View source for Michael (archangel)

{{Short description|Angel in Abrahamic religions}}
{{Redirect|Saint Michael}}
{{Infobox saint
|name = Michael
|image = GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg
|caption = ''Archangel Michael defeats Satan'', painting by [[Guido Reni]] (between 1630-1635)
|honorific prefix= [[Saint]]
|honorific suffix= the [[Archangel]]
|titles = Archangel<br>Prince (Commander) of the Heavenly Host<br>Guardian of the Church
|feast_day = * 29 September ("[[Michaelmas]]" – [[Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Communion]] and [[Lutheranism]])
* [[8 November (Orthodox liturgics)|8 November]] (New Calendar [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]])
* 8 November ([[Eastern Catholic Churches]])
* 21 November (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* 12th of each month in [[Coptic calendar]] (Coptic Churches)
* Many other local and historical feasts
|canonized_place = 
|canonized_by = 
|major_shrine =[[Mont Saint-Michel]], [[Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel]] 
|attributes = banner, [[weighing scale|scales]], weighing souls, sword, slaying Satan or a dragon
|patronage = Guardian of the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name=Alban >[[Alban Butler]], ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</ref> [[Vatican City]], [[Rome]], [[Lazio]], [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |title=Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel |publisher=news.va |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154017/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308 |title=St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic.org |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Israel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.die-tagespost.de/kirche/heilige/heiliger-erzengel-michael-schutzpatron-deutschlands-art-172857|title=Heiliger Erzengel Michael: Schutzpatron Deutschlands|first=Claudia |last=Kock |date=8 December 2021|website=die-tagespost.de}}</ref> [[Normandy]], [[France]], [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]], [[Laoang]], dying people, [[poor souls]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/erzengel-teufelsbezwinger-und-beliebter-schutzpatron-3625816|title=Heiliger Erzengel Michael: Schutzpatron Deutschlands |website=Donaukurier.de |first=Claudia |last=Kock |date=8 December 2021}}</ref> [[bankers]], [[grocery store|grocers]], [[Police]], especially [[police officer|Police Officers]], [[Military]], especially [[military personnel]] and others, etcetera.
|venerated_in = {{ubl|[[Judaism]]|All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]|[[Islam]]|[[Bahá'í Faith]]}}
}}

'''Michael''',{{efn|({{IPA|he|mixaˈʔel|lang}}; {{langx|he|מִיכָאֵל|lit=Who is like El [God]?|translit=Mīḵāʾēl}}; {{langx|grc|Μιχαήλ|translit=Mikhaḗl}}; {{langx|la|Michahel}}; {{langx|ar|ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل|translit=Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl}})}} also called '''Archangel Michael''' or '''Michael the [[Taxiarch]]''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search?query=%22St.+Michael+the+Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/|title=It is so called in the Orthodox Church.}}{{dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> is an [[archangel]] and the warrior of [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] in [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and [[Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=Michael {{!}} Description, History, & Feast Days {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Michael-archangel |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in third- and second-century&nbsp;BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the [[angels]] and archangels, and he is the guardian prince of Israel and is responsible for the care of the [[Israelites|people]] of [[Biblical Israel|Israel]].{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|pp=33–54}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} Christianity conserved nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him,{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=54}} and he is mentioned explicitly in [[Revelation 12]]:7–12,<ref>{{bibleverse|Revelation|12:7–12}}</ref> where he does battle with [[Satan]],{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|pp=156–157}} and in the [[Epistle of Jude]], where the archangel and the devil dispute over the body of Moses.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=46}}

== Old Testament and Apocrypha==
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The [[Book of Enoch]]{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}} lists Michael as one of seven archangels (the remaining names are [[Uriel]], [[Raguel (angel)|Raguel]], [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Sariel]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Remiel]]), who in the [[Book of Tobit]] "stand ready and enter before the glory of the {{smallcaps|Lord}}".{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} The fact that Michael is introduced implies the knowledge of him and the other named angels.{{Sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=339}} He is mentioned again in the [[Daniel's final vision|last chapters of the Book of Daniel]], a Jewish [[apocalypse]] composed in the second century BC, in which a man clothed in [[linen]] (never identified, but matching a description given to John in [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] regarding the [[Alpha and Omega]]) tells Daniel that he and "Michael, your prince" are engaged in a battle with the "[[Territorial spirit#Daniel 10|prince of Persia]]", after which, at the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise".{{sfn|Collins|1984|pp=34–36}}{{sfn|Hill|2008|p=176}}

Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels and archangels, and in later Jewish works, he is said to be their chief, mediating the [[Torah]] (the Law of God), and standing at the right hand of the [[throne of God]].{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}} In the traditions of the [[Qumran]] community, he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle.{{sfn|Fahlbusch|1999|p=674}} In other writings, he is responsible for the care of Israel and acts as commander of the [[Heavenly host|heavenly armies]]; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of [[Moses]]; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as [[High Priest of Israel|High Priest]] in the heavenly sanctuary; and he [[Psychopomp|accompanies the souls]] of the righteous dead to Paradise.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|pp=33–54}}

== New Testament ==
The seven archangels (or four, as traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], the sacred seven-branched lampstand in the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in the [[Book of Revelation]] 4:5 (“From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God” – [[English Standard Version|ESV]]).{{sfn|Barker|2006|p=123}} Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7–12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|pp=156–157}} The fall of Satan at the coming of [[Jesus]] marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=157}} In [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 22:31, Jesus tells [[Saint Peter|Peter]] that Satan has asked God for permission to “sift” the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156}}

Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the [[Epistle of Jude]], which is an impassioned plea for the believers to engage in battle against the incursion of the error.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=18}} In verses 9–10, the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, in disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, “did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lᴏʀᴅ rebuke you!'”{{sfn|Green|2008|p=79}}

==Judaism==
[[File:Michael.svg|thumb|The name Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]]
According to [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic tradition]], Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Their enmity dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven and tried to drag Michael down with him, necessitating God's intervention.<ref>[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]] xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Michael |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 |access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref>

The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> [[Jeremiah]] addresses a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref>

The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.

Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi).

