View source for Messier 109

{{short description|Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major}}
{{Infobox galaxy
| name=[[Messier Catalogue|Messier]] 109<ref name="AnA"/>

| image=[[Image:M109 (noao-m109hatfield).jpg|300px]]
| caption=Messier 109, as imaged during the Advanced Observing Program
| epoch=[[J2000]]
| constellation name=[[Ursa Major]]
| ra={{RA|11|57|36.0}}<ref name=ned/>
| dec={{DEC|+53|22|28}}<ref name=ned/>
| size_v =7.6 × 4.7 [[Minute of arc|moa]]<ref name=ned/>
| size = 176,170 [[Light-Year|ly]] (54.04 [[kiloparsec|kpc]]) (estimated)<ref name = ned/>
| appmag_v=9.8<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m109.html |title=Messier 109 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
| type=SB(rs)bc,<ref name=ned/> [[LINER]]/[[Seyfert galaxy|HII]]<ref name=ned/>
 | h_radial_v={{val|1048|1|u=km/s}}<ref name=ned/>
|z = {{val|0.003496|0.000004}}<ref name=ned/>
 | gal_v={{val|1121|3|u=km/s}}<ref name=ned/>
|dist_ly = {{convert|67.2|+/-|23.2|Mly|Mpc|1|lk=on|abbr=on}}
| names={{odlist|NGC=3992|PGC=37617|UGC=6937|MCG=+09-20-044|IRAS=11549+5339}}<ref name=ned/>
| references = [[SIMBAD]]: [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M109 Search M109]
}}
'''Messier 109''' (also known as '''NGC 3992''' or the '''Vacuum Cleaner Galaxy''') is a [[barred spiral galaxy]] exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the central bar approximately {{nowrap|67.2 ± 23 million [[light-year]]s}}<ref name=ned-dist/> away in the [[celestial hemisphere|northern]] [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. M109 can be seen south-east of the star [[Phecda]] (γ UMa, Gamma Ursa Majoris).

==History==
Messier 109 was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1781. Two years later [[Charles Messier]] catalogued the object, as an appended [[Messier object|object]] to his publication.

Between the 1920s through the 1950s, it was considered that Messier objects over 103 were not official, but later the additions, further referred target objects from Méchain, became more widely accepted. [[David H. Levy]] mentions the modern 110 object catalog while Sir [[Patrick Moore]] places the limit at 104 objects but has M105 to 109 listed as addenda. By the late 1970s all 110 objects are commonly used among astronomers and remain so.

==General information==

This galaxy is the most distant object in the Messier Catalog, followed by [[Messier 91|M91]].

M109 has three [[satellite galaxies]] ([[UGC 6923]], [[UGC 6940]] and [[UGC 6969]]) and possibly more. Detailed [[hydrogen line]] observations have been obtained from M109 and its satellites. M109's [[H I region|H I (H one)]] distribution is regular with a low-level radial extension outside the stellar disc, while in the bar is a central H I hole in the gas distribution. Possibly the gas has been transported inwards by the bar, and because of the emptiness of the hole no large accretion events can have happened in the recent past.<ref name="bott"/>

M109 is the brightest galaxy in the [[M109 Group]], a large [[group of galaxies]] in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]] that may number over 50.<ref name="nbg"/><ref name="fouqueetal1992"/><ref name="garcia1993"/><ref name="giuricinetal2002"/>

==Supernova==
One [[supernova]] has been observed in M109: '''SN{{nbsp}}1956A''' ([[type Ia supernova|Type{{nbsp}}Ia]], mag. 12.3) was discovered by Howard S. Gates on 8 March 1956, using the 18-inch Schmidt telescope at the [[Palomar Observatory]]. It was located 67" east and 9" south of the center of the galaxy.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1956A | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1956A | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/109352 | doi-access=free | title=Supernova 1956a of type I in NGC 3992 | date=1964 | last1=Zwicky | first1=F. | last2=Karpowicz | first2=Maria | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=69 | page=759 | bibcode=1964AJ.....69..759Z}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights=180 widths=180>
File:M109 NGC 3992.png|M109 NGC3992, J87 Observatory
File:M109HunterWilson09.jpg|Amateur image of Messier 109
File:M109 wfc3 2flat new-1-cropped.jpg|Core of galaxy M109, Hubble image captured by Wide Field Camera 3
File:Messier109Location.png|Finder chart for galaxy Messier 109 (circled in blue)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Messier objects]]
* [[NGC 1300]] &ndash; a similar barred spiral galaxy
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="AnA">{{cite journal| last1=Kaufmann| first1=D.E.| last2=Contopoulos | first2=G.| date=1996
 | title=Self-consistent models of barred spiral galaxies
 | journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]| volume=309 | pages=381–402| bibcode=1996A&A...309..381K
}}</ref>

<ref name=ned>{{cite web| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database| work=Results for M 109
 | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/| access-date=2006-10-10
}}</ref>

<ref name=ned-dist>
{{cite web
 |title=Distance Results for MESSIER 109
 |work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
 |url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nDistance?name=MESSIER+109
 |access-date=2023-04-03
}}</ref>

<ref name="bott">{{cite journal| last=Bottema | first=Roelof
 | date=2002|title=Dark and luminous matter in the NGC 3992 group of galaxies
 | author2=Verheijen| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020539| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=388| issue=3| pages=793| arxiv=astro-ph/0204335
 |bibcode = 2002A&A...388..793B | s2cid=119374710
}}</ref>

<ref name="nbg">{{cite book
 | author=R. B. Tully| date=1988| title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn=978-0-521-35299-4
}}</ref>

<ref name="fouqueetal1992">{{cite journal
 | author=P. Fouque| author2=E. Gourgoulhon| author3=P. Chamaraux| author4=G. Paturel| date=1992
 | title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members
 | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]]| volume=93 | pages=211–233
 | bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F
}}</ref>

<ref name="garcia1993">{{cite journal
 | author=A. Garcia| date=1993
 | title=General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups
 | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]]| volume=100| pages=47–90
 | bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G
}}</ref>

<ref name="giuricinetal2002">{{cite journal
 | author=G. Giuricin | author2=C. Marinoni | author3= L. Ceriani | author4=  A. Pisani
 | date=2000
 | title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups
 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]| volume=543| issue=1| pages=178–194
 | bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G| doi=10.1086/317070| arxiv = astro-ph/0001140 | s2cid=9618325
}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite web
 |url=http://messier.seds.org/m/m109.html
 |title=Messier 109
 |work=SEDS
 |access-date=2005-08-11
}}
* {{WikiSky}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528003027/http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M109N.html M109]

{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Messier objects}}
{{Ngc40}}
{{Sky|11|57|36|+|53|22|28|46320000}}

[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:M109 Group]]
[[Category:Ursa Major]]
[[Category:Messier objects|109]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:UGC objects|06937]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1781]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|037617]]
[[Category:MCG objects|+09-20-044]]
[[Category:IRAS catalogue objects|11549+5339]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Pierre Méchain]]