View source for Midshipman

{{short description|Officer cadet}}
{{other uses}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{military ranks}}
{{navalranks}}
A '''midshipman''' is an officer of the lowest [[Military rank#Subordinate/student officer|rank]] in the [[Royal Navy]], [[United States Navy]], and many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include [[Royal Canadian Navy|Canada]] (Naval Cadet), [[Royal Australian Navy|Australia]], [[Bangladesh Navy|Bangladesh]], [[Namibian Navy|Namibia]], [[Royal New Zealand Navy|New Zealand]], [[South African Navy|South Africa]], [[Indian Navy|India]], [[Pakistan Navy|Pakistan]], [[Republic of Singapore Navy|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka Navy|Sri Lanka]], and [[Kenya Navy|Kenya]].

In the 17th century, a midshipman was a [[Naval rating|rating]] for an experienced seaman, and the word derives from the area aboard a ship, [[amidships]], either where he worked on the ship, or where he was [[Berth (sleeping)|berthed]]. Beginning in the 18th century, a commissioned officer candidate was rated as a midshipman, and the seaman rating began to slowly die out. By the [[Napoleonic era]] (1793–1815), a midshipman was an apprentice officer who had at least nominally served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or [[able seaman]], and was roughly equivalent to a present-day [[petty officer]] in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or [[master's mate]], he was eligible to take the examination for [[lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]]. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship. Midshipmen in the United States Navy were trained and served similarly to midshipmen in the Royal Navy, although unlike their counterparts in the Royal Navy, a midshipman was a [[warrant officer]] rank until 1912.

During the 19th century, changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a [[Military academy|naval college]]. Midshipman began to mean an officer cadet at a naval college. Trainees now spent around four years in a college and two years at sea prior to promotion to commissioned officer rank. Between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries, time at sea declined to less than a year as the entry age was increased from 12 to 18.

Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies. Using US midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility. In many [[Romance language]]s, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French ''garde marine'', Spanish ''guardia marina'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''guarda-marinha'', and [[Italian language|Italian]] ''guardiamarina''. Today, these ranks all refer to naval cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy, and were trained mostly on land as soldiers.

==History==

===Apprentice officers===

====Royal Navy (1662–1836)====

=====Origins=====
[[Image:Thomas Rowlandson-midship.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A full size portrait of a boy with long golden hair wearing the uniform of a midshipman: a bicorne hat, a blue tails coat with white patches on the collar, a white waistcoat, breeches and hose, and a sword on the left side|Midshipman of the [[Royal Navy]] ({{circa|1799}}),<ref name=NMMImage>{{cite web |url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConGallery.57/Ranksin-Nelsons-navy.html |title= Ranks in Nelson's Navy|access-date=20 February 2009|work=Port Cities London |publisher=National Maritime Museum}}</ref> by [[Thomas Rowlandson]]]]
The rank of midshipman originated during the [[Tudor period|Tudor]] and [[Stuart period (England)|Stuart]] eras, and originally referred to a post for an experienced seaman promoted from the ordinary deck hands, who worked in between the [[Main-mast|main]] and [[mizzen mast|mizzen]] masts and had more responsibility than an ordinary seaman, but was not a military officer or an officer in training.<ref name="Penn34">{{Harvnb|Penn|1957|pp=3–4}}</ref> The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662.<ref name="oed">{{cite web | title=midshipman, n. | work=Oxford English Dictionary Online |publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/118240?redirectedFrom=midshipman |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> The word derives from an area aboard a ship, [[amidships]], but it refers either to the location where midshipmen worked on the ship,<ref name="Penn34"/> or the location where midshipmen were [[Berth (sleeping)|berthed]].<ref name="dictionary">{{Harvnb|Morris|Kearns|1998|p=186}}</ref>

By the 18th century, four types of midshipman existed: midshipman (original rating), [[midshipman extraordinary]], midshipman (apprentice officer), and [[midshipman ordinary]].<ref name=lewis217>{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|pp=217–220}}</ref> Some midshipmen were older men, and while most were officer candidates who failed to pass the lieutenant examination or were passed over for promotion, some members of the original rating served, as late as 1822, alongside apprentice officers without themselves aspiring to a commission.<ref name="Penn8">{{Harvnb|Penn|1957|p=8}}</ref> By 1794, all midshipmen were considered officer candidates, and the original rating was phased out.<ref name="Words">{{Harvnb|King|2001|p=299}}</ref>

=====Entry=====
[[File:Henry William Baynton by Thomas Hickey.jpg|thumbnail|left|Midshipman Henry William Baynton aged 13 (in 1780), by [[Thomas Hickey (painter)|Thomas Hickey]]]]
Beginning in 1661, boys who aspired to become officers were sent by their families to serve on ships with a "letter of service" from the crown, and were paid at the same rate as midshipmen.<ref name="Davies16">{{Harvnb|Davies|1991|p=16}}</ref> The letter instructed the admirals and captains that the bearer was to be shown "such kindness as you shall judge fit for a gentleman, both in accommodating him in your ship and in furthering his improvement".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=423}} Their official rating was [[volunteer-per-order]], but they were often known as King's letter boys, to distinguish their higher social class from the original midshipman rating.<ref name="Davies16"/><ref name="Penn1011">{{Harvnb|Penn|1957|pp=10–11}}</ref>

Beginning in 1677, Royal Navy regulations for promotion to lieutenant required service as a midshipman, and promotion to midshipman required some time at sea.<ref name="Lewis221">{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|p=221}}</ref> By the Napoleonic era, the regulations required at least three years of services as a midshipman or [[master's mate]] and six years of total sea time.<ref name="lavery89"/> Sea time was earned in various ways, most boys served this period at sea in any lower rating,<ref name="band"/> either as a servant of one of the ship's officers, a volunteer, or a seaman.<ref name="lavery89"/>

By the 1730s, the rating volunteer-per-order was phased out and replaced with a system where prospective midshipmen served as servants for officers. For example, a [[Captain (naval)|captain]] was allowed four servants for every 100&nbsp;men aboard his ship; many of these servants were young men destined to become officers.<ref name="lavery90">{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=90}}</ref>

In 1729, the Royal Naval Academy in [[Portsmouth]]&nbsp;– renamed the [[Royal Naval Academy|Royal Naval College]] in 1806&nbsp;– was founded, for 40&nbsp;students aged between 13 and 16, who would take three years to complete a course of study defined in an illustrated book, and would earn two years of sea time as part of their studies.<ref name=lewis217/><ref name="lavery89"/> The rating of midshipman-by-order, or midshipman ordinary, was used specifically for graduates of the Royal Naval College, to distinguish them from midshipmen who had served aboard ship, who were paid more.<ref name=lewis217/> The school was unpopular in the Navy, because officers enjoyed the privilege of having servants and preferred the traditional method of training officers via apprenticeship.<ref name="lavery90"/>

In 1794, officers' servants were abolished and a new class of volunteers called 'volunteer class I' was created for boys between the ages of 11 and 13 who were considered future midshipmen and lived in the gunroom on a [[ship-of-the-line]] or with the midshipmen on a [[frigate]] or smaller vessel.<ref name="lavery90"/> Volunteers were paid £6 per year.<ref name="lavery90"/> By 1816, the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out, and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen.<ref name=lewis217/>

=====Social background and uniform=====
[[File:Portrait of Midshipman John Windham Dalling, RN (c 1800) by George Henry Harlow.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.2|Portrait of Midshipman John Windham Dalling ({{circa|1800}}), by [[George Henry Harlow]]]]
In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position on board ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies, an official hierarchy of ranks and a conventionally recognized social divide between [[gentlemen]] and non-gentlemen.<ref name=Lewis228>{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|p=228}}</ref>{{refn|A midshipman was a petty officer who could be demoted by the captain, but outranked most other petty officers and lesser warrant officers, such as the [[Master-at-arms]].<ref name=Lewis270>{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|p=270}}</ref><ref name=Lavery270>{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=270}}</ref>|group=A}} Boys aspiring for a commission were often called [[young gentlemen]] instead of their [[War substantive|substantive]] rating to distinguish their higher social standing from the ordinary sailors.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=423}}<ref name="illustrated2005">{{Harvnb|Blake|Lawrence|2005|p=72}}</ref> Generally, aboard most warships common seamen berthed in the [[gundeck]], while officers were quartered at the stern. Occasionally, a midshipman would be posted aboard a ship in a lower rating such as [[able seaman]] but would eat and sleep with his social equals in the [[Cockpit (sailing)|cockpit]].<ref name="Lewis267">{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|p=267}}</ref>{{refn|[[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] served as an able seaman aboard the [[HMS Seahorse (1748)|''Seahorse'']],<ref name=Lewis267/> and [[Peter Heywood]] served as an able seaman aboard [[HMS Bounty|HMS ''Bounty'']].<ref name="BountyCrew">{{cite web|url=http://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/bounty/crew5.shtml#tinkler|title=Pitcairn Crew|publisher=Pitcairn Island Study Center|year=2008|access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref>|group=A}}