The [[midrash]] ''[[Exodus Rabbah]]'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] and destroyed [[Sennacherib]]'s army.<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref>

==Christianity==
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===Early Christian views and devotions===
[[File:Stift Rein - Bibliothek, Antiphonale Cisterciense, Miniatur Erzengel Michael.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''St. Michael weighing souls during the [[Last Judgement]]'', ''Antiphonale Cisterciense'' (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, [[Rein Abbey, Austria]]]]From the 2nd-century onwards there exists evidence attesting early Christian identifications of Michael as identical with the Christ particularly in works concerned with or by non-[[Proto-orthodox Christianity|proto-orthdox]] groups such [[Pseudo-Cyprian]]'s ''De Centesima'', [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]]' description of the [[Ebionites]] and the sect of the [[Elcesaites|Elcasaites]], [[Tertullian]]'s attack on [[Valentinianism|Valentinian]] Christology, and certain magical texts, especially the [[Testament of Solomon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannah |first=Darrell D. |title=Michael and Christ: Michael traditions and angel christology in early christianity |date=1999 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-147054-7 |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |location=Tübingen |pages=171–183}}</ref>  The [[The Shepherd of Hermas|Shepherd of Hermas]], possibly [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|Oxyrhynchus Papyrus]] 1152, the [[Gospel of the Hebrews]], the [[Clementine literature|pseudo-Clementine writings]], and Epiphanius' ''[[Panarion]]''{{Efn|Panarion XXX. 16.2–4}} appear to share this view.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannah |first=Darrell D. |title=Michael and Christ: Michael traditions and angel christology in early christianity |date=1999 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-147054-7 |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |location=Tübingen |pages=186–196}}</ref> Other 2nd- and 3rd-century texts show that identifying Christ with an angel was not uncommon at the time—these include the [[Gospel of Thomas]], the [[Gospel of Nicodemus]], the [[Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs|Testament of Dan]], and the [[Epistle to Diognetus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannah |first=Darrell D. |title=Michael and Christ: Michael traditions and angel christology in early christianity |date=1999 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-147054-7 |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |location=Tübingen |pages=183–184}}</ref> These beliefs likely derived from similar pre-Christian Jewish beliefs, such as those found in the [[Prayer of Joseph]] and the beliefs of the [[Magarites]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannah |first=Darrell D. |title=Michael and Christ: Michael traditions and angel christology in early christianity |date=1999 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-147054-7 |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |location=Tübingen |pages=184–186}}</ref>

Epiphanius of Salamis ({{Circa|310|320}} – 403) in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' additionally referred to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55–70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803172624/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526 |date=2019-08-03 }}</ref>

Byzantine tradition attributed two Bosporus-shore sanctuaries of the Archangel Michael to [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]. The first at Hestia/Anaplous—plausibly in the area of modern [[Arnavutköy (district)|Arnavutköy]], about 35 stadia by sea and over 70 by land from [[Constantinople]]. The second at Sosthenion, commonly identified with modern [[İstinye]]. [[Sozomen]] is the earliest witness for the Hestia site, while [[John Malalas]] places a Michaelion at Sosthenion and embeds it in a foundation legend that repurposes a pre-existing pagan shrine tied to the [[Argonauts]]. Later sources often use "Anaplous" for the wider western Bosporus shore, which helps explain why Hestia/Anaplous and Sosthenion are sometimes conflated in the literature.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Casamiquela Gerhold |first=Victoria |date=June 2021 |title=Constantine the Great and the Churches of Saint Michael at Anaplous and Sosthenion: Some Further Notes on Their Location |trans-title=Constantino “el Grande” y la Iglesias de San Miguel en Anaplous y Sosthenion: algunas notas sobre su localización |journal=Cuadernos Medievales |language=en |publisher=Grupo de Investigación y Estudios Medievales, Facultad de Humanidades – UNMdP |volume=30 |pages=14–36 |issn=2451-6821}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Casamiquela Gerhold |first=Victoria |date=June 2021 |title=Constantine the Great and the Churches of Saint Michael at Anaplous and Sosthenion: Some Further Notes on Their Location |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7958991.pdf |journal=Cuadernos Medievales |language=en |volume=30 |pages=15 |quote=Byzantine authors, as is well known, credit Constantine the Great with the building of two churches of the Archangel Saint Michael on the Bosporian shore.}}</ref> He was [[Syncretism|syncretically]] identified with the attributes of the god [[Attis]] in Phrygia and thus associated with pre-Christian healing springs in [[Phrygia]], his main cult site was in {{Interlanguage link|Chonai|de}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cadwallader |first=Alan H. |url=https://www.academia.edu/8572799/_St_Michael_of_Chonai_and_the_Tenacity_of_Paganism_in_D_Kim_and_S_Hathaway_editors_Intercultural_Transmission_throughout_the_Medieval_Mediterranean_100_1600_CE_London_NY_Continuum_2012_37_59 |title=Intercultural Transmission throughout the Medieval Mediterranean: 100–1600 CE |publisher=Continuum |year=2012 |editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=Dorothy |chapter=St Michael of Chonai and the Tenacity of Paganism |quote=It was one of the major healing springs attracting a stream of pilgrims. |editor2-last=Hathaway |editor2-first=Samuel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cadwallader |first=Alan H. |url=https://www.academia.edu/8572799/_St_Michael_of_Chonai_and_the_Tenacity_of_Paganism_in_D_Kim_and_S_Hathaway_editors_Intercultural_Transmission_throughout_the_Medieval_Mediterranean_100_1600_CE_London_NY_Continuum_2012_37_59 |title=Intercultural Transmission throughout the Medieval Mediterranean: 100–1600 CE |publisher=Continuum |year=2012 |editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=Dorothy |pages=63–94 |chapter=St Michael of Chonai and the Tenacity of Paganism |quote= |editor2-last=Hathaway |editor2-first=Samuel}}</ref>

A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the ''Michaelion'' after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of the Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name="Richard">Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref>

In the fourth century, [[Basil the Great|Saint Basil the Great]]'s homily (''De Angelis'') placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (''archangelos'') applied to him in [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 1:9.<ref name="Cathenc">{{cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Michael the Archangel |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> Into the sixth century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in [[Rome]]; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of ''[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]'' (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<ref name="Butler320">Alban Butler, ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</ref>

In the sixth century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the [[Western Church]] was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the [[Leonine Sacramentary]]. The seventh-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] included the feast ''"S. Michaelis Archangeli"'', as did the eighth-century [[Sacramentary#The Gregorian Sacramentary|Gregorian Sacramentary]]. Some of these documents refer to a ''Basilica Archangeli'' (no longer extant) on [[via Salaria]] in Rome.<ref name="Cathenc" />

The [[angelology]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Pseudo-Dionysius]], which was widely read as of the sixth century, gave Michael a rank in the [[hierarchy of angels]]. Later, in the thirteenth century, others such as [[Bonaventure]] believed him to be Prince of the [[Seraphim]], the first of the nine angelic orders. According to [[Thomas Aquinas]] (''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3), he is Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<ref name="Cathenc" /><ref>Even if they are the lowest order of angels, according to ''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3, [[Psalms 90]] attributes the guardianship of men to the angels and In {{bibleref2|Matthew|18:10|NKJV}} Jesus warns not to despise children because "their angels in [[heaven]] always see the [[Face of God|face]] of my [[God the Father|Father]] in heaven."</ref>

