about by the grace of God, and not by obedience to the Torah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabion.org/html/supersessionism.html |title=Supersessionism |publisher=nabion.org |access-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722181903/http://www.nabion.org/html/supersessionism.html |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> This is generally complemented with the concept of God having transferred the status of "God's people" from the Jews to the Christian Church. Messianic Jews, in varying degrees, challenge both thoughts,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messianicassociation.org/ezine05-replacement.htm |title=Winds of Doctrine: Replacement Theology |first=Pete |last=Koziar |publisher=messianicassociation.org |access-date=8 December 2010}}</ref> and instead believing that although Israel has rejected Jesus, it has not forfeited its status as God's chosen people. Often cited is {{bibleverse|Romans|11:29}}: "for God's gifts and his call are irrevocable". The core of supersessionism, in which the Mosaic Covenant is canceled, is less agreed upon. Though the [[Mitzvah|mitzvot]] may or may not be seen as necessary, most are still followed, especially the keeping of Shabbat and other holy days.

===Eschatology===
All Messianic Jews hold to certain [[Eschatology|eschatological]] beliefs such as the End of Days, the Second Coming of Jesus as the conquering Messiah, the re-gathering of Israel, a rebuilt [[Third Temple]], a [[resurrection of the dead]], and many believe in the [[Millennialism|Millennial Sabbath]], although some are Amillenialist. Some Messianic Jews believe that all of the [[Jewish holidays]], and indeed the entire Torah, intrinsically hint at the Messiah, and thus no study of the [[Eschatology|End Times]] is complete without understanding the major [[Jewish Festivals]] in their larger prophetic context. To certain believers, the feasts of [[Passover|Pesach]] and [[Shavuot]] were fulfilled in Jesus's first coming, and [[Rosh Hashanah]], [[Yom Kippur]], and [[Sukkot]] will be at his second. Some also believe in a literal 7000-year period for the human history of the world, with a Millennial Messianic kingdom prior to a final judgment.<ref name = "Kinzer2018" />

==Religious practices==
[[File:Messianic synagogue.jpg|thumb|Baruch Hashem Messianic Synagogue in Dallas, Texas]]

===Torah observance===
{{See also|Christian views on the Old Covenant#Torah observance}}
There is a variety of practice within Messianic Judaism regarding the strictness of [[Torah observance]]. Generally, Torah observant congregations observe Jewish prayers, biblical feasts, and the Sabbath.<ref name=CTOMC_SoF/> While most traditional Christians deny that the ritual laws and specific civil laws of the Torah apply to gentiles, some Messianic believers say certain passages regarding Torah observance in the [[New Testament]] are cited by as proof that the Torah was not abolished for Jews. They say that in {{bibleverse|Acts|21:17-26}}, Jewish believers in Jerusalem are described as "zealous for the Law".

===Sabbath and holiday observances===
Some Messianic Jews observe [[Shabbat]] on Saturdays.<ref name="Spector2008"/> Worship services are generally held on Friday evenings ({{transliteration|he|Erev Shabbat}}) or Saturday mornings.{{sfn|Burgess|2006|p=308}} According to the Southern Baptist Messianic Fellowship (SBMF), services are held on Saturday to "open the doors to Jewish people who also wish to keep the Sabbath".<ref name="Worshill2008"/> The liturgy used is similar to that of a Jewish {{transliteration|he|[[siddur]]}} with some important differences including the omission of "salvation by works" as the Messianic belief is salvation through Jesus.<ref name="Worshill2008"/> Other branches of the movement have attempted to "eliminate the elements of Christian worship [such as frequent [[communion rite|communion]]{{efn|Communion in Messianic Judaism is often celebrated as a fully [[wikt:re-enact|reenacted]] [[Passover Seder]] meal, in accordance with its description in the Synoptic Gospels, making it slightly more difficult to setup and more lengthy.}}] that cannot be directly linked to their Jewish roots".{{sfn|Feher|1998|p=20|ps=: "The Messianic movement has eliminated the elements of Christian worship that cannot be directly linked to their Jewish roots. Communion is therefore associated with Passover, since the Eucharist originated during Ushua's Last Supper, held at Passover. In this way, Passover is given a new, Yshua-centered meaning."}} Almost all such congregations in Israel observe Jewish holidays, which they understand to have their fulfillment in Jesus."<ref name="Spector2008"/>

The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council recommends the observance of Jewish holidays.<ref name = MJRC_Holidays /> Most larger Messianic Jewish congregations follow Jewish custom in celebrating the three biblical feasts ([[Pesach]], [[Shavuot]], and [[Sukkot]]), as well as [[Yom Kippur]] and [[Rosh Hashanah]].{{sfn|Burgess|2006|p=308}}

===Dietary laws===
The observance of the {{transliteration|he|[[kashrut]]}} dietary laws is a subject of continued debate among Messianic Jews.<ref name="Rein"/><ref name = "MJRC_Kashrut" /> Some Messianic believers keep kosher purely for the purposes of evangelism to Jewish people.<ref name="Rein"/> Most avoid pork and shellfish, but there is disagreement on more strict adherence to kosher dietary laws.

===Conversion to Messianic Judaism===
Large numbers of those calling themselves Messianic Jews are not of Jewish descent,{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=15|ps=: "However, not all Messianic believers ''are'' Jews. Nothing is as problematic as the large numbers of Messianic Gentiles in the movement. To claim Jewish identity when one is not Jewish oneself adds another layer of struggle: "We are ''Jews''!" "We are ''Messianic'' Jews!" "We are Messianic ''Gentiles/spiritual'' Jews!"}} but join the movement as they "enjoy the Messianic Jewish style of worship".{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=12}} Messianic perspectives on "[[Who is a Jew?]]" vary. The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council says a Jew is one born to a Jewish mother or who has converted to Judaism. Copying from the Reform stream of Judaism, the council also says a Jew is one who was born to a Jewish father but not a Jewish mother on the condition that the family of the child, or the individual as an adult, has undertaken public and formal acts of identification of the individual with the Jewish faith and people.<ref name="MJRC_Status"/> The MJAA accepts gentiles into their congregations, but views gentiles and Jews as spiritually distinct and conversion as an "unbiblical practice".{{sfn|Reason|2005|ps=: "The official stance is that Gentiles and Jews are spiritually equal but distinct, and that Jews should be proud of being Jews, and Gentiles proud of being Gentiles. Nevertheless, the Jewish identity is clearly valorized, causing many Gentiles to strive for greater Jewishness through Jewish observance and search for Jewish roots. Since conversion for Gentiles is deemed unbiblical within the MJAA, these are the main options for Gentiles seeking a more Jewish identity."}}

====Baptism====
Messianic Jews practice [[baptism]], calling it a {{transliteration|he|[[mikveh]]}} ("cistern", from {{bibleverse|Leviticus|11:36}}) rather than the term {{transliteration|he|tvila}} ("baptism" ({{lang|he|טבילה}}) in the [[Bible translations by language|Hebrew New Testament]]).{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=161|ps=: "For Gentile Christians, baptism is perceived as a means of entering into the body of Christ. Within Messianic Judaism, however, immersion is understood as a religious act symbolizing the believer's commitment to Yeshua: the faithful are to immerse in a ''mikveh'' as a sign of their acceptance of Messiah Yeshuah and the coming of the Kingdom."}}<ref name="JeC1"/>

====Circumcision====
{{Main|Religious male circumcision}}
{{See also|Brit milah|Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|Christian views on the Old Covenant}}
Some within the [[Tribe of Ephraim|Ephraimite]] movement seek to convert themselves for identification with Israel, but most Messianic governing bodies acknowledge the presence of gentiles in the congregations, and do not see a need for them to convert to worship in the Messianic style and understanding. When conversion is sincerely desired by a gentile Messianic believer, Messianic Jewish halachic standards (including [[Religious male circumcision|circumcision]]) are imposed to maintain integrity among the world Messianic Jewish community.<ref name="JeC1"/><ref name="JeC3"/>

===Use of Hebrew names and vocabulary in English===
The movement generally avoids common Christian terms, such as Jesus, Christ, or cross and prefers to use Hebrew or Aramaic terms.{{sfn|Ariel|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&q=%22Hebrew+terms%22&pg=RA1-PA200 200]}}

==Culture==

===Music===
Messianic Jewish hymns differ from evangelical Christian ones in their focus on Israel's role in history and messianic hope. Other differences include reference to Jesus—usually using the name {{transliteration|he|[[Yeshua]]}}—as the "Savior of Israel". Messianic hymnals often incorporate Israeli songs.<ref name=Ariel2006p208/> The movement has several recording artists who consider their music to be Messianic in message, such as Joel Chernoff of the duo Lamb,<ref name="Lamb2014"/> Ted Pearce,<ref name="Pearce2015"/> and Chuck King.<ref name="King2009"/>

==Reception==

===Among mainstream Christianity===
In the United States, the emergence of the Messianic Jewish movement created some stresses with other Jewish-Christian and missionary organization. In 1975, the [[Fellowship of Christian Testimonies to the Jews]] condemned several aspects{{which|date=March 2020}} of the Messianic Jewish movement.<ref>Peter J. Tomson, Doris Lambers-Petry ''The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian ...'' 2003 p. 292 "From outside the movement hostile criticism of Messianic Judaism was voiced by such bodies as the Fellowship of Christian Testimonies to the Jews. At their annual conference from 16 to 19 October 1975 a resolution was passed condemning"</ref>

In Israel, the linguistic distinction between Messianic Jews and mainstream Christians is less clear, and the name {{transliteration|he|meshihiy}} ({{lang|he|משיחי|rtl=yes}}, 'messianic') is commonly used by churches in lieu of {{transliteration|he|notsri}} ({{lang|he|נוצרי|rtl=yes}}, 'Christian'). The Israel Trust of the Anglican Church, based at [[Christ Church, Jerusalem]], an organization that is [[ecumenical]] in outlook and operates an interfaith school in Jerusalem, gives some social support to Messianic Jews in Israel.{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=97|ps=: "Messianic Jews in Israel who accept Yeshua (Hebrew for Jesus) as the Messiah are supported, when they meet with hostility, by CMJ/ITAC. In the 1980s CMJ gave some support to evangelistic campaigns by Jews for Jesus…"}}