Approximately 50&nbsp;percent of midshipmen were the sons of professional men, which included the sons of naval officers, and there were notable sailing families throughout the [[Age of Sail]], such as the [[James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez|Saumarez]], [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Hood]], and [[Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet|Parker]] families. The niceties of preferment and promotion made family connections an obvious advantage for prospective officers. Members of the [[peerage]] and [[landed gentry]] formed the next largest group, about 27&nbsp;percent of officers. The numbers were smaller, but similarly, their connections gave them excellent prospects for promotion, and they had a considerable influence on the Royal Navy. A notable member of this group was Prince William, later [[William IV of the United Kingdom#Early life|William IV]], who served as a midshipman from 1780 to 1785. The rest were from commercial or [[working class]] backgrounds, and because of the advantages possessed by the nobility and professional sailors, their chances of promotion to lieutenant were slim.<ref name="lavery90"/>

Since most midshipmen were from the gentry or had family connections with sailing ships, many used their connections to have their names placed on a ship's books. The practice, known colloquially as "false muster" was common even though it was technically illegal and frowned upon.<ref name=oedfalsemuster>{{cite web | title=false muster, n. | work=Oxford English Dictionary Online |publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/67884#eid4709865|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> This allowed some boys to be promoted to midshipmen, or in some cases lieutenant, without having completed the required amount of time at sea. A notable example was [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], whose uncle had him entered at the age of five; his name was carried on various ships until he was 18 and received his commission.<ref name="lavery89">{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=89}}</ref>

When [[Royal Navy uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries|uniforms]] were introduced in the Navy in 1748, midshipmen started wearing the same uniform as commissioned officers.<ref name=Lewis221222>{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|pp=221–222}}</ref> They also began wearing their traditional badge of rank, a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.<ref name=Lavery108>{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=108}}</ref> The uniform emphasized that midshipmen were gentlemen and officers under instruction.<ref name="Lewis221222"/>

=====Duties and promotion=====
{{Further|Passed midshipman|Master's mate|Sub-lieutenant}}
Midshipmen were expected to work on the ship, but were also expected to learn navigation and seamanship. They were expected to have learned already, as able seamen and volunteers, to rig sails, other duties included keeping watch, relaying messages between decks, supervising [[Artillery battery#Naval usage|gun batteries]], commanding small boats, and taking command of a sub-division of the ship's company under the supervision of one of the lieutenants. On smaller ships, midshipmen were instructed by a senior master's mate, often a [[passed midshipman]], who taught them mathematics, navigation, and sailing lore. Larger ships would carry a [[schoolmaster]], who was rated as a midshipman but usually was a civilian like the [[chaplain]]. Midshipmen were expected to keep detailed navigational logs, which were shown to the captain to assess their progress.<ref name="lavery90"/>

[[Image:NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png|thumb|left|350px|alt=From bottom to top, a boy would enter the Navy either at the Royal Naval Academy, or directly as a Volunteer 1st class, and serve at least three years before promotion to midshipman. A potential officer would have to serve as a midshipman, or a master's mate prior to taking the examination for lieutenant for another three years. A midshipman who passed the examination was not automatically promoted to lieutenant, but would either stay as a midshipman, titled passed midshipman, or take an appointment as a master's mate, styled passed master's mate, while awaiting promotion to lieutenant. Failed candidates also took appointments as master's mates, attempting to become masters instead of lieutenants. After 1861, candidates who passed the examination were promoted to sub-lieutenant.|Route to a commission in the Royal Navy, {{circa|1810}}<ref name="lavery92">{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=92}}</ref>]]
Prior to promotion to lieutenant, a commissioned officer candidate in the Royal Navy had to pass a formal examination. Officially, a prospective lieutenant was at least 19, and was expected to produce proof of his service, which would include certificates from his commanders and journals kept while a midshipman.<ref name="nelson93"/> However, most midshipmen aspired to take the [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] examination at age 17 or 18, and the typical age of a midshipman was between 15 and 22.<ref name="band">{{Harvnb|Phillipson|1996|p=2}}</ref> The candidate was summoned before a board of three captains and questioned about [[seamanship]], [[navigation]], and [[discipline]]. The board would ask questions such as: <blockquote>
An enemy is observed; give orders for clearing your ship, and make all the necessary preparations for engaging.<ref name="nelson93"/></blockquote>

Like the board, which might be an ''ad hoc'' affair, the actual exam questions were not standardized and their content depended mostly on individual captains. In seamanship, the candidate was expected to be able to [[Rope splicing|splice ropes]], [[Reefing|reef a sail]], [[Sailing|work a ship in sailing]] and [[shift his tides]]. In navigation, he was expected to be able to keep a reckoning of the ship's way by [[plane sailing]], to use [[Mercator projection]] maps and [[Navigation#Celestial navigation|observation of the sun and stars]] to determine the course and position of the ship, and to understand the [[Magnetic declination|variation of the compass]]. He was also expected to be qualified to do the duty of an [[able seaman]] and midshipman.<ref name="nelson93"/>

Failure usually meant six more months of sea service before the examination could again be attempted. Some men never passed it. Successful completion made the midshipman a 'passed midshipman'.<ref name="nelson93">{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=93}}</ref> From the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century, a midshipman in the Royal Navy who passed the lieutenant's examination did not automatically receive a commission. Midshipmen with political connections were promoted first, while others would wait their turn on a roster. During wartime, when large numbers of ships and men might be lost in battle, most passed midshipman would be promoted in a year or two, but during peacetime the wait might be so long that the midshipman would eventually be considered too old and lose his chance for a commission.<ref name="YG185">{{Harvnb|Walker|1938|p=185}}</ref>

Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master's mates, a high-ranking petty officer who assisted the [[Master (naval)|master]] with his duties, served on watch as deputy to the lieutenants, and commanded small boats.<ref name="officerranks">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Slt |title=Officer ranks in the Royal Navy |publisher=Royal Naval Museum |access-date=25 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015812/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> A midshipman who became master's mate earned an increase in pay from £2&nbsp;5s to £3&nbsp;16s per month but initially reduced his chances at a commission because master's mates, along with masters, were assumed to have a working-class background.<ref name="YG186"/><ref name="Lewis146">{{Harvnb|Lewis|1960|p=146,197}}</ref> Over time, however, appointment to master's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century, when two parallel roles&nbsp;– master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission&nbsp;– held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship.<ref name="seaofficers">{{Harvnb|Lewis|1939|p=212,230}}</ref>

By the first years of the 19th century, the term 'mate', without the prefix master's, was used for [[passed midshipman|passed midshipmen]], to distinguish them from master's mates who had not served as midshipmen. In 1824, the rating of master's assistant replaced master's mate, and mate continued to be used unofficially by passed midshipmen.<ref name="YG186">{{Harvnb|Walker|1938|p=186}}</ref> These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch.<ref name="seaofficers"/> In 1838 a [[Royal Commission]], presided over by the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant.<ref name="YG188">{{Harvnb|Walker|1938|pp=188–189}}</ref> In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of [[sub-lieutenant]].<ref name="YG188"/>

