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{{short description|Woodcut print by M. C. Escher}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file=Escher,_Metamorphosis_II.jpg
| title=Metamorphosis II
| artist=[[M. C. Escher]]
| year=1939–1940
| type=[[woodcut]]
| height_metric =19.2
| width_metric = 389.5
| metric_unit = cm
}}
'''''Metamorphosis II''''' is a [[woodcut]] print by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] artist [[M. C. Escher]]. It was created between November, 1939 and March, 1940. The print measures {{convert|19.2|x|389.5|cm|ftin|frac=8}} and was printed from 20 blocks on 3 combined sheets.  ''Metamorphosis II'' is a long, horizontal piece which depicts animals and other forms gradually transforming into each other.

Like ''[[Metamorphosis I]]'', the concept of the piece is to morph one image into a [[Tessellation|tessellated]] pattern and then slowly alter that pattern eventually to become a new image.  The process begins with the word ''metamorphose'' (the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] form of the word ''[[metamorphosis]]'') in a black rectangle, followed by several smaller metamorphose rectangles forming a grid pattern. This grid then becomes a black and white checkered pattern, which then becomes tessellations of reptiles, a honeycomb, insects, fish, birds and a pattern of three-dimensional blocks with red tops. 

These blocks then become the architecture of the Italian coastal town of [[Atrani]].  Atrani is linked by a bridge to a tower in the water, which is simultaneously a rook standing on a chessboard. There are other chess pieces in the water and the water becomes a chessboard. The chessboard leads to a checkered wall, which then returns to the word ''metamorphose''.

==Atrani and chess composition==

{{algebraic notation|pos=secleft}}

{{Chess diagram
 |tleft
 |M. C. Escher, Composition, <br /> ''Metamorphosis II'' and ''III''<ref name="belgian">{{cite web |last=Verhulst |first=Nikolaas |title=CIPC #162: M. C. Escher, Metamorphose II |date=17 March 2020 |url=https://www.belgianchesshistory.be/cipc-162-m-c-escher-metamorphose-ii/ |website=www.belgianchesshistory.be}}</ref>
 |kd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
 |pd|pd|  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |bd|  |  |  |  |  |  
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |nd|  
 |rl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl
 |  |  |  |ql|  |rl|qd|kl
 |White is in check, and therefore White has the move.  White must play 1. Rxg1, after which Black can win by playing 1... Nf2#.
}}

Among other motifs, ''Metamorphosis II'' depicts an Italian village known to Escher, as well as a legible [[chess composition]].  

Toward its right-hand side, the artwork depicts the coastline of Atrani, a small Italian village which Escher [[Atrani, Coast of Amalfi|had rendered during his earlier career]]; Escher revisited the image of Atrani several times over the course of his life.  In ''Metamorphosis II'', a structure jutting from Atrani's coastline becomes a white [[Rook (chess)|rook]] on a chessboard.  The chessboard is shown in full, with a legal position<ref name="belgian" />—because White is in [[Check (chess)|check]], White manifestly has the move.  White has exactly one legal move, which is therefore {{chessgloss|forced move|forced}}: another white rook, standing on the square f1, must capture the black [[Queen (chess)|queen]] standing on g1.  The white [[King (chess)|king]] cannot capture the black queen, because it would then be attacked by the black [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] standing on b6, thus remaining in check.  Following 1. Rxg1, Black has exactly one checking move, which is [[Checkmate|mate]]:  1... Nf2#.

This implied sequence—and its attendant final position—illustrate several chess concepts.  Black has played a [[queen sacrifice]] in order to secure mate following White's forced move.  When mate is given, it is a [[smothered mate]], in which the mated king is unable to move because surrounded by friendly pieces.  Further, the black [[Knight (chess)|knight]] simultaneously attacks White's king and queen in the final position, thus delivering a {{chessgloss|royal fork}}.

Escher was an amateur player, participating in chess club play throughout his life.  In correspondence with his son George, Escher expressed concern as to the reasonableness of the position shown in his ''Metamorphoses''.  However, he also noted that the position had never drawn any criticism, an indication of its status as a simple but well-formed problem.<ref name="paleis">{{cite web |last=Kersten |first=Erik |title=A love of chess |date=28 September 2019 |url=https://www.escherinhetpaleis.nl/escher-today/love-of-chess/?lang=en |website=www.escherinhetpaleis.nl}}</ref>

The Atrani-chess dyad shown in ''Metamorphosis II'' was used again in ''Metamorphosis III''.  The latter was a greatly expanded version of the former, which Escher executed near the end of his life.  However, the town-and-chess position were identical in both pieces.  For ''Metamorphosis III'', Escher expanded the middle of ''Metamorphosis II'' to include several other elements, leaving its ends (which included the Atrani-chess dyad) unchanged.

==See also==
*[[Chess in the arts]]
*''[[Regular Division of the Plane]]''
*[[Tessellation]]

==References==
*Locher, J. L. (2000). ''The Magic of M. C. Escher''. [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] {{ISBN|0-8109-6720-0}}.
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:ww72cb78j ''Metamorphosis II''] at Digital Commonwealth

{{M. C. Escher}}

[[Category:Works by M. C. Escher]]
[[Category:1939 works]]
[[Category:Woodcuts]]
[[Category:Birds in art]]
[[Category:Chess in art]]
[[Category:Fish in art]]
[[Category:Insects in art]]
[[Category:Reptiles in art]]