===Among Jews===
{{See also|Judaism's view of Jesus}}
As in traditional Jewish objections to Christian theology, opponents of Messianic Judaism hold that Christian proof texts, such as prophecies in the Hebrew Bible purported to refer the Messiah's suffering and death, have been taken out of context and misinterpreted.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=183}} Jewish theology rejects the idea that the Messiah, or any human being, is a [[divinity]]. Belief in the [[Trinity]] is considered idolatrous by most rabbinic authorities. Even if considered {{transliteration|he|[[shituf]]}} (literally, "partnership")—an association of other individuals with the God of Israel—this is only permitted for gentiles, and that only according to some rabbinic opinions. It is universally considered idolatrous for Jews.<ref name="OhrSomayach"/><ref name = "Shochet1999" />{{sfn|Berger|2003|ps=: "Some asserted that the association (shittuf) of Jesus with this God is permissible for non-Jews. Virtually none regarded such association as anything other than avodah zarah if the worshipper was a Jew."}} Further, Judaism does not view the role of the Messiah to be the salvation of the world from its sins, an integral teaching of Christianity{{sfn|Grudem|1994|pp=568–570}} and Messianic Judaism.<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/>

Jewish opponents of Messianic Judaism often focus their criticism on the movement's radical ideological separation from traditional Jewish beliefs, stating that the acceptance of Jesus as Messiah creates an insuperable divide between the traditional messianic expectations of Judaism, and Christianity's theological claims.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=182}} They state that while Judaism is a messianic religion, its messiah is not Jesus,{{sfn|Simmons|2004}} and thus the term is misleading.<ref name="Lotker"/> All denominations of Judaism, as well as national Jewish organizations, reject Messianic Judaism as a form of Judaism.<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="JList1"/> The [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] states that {{"'}}Jewish Christians' or 'Messianic Jews' have never been considered believers in Judaism."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccarnet.org/rabbinic-voice/platforms/article-commentary-principles-reform-judaism/ |title=Commentary on the Principles for Reform Judaism |publisher=[[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] |access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref> Regarding this divide, [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] Rabbi [[Carol Harris-Shapiro]] said: "To embrace the radioactive core of goyishness—Jesus—violates the final taboo of Jewishness. ... Belief in Jesus as Messiah is not simply a heretical belief, as it may have been in the first century; it has become the equivalent to an act of ethno-cultural suicide."{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=177}}

[[B'nai Brith Canada]] considers Messianic activities as antisemitic incidents.<ref name="BB_C_1998"/> Rabbi [[Tovia Singer]], founder of the anti-missionary organization [[Outreach Judaism]], noted of a Messianic religious leader in Toledo: "He's not running a Jewish synagogue. ... It's a church designed to appear as if it were a synagogue and I'm there to expose him. What these irresponsible extremist Christians do is a form of consumer fraud. They blur the distinctions between Judaism and Christianity in order to lure Jewish people who would otherwise resist a straightforward message."<ref name="Singer_Blade"/>

Association by a Jewish politician with a Messianic religious leader, inviting him to pray at a public meeting, even though made in error, resulted in nearly universal condemnation by Jewish congregations in Detroit in 2018,<ref name="Forward103118"/><ref name="NBC103018"/> as the majority opinion in both Israeli and American Jewish circles is to consider Messianic Judaism as Christianity and its followers as Christians.<ref name="WP103018"/>

In 1999, [[Pardes Shalom Cemetery]] in [[Toronto]], Canada, barred Reverend Malvern Jacobs from being buried in the cemetery as Jacobs had converted to Christianity and become a Messianic Jewish minister and [[dean (education)|dean]] of [[Canada Christian College]]'s Jewish Studies department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Messianic Jew Buried At Last |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/messianic-jew-buried-at-last-1.194483 |access-date=March 14, 2025 |work=CBC News |date=July 29, 1999}}</ref> Pardes Shalom locked its gates to prevent Jacobs's casket and his funeral procession of 400 mourners from entering the cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cemetery refuses to allow burial of Jewish-born Christian minister |url=https://www.jta.org/1999/06/29/default/cemetery-refuses-to-allow-burial-of-jewish-born-christian-minister |access-date=March 14, 2024 |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=June 29, 1999}}</ref>

A small minority of Jewish scholars, notably [[Dan Cohn-Sherbok]], have accepted the practice of Messianic Judaism as a legitimate Jewish religious expression within a "pluralistic model" of Judaism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ariel |first=Yaakov |title=Review of Messianic Judaism by Dan Cohn-Sherbok |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=7 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=119–120 |doi=10.1525/nr.2004.7.3.119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.2004.7.3.119 |access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Berkman |first=Jacob |title=Questionable Credibility: A Rabbi's Speech Encourages Messianic Jews |magazine=Baltimore Jewish Times |volume=254 |date=August 11, 2000 |page=12 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/222813226 |access-date=November 4, 2025}}</ref> By contrast, most other Jewish thinkers have placed Messianic Judaism outside of mainstream Jewish legitimacy and within the camp of the Christian faith. Some, like [[David Novak]]<ref name=Novak2002>{{cite book |last=Novak |first=David |chapter=When Jews Are Christians |editor-last=Neuhaus |editor-first=Richard John |title=The Chosen People in an Almost Chosen Nation: Jews and Judaism in America |pages=92–102 |publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2002}}</ref> and [[Michael Wyschogrod]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wyschogrod |first=Michael |title=Letter to a Friend |journal=Modern Theology |volume=11 |issue=2 |date=April 1995 |pages=165–171 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0025.1995.tb00057.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0025.1995.tb00057.x |access-date=November 4, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> have come to the conclusion that Messianic Jews are still halachically Jews even though Messianic Judaism is not at all Jewish. In regard to Jews who convert to Christianity, Novak writes that "these great existential decisions are not meant to be cost-free. In any religious conversion, something is gained and something lost."<ref name=Novak2002 />

===Response of Israeli government===
{{See also|Religion in Israel#Christianity}}
Messianic Jews are considered eligible for the [[State of Israel]]'s [[Law of Return]] only if they can also claim Jewish descent.<ref name="Berman"/> An assistant to one of the two lawyers involved with an April 2008 [[Supreme Court of Israel]] case explained to the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' that Messianic Jews who are not Jewish according to Jewish rabbinic law, but who had sufficient Jewish descent to qualify under the Law of Return, could claim automatic new immigrant status and citizenship despite being Messianic.<ref name="JIJ"/> The state of Israel grants {{transliteration|he|[[Law of Return|Aliyah]]}} (right of return) and citizenship to Jews, and to those with Jewish parents or grandparents who are not considered Jews according to halakha, such as people who have a Jewish father but a non-Jewish mother. The old law had excluded any "person who has been a Jew and has voluntarily changed his religion", and an [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]] decision in 1989 had ruled that Messianic Judaism constituted another religion.<ref name="New York Times - 1989"/> However, on April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled in a case brought by a number of Messianic Jews with Jewish fathers and grandfathers. Their applications for {{transliteration|he|Aliyah}} had been rejected on the grounds that they were Messianic Jews. The argument was made by the applicants that they had never been Jews according to {{transliteration|he|halakha}}, and were not therefore excluded by the conversion clause. This argument was upheld in the ruling.<ref name="JIJ"/><ref name="Wagner2008"/><ref name="CBN2008"/>

The International Religious Freedom Report 2008, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in the US, stated that discrimination against Messianic Jews in Israel was increasing.<ref name="IRF2008"/> Some acts of violence have also occurred; in one incident on March 20, 2008, a bomb concealed as a Purim gift basket was delivered to the house of a prominent Messianic Jewish family in [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], in the [[West Bank]], which severely wounded the son.<ref name="JPost2008"/> Eventually, [[Yaakov Teitel]] was arrested for the attempted murder.<ref name="Mitchell2009"/>

This antagonism has led to harassment and some violence, especially in Israel, where there is a large and militant Orthodox community. Several Orthodox organizations, including [[Yad L'Achim]] and [[Lehava]], are dedicated to rooting out missionary activity in Israel, including the Messianic Jewish congregations. One tactic is to plaster posters asking Israelis to boycott shops where Messianic Jews are owners or employees; another is to report Messianic Jews to the Interior ministry, which is charged with enforcing an Israeli law forbidding proselytizing.<ref name="Azulai2009"/> In another incident, the mayor of Or Yehuda, a suburb of Tel Aviv, held a public book-burning of literature passed out to Ethiopian immigrants. He later apologized for the action.<ref name="Time-IMJUA"/> On other occasions, Lehava activists attempted to interrupt Messianic Jewish and violently harass the participants.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Messianic Jews' Say Police in Jerusalem Didn't Protect Them From Right-wing Mob |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-06-14/ty-article/.premium/messianic-jews-say-police-in-jerusalem-didnt-protect-them-from-right-wing-mob/0000017f-e60a-dea7-adff-f7fbffd30000 |access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Horovitz |first=Michael |date=2023-06-23 |title=Jewish extremists try to interrupt Messianic Jewish event in Jerusalem |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-extremists-try-to-interrupt-messianic-jewish-event-in-jerusalem/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Response of US governments===
The [[United States Navy|US Navy]] made a decision that Messianic Jewish chaplains must wear as their insignia the Christian cross, and not the tablets of the law, the insignia of Jewish chaplains. According to [[Yeshiva World News]], the Navy Uniform Board commanded that Michael Hiles, a candidate for chaplaincy, wear the Christian insignia. Hiles resigned from the program, rather than wear the cross.<ref name="TYW"/> Eric Tokajer, a spokesman for the Messianic Jewish movement, responded that "This decision essentially bars Messianic Jews from serving as chaplains within the U.S. Navy because it would require them to wear an insignia inconsistent with their faith and belief system."<ref name="Tokajer"/>

A [[Birmingham, Alabama]], police employee's religious discrimination case was settled in her favor after she filed suit over having to work on the Jewish Sabbath.<ref name="Harmon2013"/>