====Royal Navy from 1836====
{{further|Selborne-Fisher scheme}}
The original [[Royal Naval Academy|Royal Naval College]] closed in 1837, after which the only method for training midshipmen in the Royal Navy was aboard ships. In 1844 the rank of naval cadet was created, and to qualify as a midshipman a candidate had to be 14&nbsp;years old, successfully pass an admiralty examination and have two years of service as a naval cadet or three years of service in the Navy.<ref name="NavyList1844">{{citation|title=The New Navy List|year=1844|first=Charles|last=Hautlain|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co.|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qukNAAAAQAAJ&q=Navy+List|page=90|access-date=19 July 2010}}</ref> A decline in qualified officers prompted the Navy to order training in a ship at anchor for all cadets, which began in 1857 aboard [[HMS Illustrious (1803)|HMS ''Illustrious'']], which was replaced by [[HMS Britannia (1820)|HMS ''Britannia'']] in 1859.<ref name="YG37">{{Harvnb|Walker|1938|p=37}}</ref>  ''Britannia'' was moved to [[Portland Harbour|Portland]] in 1862, and to the present location of the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]], [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in 1863.<ref name="YG39">{{Harvnb|Walker|1938|p=39}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1840s the normal entry age for executive officer cadets, those destined to command ships and fleets, was between 12 and 13, and instruction consisted of two years of classroom training, during which time trainees were rated as naval cadets.<ref name=Pack4243>{{Harvnb|Pack|1966|pp=42–43}}</ref> Cadets who received a first-class passing grade in studies, seamanship and conduct on their final examination could receive a credit for up to a year of sea time, and could be rated as midshipmen immediately after passing out of the college.<ref name=Pack4243/> After passing out of the college, cadets served aboard a special training vessel for one year.<ref name=Pack4243/> Cadets were then rated as midshipmen, and served aboard the fleet another two years. Midshipmen lived in the gunroom, kept watches, and ran the ship's boats. They received instruction in navigation every day. After five total years of training and having reached the age of 19, the midshipmen were eligible to take the examination for lieutenant.<ref name="OxIllHist">{{Harvnb|Winton|1995|pp=267–269}}</ref><ref name="Hamersly16">{{Harvnb|Hamersly|1881|p=16}}</ref> After passing the examination for lieutenant, midshipmen were commissioned as sub-lieutenants, and were transferred to the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]], which opened in 1873 as the 'University of the Navy'.<ref name="OxIllHist"/>

[[File:George Drewry and Wilfred Malleson.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Midshipmen [[George Drewry]], [[Wilfred St Aubyn Malleson|Wilfred Malleson]], and Greg Russell in April 1915.|alt=Black-and-white photo of three young men wearing World War I midshipmen uniforms carrying supplies for a picnic on a beach with three ships in the background.]]
Beginning in 1903, officer training of military and engineering students was reformed by the [[Selborne-Fisher scheme]], and engineering and executive officer candidates began to enter the Navy in the same way, which was termed 'Common Entry'.<ref name="Penn122124">{{Harvnb|Penn|1957|pp=122–124}}</ref>{{refn|The scheme included the [[Royal Marines]] but they did not participate in the scheme.<ref name="Penn123">{{Harvnb|Penn|1957|p=123}}</ref>|group=A}}  Previously engineer cadets had been trained separately at the [[Royal Naval Engineering College#Keyham College|Royal Naval Engineering College, Keyham]], which was closed in 1910.<ref name=Penn122124/> In 1903 a new preparatory college was opened at the [[Royal Naval College, Osborne]], in part of [[Queen Victoria]]'s favorite residence but not a favorite of her successor [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] who had presented it to the nation in 1902. Training initially consisted of two years at Osborne and two years at Dartmouth as cadets, later four years at Dartmouth, followed by approximately 3&nbsp;years of sea duty as midshipmen prior to promotion to sub-lieutenant.<ref name="OxIllHist"/> In 1905 a new building was completed on shore to replace ''Britannia'', which was named Britannia Royal Naval College.<ref name="Davies12">{{Harvnb|Davies|Grove|1980|p=12}}</ref> In 1913, increasing demand for officers led to recruitment of 18-year-old graduates of [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]], which was called 'Special Entry', and was conducted separately from Selborne scheme cadets.<ref name=Pack195>{{Harvnb|Pack|1966|p=195}}</ref> Special entry cadets trained for approximately 6&nbsp;months prior to service in the fleet as midshipmen.<ref name=Pack195/> When [[World War I]] began in 1914, all the cadets at Dartmouth were quickly mobilized as midshipmen in the [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|Reserve Fleet]].<ref name=Davies14>{{Harvnb|Davies|Grove|1980|p=14}}</ref> During the war, two midshipmen, [[George Leslie Drewry|George Drewry]] and [[Wilfred St Aubyn Malleson|Wilfred Malleson]] were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award of the [[British Commonwealth]] for gallantry, during the [[Landing at Cape Helles]].<ref name=GallipoliVC>{{citation|title=Gallipoli|series=VCs of the First World War|first=Stephen|last=Snelling|publisher=Sutton|location=Stroud|year=1995|isbn=0-7509-0566-2|oclc=32387181|page=29}}</ref> After World War I ended, opposition to the Selborne-Fisher scheme led to re-segregating executive and engineering officers into separate branches, while common entry and special entry were maintained.<ref name="OxIllHist"/>

After [[World War II]] another series of reforms, influenced by the quality of officers produced by the special entry scheme and other nations' experience with training officer candidates in a university setting, were initiated to increase the quality of officers in the Navy.<ref name="Davies16"/> In 1949 the entry age was increased to 16, and by 1955 the entry age was increased to 18 and entry required a minimum of two [[A level]]s.<ref name="Davies21">{{Harvnb|Davies|Grove|1980|p=21}}</ref> After 1957 midshipmen no longer served in the fleet.<ref name=RNMidDef/> In 1972, all cadets became midshipmen when the rank of cadet was abolished.<ref name="Davies23">{{Harvnb|Davies|Grove|1980|p=23}}</ref>

====Commonwealth navies====
As [[Dominion]]s of the [[British Empire]] formed their own navies during the 20th century, further countries began using the rank of midshipman. Today Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, [[Republic of Singapore Navy|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka Navy|Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh Navy|Bangladesh]], [[Kenya Navy|Kenya]], and [[Royal Brunei Navy|Brunei]] use the rank.<ref name="Janes">{{cite book|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009|edition=111|editor-last=Saunders|editor-first=Stephen|isbn=978-0-7106-2845-9|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008}}</ref> Prior to 1968 Canada also used the rank of midshipman, until the [[National Defence Act]] consolidated the Royal Canadian Navy with the Army and Air Force into a single military, called the Canadian Forces. As part of the act, the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet.<ref name="NDA">{{cite web|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/N-5/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101051539/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/N-5/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2013|title=National Defence Act (R.S., 1985, c. N-5)|publisher=Department of Justice of Canada|access-date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

====United States Navy (1794–1845)====
When Congress created the [[United States Navy]] in 1794, midshipman was listed as a rank of warrant officer in the [[Naval Act of 1794]], and they were appointed by the [[President of the United States]].<ref name="Mid-warrant">{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/w/naval-traditions-names-of-rank/officer/warrant-officer.html |title=Warrant Officer |publisher=Naval Historical Center |year=2005 |access-date=11 September 2009}}</ref> Midshipmen had similar duties and responsibilities as in the Royal Navy, and were typically young men between the age of 14 and 22 in training to become a naval officer. "Passed midshipman" was first used in 1819, and was an official rank of the US Navy.<ref name="Hamersly496">{{Harvnb|Hamersly|1881|p=496}}</ref>

During the long period of peace between 1815 and 1846 midshipmen had few opportunities for promotion, and their warrants were often obtained via [[patronage]]. The poor quality of officer training in the US Navy became visible after the [[Somers Affair]], an alleged [[mutiny]] aboard the training ship [[USS Somers (1842)|USS ''Somers'']] in 1842, and the subsequent execution of midshipman [[Philip Spencer (sailor)|Philip Spencer]]. Spencer had gained his post aboard the ''Somers'' via the influence of his father, [[United States Secretary of War]] [[John C. Spencer]].<ref name="miller102">{{Harvnb|Miller|1997|p=102}}</ref>

====United States Navy from 1845====
{{Main|United States Naval Academy}}
Congress formally authorized the establishment of the [[United States Military Academy]] in 1802, but it took almost 50&nbsp;years to approve a similar school for naval officers.<ref name="miller103">{{harvnb|Miller|1997|p=103}}</ref> One major reason for the delay was that Navy leaders preferred the apprenticeship system, citing famous officers such as [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] and the captains of the [[War of 1812]] who did not attend a formal naval school.<ref name="miller103"/> However, after the [[Somers Affair]], officers realized that the system for training officers had to change to be more efficient.<ref name="miller103"/>
[[Image:Midshipman Theodorus B M Mason.png|thumb|alt=A black and white drawing of the shoulders and head of young man wearing the uniform of a midshipman in the United States Navy c. 1868.|Midshipman [[Theodorus B. M. Mason]] of the [[United States Navy]] ({{circa|1868}})<ref name=NYPLMason>{{cite web |url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=1833873&imageID=1663595 |title=Midshipman Theodorus B. M. Mason|access-date=18 June 2010|work=NYPL Digital Gallery|publisher=New York Public Library}}</ref>]]