===Catholicism===
{{For|Roman Catholic views and prayers|Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)}}
[[File:Second class Relic stone of Saint Michael the Archangel.jpg|thumb|upright|Second-class relic stone of Saint Michael the Archangel from Monte Gargano, Italy]]
[[File:Jacopo vignali, san michele arcangelo libera le anime del purgatorio.jpg|thumb|upright| ''[[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)#At the hour of death|Archangel Michael frees souls from purgatory]]'', by [[Jacopo Vignali]], 17th century]]
[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s often refer to Michael as “Holy Michael, the Archangel”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12|title=Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle – Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> or “Saint Michael”. He is generally referred to in Christian [[litany|litanies]] as “Saint Michael”, as in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. In the shortened version said at the [[Easter Vigil]], he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting Saints [[Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/book/10.13109/9783666533976 |first=Alan H.|last=Cadwallader|author2=Michael Trainor|title=Colossae in Space and Time|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-53397-0| page=323|doi=10.13109/9783666533976 |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>

In [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Roman Catholic teachings]], Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<ref name="Cathenc" /> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of celestial forces in triumphing over the powers of Hell.<ref name="Donna60">Donna-Marie O'Boyle, ''Catholic Saints Prayer Book'' OSV Publishing, 2008 {{ISBN|1-59276-285-9}} p. 60</ref> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the “spiritual warrior”, his conflict with evil taken as “the battle within”.{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=2}}

The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death, [[psychopomp|carrying the souls]] of Christians to Heaven. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales, a common object he holds in art.{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=39}}

In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also Guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the [[Military orders of the Crusades|military orders]] of knights during the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]]. The names of villages around the [[Bay of Biscay]] reflect that history. Moreover, doubtless for the same motive he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=117}}<ref name="ReferenceA">Michael McGrath, ''Patrons and Protectors''. Liturgy Training, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56854-109-0}}.</ref>

Catholic tradition includes also elements such as the ''[[Prayer to Saint Michael]]'', which specifically asks the saint to “defend” the faithful from evil.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[EWTN]] |title=Prayer to St Michael |url=http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-date=2019-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710020229/http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/michael.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Matthew Bunson, ''The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church'', OSV Publishing, 2001 {{ISBN|0-87973-914-2}} p. 315</ref><ref>Amy Welborn, ''The Words We Pray''. Loyola Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8294-1956-X}}, p. 101.</ref> The ''[[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]'' consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}"</ref>

====Saint Michael the Archangel prayer====
{{Main|Prayer to Saint Michael#In the Leonine Prayers}}

{{verse translation|lang=la
|<poem>
Sancte Míchael Archángele, 
defénde nos in próelio;
contra nequítiam et insídias diáboli esto praesídium.
Imperet illi Deus, súpplices deprecámur,
tuque, Prínceps milítiae caeléstis,
Sátanam aliósque spíritus malígnos,
qui ad perditiónem animárum pervagántur in mundo,
divína virtúte, in inférnum detrúde.<ref name="bollettino">{{Cite web |title=Holy See Press Office Communiqué |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/09/29/180929d.html |access-date=2018-09-30 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>
</poem>
|<poem>
Saint Michael the Archangel, 
defend us in battle.
Be our protection against the wickedness and snares of the Devil. 
May God rebuke him, we humbly pray, 
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly hosts, 
by the power of God, thrust into hell Satan, 
and all the evil spirits, who prowl about the world 
seeking the ruin of souls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic News Agency Resources| url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55370/prayer-to-saint-michael-the-archangel |access-date=2024-05-29 }}</ref>
</poem>}}

===Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy===
The [[Eastern Orthodox]] accord Michael the title ''Archistrategos'', or “Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts”.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baun |first=Jane |url= |title=Tales from Another Byzantium |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-82395-1 |pages=391 et passim |access-date=}}</ref> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their [[guardian angel]]s and above all, to Michael and Gabriel.<ref>''Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader'' by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) {{ISBN|0801026512}}, p. 75</ref>

The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times, they are referred to by the term of “Bodiless Powers”.<ref name="EOEnc" /> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<ref name="EOEnc">''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'', by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) {{ISBN|1405185392}} p. 30</ref>

Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref name="B16">''The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life'', by Ernst Benz (2008) {{ISBN|0202362981}}, p. 16</ref> In many Eastern Orthodox [[Icon|icons]], Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<ref name="B16" />

In [[Russia]], many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'', by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010), p. 203 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>''Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present'', by James Cracraft (2003) {{ISBN|0801488281}}, p. 42</ref>

In Ukraine, the Archangel Michael is the patron saint of the capital city, Kyiv. He became popular since the time of [[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Prince Vsevolod]] of Kievan Rus'.

While in the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] [[Saint Sava]] has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital [[Belgrade]]'s Orthodox [[cathedral]], the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|see church]] of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: ''Арханђел Михаило'' / ''Arhanđel Mihailo'').

The place of Michael in the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] is as a [[intercession of saints|saintly intercessor]]. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each [[Coptic calendar|Coptic month]].<ref>''Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity'', by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) {{ISBN|977-424-757-4}} pp. 27, 117, 147</ref> In [[Alexandria]], a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of [[Paoni]]. The 12th of the month of [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<ref>''Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean'', by Nelly Hanna (2002) {{ISBN|1-86064-699-9}}, p. 226</ref>

===Protestantism===
[[File:West Window, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania).jpg|right|thumb|West window showing Michael in armour, Episcopal [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)]] United States; memorial to the dead of the First World War]]
[[File:Erzengel Michael-Statue über dem Portal der St. Michaeliskirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Statue at [[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg]]]]
Protestants recognize Michael as an archangel. The [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] traditions recognize four archangels: Michael, [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Uriel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|year=2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493|year=1867|publisher=William Cooke|location=London|page=493}}</ref> The controversial Anglican bishop [[Robert Clayton (bishop)|Robert Clayton]] (d. 1758) proposed that Michael was the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] and Gabriel the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog|title=An essay on spirit|first=Robert|last=Clayton|date=February 13, 1751|publisher=J. Noon, G. Woodfall, and M. Cooper|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<ref>[[s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)|''Dictionary of National Biography'': Clayton, Robert]]</ref><ref>John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) ''The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-41732-5}}; p. 47</ref>

The [[Lutheran Church]]es of [[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] are named for Michael. In [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] ''[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130]]'' in 1724, [[Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19|''Es erhub sich ein Streit'', BWV 19]], in 1726 and [[Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149|''Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg'', BWV 149]], in 1728 or 1729.