==Messianic organizations==
{{Main|List of Messianic Jewish organizations}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Chosen People Ministries]] (CPM)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chosenpeople.com/main/ | title=Chosen People Ministries | access-date=15 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235125/http://www.chosenpeople.com/main/ | archive-date=27 December 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* HaYesod (First Fruits of Zion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hayesod.ffoz.org/info/about.html|title=About HaYesod|website=HaYesod}}</ref>
* International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS)<ref name = "IAMCS_home" />
* Jewish University of Colorado<ref name = "JUC" />
* [[Jews for Jesus]]<ref name="JFJ-WWA" /><ref name = "JFJ-MJ" /> (contested){{sfn|Rausch|1982b}}
* [[Messianic Jewish Alliance of America]] (MJAA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messianicassociation.org |title=The Association of Messianic Congregations (AMC) homepage |access-date=8 December 2010 }}</ref>
* Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council<ref name="MJRC" />
* [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] (UMJC)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umjc.org/ | title=UMJC homepage | access-date=15 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101125914/http://www.umjc.org/ | archive-date=1 January 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Messianic Covenant Fellowship International]] (MFCI)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcfiglobal.org |title=Messianic Covenant Fellowship International (MCFI) homepage}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]
* [[Ebionites]]
* [[Hebrew Catholics]]
* [[Hebrew Roots]]
* [[Jews for Jesus]]
* [[Judeo-Christian]]
* [[Makuya]]
* [[Twelve Tribes of Israel (Rastafari)]]
* [[Xueta Christianity]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<!-- A -->
<ref name=Ariel2006p191>
{{harvnb|Ariel|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&dq=While+Christianity+started+in+the+first+century+of+the+Common+Era&pg=RA1-PA191 191]|ps=: "In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews. For many observers, such a combination seemed like an oxymoron, because they saw the two faiths as completely separate from each other. While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century, groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish traditions and customs with the Christian faith. Attempting to overcome the historical difference between the two religious traditions, these Jewish converts to Christianity define themselves as Messianic Jews, thus pointing to the movements ideology of returning to the roots of the Christian faith."}}
</ref>
<ref name=Ariel2006p194>
{{harvnb|Ariel|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&dq=When+the+term+resurfaced+in+Israel&pg=RA1-PA194 194] |ps=: "But the generation that came of age in the 1960s and 1970s thought differently about these matters. They wanted to make their own choices and did not feel constrained by old boundaries and taboos. Judaism and Christianity could go hand in hand.…In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative.…The term Messianic Judaism came into public use in America in the early 1970s.…The term, however was not entirely new. It was used in the internal debates in the community of converts as early as the beginning of the century.…Missionaries, such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term ''notzrim'', "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term.…They chose ''Meshychim'', Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term ''notzrim''.…It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that ''[sic]'' an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians.}}
</ref>
<ref name=Ariel2006p208>
{{harvnb|Ariel|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=RA1-PA208 208]}}
</ref>
<ref name="Azulai2009">
{{Cite news
 |url         = https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2009-10-03/ty-article/0000017f-f5f4-d47e-a37f-fdfc8a040000
 |title       = Aich Nilcham Irgun "Yad L'Achim" B'Yehudim HaMeshichim? Remez: Kol HaEmtzaim K'shayrim
 |script-title = he:איך נלחם ארגון "יד לאחים" ביהודים המשיחיים? רמז: כל האמצעים כשרים
 |first       = Yuval
 |last        = Azulai
 |date        = October 3, 2009
 |work        = [[Haaretz]]
 |language    = He
 |trans-title = How does the Yad L'Achim organization battle Messianic Jews? Hint: Anything goes
 |access-date = January 2, 2023
}}
</ref>
<!-- B -->
<ref name = "BB_C_1998">
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.bnaibrith.ca/publications/audit1998/audit1998-07.html
 |title=1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents
 |date=1998
 |website=[[B'nai Brith Canada]]
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719205927/http://www.bnaibrith.ca/publications/audit1998/audit1998-07.html
 |archive-date=2006-07-19
 |url-status=dead
 |quote=One of the more alarming trends in [[Anti-Semitism|antisemitic]] activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches.
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Beit Simcha">
{{cite web
 | url=https://beitsimcha.com/our-beliefs/
 | title=Our Beliefs
 | author=<!--Not stated-->
 | date= n.d.
 | access-date=March 28, 2023
 |quote=To study the whole and authoritative Word of God, including the Tanakh (Hebrew Scriptures) and the Brit Chadasha (New Covenant) under the leading of the Holy Spirit
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Berman">
{{cite news
 | last         = Berman
 | first        = Daphna
 | date         = June 10, 2006
 | title        = Aliyah with a cat, a dog and Jesus
 | url          = https://www.haaretz.com/1.4913795
 | access-date  = January 3, 2023
 | work         = [[Haaretz]]
 | quote=In rejecting their petition, Supreme Court Justice [[Menachem Elon]] cited their belief in Jesus. 'In the last two thousand years of history…the Jewish people have decided that messianic Jews do not belong to the Jewish nation…and have no right to force themselves on it,' he wrote, concluding that 'those who believe in Jesus, are, in fact Christians.'
 | url-access   = subscription
 | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202757/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4913795
 | archive-date = July 30, 2018
 |url-status    = live 
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Brown-CPM-Talmud">
{{cite web
 |url          = https://www.chosenpeople.com/rabbinic-objections/
 |title        = Rabbinic Objections
 |last         = Brown
 |first        = Michael
 |author-link  = Michael L. Brown
 |publisher    = [[Chosen People Ministries]]
 |access-date  = December 29, 2022
 |quote        = ...{{nbsp}}I will present some foundational truths from the Scriptures, and as you continue to research the matter for yourself, these truths will lead to one inescapable conclusion: It is the Tanakh rather than the Talmud and the rabbinic traditions that must be followed if we are to be totally faithful to the Lord....Which, then, will you follow? The written Word or the traditions of men? When you stand before God, what will you say?
 |date         = October 29, 2009
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Brown2010">
{{Cite news
 |last=Brown
 |first=Emma
 |date=May 21, 2010
 |title=Moishe Rosen, 78; founded evangelistic group Jews for Jesus
 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005115.html
 |access-date=January 3, 2023
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Burton2018">
{{Cite web
 |last=Burton
 |first=Tara Isabella
 |date=October 31, 2018
 |title=Messianic Jews and Jews for Jesus, explained
 |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/31/18042506/jew-for-jesus-messianic-jews-loren-jacobs-mike-pence
 |access-date=January 3, 2023
 |publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]
}}
</ref>
<ref name="BT">
{{cite web
 |url=http://beit-tefillah.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=40
 |title=Who we are
 |access-date=2007-12-20
 |last=Bernay
 |first=Adam J.
 |date=December 3, 2007
 |website=<!--should this be giving Chinese(?): http://beit-tefillah.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1--> beit-tefillah.com]
 |quote="Orthodox Messianic" groups (they go by many names) teach that you must keep the commandments in order to be saved, and not just the commandments in the Scripture, but the traditional rules as coined by Judaism since the Temple was destroyed... essentially, they teach that we must keep Orthodox Judaism, but with the addition of Yeshua.  We do NOT teach this in any way, shape, or form.  Some of the traditions are right and good, and in keeping with the commandments.  Others are not.  Only by studying to show ourselves approved of God can we rightly divide the word of truth and discover how God calls us to live.
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409073515/http://beit-tefillah.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=40
 |archive-date=April 9, 2008
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<!-- C -->
<ref name = "CBN2008">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/shows/cwn/2008/April/Messianic-Jews-Claim-Victory-in-Israeli-Court-/
| title = Messianic Jews Claim Victory in Israeli Court
| access-date = March 12, 2012
| date = April 18, 2008
| publisher = CBNnews.com
| quote = The Supreme Court of Israel ruled Wednesday that being a Messianic Jew cannot prevent Israeli citizenship if the Jewish descent is from the person's father's side.
}}
</ref>