[[George Bancroft]], appointed [[Secretary of the Navy]] in 1845, decided to work outside of congressional approval and create a new academy for officers.<ref name="miller103"/> He formed a council led by [[Matthew C. Perry|Commodore Perry]] to create a new system for training officers, and turned the old [[Fort Severn]] at [[Annapolis]] into a new institution which would be designated as the [[United States Naval Academy]] in 1851.<ref name="miller103"/> Midshipmen studied at the academy for four years and trained aboard ships each summer.<ref name="usnhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.usna.edu/USNAHistory/history.htm |title=A Brief History of the US Naval Academy |publisher=United States Navy|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> Midshipman began to mean "passed midshipman" at this time, and a student at the Naval Academy was a cadet midshipman.<ref name="Hamersly496"/> The rank of [[Ensign (rank)#United States|ensign]] was created in 1862, and passed midshipmen were promoted to ensign when vacancies occurred.<ref name="Hamersly496"/>

In 1865, the Department of Steam Enginery was created and cadet engineers were admitted to the academy for the first time.<ref name=USNEngHist>{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/MechEngDept/history.php|title=US Naval Academy&nbsp;– Mechanical Engineering Department&nbsp;– History|publisher=United States Naval Academy|access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> In 1874, Congress changed the curriculum to include four years of classroom training and two years of sea duty aboard a regular vessel prior to examinations as warranted midshipmen.<ref name="Hamersly14">{{Harvnb|Hamersly|1881|p=14}}</ref> In 1882, Congress eliminated the distinction in training between engineer and naval cadets, and designated the student officers as naval cadets; the name reverted to midshipmen in 1902.<ref name="usnhistory"/> By an act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as midshipmen were allowed for each [[United States Senate|senator]], [[U.S. House of Representatives|representative]], and [[Delegate (United States Congress)|delegate]] in Congress, two for the [[District of Columbia]], and five each year at large. In 1912, Congress authorized commissioning midshipmen as ensigns on graduation day, and ended the previously required two years of post-graduation sea service as warrant officers.<ref name="usnhistory"/><ref name="midshipmen1912">''Commission of ensign to graduates of the Naval Academy at end of four years' course'', Pub. Law No. 62-98. 37 Stat. 73 (1912). Retrieved 2009-11-11 from Lexis/Nexis Congressional.</ref>

In 1930, the Naval Academy received [[Educational accreditation|accreditation]] as an approved technological institution.<ref name="usnhistory"/> In 1933, a new law enabled the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies to award [[bachelor's degree|bachelor of science degrees]], and the class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma.<ref name="usnhistory"/> In 1937, the superintendent of the Naval Academy was granted the authority to award Bachelor of Science degrees to all living graduates.<ref name="usnhistory"/>

===Cadet officer===
This rank is used in [[Merchant Navy|Merchant Marine/Merchant Navy]] service for those training to be [[Licensed mariner|deck]] or [[Engine officer|engineering]] officers. There are typically two types of cadet officer.

# Deck Cadet
# Engineer Cadet or (U.K.) Marine Engineer Cadet<ref>{{cite web |title=Just Be Maritime - Marine Engineer Cadet |url=https://www.justbemaritime.com/officer-cadetships/marine-engineer-cadet/ |website=Just Be Maritime |publisher=Just Be Maritime Ltd |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>      
# In the U.K. there are also Marine Electro-Technical Cadets<ref>{{cite web |title=Just Be Maritime - Marine Electro-Technical Cadet |url=https://www.justbemaritime.com/officer-cadetships/marine-electro-technical-cadet/ |website=Just Be Maritime |publisher=Just Be Maritime Ltd |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>
#
Cadets may be in a commercial training program, or may be students at state, regional, or National [[List of maritime colleges|maritime colleges or academies]].

===Snotty===
In Royal Navy slang, a midshipman is sometimes referred to as a "snotty". Two popular stories give origins for the term: the first claims that it arose from a shortage of handkerchiefs among midshipmen, who would consequently use their sleeves to wipe their noses. Prince William, later [[William IV of the United Kingdom#Early life|William IV]], is sometimes cited as a notorious example of this practice among midshipmen.<ref name="snotty">{{Harvnb|Penn|1957|p=ix}}</ref> The other story claims that the three buttons formerly sewn onto midshipmen's jacket cuffs were placed there to prevent them from wiping their noses on their sleeves.<ref name=RNMidDef>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/training-and-people/rn-life/navy-slang/covey-crump-a-to-aye/m-class-muster/ |title=M Class&nbsp;– Muster |publisher=Royal Navy|access-date=17 December 2008|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100826153626/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/training-and-people/rn-life/navy-slang/covey-crump-a-to-aye/m-class-muster/|archive-date=2010-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="snotty"/>

==Modern usage==
{{See also|Officer cadet}}

===Royal Navy===
[[File:British Royal Navy OF-D.svg|thumb|right|alt=A piece of white cloth on the lapel of a blue dress coat.|Royal Navy midshipman's insignia<ref name=RNInsignia>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/training-and-people/rn-life/uniforms-and-badges-of-rank/|publisher=Royal Navy|title=Uniforms and Badges of Rank|access-date=16 October 2009|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090127182544/royalnavy.mod.uk/training-and-people/rn-life/uniforms-and-badges-of-rank/|archive-date=2009-01-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
In the modern [[Royal Navy]], a midshipman is the lowest rank of officer, and ranks with [[second lieutenant]] in the [[British Army]] and [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force]] and above all enlisted and [[warrant rank]]s.<ref name=STANAG/><ref name=Pre1965Midshipman>{{cite book|last=Lavery|first=Brian|year=1994|title=Hostilities Only: Training the wartime Royal Navy|publisher=National Maritime Museum|location=Greenwich|page=150}}</ref>{{refn| Pre-1956 Royal Navy and [[Royal Marines]] [[Warrant Officer|warrant officers]] and commissioned officers from Warrant Rank were senior to midshipmen.<ref name=Pre1965Midshipman/>|group=A}}  A midshipman's rank insignia, which has changed little since [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic]] times,<ref name=RNNavyList1834>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg8YAAAAMAAJ&q=midshipmen+turn-back&pg=RA1-PA162|title=The Navy list|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1834|access-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> is called a "turnback":<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rm-badges.com/images/Dress%20Regulations%20RN%20Feb%202013.pdf|publisher=Royal Navy|access-date=1 January 2015|title=Royal Navy Uniform Regulations|page=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412042523/http://www.rm-badges.com/images/Dress%20Regulations%20RN%20Feb%202013.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/uniforms-and-medals/research-guide-u1-uniforms-the-national-maritime-museum-collection|title=Uniform and Medals:Research guide U1: Uniforms: The National Maritime Museum Collection|publisher=National Maritime Museum|access-date=6 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227124345/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/uniforms-and-medals/research-guide-u1-uniforms-the-national-maritime-museum-collection|archive-date=27 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Prospective officers must have at least five [[GCSE]]s, including English and maths, plus at least 72&nbsp;([[UCAS Tariff#New tariff|new tariff]]) [[UCAS]] points from at least two [[A levels]] or other suitable qualifications (each qualification must be over 45 (old tariff) UCAS points). They must pass a two-and-a-half-day assessment, called the [[Admiralty Interview Board]], and a medical examination.<ref name="Connex">{{cite web |title=Royal Navy Officer |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/careers/joining/get-ready-to-join/royal-navy-officer/am-i-eligible |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=Royal Navy}}</ref><ref name="UCAS">{{cite web|url=https://www.ucas.com/ucas/after-gcses/find-career-ideas/explore-jobs/job-profile/royal-navy-officer|title=Royal Navy Officer|date=15 March 2016|publisher=UCAS|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200813/https://www.ucas.com/ucas/after-gcses/find-career-ideas/explore-jobs/job-profile/royal-navy-officer|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Initial officer training for the Royal Navy takes place at [[Britannia Royal Naval College]]. The first two phases are 15&nbsp;weeks each, followed by specialisation training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initial Navy Training (Officer) |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/careers/joining-process/initial-navy-training-officer |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk}}</ref> All prospective officers join as midshipman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaping your career |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/careers/life-in-the-navy/shaping-your-career#officers |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk}}</ref> but use the rank of [[officer cadet]] when under initial training.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/establishments/training-establishments/brnc-dartmouth/initial-officer-training/initial-fleet-time/ |title=Initial Fleet Time |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=19 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080358/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/establishments/training-establishments/brnc-dartmouth/initial-officer-training/initial-fleet-time/ |archive-date=23 January 2010 }}</ref>