Like the aforementioned early Christian groups, many Protestant theologians identify a relationship, (e.g. [[Typology (theology)|typological]] or identical), between Michael and Christ in some{{Efn|At times (particularly in the Lutheran tradition) positing that both a created angel named "Michael" and "Michael" a title born by Christ coexist.}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Preus |first=Christian A. |year=2016 |title=Michael as Christ in the Lutheran Exegetical Tradition: An Analysis |url=https://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/PreusCMichaelasChrist.pdf |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=265–266 |issn=0038-8610 |access-date=}}</ref> or all Biblical mentions of the name<ref>{{cite book |last=Aune |first=David E. |url= |title=Revelation 6–16 |publisher=Word Books |year=1998 |isbn=9780310521709 |series=Word Biblical Commentary |volume=52B |location=Dallas |pages=693–695 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2020 |title=Michael |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin; Boston |url= |editor1-last=Furey |editor1-first=Constance M. |publication-date= |volume=18 |pages= |language=en |editor2-last=Gemeinhardt |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=LeMon |editor3-first=Joel M.}}</ref> including:

[[Martin Luther]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luther |first1=Martin |url=http://archive.org/details/werkekritischege49luthuoft |title=Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. [Hrsg. von J.K.F. Knaake et al.] |last2=Knaake |first2=Joachim Karl Friedrich |orig-date=1883 |publisher=Weimar H. Böhlaus |others=Robarts – University of Toronto |date=1883 |isbn=978-3-7400-0036-3 |page=570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luther |first=Martin |title='Sermon on the Festival of St. Michael and All Angels, Revelation 12:7–12', in Luther's Works, ed. Christopher Boyd Brown, trans. Matt Lundin |date=2010 |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |pages=58:178–79 }}</ref> [[Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hengstenberg |first=Ernst Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpg8AAAAYAAJ |title=Christology of the Old Testament: And a Commentary on the Messianic Predictions |date=1858 |publisher=T. & T. Clark |pages=304 }}</ref> [[Andrew Willet]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6Fvjd_Nh8YC |title=Hexapla in Danielem: that Is, a Six-fold Commentarie Vpon the Most Diuine Prophesie of Daniel, According to the Method Propounded in Hexapla Upon Genesis and Exodus ... By Andrew Willet. [With the Text and an Appendix.] |date=1610 |publisher=By Cantrell Legge |pages=466 }}</ref> [[Hermann Witsius|Herman Witsius]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Witsius |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&q=michael |title=Sacred Dissertations: On what is Commonly Called the Apostles' Creed, 2 vols. |date=1823 |publisher=A. Fullerton & Company; and Khull, Blackie & Company Glasgow: and sold |pages=2:439 }} In note XLVII, Donald Fraser added, “The same opinion was held by Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce, and others, of former times; and of late, it has been strenuously supported by Bishop Horsley.”</ref> [[William Lindsay Alexander|W. L. Alexander]], Jacobus Ode,<ref>{{Cite book |last=ODE |first=Jacobus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqYQvLKEXfwC |title=Jacobi Ode ... Commentarius de Angelis |date=1755 |publisher=apud M. Visch |pages=1058 |language=la}}</ref> [[Campegius Vitringa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vitringa |first=Campegius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4tYAAAAcAAJ |title=Uitlegging over het boek der profeetsyen van Jezaias, ...: In het werk zyn ingevoegt de kennisnemingen van het oude Moabitische landt, .../ Door den arbeidt en vlyt van Kampegius Vitringa ... ; Uit het Latijn vertaald en met de vereischte bladwijzers voorzien door Boudewyn ter Braak ... |date=1741 |publisher=by Jan en Hend. van der Deyster, en Abraham Kallewier |pages=562 |language=nl}}</ref> [[Philip Melanchthon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melanchthon |first=Philipp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0MYA3FztEwC |title=In Danielem Prophetam commentarius |date=1543 |publisher=Lufft |pages=141 |language=la}}</ref> [[Hugh Broughton]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broughton |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBW_AeJEfJcC&q=michael |title=Commentarius in Danielem : primum Anglice scriptus ab Hughone Broughtono, nunc Latinitate donatus per Ioannem Boreel, Mittelburgens |date=1599 |publisher=per Sebastianum Henricpetri |pages=91 |language=la}}</ref> [[Franciscus Junius (the elder)|Franciscus Junius]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Thomas |url=http://archive.org/details/homileticalcomme27robi |title=A homiletical commentary on the book of Daniel : with copious notes and indexes |date=1892 |publisher=R.D. Dickinson |location=London |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |pages=227}}</ref> [[Heinrich Andreas Christoph Havernick|Hävernick]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hävernick |first=Heinrich Andreas Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQUAAAAQAAJ |title=Commentar über das Buch Daniel |date=1832 |publisher=F. Perthes |pages=499 |language=de}}</ref> [[Amandus Polanus]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Polansdorf |first=Amandus Polanus von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVNYAAAAcAAJ |title=In Danielem prophetam visionum amplitudine difficillimum, vaticiniorum maiestate augustissimum commentarius |date=1606 |publisher=Waldkirch |pages=1195 |language=la}}</ref> [[Johannes Oecolampadius]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ökolampadius |first=Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJyUPrBVkB4C |title=In librum Iob exegemata ... |date=1553 |publisher=Crispinus |pages=259 |language=la}}</ref> [[Samuel Horsley|Samuel Horsely]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Horsley  |first=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaYGAAAAQAAJ |title=Sermons  |date=1829 |pages=27 }}</ref> William Kincaid<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinkade |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/bibledoctrineofg00kink |title=The Bible doctrine of God, Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, atonement, faith, and election : to which is prefixed some thoughts on natural theology, and the truth of revelation |date=1829 |publisher=H.R. Piercy, Printer |location=New York |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |pages=152}}</ref> [[John Calvin]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvin |first=Jean |url=http://archive.org/details/commentariesonda02calvuoft |title=Commentaries on the book of the Prophet Daniel; |date=1852–1853 |publisher=Calvin Translation Society |location=Edinburgh|others=Robarts – University of Toronto |pages=253, 369–370}}</ref> [[Isaac Watts]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watts |first=Isaac |url=http://archive.org/details/gloryofchristasg00watt |title=The Glory of Christ as God-Man : displayed, in three discourses ... with an appendix containing an abridgement of Dr. Thomas Goodwin's discourse on the glories and royalties of Christ ... |date=1795 |publisher=Printed by Manning and Loring for David West |location=Boston |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |pages=223}}</ref> [[John Brown of Haddington|John Brown]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwPeWnBrq8AC |title=Brown's Dictionary of the Holy Bible ...: The Whole Comprising a Complete and Most Entertaining Library of Scripture Knowledge |date=1807 |publisher=M. Angus and Son |pages=179 }}</ref> and James Wood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minister.) |first=James Wood (Wesleyan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrYsNWVxdasC |title=A Dictionary of the Holy Bible: containing an historical account of the persons; a geographical account of the places ... and an explication of the appellative terms mentioned in the Old and New Testament ... Extracted chiefly from Brown, Calmet,&c. ...|edition=10th |date=1825 |publisher=Caxton Press |pages=165 }}</ref>

[[Charles Haddon Spurgeon|Charles Spurgeon]] once stated that Jesus is "the true Michael"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spurgeon |first=Charles Haddon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fec_AAAAcAAJ |title=Morning by Morning: Daily Readings for the Family Or the Closet |date=1866 |publisher=Passmore and Alabaster |pages=277 }}</ref> and "the only Archangel".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spurgeon |first=Charles Haddon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBI6DwAAQBAJ |title=Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 14: 1868 |publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-77356-132-5 |pages=414 }}</ref>

[[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] comments on Jude 9, "'Yet Michael the archangel ...' By whom is meant, not a created angel, but an eternal one, the Lord Jesus Christ ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=John |title=An Exposition of the New Testament |date=1746–1748}}</ref>