<ref name = "Shochet1999">
{{cite news
 | title       = Judaism has no place for those who betray their roots
 | first       = Jacob Immanuel
 | last        = Schochet
 | author-link = Jacob Immanuel Schochet
 | newspaper   = [[Canadian Jewish News]]
 | date        = July 29, 1999
 | quote       = For a Jew, however, any form of shituf is tantamount to idolatry in the fullest sense of the word. There is then no way that a Jew can ever accept Jesus as a deity, mediator or savior (messiah), or even as a prophet, without betraying Judaism.
 | url = http://www.cjnews.com/pastissues/99/july29-99/feature/feature2.htm
| url-status   = dead
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20041124055959/http://www.cjnews.com/pastissues/99/july29-99/feature/feature2.htm
| archive-date = November 24, 2004
| access-date  = January 3, 2023
}}
</ref>
<ref name = CTOMC_SoF>{{cite web
 |url=https://www.ctomc.ca/sof.php
 |title=Statement of Faith Of Coalition of Torah Observant Congregations
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |website=CTOMC
 |archive-date=2019-04-03
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403165407/https://www.ctomc.ca/sof.php
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<ref name = "CTOMC-SoF-4">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ctomc.ca/sof.php
|title = Points of Order (#4)
|access-date = 2019-04-03
|year = 2015
|quote = The Torah in our usage never refers to the Talmud but, while we do not consider the Talmud or any other commentary on the Scriptures as the Word of G-d, we believe that the writings of Oral Tradition, such as the Talmud, the Mishnah, and the Midrash Rabbah, also contain further insight into the character of G-d and His dealings with His people.
|archive-date = 2017-09-12
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011617/http://www.ctomc.ca/sof.php
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<!-- D -->
<ref name="Denominations">
;[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]
:{{harvnb|Simmons|2004|ps=: Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because: 1. Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. 2. Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. 3. Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. 4. Jewish belief is based on national revelation}}
;[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]:{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/SocialAction/SocialJustice/CurrentIssues/ReligiousIssues/JewishValues/MessianicJewsAreNotJews.aspx
 |title       = Messianic Jews Are Not Jews
 |access-date = December 13, 2016
 |last        = Waxman
 |first       = Jonathan
 |year        = 2006
 |publisher   = [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]
 |quote       = Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Judaism and Christianity, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131151/http://www.uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/SocialAction/SocialJustice/CurrentIssues/ReligiousIssues/JewishValues/MessianicJewsAreNotJews.aspx
 |archive-date = December 20, 2016
 |ref = none
}}
;[[Reform Judaism|Reform]]:{{cite web
 |url        = http://huc.edu/news/1999/08/02/missionary-impossible
 |title      = Missionary Impossible
 |access-date = December 13, 2016
 |date       = August 2, 1999
 |publisher  = [[Hebrew Union College]]
 |quote      = Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.
}}
:{{cite web
 |url=https://reformjudaism.org/what-are-main-differences-between-jew-and-christian
 |title=What are the main differences between a Jew and a Christian?
 |last=Glazier
 |first=James Scott
 |date=2012-09-06
 |website=ReformJudaism.org
 |access-date=2019-04-02
 |quote=The essential difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as messiah and personal savior. Jesus is not part of Jewish theology. Amongst Jews, Jesus is not considered a divine being.
 |ref = none
}}
;[[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]:{{cite web
 |url         = https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm
 |title       = FAQ's About Jewish Renewal
 |access-date  = December 20, 2007
 |year        = 2007
 |website     = aleph.org
 |quote       = '''''What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism?''''' ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that.
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm
 |archive-date = October 23, 2014
}}
</ref>
<!-- E -->
<ref name = "ENS">
{{cite web
 |url=https://www.tsiyon.org/seal/messianic_seal_news.htm
 |title= The Discovery of the Messianic Seal
 |author=<!--Not stated-->
 |date=July 6, 1999
 |series=
 |publisher=
 |agency=[[Evangelical Press Association|Evangelical Press News Service]]
 |access-date=January 2, 2023
 |via=tsiyon.org
}}
</ref>
<!-- F -->
<ref name="Feher1998p140">
{{harvnb|Feher|1998|p=140|ps=: "This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose."}}
</ref>
<ref name="FFOZ">
{{cite web
 |url          = http://ffoz.org/messiahonline/_flipbook/templates/mj100/index.html
 |title        = Our Mission and Message
 |year         = 2010
 |publisher    = First Fruits of Zion
 |access-date   = September 9, 2010
 |page         = 14
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100923104657/http://ffoz.org/messiahonline/_flipbook/templates/mj100/index.html
 |archive-date = September 23, 2010
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = mdy-all
}}</ref>
<ref name="Fischer">
{{cite web
 |url=https://www.freewebs.com/messianic_judaism/torahmessianicjudaism.htm
 |title=In Search of Messianic Jewish Thought
 |access-date=2008-01-07
 |year=2007
 |work=GoogleCache
 |quote=John Fischer affirms that Yeshua himself supported the traditions of the Pharisees which were very close to what later became rabbinic halacha. Messianic Jews today should not only take note of rabbinic tradition but incorporate it into Messianic Jewish halachah. The biblical pattern for Fischer is that "Yeshua, the Apostles, and the early Messianic Jews all deeply respected the traditions and devoutly observed them, and in so doing, set a useful pattern for us to follow." Citing Fischer, John, "Would Yeshua Support Halacha?" in ''Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism'', Albuquerque, New Mexico: UMJC, 1997, pp. 51–81.
 |url-status=bot: unknown
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311144203/http://www.freewebs.com/messianic_judaism/torahmessianicjudaism.htm
 |archive-date=2007-03-11
}}</ref>
<ref name="Forward103118">
{{cite news
 |last1=Nathan-Kazis
 |first1=Josh
 |title=A GOP Rising Star Asks Jews For Jesus 'Rabbi' To Pray For Pittsburgh. What Could Go Wrong?
 |url=https://forward.com/news/413320/a-jewish-republican-asks-jews-for-jesus-rabbi-to-pray-for-pittsburgh-what/
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |work=[[The Forward]]
 |date=October 31, 2018
 |quote=I could see nothing more offensive or more poorly calculated than to make this decision," said David Kurzmann, executive director of the Jewish Community Relations Council/AJC, a local Jewish advocacy group in Detroit. "The reaction and the rage in the community right now is very significant.
}}
</ref>
<!-- G -->
<ref name="GraftedInSoF">
{{cite web
 |url         = https://www.graftedin.com/mission-values
 |website    = The Harvest
 |title       = Our Beliefs
 |access-date  = 2019-04-02
 |quote       = We aim to influence every realm of society, in this generation and for generations to come, for the glory of Messiah and His Kingdom until He returns to judge the living and the dead.... We believe that the Torah (five books of Moses) is a comprehensive summary of God's foundational laws and ways, as found in both the Tanakh and Apostolic Scriptures. Additionally, the Bible teaches that without holiness no man can see God. We believe in the Doctrine of Sanctification as a definite, yet progressive work of grace, commencing at the time of regeneration and continuing until the consummation of salvation. Therefore we encourage all believers, both Jews and Gentiles, to affirm, embrace, and practice these foundational laws and ways as clarified through the teachings of Messiah Yeshua.... We believe Gentiles who place their faith and trust in Yeshua the Messiah as Lord and Savior, are grafted into Israel through a born again experience. This new birth results in a new identity. This new identity is a child of the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. As a result, this new child is adopted into the family and ethnos of Israel and becomes a full member and fellow heir of the covenants of promise and blessings made to Israel. The Gentiles who are grafted into Israel do not replace her. Rather, they participate with her as the chosen ones from among the nations who are also called to be a part of His treasured people Israel. In terms of their adoption into the household of God, these newly adopted Gentile children are to be treated as if they were native-born descendants of Jacob. As adopted Gentiles, they shall be accorded all the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of being full members of the commonwealth of Israel and fellow heirs of the covenants of promise made to her. They do not replace Israel but neither are they excluded. Like the mystery of the unity of God, the two groups are one in Messiah and yet distinct.
}}</ref>

<!-- H -->
<ref name="Harmon2013">
{{cite news
 |last=Harmon
 |first=Rick
 |date=September 26, 2013
 |title=Birmingham police employee's religious discrimination case settled
 |url=http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20130926/NEWS02/309250071/Birmingham-police-employee-s-religious-discrimination-case-settled
 |newspaper=Montgomery Adviser
 |location=Montgomery, Alabama
 |access-date=September 10, 2015
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217052926/http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20130926/NEWS02/309250071/Birmingham-police-employee-s-religious-discrimination-case-settled
 |archive-date=December 17, 2015
}}
</ref>
<!-- I -->
<ref name="IAMCS_Belief">
{{cite web
 |url=https://iamcs.org/about-us/belief
 |title=Belief
 |publisher=International Alliance of Messianic Congregations & Synagogues
 |location=[[Havertown, Pennsylvania]]
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |website=IAMCS
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403050133/https://iamcs.org/about-us/belief
 |archive-date=2019-04-03
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<ref name = "IAMCS_home">
{{cite web
 |url=https://iamcs.org/home
 |title=Home
 |author=<!--Not stated-->
 |date=<!--Not stated-->
 |website=IAMCS
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |quote=As more and more congregations were formed, many within the MJAA had a desire to form a fellowship of Messianic congregations or synagogues under the auspices of the MJAA.…As a result, in the spring of 1986, The International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS) was formed.
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403050127/https://iamcs.org/home
 |archive-date=2019-04-03
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<ref name = "IRF2008">
{{cite web
| url = https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108484.htm
| title = 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom – Israel and the occupied territories
| date = 19 September 2008
| access-date = 2019-04-03
| publisher = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US government
}}</ref>
<!-- J -->
<ref name = "JC_IYG">
{{cite web
 | author = Israel b. Betzalel
 | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/is-yeshua-god/
 | title = Is Yeshua G-d?
 | date = March 9, 2009
 | work = JerusalemCouncil.org
 | quote = This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from G-d. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he didn't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called G-d's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is "HaShem" who we interact with and not die.
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427102439/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/is-yeshua-god/
 | archive-date = April 27, 2009
 | url-status=usurped
 | access-date = December 29, 2022
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "JC_T">
{{cite web
 | author = Israel b. Betzalel
 | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/
 | title = Trinitarianism
 | date = March 9, 2009
 | work = JerusalemCouncil.org
 | quote =  Yes I believe in the Spirit of God, the Ruach HaKodesh. Yet, to trinitarians wishing to stop there, I could ask, "Who filled the temple at its dedication? What is the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Spirit?" As we read on, we clearly read that it was the Glory that filled the tabernacle, the temple, etc. So what is the Glory? Where does the Glory fit into the trinitarian model? So then, as a chasid, I simply just agree with scripture and with what scripture says concerning the matter and leave it at that and thank HaShem.
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427102320/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/
 | archive-date = April 27, 2009
 | url-status=usurped
 | access-date = December 29, 2022
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "JeC1">
{{cite web
 | url=http://jerusalemcouncil.org/halacha/giyur/convert-to-judaism/
 | title=Jewish Conversion Process
 | access-date=January 4, 2023
 | date=February 10, 2009
 | publisher=JerusalemCouncil.org
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211012503/http://www.jerusalemcouncil.org/halacha/giyur/convert-to-judaism/
 | archive-date=February 11, 2009
 | url-status=usurped
 | quote=The process of Jewish Conversion is: 1. Repent by keeping the Covenant (Return to the Torah, get circumcised if male, and commit to the Torah). 2. Believe Yeshua is the Messiah, and that he is coming as the King (Obey everything He commands, which is the Torah). 3. Be immersed in the name of Yeshua, witnessed by others (Go through a mikveh in his name).
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "JeC3">
{{cite web
 | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/
 | author = Israel b. Betzalel
 | title = Do I need to be Circumcised?
 | access-date = January 3, 2023
 | date = February 10, 2009
 | publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org
 | quote = To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah – as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come.... Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come – at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing!... As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member (that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life), but it is a requirement of obedience to God's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted.... If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah.
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100806194736/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/
 | archive-date = August 6, 2010
 | url-status = usurped
}}
</ref>
<ref name="JFJ-WWA">
{{cite web
 |url          = https://jewsforjesus.org/about/who-we-are
 |title        = Who We Are
 |access-date   = 2019-04-03
 |work    = [[Jews for Jesus]]
}}</ref><ref name = "JFJ-MJ">{{cite web
 | url = https://jewsforjesus.org/jewish-resources/community/messianic-jews-a-brief-history/
 | title = Messianic Jews: A Brief History
 | access-date = 2019-04-03
 | work = [[Jews for Jesus]]
| date = 21 July 2014
 }}
</ref>
<ref name = "JIJ">{{cite web
| url = http://jerusaleminstituteofjustice.createsend.com/t/1/e/xtlly/jdlkuuit/
| title = Justice in Israel
| access-date = 2008-04-24
| last = Myers
| first = Calev
| date = April 16, 2008
| publisher = [[Jerusalem Institute of Justice]], and organization supporting the rights of "Israeli Evangelical believers, Messianic Jews and families of mixed (Jewish-Christian) marriages"
| quote = In a landmark decision today, the Supreme Court of Israel ratified a settlement between twelve Messianic Jewish believers and the State of Israel, which states that being a Messianic Jew does not prevent one from receiving citizenship in Israel under the Law of Return or the Law of Citizenship, if one is a descendent of Jews on one's father's side (and thus not Jewish according to halacha). This Supreme Court decision brought an end to a legal battle that has carried on for two and a half years. The applicants were represented by Yuval Grayevsky and [[Calev Myers]] from the offices of Yehuda Raveh & Co., and their legal costs were subsidized by the [[Jerusalem Institute of Justice]]. There is a growing trend, today, to use the term Messianic Believers, which solves the objections of Jews and makes the movement more 'accessible' to Gentiles as well, who make up a significant proportion of those who attend Messianic fellowships. This is important because some fellowships under the heading Messianic Judaism, do not actually have any Jews as members and the title does not, therefore, reflect the reality on the ground.
}}
</ref>
<ref name="JList1">
* {{harvnb|Ariel|1996|p=212}}
* {{harvnb|Ariel|2005|p=343}}
* {{harvnb|Neusner|2000|pp=3{{ndash}}4}}
* {{harvnb|Schoen|2004|p=11|ps=: Jews do not believe, therefore, that the Messiah has come, and they do not recognize Jesus as their savior or as the Son of God.}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/jewish-view-of-jesus-2076763 |title=Man or Messiah: The Role of Jesus in Judaism |last=Pelaia |first=Ariela |date=February 15, 2019 |website=Learn Religions |publisher=[[Dotdash Meredith]] |access-date=January 2, 2023 |quote=Jews do not believe that Jesus was divine or the "son of God," or the Messiah prophesied in Jewish scripture. He is seen as a "false messiah," meaning someone who claimed (or whose followers claimed for him) the mantle of the Messiah but who ultimately did not meet the requirements laid out in Jewish belief.|ref=none}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.messiahtruth.com/response.html |title=Messianic Judaism: A Christian Missionary Movement |access-date=2007-02-14 |publisher=Messiah Truth Project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212032237/http://www.messiahtruth.com/response.html |archive-date=2007-02-12 }}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.jcrcny.org/pdf/sdpp/MEETINGTHECHALLENG2.pdf
 |title=Meeting the Challenge: Hebrew Christians and the Jewish Community
 |access-date=2007-02-14
 |last=Schiffman
 |first=Lawrence H.
 |author-link=Lawrence Schiffman
 |year=1993
 |publisher=Jewish Community Relations Council of New York
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107233420/http://www.jcrcny.org/pdf/sdpp/MEETINGTHECHALLENG2.pdf
 |archive-date=November 7, 2006
 |quote=Though Hebrew Christianity claims to be a form of Judaism, it is not. It is nothing more than a disguised effort to missionize Jews and convert them to Christianity. It deceptively uses the sacred symbols of Jewish observance ... as a cover to convert Jews to Christianity, a belief system antithetical to Judaism.... Hebrew Christianity is not a form of Judaism and its members, even if they are of Jewish birth, cannot be considered members of the Jewish community. Hebrew Christians are in radical conflict with the communal interests and the destiny of the Jewish people. They have crossed an unbreachable chasm by accepting another religion. Despite this separation, they continue to attempt to convert their former coreligionists.
 |ref=none
}}
*{{harvnb|Balmer|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vjwly0QyeU4C&dq=Encyclopedia+of+evangelicalism&pg=PA448 448–449]|ps=: "Messianic Jewish organizations, such as Jews for Jesus, often refer to their faith as fulfilled Judaism, in that they believe Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies. Although Messianic Judaism claims to be Jewish, and many adherents observe Jewish holidays, most Jews regard Messianic Judaism as deceptive at best, fraudulent at worst. They charge that Messianic Judaism is actually Christianity presenting itself as Judaism. Jewish groups are particularly distressed at the aggressive evangelistic attempts on the part of Messianic Jews."}}
</ref>
<ref name="JPost2008">{{cite news
| last         = Wagner
| first        = Matthew
| date         = September 23, 2008
| title        = US report: Rise in violence against Messianic Jews and Christians
| url          = https://www.jpost.com/International/US-report-Rise-in-violence-against-Messianic-Jews-and-Christians
| work         = [[The Jerusalem Post]]
| access-date  = 2019-04-03
}}</ref>
<ref name = "JUC">
{{cite web
 |url=https://www.jewish-university.org/
 |title=Jewish University of Colorado
 |author=<!--Not stated-->
 |date=2022
 |access-date=January 2, 2023
}}
</ref>