During the first seven weeks of training, officer cadets learn militarisation and sea sense, focusing on learning about the military environment, along with team and leadership skills. During the second seven weeks, officer cadets learn essential sea officer skills, including navigation and the marine environment, strategic studies, and basic sea survival. During the second term officer cadets spend 6&nbsp;weeks in Initial Sea Time (IST), serving aboard capital warships as [[Naval rating|junior ratings]]. Upon completion of Initial Sea Time, officer cadets return to Dartmouth for four weeks to complete their final leadership assessment, the Maritime Leadership Exercise (MARL). MARL may be completed prior to IST depending on scheduling. If they have been successful, officers of all branches then pass out of the college.<ref name="IOT">{{cite web |title=Initial Officer Training |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/establishments/training-establishments/brnc-dartmouth/initial-officer-training/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330083719/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/establishments/training-establishments/brnc-dartmouth/initial-officer-training/ |archive-date=30 March 2009 |access-date=6 March 2009 |publisher=Royal Navy}}</ref>

Upon completion of initial officer training, university cadet entrants, engineering, logistics and flight specialisation officer cadets move to their second phase of training elsewhere within the Royal Navy.<ref name=IOT/> [[Warfare Officer|Midshipmen specializing in warfare]] remain at the college for the Initial Warfare Officer's Foundation course, which completes part of a [[foundation degree]] in naval studies (equating to two thirds of a [[bachelor's degree]]), on completion of initial professional training. Officers can complete degrees via distance learning with the [[Open University]], although completion is not required.<ref name=RNService>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/in-service-degree-scheme |title=In Service Degree Scheme |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=5 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724223415/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/in-service-degree-scheme |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref>

====Royal Australian Navy====
A midshipman in the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN) holds a commission, which is effective from the date of their appointment. Officer candidates enter the RAN at various ranks depending on previous experience or degree qualifications; graduates from a three-year course, non-degree qualified entrants, and sailor changeovers below the rank of leading seaman enter as midshipman.<ref name=RANSingleService>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html|publisher=Australian Department of Defence|title=What It Takes to Become a Naval Officer in Five Easy Steps|access-date=6 March 2009|page=18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135055/http://defence.gov.au/ADFA/training/single_service.html|archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref>{{refn| On entry to the Navy, candidates with 3–4 year degrees enter as acting sub-lieutenants or sub-lieutenants. Medical personnel enter as lieutenants, and chaplains enter as commanders.<ref name=RANSingleService/>|group=A}}

On joining the RAN, midshipmen complete six months' initial officer training (New Entry Officers' Course) at the [[Royal Australian Naval College]]. Following this, all members serve six months in the fleet completing Primary Qualification (PQ) continuation training. Direct entry midshipmen continue their normal training and [[Australian Defence Force Academy]] (ADFA) entry midshipmen post to Canberra to study at the ADFA in their second year in the Navy.<ref name="AUSMid">{{cite web |title=Single Service Training |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201122613/http://defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html |archive-date=1 February 2009 |access-date=24 February 2009 |publisher=Australian Department of Defence}}</ref> Midshipmen undertake an undergraduate degree over the course of three years, whilst also completing elements of their naval training.<ref name="ADFA">{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/index.html |title=The Australian Defence Force Academy&nbsp;– Training at ADFA |publisher=Australian Department of Defence |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308054244/http://defence.gov.au/adfa/training/index.html |archive-date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> ADFA midshipmen are also undergraduate students of the [[University of New South Wales]] (UNSW). When they graduate from UNSW at ADFA at the completion of their three- or four-year undergraduate program, they do so with a fully recognized degree from UNSW&nbsp;– the same degree received by graduates of UNSW's campus in Sydney.<ref name=RANDegree>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/undergraduate_degree.html |title=University of New South Wales |publisher=Australian Department of Defence |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216115259/http://defence.gov.au/ADFA/training/undergraduate_degree.html |archive-date=16 February 2009 }}</ref> During Single Service Training (SST) at ADFA, midshipmen have the opportunity to return to sea during the SST period as well as visiting [[Stone frigate|shore establishments]] for PQ related training.<ref name="ADFA"/>

====Royal New Zealand Navy====
In the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] (RNZN), midshipman is the lowest officer rank for officers under training and retained upon completion of initial training by those without a university degree.<ref name="RNZNMid">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil.nz/know-your-navy/rank-structure/officers/mid.htm|title=RNZN Midshipman Rank Slide|publisher=Royal New Zealand Navy|access-date=4 March 2009}}</ref> Unlike officer cadet ranks in the Army, midshipmen are treated as officers but do not hold a commission.<ref name="NZDefenceAct">{{cite web|title=Defence Act 1990|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0028/latest/DLM204978.html?search=qs_act_midshipman_resel&sr=1|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office|access-date=12 May 2009}} Officer, in relation to the Navy, means a person who is of or above the rank of midshipman.</ref> The RNZN has approximately 60&nbsp;midshipmen in service at a time.<ref name="RNZNMid"/>

Midshipman begin their career at Junior Officer Common Training, which lasts 21&nbsp;weeks. After completing their initial training course, midshipmen serve aboard ships for a short time, followed by specialty training for 16&nbsp;weeks.<ref name="NZWarfare">{{cite web |title=Warfare Officer |url=http://www.defencecareers.mil.nz/navy/jobs/warfare-officer |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=Royal New Zealand Navy}}</ref> After approximately two years in the Navy, midshipmen are promoted to ensign.<ref name=NZCareer>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-life/Pages/Climbing-the-ranks.aspx|title=Climbing the Ranks|publisher=Royal New Zealand Navy|access-date=11 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113173614/http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-life/Pages/Climbing-the-ranks.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Officers who entered the service with a university degree are promoted to sub-lieutenant after completion of Junior Officer Common Training.<ref name=NZSupplyOfficer>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-jobs/officers/pages/supply-officer.aspx##careerprogressionchart|title=Supply Officer|publisher=Royal New Zealand Navy|access-date=11 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207090214/http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-jobs/officers/Pages/Supply-Officer.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=7 December 2009}}</ref> Officers without a degree have the option of earning a university degree while serving in the Navy.<ref name=NZTertiary>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/training/Pages/Tertiary-Sponsorship.aspx|title=Tertiary Sponsorship|publisher=Royal New Zealand Navy|access-date=11 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113173722/http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/training/Pages/Tertiary-Sponsorship.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=13 November 2009}}</ref>

====South African Navy====
A midshipman in the [[South African Navy]] (SAN) is an officer of the lowest rank.<ref name=SANRanks/> Officer candidates are citizens between the ages of 18 and 22, either in grade 12 or graduated from high school with an academic background in mathematics and science.<ref name="sanbroch">{{cite web|url=http://www.careers.mil.za/careers/uniformcareers/archives/12951%20BROCHURES%20SA%20NAVY.pdf|title=Military Skills Development|publisher=South African Navy|access-date=4 November 2009|archive-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216015141/http://www.careers.mil.za/careers/uniformcareers/archives/12951%20BROCHURES%20SA%20NAVY.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cadets initially spend a year training at the [[South African Naval College]] in [[Gordon's Bay]], about 55&nbsp;km southeast of [[Cape Town]], and upon graduation are commissioned as midshipmen.<ref name="SANCareer">{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil.za/subservice/career.htm|title=Career Progression|publisher=South African Navy|access-date=19 July 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824045927/http://www.navy.mil.za/subservice/career.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Midshipmen can then study for three more years at the [[South African Military Academy]], and upon graduation receive a B Mil degree from [[Stellenbosch University]].<ref name="SAMA">{{cite web|url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/mil/about/about.asp|title=About the Military Academy|publisher=University of Stellenbosch|access-date=19 March 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080616092857/http://academic.sun.ac.za/mil/about/about.asp| archive-date = 16 June 2008}}</ref>

====Indian Navy====
Midshipmen in the [[Indian Navy]] begin their career as cadets at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] or the [[Indian Naval Academy]], where they study for approximately three years. After graduation they receive a BTech degree from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and are assigned to training ships for one year. After six months aboard the training ship, the cadets are promoted to midshipman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiranandani|first=G M|title=Transition to Triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=1-897829-72-8|oclc=44603776|chapter=21|year=2000|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/book/personnel|access-date=17 September 2009}}</ref> At the end of their training midshipmen are examined by a board and are cleared for promotion to sub-lieutenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armedforces.nic.in/navy/midshipmen.htm|title=Midshipmen|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=11 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718094204/http://armedforces.nic.in/navy/midshipmen.htm|archive-date=18 July 2010}}</ref>