====Seventh-day Adventists====
{{See also|Seventh-day Adventist theology#Christ and the Archangel Michael|l1=Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael|Pre-existence of Christ}}
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in the full deity and eternal preexistence of Jesus Christ, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<ref>[http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084729/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm |date=2021-05-13 }}, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</ref> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<ref>''Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?'' by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</ref>

They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:7|Revelation 12:7–9]] identifies/refers to Jesus as Michael.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-24 |title=The Remnant |publisher=Adventist World |access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref>

===Restorationism===

====Jehovah's Witnesses====
{{See also|Jehovah's witnesses#Jesus|l1=Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus}}
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe Michael to be another name for [[Pre-existence of Christ|Jesus in heaven]], in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<ref name="autogenerated218">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</ref> They say the definite article at Jude 9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jude|9|ESV}}</ref>—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|4:16|ESV}}</ref> as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|pages=393–394|publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible ''Really'' Teach?|pages=218–219 |publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206|title=Angels – How They Affect Mankind|journal=The Watchtower|pages=21–25|publisher=Watch Tower Society|date=March 15, 2007|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>

They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 12:7,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |12:7|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 19:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |19:14|ESV}}</ref> and Revelation 16<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation|16|ESV}}</ref> are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's [[sovereignty]], sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does The Bible ''Really'' Teach?|page=87|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "[[Angel of the Lord]]" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=Your Leader Is One, the Christ|date=September 15, 2010|page=21}}</ref> Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf|page=48|title=The Name of Jesus|magazine=The Watchtower|date=November 1879|volume=1|issue=4}}</ref>
<!-- JW's changing core beliefs is part of their doctrine that humans make mistakes.  https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/77680/the-founder-of-zions-watch-tower-charles-taze-russell-made-the-following-statem -->

====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
{{See also|Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
Members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>

==Islam <span class="anchor" id="Qur'an and other Muslim traditions"></span>==
[[File:Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - The Archangel Michael - Walters W65946B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - The Archangel Michael - Walters W65946B - Full Page]]
In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is one of the four archangels along with [[Gabriel#Islam|Jibril]] (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with), [[Israfil|ʾIsrāfīl]] (trumpeter angel) and [[Azrael|ʿAzrāʾīl]] (angel of death).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref> He is mentioned only once in the Quran, along with Gabriel in {{cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}.<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref> The verse is understood as a rejection of the claim of the Jews of Medina stating that Gabriel is the enemy of Michael.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2002|p=218}} In [[hadith]] and [[tafsir]], the meaning of the term is occasionally interpreted as "ʿabd Allāh" (Servant of God).<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref> 

In further Islamic literature, Michael is associated with mercy. He asks [[God in Islam|God]] for forgiveness for humans and is one of the first angels who obeyed God's orders to bow before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref><ref name=britannica/> From the tears of Michael, angels of mercy are created as his helpers.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: &#91;Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions&#93;|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref> Like Gabriel, with whom he is often mentioned together, Michael is also a messenger. While Gabriel delivers messages from heaven to humans, Michael delivers messages to the angelic world.<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref> As the angel to effectuate God's providence he is also associated with natural phenomena and causes rain upon the lands.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web |title=Mikal – Angel, Meaning, & Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mikal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 August 2021 }}</ref> The latter function is also attested among modern writers, such as [[Sayyid Qutb]].<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref> Unlike Christian tradition, Michael is rarely portrayed as a warrior-angel, with a few references to the [[Battle of Badr]] by [[Suyuti]] as an exception.<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref>

The [[Isra and Miraj|Miraj literature]] occasionally mentions both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showed [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] Paradise and hell.{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}}<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref> However, he does not feature prominently and some accounts do not mention him at all.<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref> Prayers concerning Michael appear in some devotional literature, but usually in conjunction with the other three archangels.<ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref>{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}} He is mentioned in a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Dua|supplication]] (''dua''), reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], in the prayers for blessings for the [[Bearers of the Throne]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref><ref>Burge, S. (2020). Michael. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36410</ref>

==Bahá'í Faith==
The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by [[Baha'u'llah]], [['Abdu'l-Baha]], [[Shoghi Effendi]], or even the [[Universal House of Justice]]. Bahá'í publications interpreting the [[Book of Revelation]] from the [[New Testament]] say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of Persia<ref>The Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baháʼí Publishing Trust|2001|pp. 103–104</ref><ref>Daniel 10:7–13</ref> foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of [[Hod (Kabbalah)|Hod]] or "glory" in [[Jewish Mysticism]]<ref>''The Apocalypse Unsealed''|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pp. 160, 164 {{ISBN?}}</ref> – because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.

==Gnosticism==
In the [[Apocryphon of John|Secret Book of John]], a second-century text found in the [[Nag Hammadi library|Nag Hammadi codices]] of [[Gnosticism]], Michael is placed in control of the demons who help [[Demiurge#Yaldabaoth|Yaldabaoth]] create [[Adam]], along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Marvin Meyer]]|author2=[[Willis Barnstone]]|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]|chapter=The Secret Book of John|url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html|date=June 30, 2009|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> According to [[Origen|Origen of Alexandria]] in his work [[Contra Celsum|Against Celsus]], Michael was represented as a lion on the [[Ophite Diagrams|Ophite Diagram]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|author=[[Origen]]|translator=Frederick Crombie|title=Ante-Nicene Fathers|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book VI/Chapter XXX|year=248|volume=IV|entry=Origen Against Celsus, chapter XXX}}</ref>

==Feasts==
[[File:S. Miguel Arcanjo.jpg|thumb|right|Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]]]

In the [[General Roman Calendar]], the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Anglican Calendar of Saints]], and the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Lutheran Calendar of Saints]], the archangel's feast is celebrated on [[Michaelmas]] Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, [[Gabriel]], and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<ref>''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 105</ref>

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the [[Julian calendar]] celebrate it on what in the [[Gregorian calendar]] is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the ''"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"'' (i.e. [[angel]]s) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae#Miracle of the Archangel Michael|Miracle at Chonae]]'' is commemorated on 6 September.<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 46</ref><ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' 2010 by Ken Parry {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} p. 242</ref>

In the calendar of the [[Church of England]] [[diocese of Truro]], 8 May is the feast of ''St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall''. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml|title=BBC – Cornwall Uncovered – Story The Legend of St Piran|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<ref>''The English Missal for the laity''; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</ref> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano in Italy]].<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ''ODCC''; p. 613</ref>

In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the main feast day in 12 [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] and 12 [[Paoni]], and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.