<!-- K -->
<ref name = "Kerstetter">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.mikvehyisrael.com/trinityone.html
| title       = Who Do You Say That I Am? An introduction to the true Messiah from a non-Trinitarian view.
| first       = Adam Yisroel
| last        = Kerstetter
| year        = 2007
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080330233053/http://www.mikvehyisrael.com/trinityone.html
| archive-date=March 30, 2008| access-date  = August 11, 2010
| url-status  = usurped
| quote       = The material presented below has been researched to great lengths and is based totally on the Scriptures. I have examined both sides of the subject and can assure you that I have no ax to grind, but have found that the information on the Trinity is without any foundation, nor is it supported by the language of the Scripture. Let me state that I believe in our Heavenly Father and in his Son Y'shua (Jesus) and that the Father sent Y'shua to be a way back to Him and a means for our salvation, but I do not believe the Scripture supports the idea of the Moshiach (Messiah) being G-d of very G-d. When wrong ideas of the Mashiach are espoused they put us on the course of misinterpretations and a misconception of who our Mashiach and his Heavenly Father are. These misconceptions and misinterpretations lead us further away from the truth and ultimately further away from the Father who is the only true G-d.
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "King2009">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.christianbook.com/chuck-king/the-feast-of-tabernacles/pd/CD40257
| title       = The Feast of Tabernacles CD
| year        = 2009
| website     = Christianbook.com
| publisher   = [[Christian Book Distributors]]
| access-date = September 11, 2015
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Kinzer2005">
{{harvnb|Kinzer|2005|p=286|ps=: "The cultural ferment of the 1960s threw Hebrew Christians in America and their institutions into the same turmoil that characterized the rest of American society. Three factors played an especially important part in turning their world upside down: a social movement (i.e., the youth counterculture), a cultural trend (i.e., ethnic self-assertion and pride), and a political-military event (i.e., the Six-Day War)."}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Kinzer2010">
{{harvnb|Kinzer|2010|ps=: Paul likely uses the term ''Kyrios'' here as a Greek substitute for both the tetragram- maton and the Hebrew word ''Adonai'' ("My lord"), which in Jewish practice acts as its surrogate. In this way he builds upon the most fundamental biblical confession of faith, the ''Shema'', highlighting the two primary divine names (''Theos/Elohim'' and ''Kyrios/Adonai'') and the word 'one'. Paul thus expands the ''Shema'' to include Yeshua within a differentiated but singular deity. The nicene Creed adopts Paul's language ('one God, the Father…one Lord, Yeshua the Messiah…'), and thereby affirms its own continuity with the ''Shema''. Paul's short confession is a Yeshua-faith interpretation of the ''Shema'', and the nicene Creed is an expanded interpretation of Paul's confession.
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Kinzer2018">
{{harvnb|Kinzer|2018|ps=:  At the end, God will make Yeshua known to his brethren and to all of creation, not only as temple, priest, and sacrifice, but as Messianic King, the eschatological ruler of Israel and the nations. At that point the New Covenant will be realized in its final and definitive form.}}
</ref>
<!-- L -->
<ref name="Lamb2014">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.lambmessianicmusic.com/lamb_03_history_mn.html
| title         = History of Lamb
| year         = 2014
| website         = Lamb Messianic Music
| publisher         = Messianic Records, Inc.
| access-date         = September 11, 2015
| url-status         = dead
| archive-url         = https://web.archive.org/web/20160212060335/http://lambmessianicmusic.com/lamb_03_history_mn.html
| archive-date         = February 12, 2016
}}
</ref>
<ref name="LevH">{{cite web
 |url=https://www.levhashem.org/we-believe/
 |title=Doctrinal Statement
 |work=Lev HaShem Messianic Jewish Synagogue
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |archive-date=2019-04-03
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403185329/https://www.levhashem.org/we-believe/
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<ref name = "Lotker">
{{harvnb|Lotker|2004|p=35|ps=: "It should now be clear to you why Jews have such a problem with 'Jews for Jesus' or other presentations of Messianic Judaism. I have no difficulty with Christianity. I even accept those Christians who would want me to convert to Christianity so long as they don't use coercion or duplicity and are willing to listen in good faith to my reasons for being Jewish. I do have a major problem with those Christians who would try to mislead me and other Jews into believing that one can be both Jewish and Christian.}}
</ref>
<!-- M -->
<ref name = "Melton2005">{{harvnb|Melton|2005|p=373|ps=: "Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.…By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews.}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Mitchell2009">{{cite news
| last         = Mitchell
| first        = Chris
| date         = December 24, 2009
| title        = Ortiz Case Cornerstone for Israeli Messianic Jews
| url          = https://www1.cbn.com/jerusalemdateline/archive/2009/12/24/ortiz-case-cornerstone-for-israeli-messianic-jews
| work         = [[Christian Broadcasting Network|CBN News]]
| access-date  = 2019-04-03
}}
</ref>
<ref name="MJRC">{{cite web
 |url=https://ourrabbis.org/main/faqs-mainmenu-25
 |title=FAQs
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |quote=The MJRC is a growing community of ordained Messianic Jewish rabbis committed to the exciting concept of a Messianic Judaism which is both faithful to the teachings, example and person of Messiah Yeshua and to deep connection with the larger Jewish community. This connection demands our giving serious attention to Torah as practiced through the march of Jewish history. MJRC Rabbis endeavor to develop standards of Messianic Jewish practice so that our congregations worldwide can grow together as life-giving communities, filled with the Ruach and the joy of Jewish life renewed in Yeshua.
}}</ref>
<ref name = "MJRC2">{{cite web
| url = http://ourrabbis.org/main/halakhah-mainmenu-26/halakhic-introduction/halakhic-apprach
| title = Halakhic Approach 
| author       = <!--Not stated-->
| date         = n.d.
| website      = Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
| access-date  = March 28, 2023
| quote = Our approach to halakhic decision-making is based on a recognition of the paramount importance and authority of Scripture (i.e., the Tanakh and the Apostolic Writings) in the development of Halakhah....As Messianic Jews, we affirm the special precedence given to scriptural law in traditional Halakhah, while likewise affirming the scriptural character of the Apostolic Writings (i.e., the New Testament) and the unique ways in which they contribute to halakhic development....In addressing matters of Halakhah, Scripture always has the highest halakhic authority and sanctity. Thus, when traditional Judaism distinguishes between laws that are [[D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan|d'oraita]]  (i.e., ordained by the Tanakh) and those that are [[D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan|d'rabbanan]] (i.e., established by rabbinic authority), precedence is always given to those that are d'oraita.
}}
</ref>
<ref name = MJRC_Holidays>{{cite web
| url          = http://www.ourrabbis.org/main/halakhah-mainmenu-26/community-practices/holidays-mainmenu-33
| title        = Holidays
| author       = <!--Not stated-->
| date         = n.d.
| website      = Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
| access-date  = March 28, 2023
}}
</ref>
<ref name = MJRC_Kashrut>{{cite web
| url          = http://www.ourrabbis.org/main/halakhah-mainmenu-26/kashrut-mainmenu-34
| title        = Kashrut
| author       = <!--Not stated-->
| date         = n.d.
| website      = Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
| access-date  = March 28, 2023
}}
</ref>
<ref name = MJRC_Status>{{cite web
| url         = http://ourrabbis.org/main/halakhah-mainmenu-26/issues-of-status
| title       = Issues of Status
| author      = <!--Not stated-->
| date        = n.d.
| website     = Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
| access-date = March 28, 2023
| quote       = Following the consensus of Jewish tradition, we recognize as a Jew anyone who is born of a Jewish mother or who is a convert to Judaism. We also recognize as a Jew anyone who is born of a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother if that person has undertaken public and formal acts of identification with the Jewish faith and people. In 1947 the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) of the Reform movement...
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "MJO">{{cite web
| url = http://www.messianicjewishonline.com/article1022.html
| title = Who Is A Jew? Messianic Style
| access-date = 2007-08-23
| year = 2007
| work = Chaia Kravitz
| publisher = MessianicJewishOnline.com
| quote = In Messianic Judaism, children are generally regarded as being Jewish with one Jewish parent. Since we are one in Messiah, both Jew and Gentile, there is not sharp division between the two groups. Therefore, if a Gentile has a heart for Israel and God's Torah, as well as being a Believer in Yeshua, and this person marries a Jewish Believer, it is not considered an "intermarriage" in the same way Rabbinic Judaism sees it, since both partners are on the same spiritual plane. Children born from this union are part of God's Chosen, just like the Gentile parent who has been grafted into the vine of Israel through His grace.
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070811053053/http://www.messianicjewishonline.com/article1022.html |archive-date = August 11, 2007}}
</ref>