====Pakistan Navy====
Cadets in the [[Pakistan Navy]] undertake an initial 18&nbsp;months' training at the [[Pakistan Naval Academy]]. They study humanities, engineering, professional and technical subjects.<ref name=PN>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Navy Website|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/professional_officer.html|publisher=Pakistan Navy|access-date=30 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201002843/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/professional_officer.html|archive-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> After passing out they are appointed midshipmen, and undertake another six months of training at sea. They are assigned to operations, weapons engineering, mechanical engineering, or logistics. After passing the final fleet examination, they are promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant.<ref name="AFP">{{Harvnb|Cheema|2003|p=89}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| title = Midshipman insignia of Commonwealth nations
|File:Midshipman.PNG|alt1=A piece of white cloth on the shoulder of a blue dress coat with the word Australia, and below a piece of white cloth on a button.|RAN midshipman insignia and patch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/about/organisation/uniform-ranks|title=Uniform Ranks|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|access-date=16 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124133502/http://www.navy.gov.au/about/organisation/uniform-ranks|archive-date=24 January 2015}}</ref>
|File:Royal New Zealand Navy Midshipman Badge.PNG|alt2=A piece of white cloth on the lapel of a blue dress coat.|RNZN midshipman patch<ref name="RNZNMid"/>
|File:Midshipman-SA.png|alt3=A piece of white cloth on the shoulder of a blue dress coat with the words South Africa.|SAN midshipman insignia<ref name="SANRanks">{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/Rank_Insignia.gif|title=Rank Insignia|publisher=Department of Defence, Republic of South Africa|access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref>
|File:Midshipman Pak Navy.png|alt4=A piece of white cloth on the shoulder of a blue dress coat.|Pakistan Navy midshipman insignia
}}

===United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies===
[[File:US Midshipman Insignia.svg|thumb|left|upright|alt=U.S. Navy Midshipman all carry the same military rank but are divided internally into 10 ranks: Midshipman 4th class, abbreviated MIDN 4/C, midshipman 3rd class, abbreviated MIDN 3/C, midshipman 2nd class, abbreviated MIDN 2/C, midshipman 1st class, abbreviated MIDN 1/C, midshipman ensign, abbreviated MIDN ENS, midshipman lieutenant junior grade, abbreviated MIDN LTJG, midshipman lieutenant, abbreviated MIDN LT, midshipman lieutenant commander, abbreviated MIDN LCDR, midshipman commander, abbreviated MIDN CDR, and midshipman captain, abbreviated MIDN CAPT. Each rank has a specific insignia on the shoulder, sleeve and collar to distinguish the rank.|U.S. Navy midshipman rank structure ([[USNA]] & [[NROTC]])<ref name="uniform"/>]]
In the modern United States Navy, a midshipman is classified as an [[officer of the line]], though their exercise of authority is limited by their training status.<ref name="Bracklin">{{cite book |author=Brackin, William L. |title=Naval Orientation (NAVEDTRA 12966) |publisher=United States Navy Naval Education and Training Command | year=1991 |page=9‑9 |url=https://archive.org/stream/navalo91brak#page/n183/mode/2up/ |access-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of uncommissioned officer that ranks between the senior noncommissioned enlisted grade (E-9) and the lowest grade of [[Chief warrant officer#United States Armed Forces|chief warrant officer]] (W-2, in the [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]], which does not currently use the grade of [[Warrant officer (United States)|warrant officer]] (W-1))<ref name="Bracklin"/><ref name="MidshipmanRank">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/uniform_insignia.htm |title=Insignias&nbsp;– Midshipman |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command |access-date=14 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100409094933/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/uniform_insignia.htm |archive-date=9 April 2010 }}</ref>{{refn|The Navy and Coast Guard abolished the grade of warrant officer (W-1) in 1975, but the US Navy again began using W-1 in 2019.|group=A}} or warrant officer (W-1), [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|U.S. Army]], [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Navy|U.S. Navy]], or [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps.]]{{refn|The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps continue to appoint officers to the grade of warrant officer (W-1), as warrant officers they outrank midshipmen (as well as cadets), who are in training to become officers and have yet neither a commission nor warrant of authority. The [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] no longer uses the warrant officer ranks, the [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Public Health Service Commissioned Corps|U.S. Public Health Service]] and [[Warrant Officer (United States)#United States Maritime Service|U.S. Maritime Service]], while authorized warrant officers, have never appointed or commissioned warrant officers, and the [[NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps#Commissioned officers|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] is not authorized warrant officers.|group=A}}

Students at the [[United States Naval Academy]] (USNA) are appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy, by the [[President of the United States|President]], alone, without [[advice and consent#United States|Senate confirmation]].<ref name="USN_Admissions">{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/admissions/faq.htm#nomination|title=FAQ|publisher=U.S. Naval Academy|access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref> Students at the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] (USMMA) are appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy Reserve, by the Secretary of the Navy, using delegated Presidential authority, and are likewise not subject to Senate confirmation.<ref name="USMMA1">{{cite web|url=http://www.navyreserve.com/careers/officer/merchant-marine/|title=Merchant Marine: Officer Opportunities: Careers and Jobs: Navy Reserve|publisher=United States Navy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227141205/http://www.navyreserve.com/careers/officer/merchant-marine/|archive-date=27 December 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=21 July 2010}}</ref> Students in the [[Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps]] (NROTC) are also appointed to Office as midshipmen, [[United States Navy Reserve]], by the Secretary of the Navy, without Senate confirmation.{{refn|Legally, NROTC midshipmen enlist in the Navy Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve for the purpose of being appointed as a midshipman; USNA midshipmen are neither enlisted nor commissioned or warrant officers.<ref name="CNSTCINST15332">{{cite web|url=https://www.netc.navy.mil/_documents/NSTCInstructions/doc77129.pdf|title=Regulations for Officer Development for the Naval Reserve Training Corps|date=2 July 2007|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=26 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524040404/https://www.netc.navy.mil/_documents/NSTCInstructions/doc77129.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>|group=A}}  The student body at the USNA is the [[United States Naval Academy#Rank structure|Brigade of Midshipmen]],<ref name="usnhistorylife">{{cite web |url=http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/life.htm |title=USNA Admissions |publisher=United States Navy|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> and the student body at the USMMA is the Regiment of Midshipmen.<ref name=USMMA2>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmma.edu/academics/default.htm|title=US Merchant Marine Academy|publisher=US Merchant Marine Academy|access-date=9 March 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012024216/http://www.usmma.edu/academics/default.htm| archive-date = 12 October 2007}}</ref>

Generally, a nomination from a member of Congress or the [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] is required to receive an appointment to the USNA. A nomination does not guarantee an appointment; in a typical year about 38% of nominees receive an appointment.<ref name="USN_Admissions"/> Currently each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time.<ref name="USNAA apps">{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/steps4.htm|title=Apply For Nomination|year=2009|publisher=United States Naval Academy|access-date=8 February 2009|archive-date=18 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218110501/http://usna.edu/Admissions/steps4.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other nomination sources include the Secretary of the Navy, who may appoint 170&nbsp;enlisted members of the regular and reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usna.edu/Admissions/Apply/Active-Duty-Service-Applicants.php|title=Active Duty and Reserve Applicants|website=usna.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> and the President may nominate an unlimited number of children of career military personnel for up to 100&nbsp;appointments each year.<ref name="USN_ActiveAppoint">{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/stnompres.htm|title=USNA Admissions&nbsp;– Steps for Admission&nbsp;– Nominations&nbsp;– President|publisher=U.S. Naval Academy|access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref> Additionally, children of [[Medal of Honor]] recipients and select cadets of [[JROTC]] Honor Unit with Distinction units do not need a nomination but need only qualify for admission.<ref name="USN_MedalHonorAppoint">{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/stnommed.htm|title=USNA Admissions&nbsp;– Steps for Admission&nbsp;– Nominations&nbsp;– Children of Medal of Honor Awardees|publisher=U.S. Naval Academy|access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref> The United States Merchant Marine Academy only accepts nominations from members of Congress.  There are currently no Presidential, Vice-Presidential, military-affiliated, JROTC-honor unit, ROTC or Unit Commander, or Medal of Honor nominations permitted to the USMMA.<ref name=USMMA3>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmma.edu/admissions/application/nominations|title=Nominations|publisher=US Merchant Marine Academy|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy, US Merchant Marine Academy, and in the NROTC wear [[United States Naval Academy#Uniforms|uniforms]] that comply with standards established for commissioned officers of the Navy, with shoulder board and sleeve insignia varying by school year or midshipman officer rank as prescribed by Chapter 6 of Navy Uniform Regulations.<ref name="uniform">{{cite web|publisher=Navy Personnel Command|work=United States Navy Uniform Regulations (NAVPERS 15665I)|title=Officer Accession Programs (Article 6101.1)|date=March 2014|access-date=13 November 2015|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/support/uniforms/uniformregulations/chapter6/Pages/6101.aspx|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021208/http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/support/uniforms/uniformregulations/chapter6/Pages/6101.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Midshipmen wear gold fouled anchors as the primary insignia on caps and shoulder boards and gold plain anchors as collar insignia on [[Dress uniform|service dress]] and [[full dress]] uniforms.  Marine-option midshipmen in the NROTC wear gold [[Eagle, Globe, and Anchor|Eagle, Globe and Anchor]] insignia in place of the fouled anchor insignia worn by all other midshipmen.<ref name="uniform"/><ref name="USMC">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/military_requirements.aspx |title=Military Service Requirements |publisher=Naval Service Training Command Officer Development |access-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221550/https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/military_requirements.aspx |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>

Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy study a core curriculum of engineering, natural sciences, the humanities, and social sciences,<ref name="USNAA curric">{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/Academics/|title=Academic Education|year=2009|publisher=United States Naval Academy|access-date=8 February 2009|archive-date=2 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102071454/http://www.usna.edu/academics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and participate in a required "summer cruise" with an active vessel after their freshman (plebe) ad junior academic years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mayportmirror.jacksonville.com/military/mayport-mirror/2012-08-15/story/midshipmen-get-taste-life-sea-uss-philippine-sea |title=Midshipmen Get Taste of Life at Sea on USS Philippine Sea &#124; Mayport Mirror |publisher=Mayportmirror.jacksonville.com |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=4 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518132544/http://mayportmirror.jacksonville.com/military/mayport-mirror/2012-08-15/story/midshipmen-get-taste-life-sea-uss-philippine-sea |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> Upon graduation, midshipmen are commissioned as [[Ensign (rank)|ensigns]] in the Navy or [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenants]] in the Marine Corps.<ref name="USN_Career">{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/admissions/faq.htm#career|title=Career Opportunities|publisher=U.S. Naval Academy|access-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>

Midshipmen at the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] study a similar core curriculum, except they are split into deck (navigation oriented) and engineering programs.  Additionally, they typically spend a year at sea working as cadets on U.S. flagged merchant ships, visiting ports around the world.  At graduation they have two options:  (1) a job in the maritime industry ashore or sailing aboard commercial US-flagged vessels, plus a US Navy Reserve commission,{{refn|Graduates of the USMMA may also request a commission in any of the reserve components, such as the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, although the request is subject to approval by both the U.S. Navy and the gaining Service.|group=A}} or (2) an active-duty commission in any of the [[United States Uniformed Services]] (Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, [[NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps|National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration]], or [[United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps|United States Public Health Service]]) as an ensign or second lieutenant.<ref name="USMMA_Career">{{cite web|url=http://www.usmma.edu/after-graduation|title=After Graduation|publisher=U.S. Merchant Marine Academy|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usmma.edu/after-graduation/obligation-compliance|title=Obligation Compliance|date=2017-05-11|work=U.S. Merchant Marine Academy|access-date=2018-04-29|language=en}}</ref>

=== Mexican Navy ===
[[File:Guardiamarina.gif|thumb|Mexican Midshipman Epaulettes. Notice the [[Elliot's eye]] that differentiates it to the rank of [https://www.gob.mx/semar/documentos/grados-y-equivalencias Primer Maestre], given only to the [[Heroica Escuela Naval Militar]] graduates]]
The [[Mexican Navy]], unlike other countries that use this rank as a cadet's grade in their naval academies, give this rank to the [[Heroica Escuela Naval Militar]]'s graduates, serving an entire year aboard different units (depending on the officer's career, currently Surface Warfare, Marine Corps, and Naval Aviation). During this year of [[internship]], Midshipmen have to perform different Professional Practices to put in practice all the knowledge acquired from the Naval Academy, writing a Thesis Report of all the activities they performed. After completing their Professional Practices, Mdishipmen have to take a Professional Exam in the [[Heroica Escuela Naval Militar]] where, if they approve it, get promoted to the rank of [[Sub-lieutenant|Teniente de Corbeta]].<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=|date=1973 |title=REGLAMENTO para las Prácticas y Examen Profesional de los Guardiamarinas. |url=https://semar.gob.mx/unhicun/decretos/1978/M3-7-78.pdf |website=Diario Oficial de la Federación}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==Other countries==
Today, ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many countries. Using U.S. midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a U.S. ensign in role and responsibility.<ref name="oed"/>

The [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] has included a midshipman rank since the 17th century. The Dutch term ''[[:nl:adelborst|adelborst]]'' translates to "noble youth" and stems from the time that naval officers were recruited from the nobility. Today, ''adelborsten'' train at the [[Royal Netherlands Naval College]] ({{langx|nl|Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine}}) for 3 years.<ref name="adelborst"/>

Officer cadets in the [[German Navy]] begin their training at the [[Naval Academy Mürwik]] ({{langx|de|Marineschule Mürwik}}) in [[Flensburg]]-[[Mürwik]] holding enlisted ranks with the qualifier officer candidate ({{langx|de|Offizieranwärter}}), abbreviated as OA.<ref name=deofficer>{{cite web|url=http://mil.bundeswehr-karriere.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/C1256DC500375C10/W2756H4S323INFODE/Offizier_Marine.pdf|title=Offizier Marine|author=Petra Schmittberger|publisher=German Federal Armed Forces|date=4 February 2009|access-date=6 November 2009|page=12|language=de}}</ref> After about a year, they are promoted to ''Seekadetten'',<ref name=deofficer/> equivalent to the [[non-commissioned officer]] (NCO) rank Mate ({{langx|de|Maat}}), and move to the [[University of the German Federal Armed Forces]].<ref name="STANAG"/> About nine months later, they are promoted to ''Fähnrich zur See'' rank,<ref name=deofficer/> equivalent to the NCO rank Boatswain ({{langx|de|Bootsmann}}).<ref name="STANAG"/> After 30&nbsp;months of total training they are promoted to the final officer candidate rank, ''Oberfähnrich zur See'',<ref name=deofficer/> equivalent to the NCO rank ''Hauptbootsmann'', and after about 4&nbsp;years of total training graduate with a master's degree.<ref name="STANAG"/>

The [[Spanish Navy]] uses the rank of [[:es:Guardiamarina|Guardiamarina]] in 1717, established with the formation at Cadiz of the Royal Company of Midshipmen ({{langx|es|Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas}}).<ref name="Harding145"/><ref name=SpanishGuardiaMarina>{{cite web|url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_escuelas/02_enm--03_historia_es|title=Historia|publisher=Armada Española|access-date=9 April 2009|language=es}}</ref> Titles derived from the Spanish name are used in Latin American navies. This originated in the succession of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] [[Philip V of Spain]] to the Spanish throne, when the French system of naval officer education spread to Spain.<ref name="Harding145"/>  The French rank of ''garde de la marine'' was established in 1670, when an office of the monarchy selected young gentlemen from the nobility to serve the King in the [[Gardes de la Marine]]. The concept of the ''Gardes'' was borrowed from the various guards units within the [[Maison militaire du roi de France]].<ref name="Harding145"/> In 1686 these guards were organized into companies of cadets at the ports of [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]] and [[Toulon]]. Unlike midshipmen in the Royal Navy, the ''Gardes'' trained mostly on shore and focused on military drill and theory rather than practical skills in gunnery, navigation and seamanship.<ref name="nelson281"/><ref name="Harding145"/> By restricting the French officer corps to members of the nobility, there were not enough ''Gardes'' to man all of the ships during wartime.<ref name=Harding145/> To fill the gaps, volunteers were temporarily recruited from the merchant service; they were allowed to hold permanent rank in the navy starting in 1763.<ref name=Harding145/><ref name=Harding229>{{Harvnb|Harding|1999|pp=229–230}}</ref> These professional officers wore blue uniforms to distinguish them from the ''Gardes de la Marine'' who wore red uniforms.<ref name=Harding229/> After the revolution, the royal connotations of the term ''garde marine'' led to its replacement with ''aspirant'' (officer cadet), and later ''élèves de la Marine'' (naval officer candidate).<ref name="nelson281"/>

The [[French Navy]] has adopted new names for officer cadets at the [[:fr:École navale|École navale]] begin their first year as ''[[:fr:élève-officier|élève-officier]]'', are promoted in their second year to ''[[:fr:aspirant|aspirant]]'', and in their third year are commissioned as an acting sub-lieutenant ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe|Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe]]}}).