[[Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 29 September in [[ROCOR]] [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Rite]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCOR Western Rite (Home) |url=https://www.rocor-wr.org/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=rocorwr }}</ref>

[[Vision (spirituality)|Apparition]] of Saint Michael in 492 on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 8 May<ref>{{Cite web |title=МИХАИЛ, АРХАНГЕЛ – Древо |url=http://drevo-info.ru/articles/7863.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=drevo-info.ru |language=ru}}</ref> and [[Michaelmas|Dedication of Saint Michael the Archangel]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 29 September ([[Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-11 |title=Calendar |url=http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church }}</ref>

[[Dedication of churches|Dedication]] of Saint Michael [[sanctuary]] [[Mont Saint-Michel Abbey|Mont Saint-Michel]] by [[Aubert of Avranches|Saint Aubert of Avranches]] is commemorated on 16 October.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=David |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-959660-7 |edition=5th Rev.  |location=Great Britain |pages=309 }}</ref>

On 7 April, the Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates the deliverance of [[Jeremiah|prophet Jeremiah]] from prison by Michael.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf|title=Ethiopian synaxarium|access-date=2022-08-12|archive-date=2022-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825213718/https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Patronages and orders==
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In late [[medieval Christianity]], Michael, together with [[Saint George]], became the [[patron saint]] of [[chivalry]] and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=586}}

Since the victorious [[Battle of Lechfeld]] against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the Patron of the [[Germans]].
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|Statue of St Michael at the former seat of the [[House of Wittelsbach|Bavarian]] [[Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)|Military Order of Saint Michael]] in the [[Electoral Palace, Bonn]], Germany]]
In mid- to late fifteenth century, France was one of only four courts in [[Western Christianity|Western Christendom]] without an order of knighthood.<ref name="Dacre">''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520'' by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}} pp. 427–428</ref> Later in the fifteenth century, [[Jean Molinet]] glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<ref>Noted by [[Johan Huizinga]], ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages|The Waning of the Middle Ages]]'' (1919, 1924:56.</ref> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first [[chivalric order]] of France, the [[Order of Saint Michael]] of 1469.<ref name="Dacre" /> In the [[British honours system]], a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (''see also'': [[Order of Saint Michael (disambiguation)|Order of Saint Michael]]).<ref>''Angels in the early modern world'' By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84332-4}} p. 2008</ref>

Prior to 1878, the [[Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel|Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel]] could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic [[Archconfraternity]]. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|holy scapular]] remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.

Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<ref>''Patron Saints'' by Michael Freze 1992 {{ISBN|0-87973-464-7}} p. 170</ref> Based on the legend of his eighth-century [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] at [[Mont Saint-Michel]], France, the Archangel is the patron of [[sailors|mariners]] in this famous sanctuary.<ref name="Cathenc" /> After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<ref name="Cathenc" />

Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the [[Aralar Range]], and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of [[Navarre]] and eastern [[Gipuzkoa]], revered by the [[History of the Basques#Christianization|Basques]], shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref>[[File:Greater coat of arms of the City of Brussels.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Brussels]]]][[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Kyiv]]]]He has been the patron saint of [[Brussels]] since the Middle Ages.<ref>''Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550'' by Paul Williamson 2002 {{ISBN|0-8109-6602-6}} p. 42</ref> The city of [[Arkhangelsk]] in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital [[Kyiv]] also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<ref name="Fairbairn">''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} p. 148</ref> 
In [[Linlithgow]], Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the thirteenth century, with [[St. Michael's Parish Church]] being originally constructed in 1134. 
Since the fourteenth century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the [[River Nith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|title=History of Dumfries|publisher=loreburne.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223118/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An [[Anglican]] sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the [[Community of St Michael and All Angels]] was founded in 1851.<ref>''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)'' by Susan Mumm 200 {{ISBN|0-85115-728-9}} p. 48</ref> The [[Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel]] (CSMA), also known as the ''Michaelite Fathers'', is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of [[Profession (religious)|professed]] religious within the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the North American component of the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|title=甘肃快3_官方彩购买|website=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com|access-date=2021-02-13|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062948/http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city of [[Arkhangelsk]], Russia, and the federal subject [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] are named after Michael the Archangel.

In the United States military, Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref>[https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161625/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ |date=2021-11-21 }}. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</ref> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] during World War I.

The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foreignlegion.info/history/2rep/|title=History: 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment &#124; French Foreign Legion Information}}</ref>
Saint Michael is the patronus of Italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the Italian state police. Saint Michael ({{langx|hr|Sveti Mihovil}}) is patron of [[Croatian Police]] and [[Croatian Army]], his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia.<ref>[https://mup.gov.hr/vijesti/svecano-obiljezen-dan-policije-i-blagdan-svetog-mihovila/288935 Svečano obilježen Dan policije i blagdan svetog Mihovila] ''mup.gov.hr''. [[Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)|Ministry of Interior]]. Published 29 September 2022.</ref>

==Legends==

===Judaism===
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the [[Copt]]s, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring [[Nebuchadnezzar]] ({{Circa|600 BC}}) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<ref>[[Émile Amélineau|Amélineau]], "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</ref>
According to midrash [[Genesis Rabbah]], Michael saved [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Hananiah]] and his companions from the [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|fiery furnace]].<ref>Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</ref> Michael was active in the time of [[Esther]]: "The more [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<ref>Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</ref> It was Michael who reminded [[Ahasuerus]] that he was [[Mordecai]]'s debtor;<ref>Targum to Esther, vi. 1</ref> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest [[John Hyrcanus|Hyrcanus]], promising him assistance.<ref>comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</ref>

According to ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<ref name="ginzberg michael">Ginzberg, Louis, [https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2|date=2017-12-01}}, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, {{ISBN|0-8018-5890-9}}</ref>

===Christianity===
[[File:Michael Miracle Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg|thumb|upright|A 12th-century [[icon]] of the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]]'', from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]]]]The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] celebrates the [[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]] on September 6.<ref>Makarios of Simonos Petra, ''The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church'', trans. [[Christopher Hookway]] (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 {{ISBN|960-85603-7-3}}), p. 47.</ref> The pious legend surrounding the event states that [[John the Apostle]], when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near [[Lake Salda]], where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 47.</ref> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 48.</ref> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the fifth- to seventh-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<ref name=Peers >{{cite book|title=Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium|first=Glenn |last=Peers |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22405-1 |page= 144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143}}</ref>

{{visible anchor|There is a late-fifth-century legend}} in [[Cornwall]], England, that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on [[St Michael's Mount]].<ref name=Cornwall /> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<ref name=Cornwall >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 68</ref> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<ref>''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 {{ISBN|0-559-12999-8}} p. 238</ref> and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.<ref>''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 {{ISBN|1-84537-594-7}} p. 17</ref>

[[File:St. Michael the Archangel of Bacoor.jpg|thumb|left| An 18th-century statue of a triumphant Saint Michael, enshrined as the patron of [[Bacoor, Cavite]], [[Philippines]]. The town ''fiesta'' was originally on May 8, the Feast of the Apparition at Mount Gargano.]]