<ref name = Moscrop>
{{harvnb|Moscrop|2000|p=15|ps=: ...the perspective of the Holy Land the most important of these societies was the London Jews' Society. Founded in 1809 during the high point of evangelical endeavour, the London Jews' Society was the work of Joseph Samuel Frederick Frey...}}
</ref>
<!-- N-->
<ref name="NBC103018">{{cite news
 |last1=Siemaszko
 |first1=Corky
 |title=Jews assail 'Christian rabbi' who appeared with Pence, and so does his own movement
 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jews-assail-so-called-christian-rabbi-who-appeared-pence-so-n926406
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |work=[[NBC News]]
 |date=October 30, 2018
 |quote=The "Messianic rabbi" who outraged many Jews by invoking the name of Jesus while delivering a prayer in memory of the Pittsburgh synagogue massacre victims was also spurned Tuesday by the organization that ordained him. Loren Jacobs, who was invited onstage by Vice President Mike Pence to speak at a rally in Michigan for a GOP congressional candidate, was defrocked 15 years ago, according to a spokeswoman for the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. 'Loren Jacobs was stripped of his rabbinic ordination by the UMJC in 2003, after our judicial board found him guilty of libel,' Monique Brumbach said in an email. Brumbach did not say who Jacobs allegedly libeled, but it appears from his synagogue website he was involved in a theological battle with other leaders of the group, which believes that Jesus is the son of God — a belief that is anathema to the vast majority of the world's Jews. Jacobs seemed to be concerned that the group was insufficiently conservative on doctrinal matters. Meanwhile, mainstream Jewish leaders and experts on the faith said they could not fathom why GOP congressional candidate Lena Epstein, herself a longtime member of a Detroit–area synagogue, invited Jacobs at all to her rally Tuesday because in their eyes he's not even a real Jew, let alone a rabbi. 'We don't even recognize him as a rabbi,' Rabbi Marla Hornsten, past president of the Michigan Board of Rabbis, told NBC News. 'Even to call him a rabbi is offensive.'
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Nerel">
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.imja.com/Gershon2.html
 |title=Symbols used by Messianic Judaism in Israel Today
 |last=Nerel
 |first=Gershon
 |year=2001 
 |publisher=International Messianic Jewish Alliance
 |access-date=January 2, 2023
 |url-status=usurped
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022921/http://www.imja.com/Gershon2.html
 |archive-date=June 7, 2008
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "New York Times - 1989">{{Cite news
 | title = Israeli Court Rules Jews for Jesus Cannot Automatically Be Citizens
 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/27/world/israeli-court-rules-jews-for-jesus-cannot-automatically-be-citizens.html
 | agency = [[Associated Press]]
 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 | date = December 27, 1989
 | access-date = August 13, 2010
 | quote = Messianic Jews are not entitled to automatic Israeli citizenship, Israel's Supreme Court has ruled, concluding that their belief that Jesus was the Messiah makes them Christians instead of Jews. The ruling, published in Israeli newspapers today, supported Orthodox religious interpretations of the state's 1950 Law of Return. The law forms the basis of Jewish immigration to Israel. The law and its subsequent amendments define a Jew as a person born to a Jewish mother or who converts to Judaism and professes no other faith. Orthodox politicians have long sought a more precise definition, and the court's Christmas Day ruling has resolved one issue. The 100-page decision said that belief in Jesus made one a member of another faith and ineligible for automatic Israeli citizenship, The Jerusalem Post, Hadashot and Yediot Ahronot reported.... "Messianic Jews attempt to reverse the wheels of history by 2,000 years," Justice Elon wrote in a passage quoted by the Israeli newspapers. "But the Jewish people has decided during the 2,000 years of its history" that Messianic Jews "do not belong to the Jewish nation and have no right to force themselves on it. Those who believe in Jesus are, in fact, Christians."
}}
</ref>
<ref name=NYT18851012>{{cite news
 |author=<!--not stated-->
 |date=October 12, 1885
 |title=The Only One In America; A Hebrew-Christian Church Dedicated Yesterday.
 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1885/10/12/archives/the-only-one-in-america-a-hebrewchristian-church-dedicated.html
 |url-status=bot: unknown
 |work=[[The New York Times]]
 |page=2
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102135834/https://www.nytimes.com/1885/10/12/archives/the-only-one-in-america-a-hebrewchristian-church-dedicated.html
 |archive-date=January 2, 2023
 |access-date=January 2, 2023
 |url-access=subscription
 }}</ref>
<!-- O -->
<ref name="OhrSomayach">
{{cite web
| url         = http://ohr.edu/ask/ask00j.htm
| title       = Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus
| year        = 2000
| work        = Ask the Rabbi
| publisher   = [[Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem|Ohr Somayach]]
| location    = [[Jerusalem]]
| access-date  = January 2, 2023
| quote = The Christian idea of a trinity contradicts the most basic tenet of Judaism – that G-d is One. Jews have declared their belief in a single unified G-d twice daily ever since the giving of the Torah at Sinai – almost two thousand years before Christianity. The trinity suggests a three part deity: The Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost (Matthew 28:19). In Jewish law, worship of a three-part god is considered idolatry; one of the three cardinal sins for which a person should rather give up his life than transgress. The idea of the trinity is absolutely incompatible with Judaism.
}}
</ref>
<!-- P -->
<ref name="Pearce2015">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.tedpearce.com/bio
| title         = Bio
| year         = 2014
| website         = Ted Pearce
| access-date         = September 11, 2015
| url-status         = dead
| archive-url         = https://web.archive.org/web/20150507083411/http://tedpearce.com/bio
| archive-date         = May 7, 2015
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Posner2012">{{cite journal
| last       = Posner
| first      = Sarah
| date       = November 29, 2012
| title      = Kosher Jesus: Messianic Jews in the Holy Land
| url        = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/kosher-jesus-messianic-jews-in-the-holy-land/265670/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201125656/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/kosher-jesus-messianic-jews-in-the-holy-land/265670/ |archive-date=December 1, 2012
| journal    = [[The Atlantic]]
| access-date= September 10, 2015
}}
</ref>
<!-- R -->
<ref name = "RabbiYeshuaRab">{{cite web
| url = http://rabbiyeshua.com/articles/2001/mcongregation2.html
| title = So, What Exactly is a Messianic Congregation?
| access-date = 2007-02-20
| year = 2001
| work = RabbiYeshua.com
| publisher = Kehilat Sar Shalom
| quote = When we begin to study and observe Torah to become like Messiah, there are pitfalls we must avoid. One such pitfall is the study of Mishnah and Talmud (Rabbinic traditional Law). There are many people and congregations that place a great emphasis on rabbinic legal works, such as the Mishnah and the Talmud in search of their Hebrew roots. People are looking to the rabbis for answers on how to keep God's commands, but if one looks into the Mishnah and does what it says, he or she is not a follower of the Messiah. Or, if one looks into the Talmud and does what it says, he or she is not a follower of the Messiah – he or she is a follower of the rabbis because Rabbi Yeshua, the Messiah, is not quoted there.... Rabbinic Judaism is not Messianic Judaism. Rabbinic Judaism is not founded in Messiah. Rabbinic Judaism, for the most part, is founded in the yeast – the teachings of the Pharisees. Yeshua's teachings and the discipleship that He brought His students through was not Rabbinic Judaism. There is a real danger in Rabbinics. There is a real danger in Mishnah and Talmud. No one involved in Rabbinics has ever come out on the other side more righteous than when he or she entered. He or she may look "holier than thou" – but they do not have the life changing experience clearly represented in the lives of the believers of the Messianic communities of the first century.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080119/http://rabbiyeshua.com/articles/2001/mcongregation2.html
| archive-date = 2007-09-27
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="Rein">{{cite web
 |url=https://www.messianicjews.info/general/faq.html
 |title=Frequently Asked Questions
 |access-date=2019-04-03
 |last=Reinckens
 |first=Rick
 |year=2002
 |website=MessianicJews.info
 |archive-date=2019-02-17
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217110445/http://www.messianicjews.info/general/faq.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<!-- S -->