In many romance languages, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French ''garde-marine'',<ref name="nelson281">{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=281}}</ref> Spanish ''guardia marina'',<ref name="nelson284">{{Harvnb|Lavery|1989|p=284}}</ref> [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''guarda-marinha'', and [[Italian language|Italian]] ''guardiamarina'', and in most cases the term refers to the lowest ranking commissioned naval officer. While in modern French-English dictionaries, ''élève officier'' translates to midshipman, both the historical term ''garde-marine'' and the modern term for an officer candidate, ''aspirant'', are other equivalents to midshipman.<ref name=FrenchDef>{{cite web|url=http://gr.bvdep.com/|title=le Grand Robert|publisher=Dictionnaires Le Robert|access-date=6 April 2009|language=fr|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414125340/http://gr.bvdep.com/|url-status=dead}} (Login required)</ref>{{refn|''Aspirant: Élève de deuxième année de l'École navale'' translates to second year student at the Naval Academy.<ref name=FrenchDef/>|group=A}}<ref name=Harding145>{{Harvnb|Harding|1999|pp=145}}</ref>

===Comparative ranks and insignia===
{{see also|Comparative military ranks|Ranks and insignia of officers of NATO navies}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country, equivalent rank
! Insignia
! Country, equivalent rank
! Insignia
|-
| [[Canadian Forces|Canada]]<br />''[[Naval Cadet]]''{{dot}} ''Aspirant&nbsp;de&nbsp;marine''&nbsp;<ref name=CanRank>{{cite web |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/Insig/navy-marine-eng.asp |title=Army Rank and Appointment Insignia |publisher=Canadian Department of National Defence |access-date=16 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093240/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/Insig/navy-marine-eng.asp |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref>
| [[Image:NCdt-Can-2010.png|center|90px|upright|alt=A narrow gold stripe on a blue sleeve.|Naval Cadet]]

| [[French Navy|France]]<br />''[[:fr:Aspirant|Aspirant]]''&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/patrimoine/tenue/grades/les-grades-de-la-marine-nationale|title=Les grades de la Marine nationale|publisher=Ministère de la défense|access-date=16 January 2015|language=fr}}</ref>
|[[Image:Grade-aspirant.svg|150px|center|alt=A fouled anchor above a dashed gold stripe.|Aspirant]]

|-
|[[German Navy|Germany]]
* [[:de:Seekadett|Seekadett]]
* [[:de:Fähnrich zur See|Fähnrich&nbsp;zur&nbsp;See]]
* [[:de:Oberfähnrich zur See|Oberfähnrich&nbsp;zur&nbsp;See]]&nbsp;<ref name=deofficer/><ref name=DeRank>{{cite web|url=http://www.marine.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/02DB070000000001/W27CFBZY746INFODE/Uniformen_der_Bundeswehr.pdf?yw_repository=youatweb|title=Uniformen|publisher=Deutsche Marine|access-date=18 March 2009|page=20|language=de}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

|{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = 7 - skad.GIF
| width1 = 65
| alt1 = Worn on the sleeve, a gold star surrounded inside of a gold diamond.
| caption1 = ''Seekadett''
| image2 = 9 - fhr zs.GIF
| width2 = 65
| alt2 = Gold star above a gold chevron.
| caption2 = ''Fähnrich zur See''
| image3 = 11_-_ofhr_zs.png
| width3 = 65
| alt3 = Gold star above a horizontal gold bar.
| caption3 = ''Oberfähnrich zur See''
| footer =
}}
| [[Italian Navy|Italy]]<br />''[[:it:Aspirante guardiamarina|Aspirante guardiamarina]]''&nbsp;<ref name=ItRank>{{cite web|url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/uniformigradi/gradi/ufficiali_inf.asp|title=Gradi|publisher=Ministero della Difesa|access-date=16 March 2009|language=it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310055853/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uniformigradi/gradi/ufficiali_inf.asp|archive-date=10 March 2009}}</ref>
| [[Image:IT-Navy-OFD-s.png|70px|center|''Aspirante guardiamarina''|alt=Single gold bar on a blue background.]]
|-
| [[Portuguese Navy|Portugal]]
* [[:pt:Guarda-marinha|Guarda-marinha]]
* [[:pt:Aspirante|Aspirante]]&nbsp;<ref name=PortRank>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinha.pt/PT/amarinha/vidanaval/Pages/Postos.aspx|title=Postos|publisher=Marinha Portuguesa|access-date=16 March 2009|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526171752/http://www.marinha.pt/PT/amarinha/vidanaval/Pages/Postos.aspx|archive-date=26 May 2009}}</ref>
| {{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = POR-Navy-OF1a.svg
| width1 = 70
| alt1 = A single gold stripe with an executive curl in the center
| caption1 = ''Guarda-marinha''
| image2 = POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png
| width2 = 70
| alt2 = A diagonal gold stripe above three circles containing fouled anchors
| caption2 = ''Aspirante''<br /> (student from the [[Portuguese Naval School|''Escola Naval'']])
| image3 = POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png
| width3 = 70
| alt3 = A single thin gold stripe with an executive curl in the center.
| caption3 = ''Aspirante''<br /> (not student from the ''Escola Naval'')
| footer =
}}

| [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Netherlands]]
* [[:nl:Adelborst|Adelborst]]&nbsp;<ref name="adelborst">{{cite web|url=http://www.onderscheidingenhuis.nl/downloads/VKM_003.pdf|title=Voorschrift Koninklijke Marine 003: Uniformen Voor Militairen van de Koninklijke Marine (VKM 003)|page=69|publisher=Koninklijke Marine|year=2008|access-date=19 October 2009|language=nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162605/http://www.onderscheidingenhuis.nl/downloads/VKM_003.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Korporaal adelborst
* Sergeant adelborst
| {{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg
| width1 = 70
| alt1 = Worn on the sleeve near the shoulder, no stripes
| caption1 = ''Adelborst''
| image2 = Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg
| width2 = 70
| alt2 = two gold chevrons
| caption2 = ''Korporaal adelborst''
| image3 = Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg
| width3 = 70
| alt3 = three gold chevrons on a blue background
| caption3 = ''Sergeant adelborst''
| footer =
}}

|-
| [[Spanish Navy|Spain]]<br />''[[:es:Guardiamarina|Guardiamarina]]{{dot}} [[:es:Aspirante|Aspirante]]''&nbsp;<ref name=EsRank>{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_empleo/prefLang_en/06_divisas--01_divisas_es|title=Badges and Emblems|publisher=Armada Española|access-date=16 March 2009|language=es}}</ref>
| [[Image:SP Alumnos.gif|180px|center|''Guardiamarina'' (left, 4th year) and ''Aspirante'' (right, 2nd year)|alt=Two diagonal fouled anchors above two horizontal gold stripes, and a single fouled anchor above two gold stripes.]]
| [[Royal Norwegian Navy|Norway]]<br />''[[:no:Kvartermester|Kvartermester]]''&nbsp;<ref name="STANAG">{{cite book|title=STANAG 2116: NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel | publisher=NATO | date=13 March 1996 }}</ref>{{refn|Officer candidates in the Norwegian Navy hold the rank of Kvartermester.<ref name="STANAG"/>|group=A}}
|[[Image:Kvartermester.JPG|center|90px|alt=A gold bar on the shoulder of a blue dress coat.|Kvartermester sleeve insignia]]
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=A|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last1=Blake|first1=Nicholas|last2=Lawrence|first2=Richard|title=The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2005|isbn=0-8117-3275-4|oclc=70659490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NdhjSOpqpcC&q=Midshipman%20post%20not%20rank&pg=PA72}}
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{{refend}}

{{UK officer ranks}}
{{US officer ranks}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Naval ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Australia]]
[[Category:Former military ranks of Canada]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Marine occupations]]