The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around AD 490 at a secluded hilltop cave on [[Monte Gargano]] in Italy gained a following among the [[Lombards]] in the immediate period thereafter, and by the eighth century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<ref>''The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell'' by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 {{ISBN|1-85285-195-3}} pp. 10–11</ref> The [[Tridentine calendar]] included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the [[Greece|Greek]] [[Naples|Neapolitans]] that the Lombards of [[Manfredonia]] attributed to Saint Michael.<ref name=Cathenc /> The feast [[General Roman Calendar of 1954|remained]] in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|revision]] of [[Pope John XXIII]]. The [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]] at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.

According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the [[mausoleum]] of [[Hadrian]] while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope [[Gregory I the Great]] ({{Circa|590}}–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum ''"[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]"'' (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<ref name=Butler320 />

According to [[Normandy|Norman]] legend, Michael is said to have appeared to [[St Aubert]], [[Bishop of Avranches]], in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as [[Mont Saint-Michel]].<ref name=MonkM >''Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey'' by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 {{ISBN|2-7082-3351-3}} pp. 55–56</ref><ref name="CathMont">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia : Mont-St-Michel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim /> In 960 the [[Duke of Normandy]] commissioned a [[Order of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<ref name="pilgrim">''Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 {{ISBN|1-57607-004-2}} p. 398</ref>

A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Archangel Michael]] who had told to this devoted [[Servant of God#Roman Catholicism|Servant of God]], in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]. This private revelation and prayers were approved by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1851.{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}</ref>

From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastián de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref>

==In literature, music, and art==

===Literature===
In the 1667 English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219155635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml |date=2010-02-19 }}</ref>

In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of the mid-thirteenth century ''[[The Golden Legend]]'', Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref>

===Music===
[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone'', H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo (1683).<ref>[https://exhibits.stanford.edu/operadata/catalog/183-63017 ''Praelium Michaelis archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone'']</ref>

===Artistic depictions===
{{Main|Archangel Michael in Christian art}}
[[File:Meister der Ikone des Erzengels Michael 001 adjusted.jpg|thumb|Tenth-century gold and enamel Byzantine [[icon]] of [[St Michael]], in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica ]]

In [[Christian art]], Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as [[Gabriel]]. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the eighth century, e.g. the stone casket at [[Mortain|Notre Dame de Mortain]] church in France.<ref name=rich141 />

The widely reproduced image of ''[[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]]'', an icon of the [[Cretan school]], depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], with Gabriel on the right side of [[Madonna and Child|Mary and Jesus]].<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 188</ref>

In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<ref name=Cathenc /> The shield may bear the Latin inscription ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' or the Greek inscription ''Christos Dikaios Krites'' or its initials.{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=520}} He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<ref name=Cathenc /> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early fourth century, when [[Emperor Constantine]] defeated [[Licinius]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] in AD 324, not far from the ''[[Michaelion]]'', a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<ref name=Richard />

Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:9|12:9]]).<ref>"Constantine and the Christian empire" by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 {{ISBN|0-415-17485-6}} p. 315</ref> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard [[iconography]] of the Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]].<ref name=Richard />

In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds the [[book of life]] (as in the [[Book of Revelation]]) to show he partakes in the judgment.<ref name=rich141 >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} pp. 141–147</ref> [[Michelangelo]] depicted this scene on the altar wall of the [[Sistine Chapel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |title=Vatican website: Sistine Chapel |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |access-date=2010-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref>

In [[Byzantine art]], Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the [[Day of Judgement]].<ref>''Saints in art'' by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|0-89236-717-2}} pp. 274–276</ref>

<gallery>
File:Faras - Archangel Michael with a horn trumpet and an orb - Google Art Project.jpg|Archangel Michael on a 9th-century [[Makuria]]n mural
File:Rublev Arhangel Mikhail.jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s standalone depiction {{Circa|1408}}
File:Francesco Botticini - I tre Arcangeli e Tobias.jpg|Michael (left) with archangels [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] and [[Gabriel]], by [[Francesco Botticini|Botticini]], 1470
File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|''Weighing souls'' on [[Last Judgment|Judgement Day]] by [[Hans Memling]], 15th century
File:Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Giordano)|The Fall of the Rebel Angels]]'', by [[Luca Giordano]] {{Circa|1660}}–1665
File:Angel Van Verschaffelt SantAngelo.jpg|Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], modelled in 1753 by [[Peter Anton von Verschaffelt]].
File:Archangel Michael Hajdudorog.JPG|Michael's icon on the northern ''deacons' door'' on the [[iconostasis of Hajdúdorog]]. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
File:Archangel Michael, St Pancras New Church, London.JPG|''Archangel Michael'' by [[Emily Young]] in the grounds of [[St Pancras New Church]]. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7th July 2005 bombings]] and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"
File:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|''St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon''. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, Pennsylvania
File:St Michael's victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein, Coventry Cathedral.jpg|''[[St Michael's Victory over the Devil]]'', a 1958 sculpture by [[Jacob Epstein]] on the wall of the new [[Coventry Cathedral]], England
File:Aartsengel Michaël vertrapt de draak - Sint-Michielskerk Gent - 0000.jpg|''Archangel Michael tramples the dragon'', [[Saint Michael's Church, Ghent|Saint Michael's Church]], [[Ghent]]
File:San Michele Arcangelo - Quadro nella parrocchiale di Garbagna Novarese.jpg|Altarpiece in [[San Michele Arcangelo, Garbagna Novarese|Chiesa di San Michele Arcangelo]], Garbagna Novarese, Italy, 18th century
File:Simon Ushakov Archangel Mikhail and Devil.JPG|''The Archangel Michael Trampling the Devil Underfoot'', by [[Simon Ushakov]], 1676 ([[Tretyakov Gallery]], Moscow)

File:St._Michael_the_Archangel_of_Bacoor.jpg|''San Miguel Arcángel de Bacoor'', patron saint of [[Bacoor, Cavite]], Philippines, 18th century