<ref name = Schwartz1870>
{{cite magazine
| last1                 = Schwartz
| first1                = Carl
| author-link1          = Carl Schwartz
| year                  = 1870
| title                 = An Answer to Friends and Foes
| url                   = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044098907983;view=1up;seq=24
| magazine              = The Scattered Nation
| location              = [[London]]
| issue                 = V
| page                  = 16
| access-date           = January 3, 2023
| quote                 = What does the Hebrew-Christian Alliance signify? is asked by well-wishers and opponents. True, its objects have been clearly stated.... Let me try briefly to state the nature and objects of the Hebrew-Christian Alliance.
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Singer_Blade">{{Cite news
 | title = Rabbi says Messianic Jews are Christians in disguise
 | first = David
 | last = Yonke
 | url = https://www.toledoblade.com/Religion/2006/02/11/Rabbi-says-Messianic-Jews-are-Christians-in-disguise.html
 | newspaper = [[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]]
 | location = [[Toledo, Ohio]]
 | date = February 11, 2006
 | access-date =2019-04-03
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Spector2008">
{{harvnb|Spector|2008|p=116}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Stemberger">{{Cite book
|last=Stemberger
|first=Günter
|title=Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century
|year=2000
|publisher=Continuum
|isbn=978-0-567-08699-0
|page=81
}}
</ref>
<!-- T -->
<ref name = "Time-IMJUA">{{Cite magazine
| last        = McGirk
| first       = Tim
| date        = June 6, 2008
| title       = Israel's Messianic Jews Under Attack
| magazine    = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| location    = [[Ariel (settlement)|Ariel]]
| url         = https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1812430,00.html
| access-date  = January 2, 2023
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "TMJ">
{{harvnb|TMJ|1910|p=2}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Tokajer">{{cite web
| url         = http://messianicdailynews.com/showarticle.shtml?&file=12122008-1408.html
| title       = Messianic Jew Barred from Serving as Jewish Chaplain by US Navy.
| first       = Eric
| last        = Tokajer
| date        = December 29, 2008
| publisher   = Messianic Daily News
| location    = [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], Florida
| access-date  = August 10, 2010
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090526164831/http://messianicdailynews.com/showarticle.shtml?&file=12122008-1408.html
| archive-date = May 26, 2009
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "TYW">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p=27582
| title       = US Navy Tells Messianic Jewish Chaplain He Must Wear Cross
| date        = December 23, 2008
| publisher   = The Yeshiva World News
| access-date  = August 10, 2010
}}
</ref>
<!-- U -->
-->
<ref name = "UMJC_StatementOfFaith">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.umjc.org/statement-of-faith/
 | title = Statement of Faith
 | access-date = September 10, 2015
 | date=July 19, 2012
 | publisher = [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]]
 | quote = There is one God, who has revealed Himself as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Every divine action in the world is accomplished by the Father working through the Son and in the power of the Spirit. This God has revealed Himself in creation and in the history of Israel as transmitted in Scripture.…In the fullness of time, the Divine Son became a human being—Yeshua the Messiah, born of a Jewish virgin, a true and perfect Israelite, a fitting representative and one-man embodiment of the entire nation. He lived as a holy tzaddik, fulfilling without blemish the mitzvot of the Torah. He brings to perfection the human expression of the divine image.…Yeshua died as an atonement for the sins of Israel and of the entire world. He was raised bodily from the dead, as the firstfruits of the resurrection promised to Israel as its glorification. He ascended to heaven and was there enthroned at God's right hand as Israel's Messiah, with authority extending to the ends of creation.…Forgiveness of sins, spiritual renewal, union with Messiah, the empowering and sanctifying presence of the indwelling Ruach Ha Kodesh, and the confident hope of eternal life and a glorious resurrection are now available to all, Jews and Gentiles, who put their faith in Yeshua, the Risen Lord, and in obedience to His word are joined to Him and His Body through immersion and sustained in that union through Messiah's remembrance meal. Yeshua is the Mediator between God and all creation, and no one can come to the Father except through Him.…Messiah Yeshua will return to Jerusalem in glory at the end of this age, to rule forever on David's throne. He will effect the restoration of Israel in fullness, raise the dead, save all who belong to Him, judge the wicked not written in the Book of Life who are separated from His presence, and accomplish the final Tikkun Olam in which Israel and the nations will be united under Messiah's rule forever.…The writings of Tanakh and Brit Hadasha are divinely inspired and fully trustworthy (true), a gift given by God to His people, provided to impart life and to form, nurture, and guide them in the ways of truth. They are of supreme and final authority in all matters of faith and practice.
}}
</ref>
<!-- W -->
<ref name="Wagner2008">
{{cite news
 |url         = https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Messianic-Jews-to-protest-discrimination
 |title       = Messianic Jews to protest 'discrimination'
 |access-date = March 22, 2023
 |last        = Wagner
 |first       = Matthew
 |date        = June 26, 2008
 |newspaper   = [[The Jerusalem Post]]
 |quote       = Since then the Supreme Court has ruled that Messianic Jews whose mothers are Jewish can be denied Israeli citizenship. In contrast, those who are Jewish solely through their fathers cannot be denied citizenship. This is based on an interpretation of a 1970 amendment to the Law of Return.
}}
</ref>

<ref name = "WP103018" >{{cite news
| last         = Stanley-Becker
| first        = Isaac
| date         = October 30, 2018
| title        = Honoring Pittsburgh synagogue victims, Pence appears with 'rabbi' who preaches 'Jesus is the Messiah'
| url          = https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/30/honoring-pittsburgh-synagogue-victims-mike-pence-appears-with-rabbi-who-preaches-jesus-is-messiah/
| newspaper         = [[The Washington Post]]
| access-date  = 2019-04-03
| quote        = But the man who shared a stage with Pence, Loren Jacobs, preaches Messianic Judaism, a tradition central to Jews for Jesus, a group condemned by Jewish leaders as faux Judaism that seeks to promote Christian evangelism. The major Jewish denominations join the state of Israel in viewing followers of Messianic Judaism as Christian, not Jewish.
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "Worshill2008">
{{cite web
 | url         = http://www.sbmessianic.net/liturgy1.shtml
 | title       = Why Messianic Jews Use Liturgy During Their Worship Services
 | first       = Ric
 | last        = Worshill
 | year        = 2008
 | publisher   = Southern Baptist Messianic Fellowship
 | access-date  = 2019-04-03
}}
</ref>

<!-- X -->
<!-- Y -->
<ref name="Yeoman">{{cite web
 |url=https://www.jta.org/2007/11/15/united-states/evangelical-movement-on-the-rise
 |title=Evangelical movement on the rise
 |first=Barry
 |last=Yeoman
 |date=November 15, 2007
 |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]
 |access-date=January 2, 2023
}}
</ref>
<!-- Closing tag for Ref list-->
}}

== Works cited ==
{{refbegin}}
<!-- A -->
* {{cite book |last=Ariel |first=David S. |title=What Do Jews Believe? The Spiritual Foundations of Judaism |year=1996 |publisher=[[Schocken Books]] |isbn=9780805210590}}

<!--Yaakov S. Ariel is not NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry-->
* {{Cite book |last= Ariel |first= Yaakov S. |title= Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000 |year= 2000 |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |location= [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-4880-7 |oclc= 43708450 }}
* {{Cite book|last= Ariel |first= Yaakov |editor= [[Robert S. Wistrich]]|title= Terms of survival: the Jewish world since 1945 |orig-year= 1995 |edition= Digital Printing |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Routledge]] |location=London; New York |isbn= 978-0-415-10056-4 |chapter= Protestant Attitudes to Jews and Judaism During the Last Fifty Years |lccn= 94022069}}
* {{Cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov S. |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]] |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |lccn = 2006022954 }}
* {{cite book |last= Ariel |first= Yaakov S. |year= 2013 |title=An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews |publisher= [[New York University Press]] |isbn=9780814770689|chapter= 2 The Evangelical Messianic Faith and the Jews|pages= 35–57 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814770689.003.0002}}

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* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Balmer |first=Randall Herbert |author-link=Randall Balmer |title=Encyclopedia of evangelicalism |entry=Messianic Judaism |entry-url= |url={{Google books|id=Vjwly0QyeU4C|plainurl=y}} |edition=Rev. and expanded |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Baylor University#Publications|Baylor University Press]] |location=[[Waco, Texas]] |isbn=9781932792041 |lccn=2004010023 |orig-year=2002}}
* {{cite book
| last          = Barnett
| first         = Paul
| author-link    = Paul Barnett (bishop)
| title         = Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times
| url           = {{Google books|id=NlFYY_iVt9cC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}}
| year          = 2002
| publisher     = [[InterVarsity Press]]
| location      = [[Westmont, Illinois]]
| isbn          = 978-0-8308-2699-5
| lccn          = 99036943
| chapter       = 17.4 The Churches of Paul
| chapter-url    = https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&q=%22The+Churches+of+Paul%22
| quote         = Nonetheless, Paul appears always to have preached first in the synagogues to offer his fellow Israelites the first opportunity to hear about their Messiah (cf. Rom 1:16).
}}

* {{cite conference |url=http://www.jcrelations.net/Dabru_Emet__Some_Reservations_about_a_Jewish_Statement_on_Christians_and_Christi.2719.0.html? |title=Dabru Emet: Some Reservations about a Jewish Statement on Christians and Christianity |first=David |last=Berger |author-link=David Berger (historian) |date=February 28, 2003 |conference=Inaugural meeting of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations (CCJR) in Baltimore, October 28, 2002. |access-date= 2019-04-03}}
* {{Cite book | last = Berkley | first = George E. | title = Jews | date=February 1997 | publisher = Branden Books | location = [[Boston, Massachusetts]] | isbn = 978-0-8283-2027-6 | lccn = 96047021}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Michael L. |author-link=Michael L. Brown |year=2000 |title=General and Historical Objections |series=Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus |volume=1 |publisher=[[Baker Publishing Group|Baker Books]] |isbn=978-0801060632}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
  | author= <!-- Cannot find author -->
  | editor-last = Burgess
  | editor-first = Stanley M.
  | editor-link = Stanley M. Burgess
  | title = Encyclopedia of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity
  | entry = Messianic Jews
  | year = 2006
  | location = London; New York
  | publisher = Routledge
  | series = Religion & Society
  | volume = 7
  | isbn = 978-0415969666
}}

<!-- C -->
* {{cite book |last=Cohn-Sherbok |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Messianic Judaism |year=2000 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |location=London; New York |url={{Google books|id=7f3DCgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-8264-5458-4 |lccn=99050300}}
* {{cite conference |url=http://www.mohr.de/en/nc/theology/series/detail/buch/the-image-of-the-judaeo-christians-in-ancient-jewish-and-christian-literature.html
 |access-date=May 22, 2012 |title=Modern Hebrew Christianity and Messianic Judaism |last=Cohn-Sherbok |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |year=2003  |conference=Colloquium of the Institutum Iudaicum, Brussels 18–19 November 2001 |editor1-last=Tomson |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Lambers-Petry |editor2-first=Doris |book-title=The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature |publisher=[[Mohr Siebeck]] |location=[[Tübingen]]  |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |volume=158 |page=287 |isbn=978-3-16-148094-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110104747/http://www.mohr.de/en/nc/theology/series/detail/buch/the-image-of-the-judaeo-christians-in-ancient-jewish-and-christian-literature.html |archive-date=2013-11-10}}

* {{cite book |last=Cohn-Sherbok |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Judaism Today |year=2010 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |location=London; New York |url={{Google books|id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-8264-3829-4 |lccn=2009045430}}