</gallery>

==Namesake churches==
{{commons|Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael}}
[[File:Mont Saint-Michel France.jpg|thumb|The [[Mont Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], France]]
[[File:20060416-Michaelskirche Muenchen.jpg|upright|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], Germany]]
[[File:Biserica romano-catolica sf. Mihai.jpg|upright|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's]] [[Roman Catholic]] church, [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Transylvania]], Romania]]
* [[St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)]]
<!-- CHURCHES ADDED MUST HAVE WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES. -->
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ([[:es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)|es]]), [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]] Mexico [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[Sacra di San Michele]] (Saint Michael's Abbey), near [[Turin]], Italy
* [[Church of St. Michael, Štip|Church of St. Michael]] in [[Štip]], Macedonia
* Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the [[White Tower (Brixen)|White Tower]], [[Brixen]], Italy
* [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]], in [[Brussels]], Belgium
* [[Mont Saint-Michel]], [[Normandy]], France – a [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)]], Canada
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)]], Russia
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao]], China
* [[St. Michael's Catholic Church, Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates
* [[Chudov Monastery]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]
* [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site
* [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]], [[Gargano]], Italy – a World Heritage Site
* [[St Michael's Mount]], [[Cornwall]], UK
* [[St. Michael, Minnesota]]
* [[St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi]], Canada
* [[Skellig Michael]], off the Irish west coast – a World Heritage Site
* [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Cathedral]], [[Coventry]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* [[St. Michael's Church, Vienna]] in [[Vienna]], Austria
* [[Tayabas Basilica]], [[Tayabas, Quezon]], Philippines
* [[St. Michael's Church, Berlin]], Germany
* [[San Miguel Church (Manila)]], Philippines
* [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Gamu Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel]] in [[Gamu|Gamu, Isabela]], Philippines
* [[Mission San Miguel Arcángel]], San Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions
* [[St Michael at the North Gate]], [[Oxford]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's]] [[Roman Catholic]] church, [[Cluj-Napoca]], Romania
* [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai]], India
* [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte]]
* [[St Michael's Church, Churchill]], UK
* [[San Miguel Arcangel Church (Marilao)|San Miguel Arcangel Church]], Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines 
* [[San Miguel Arcangel Church (San Miguel, Bulacan)|San Miguel Arcangel Church]], San Miguel, Bulacan, Philippines 
* [[St Michael the Archangel, Llanyblodwel]], England
* Seven medieval churches in [[Iceland]] were dedicated to the saint, including one in [[Búðardalur|Búðardalur in Skarðsströnd]], [[Steinar in Eyjafjöll]] and [[Borg á Mýrum|Borg in Mýrar]].<ref>Cormack, Margaret. “The Veneration of St Michael in Medieval Iceland.” Chapter. In Saints and Their Legacies in Medieval Iceland, edited by Kirsten Wolf and Dario Bullitta, 249–76. Studies in Old Norse Literature. Boydell & Brewer, 2021, at 254-258.</ref>
<!-- CHURCHES ADDED MUST HAVE WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES. -->

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Biblical cosmology]]
* [[List of angels in theology]]

{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Asale
|first1        = Bruk Ayele
|title         = 1 Enoch as Christian Scripture
|publisher     = Pickwick
|year          = 2020
|isbn = 9781532691157
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=fQLtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55
}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first= Ann|date=2003|title= Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices|publisher= Our Sunday Visitor|isbn=0-87973-910-X}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Barker
|first1        = Margaret
|chapter       = The Angel Raphael in the Book of Tobit
|editor1-last  = Bredin
|editor1-first = Mark 
|title         = Studies in the Book of Tobit
|publisher     = A&C Black
|year          = 2006
|isbn = 9780567082299
|chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=nwjUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Barnes
|first1        = William H.
|chapter       = Archangels
|editor1-last  = Coogan
|editor1-first = Michael David 
|editor2-last  = Metzger
|editor2-first = Bruce M. 
|title         = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher     = Oxford University Press
|year          = 1993
|isbn = 9780199743919
|chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA54
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bin Al-Hassan |first1=Abi Al-Qasim Ali |last2=Al-Dimashqi |first2=Ibn Asaker|author-link2=Ibn Asakir |lang=ar |script-title=ar:تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 |trans-title=History of the city of Damascus |date=2012 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية }}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Bromiley
|first1        = Geoffrey William · 
|chapter       = Satan
|title         = Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
|volume        = 7
|publisher     = Alban Books
|year          = 1971
|isbn = 9780802822499
|chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGyOpNrzHj0C
}}
* {{cite book|last=Butler|first= Alban|title=The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints|series= in twelve volumes| publisher= B. Dornin|date= 1821}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Capmak
|first1        = Cenap
|chapter       = Michael
|editor1-last  = Capmak
|editor1-first = Cenap
|title         = Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia
|publisher     = ABC-CLIO
|year          = 2017
|isbn = 9781610692175
|chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1042
}}
* {{Cite book
|last          = Collins
|first         = John J.
|title         = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
|year          = 1984
|publisher     = Eerdmans
|isbn = 9780802800206
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&q=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Collins
|first1        = John J..
|chapter       = Gabriel
|editor1-last  = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel 
|editor2-last  = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob 
|editor3-last  = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem 
|title         = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher     = Eerdmans
|year          = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA339
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Fahlbusch
|first1        = Erwin
|chapter       = Incarnation
|volume        = 2
|editor1-last  = Bromiley
|editor1-first = Geoffrey William 
|title         = The Encyclopedia of Christianity
|publisher     = Eerdmans 
|year          = 1999
|isbn = 9789004116955
|chapter-url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA99
}}
* {{Cite book
|last          = Green
|first         = Gene
|title         = Jude and 2 Peter
|year          = 2008
|publisher     = Baker
|isbn = 9780801026720
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=_quXRpxOxEEC
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Hannah
|first1        = Darrell D.
|title         = Michael and Christ: Michael Tradition and Angel Christology
|publisher     = Wipf and Stock
|year          = 2011
|isbn = 9781610971539
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=whIeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15
}}
* {{cite book
|last         = Hill
|first        = Andrew E.
|chapter      = Daniel-Malachi
|editor1-last = Longman
|editor1-first= Tremper 
|editor2-last = Garland
|editor2-first= David E.
|title        = The Expositor's Bible Commentary
|volume       = 8
|year         = 2008
|publisher    = [[Zondervan]]
|isbn = 9780310268932
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bCPBrAfBSdgC&pg=PA170
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Hughes
|first1        = Thomas Patrick
|title         = A Dictionary of Islam
|date = 1995
|publisher     = W.H. Allen
|orig-date        = 1885
|isbn = 9788120606722
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&dq=Archangel+Michael+Islam&pg=PA348
}}
* {{cite book 
|last1        = Noegel 
|first1       = Scott B. 
|last2        = Wheeler 
|first2       = Brannon M. 
|title        = Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism 
|publisher    = Scarecrow Press 
|year         = 2002
|isbn = 9780810866102 
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=W-QBAwAAQBAJ
}}
* {{cite book|last=Starr|first= Mirabai|title=Saint Michael: The Archangel|publisher= Sounds True|date= 2007|isbn=978-1-59179-627-5}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/61896 Angels in Art by Clara Erskine Clement Waters]
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Grabbe
|first1        = Lester
|chapter       = Tobit
|editor1-last  = Dunn
|editor1-first = James D. G. 
|title         = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
|publisher     = Eerdmans
|year          = 2003
|isbn = 9780802837110
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline|Archangel Michael}}
* {{Wikiquote inline}}

{{Angels in Abrahamic Religions}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Book of Daniel}}
{{Book of Revelation}}
{{Private revelation}}
{{Coptic saints}}
{{Portalbar|Saints}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael (Archangel)}}
[[Category:Michael (archangel)| ]]
[[Category:Adam and Eve in Mormonism]]
[[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]]
[[Category:Angels of death]]
[[Category:Archangels]]
[[Category:Archangels in Christianity]]
[[Category:Archangels in Islam]]
[[Category:Archangels in Judaism]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Heroes in mythology and legend]]
[[Category:Individual angels]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:Quranic figures]]
[[Category:People in the Book of Revelation]]