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* {{cite book|last1= Feher|first1= Shoshana|year=1998|title= Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic JudaismWalnut Creek, Ca|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]|isbn=978-0761989523}}
* {{cite book
|last=Flannery
|first=Edward H.
|author-link= Edward Flannery
|title= The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism
|url={{Google books|id=J40gNC7cxfYC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}}
|edition=3rd revised
|orig-year=1965
|year=1985
|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]
|isbn=978-0-8091-4324-5
|lccn=85060298
|chapter=An Oasis and an Ordeal
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC&q=Pablo+Cristiani
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia |entry=Messianic Judaism |surname=Foreman |given=Esther |title=Encyclopedia of new religious movements |pages=397–399 |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |url-access=limited |entry-url= |url={{Google books|id=heeCAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6}}

<!-- G -->
* {{cite book |last=Gidney |first=William Thomas |date=1908 |title=The History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews: From 1809 to 1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/historylondonso00gidngoog |publisher=London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews}}
* {{cite book |last=Goble |first=Phillip E. |date=1974 |title=Everything You Need to Grow a Messianic Synagogue |url=https://www.afii.org/digitalibrary/0878084215.pdf |publisher=[[William Carey Library]] |isbn=0878084215 |lccn=74-028017}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Greenspoon |editor-first1=Leonard Jay |year=1998 |title=Yiddish Language and Culture: Then and Now |series=Studies in Jewish Civilization |volume=9 |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |isbn=9781881871255 |oclc=59308743}}
* {{cite book|last= Grudem|first= Wayne A.|author-link= Wayne Grudem|title= Systematic Theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine|year= 1994|publisher= [[Zondervan]]|location= [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids, Mich.]]|isbn= 978-0-310-28670-7|oclc= 29952151|url= https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud_0}}

<!-- H -->
* {{Cite book | last = Harries | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth | title = After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust |date=August 2003 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-19-926313-4 | lccn = 2003273342}}
* {{cite book |last=Harris-Shapiro |first=Carol |author-link=Carol Harris-Shapiro |title=Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America |year=1999 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]]| location=[[Boston]] |isbn=0807010405| lccn=98054864 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hocken |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hocken |date=2009 |title=The Challenges of the Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Messianic Jewish Movements: The Tensions of the Spirit |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0754667469}}

<!--I -->
<!-- J -->
* {{cite book|last=Juster|first=Dan|author-link=Daniel Juster|title=Jewish Roots: A Foundation of Biblical Theology|year=1995|publisher=Destiny Image|location=[[Shippensburg, Pennsylvania|Shippensburg]]|orig-year=1985|isbn=1560431423|lccn=94074707}}
* {{cite book |last1=Juster |first1=Dan |last2=Hocken |first2=Peter |author1-link=Daniel Juster |author2-link=Peter Hocken |year=2004 |title=The Messianic Jewish Movement: An Introduction |url=https://www.stucom.nl/document/0122uk.pdf |type=booklet |series=TJCII Booklet Series |volume=1 |publisher=Toward Jerusalem Council II  |access-date=December 29, 2022}}

<!-- K -->
* {{cite encyclopedia |last = Kessler |first = Edward |author-link = Edward Kessler |editor1-last = Kessler |editor1-first = Edward |editor1-link = Edward Kessler |editor2-last = Wenborn |editor2-first = Neil |encyclopedia = A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations |title = Messianic Jews |year = 2005 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = [[Cambridge]], [[England]] |isbn = 978-0-521-82692-1 |lccn = 2005012923 }}
* {{cite book |last= Kinzer |first= Mark S. |date=2005 |title=Postmissionary Messianic Judaism: Redefining Christian Engagement with the Jewish People |publisher=[[Brazos Press]] |isbn=9781587431524}}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Kinzer |first1 = Mark S. |date=2010 |title=Finding Our Way Through Nicaea: The Deity of Yeshua, Bilateral Ecclesiology, and Redemptive Encounter with the Living God |journal=Kesher |location=[[San Diego]] |publisher=[[Messianic Jewish Theological Institute]] |issue=24 |access-date = January 3, 2023 |url=https://www.kesherjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=430 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929134948/https://www.kesherjournal.com/article/finding-our-way-through-nicaea-the-deity-of-yeshua-bilateral-ecclesiology-and-redemptive-encounter-with-the-living-god/ |archive-date=September 29, 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kinzer |first1=Mark S. |year=2018 |title=Beginning with the End: the Place of Eschatology in the Messianic Jewish Canonical Narrative |url=https://www.kesherjournal.com/article/beginning-with-the-end-the-place-of-eschatology-in-the-messianic-jewish-canonical-narrative/ |journal=Kesher |location=[[San Diego]] |publisher=[[Messianic Jewish Theological Institute]] |volume=32 |access-date=January 3, 2023}}
* {{cite book |last=Kok |first=Boaz |title=The Samaritan Upper Room (The Hidden Passover Plot That Changed History) |year=2025 |publisher=[[MCFI]] |isbn=979-8-2311-5962-8}}

<!-- L -->
* {{Cite book |last = Lewis |first = James R. |author-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title = Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy |year = 2001 |publisher = Prometheus Books |isbn = 978-1-57392-842-7 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573928427}}
* {{Cite book | last = Lotker | first = Michael | title = A Christian's guide to Judaism |date=May 2004 | publisher = Paulist Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-8091-4232-3 | chapter = It's More About ''What'' is the Messiah than ''Who'' is the Messiah| lccn = 2003024813}}

<!-- M -->
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Melton |editor-given=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |year=2005 |entry=Messianic Judaism |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |page=373 |entry-url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y|page=373|keywords=|text=}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC |isbn=0-8160-5456-8 |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630153122/https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1= Moscrop |first1= John James |year=2000 |title= Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land |chapter=Remembering Jerusalem: 1799–1839 |publisher= [[A & C Black]] |isbn= 9780718502201}}

<!-- N -->
*{{Cite book|last=Nuesner |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |others=Donald H. Akerson (forward) |title=A Rabbi Talks With Jesus |orig-year=1994 |edition=Revised |date=February 2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |location=[[Canada]] |isbn=978-0-7735-2046-2 |chapter=Come, Let us Reason Together |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eI7lR3rleYYC&q=A+Rabbi+Talks+With+Jesus&pg=PP1|lccn= 2001339789|ref={{harvid|Neusner|2000}}}}
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<!-- R -->
* {{cite book|last=Rausch|first=David|author-link=David A. Rausch|title=Messianic Judaism: Its History, Theology, and Polity|year=1982a|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=9780889468030|series=Texts and studies in religion|volume=14}}
* {{cite journal|last = Rausch|first = David A.|author-link = David A. Rausch|date = September 1982b|title = The Messianic Jewish Congregational Movement|journal = [[The Christian Century]]|volume = 99|issue = 28|page = 926|url = https://www.religion-online.org/article/the-messianic-jewish-congregational-movement/|access-date = December 29, 2022}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reason |first1=Gabriela |date=2005 |title=Competing Trends In Messianic Judaism: The Debate Over Evangelicalism  |url=https://www.kesherjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=441 |journal=Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism |volume= 18|issue= Winter|access-date=2019-04-03}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Rich |title=The Messianic Movement: A Field Guide for Evangelical Christians |year=2005 |publisher=[[Jews for Jesus|Purple Pomegranate Production]] |location=[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] |isbn=978-1881022626 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw3GPaR-m1IC |access-date=December 29, 2022}}

<!-- S -->
* {{cite book|last=Schoeman|first = Roy H. |title = Salvation is from the Jews: the role of Judaism in salvation history from Abraham to the Second Coming |year=2003 |publisher = [[Ignatius Press]] |location = [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]| isbn =  9780898709759| lccn = 2003105176}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schoen |first=Robert |title= What I Wish My Christian Friends Knew about Judaism |date=April 2004 |publisher=[[Loyola Press]] |location= [[Chicago]] |isbn=978-0-8294-1777-7 |chapter=Jews, Jesus, and Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L86LbrUP8LoC&q=What+I+Wish+My+Christian+Friends+Knew+about+Judaism&pg=PP1 |lccn= 2003024404}}
* {{cite web
 |url=https://aish.com/why-jews-dont-believe-in-jesus/
 |title=Why Jews Don't Believe In Jesus
 |last=Simmons
 |first=Shraga
 |author-link=Shraga Simmons
 |date=March 6, 2004 
 |publisher=[[Aish HaTorah]]
 |access-date=January 2, 2023
}}

* {{cite journal| last=Sobel| first=B.Z.| date = December 1968| title = The Tools of Legitimation—Zionism and the Hebrew Christian Movement| url = https://archive.jpr.org.uk/download?id=2375| format = PDF| journal = The Jewish Journal of Sociology| volume = 10| issue = 2| access-date = 2019-04-02}}
*{{cite book|last=Spector|first=Stephen|title=Evangelicals and Israel|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195368024|lccn=2008026681}}

<!-- T -->
* {{cite magazine |date=December 1910 |title=Editorial |url=https://vineofdavid.ffoz.org/remnant-repository/_files/The_Messianic_Jew_Volume_1_Lucky.pdf |magazine=The Messianic Jew  |location=[[Johannesburg]] |publisher=The Jewish Messianic Movement |volume=1 |issue=1|ref={{harvid|TMJ|1910}}}}

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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Prill |first=Patrick |title=Expectations About God and Messiah |publisher=Yeshua Publishing LLC |year=2004 |isbn=978-0974208602 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Resnik |first=Russ |year=2010 |title=Introducing Messianic Judaism and the UMJC |url=https://www.messianicstudies.com/uploads/1/3/3/3/13335212/introducing_messianic_judaism_and_the_umjc.pdf |location=[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] |publisher=[[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] |type = booklet |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Schonfield|first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Schonfield |publisher=Duckworth |location=London |year=1936 |url= https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfJewishChristianity |title=History of Jewish Christianity|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Cohn-Sherbok |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok|first=Dan |title=Messianic Judaism |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=9781441124104 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=David H. |author-link=David H. Stern |title=Messianic Judaism: A Modern Movement With an Ancient Past |year=2007 |location=[[Ashland, Ohio]] |edition=2 |publisher=Messianic Jewish Publishers |isbn=978-1880226339 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*Wineapple, Shai; [[Ruth Kark|Kark, Ruth]] [https://omnilogos.com/history-of-messianic-jews-and-state-of-israel-1948-2008/, ''The History of Messianic Jews and the State of Israel, 1948–2008''] ''[[Israel Studies]]'' Vol. 27, Issue 3, Fall 2022, pp.&nbsp;118–142, at Omnilogos without references

{{Christianity and Judaism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Messianic Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Christian new religious movements]]
[[Category:Jewish Christianity]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism]]
[[Category:Subcultures of religious movements]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Protestant denominations]]