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{{Short description|Serbian-American electrical engineer and inventor (1858–1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Mihajlo Pupin
| native_name       = {{No bold|Михајло Пупин}}
| image             = Mihajlo Pupin.jpg
| caption           = Pupin, {{Circa|1890}}
| birth_name        = Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1858|10|04}}
| birth_place       = [[Idvor]], [[Austrian Empire]]<br>(now [[Serbia]])
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1935|03|12|1858|10|04}}
| death_place       = [[New York City]], U.S.
| resting_place     = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], New York City
| other_names       = Michael Pupin
| citizenship       = {{Plain list|
* Austria (1858–1883)
* United States (1883–1935)
}}
| alma_mater        = {{Plain list|
* [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], 1883)
* [[University of Cambridge]] (no degree)
* [[University of Berlin]] ([[PhD]], 1889)
}}
| known_for         = [[Loading coil#Michael Pupin|Pupin coils]] (1899)
| spouse            = {{Marriage|Sarah Catharine Jackson|1888}}
| children          = 1
| relatives         = [[Justina Pupin Košćal]] (great-granddaughter)
| awards            = {{Plain list|
* [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|Membership of NAS]] (1905)
* [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1905)
* [[AIEE Edison Medal]] (1920)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/IEEE_Edison_Medal |title=IEEE Edison Medal |author=IEEE Global History Network |year=2011 |publisher=IEEE History Center |access-date=8 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[IRE Medal of Honor]] (1924)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor |title=IEEE Medal of Honor |author=IEEE Global History Network |year=2011 |publisher=IEEE History Center |access-date=8 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[John Fritz Medal]] (1932)
}}
| fields            = [[Physics]]
| work_institutions = Columbia University (1889–1931)
| thesis_title      = Osmotic Pressure and its Relation to Free Energy
| thesis_year       = 1889
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Hermann von Helmholtz]]
| academic_advisors = [[John Tyndall]]
| notable_students  = {{Plain list|
* [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]]
* [[Robert Andrews Millikan]]
}}
| module            = {{Infobox writer
| embed             = yes
| genre             = [[Autobiography]]
| notable_works     = ''[[From Immigrant to Inventor]]'' (1923)
| awards            = [[Pulitzer Prize]] (1924)
| signature         = Pupin signature.png
}}
}}

'''Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin''' ({{Lang-sr-Cyrl|Михајло Идворски Пупин}}, {{IPA|sh|miˈxǎjlo ˈîdʋoɾski ˈpǔpin|pron}}; October 4, 1858<ref name="birth year">Although Pupin's birth year is sometimes given as 1854 (and Serbia and Montenegro issued a postage stamp in 2004 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of his birth), peer-reviewed sources list his birth year as 1858.  See:
* Daniel Martin Dumych, "[http://www.anb.org/articles/13/13-01339.html?a=1&n=Pupin&ia=-at&ib=-bib&d=10&ss=0&q=1 Pupin, Michael Idvorsky (4 Oct. 1858 – 12 Mar. 1935)]," ''American National Biography Online'', Oxford University Press, 2005.  Accessed 11 March 2008.
* Bergen Davis, "[http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/mpupin.pdf Biographical Memoir of Michael Idvorksy Pupin]", ''National Academy of Sciences of the United States Biographical Memoirs'', tenth memoir of volume XIX (1938), pp. 307–323.  Accessed 11 March 2008.
* According to Pupin's obituary notice in the ''New York Times'', (14 March 1935, p. 21), he died "in his 77th year." {{ProQuest |<!--insert ProQuest data here--> }}</ref><ref>The [http://www.teslasociety.com/pbust.htm Tesla Memorial Society tribute webpage], though dedicated to a "150 years" birthday celebration in 2004, includes a photo of Pupin's gravestone showing the dates 4 October 1858 and 12 March 1935.  Accessed 9 October 2011.</ref> – March 12, 1935), also known as '''Michael Pupin''', was a Serbian-American [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]], [[physicist]] and inventor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mihajlo-Pupin |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mihajlo-Pupin}}</ref>

Pupin is best known for his numerous patents, including a means of greatly extending the range of long-distance [[telephone]] communication by placing [[loading coil]]s (of wire) at predetermined intervals along the [[transmission (telecommunications)|transmitting]] wire (known as "pupinization"). Pupin was a founding member of [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) on 3 March 1915, which later became [[NASA]],<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA – First Meeting |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/GPN-2000-001571.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150208181154/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/GPN-2000-001571.html |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=27 December 2012 |publisher=Nasa.gov}}</ref> and he participated in the founding of [[American Mathematical Society]] and [[American Physical Society]].

In 1924, he won a [[Pulitzer Prize]] for his autobiography. Pupin was elected president or vice-president of the highest scientific and technical institutions, such as the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]], [[the New York Academy of Sciences]], the Radio Institute of America, and [[the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]. He was also an [[honorary consul]] of Serbia in the United States from 1912 to 1920 and played a role in determining the borders of newly formed [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/437597/Pupinovi-uspesi-u-Sen-Zermenu|title=Пупинови успеси у Сен Жермену|website=Politika Online|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47657548|title=The role of Michael Pupin in solving of Serbian national question {{!}} Request PDF|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Idvor - Rodna kuća Mihaila Pupina.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Pupin's birthplace]]
Mihajlo Pupin was an ethnic Serb,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYT-ZXmVKFMC&q=five+cents&pg=PA10 |title=From Immigrant to Inventor – Michael Pupin|via=Google Boeken |date=2005 |access-date=2012-12-27|pages=2–9, 26|isbn=9781596055155 |last1=Pupin |first1=Michael |publisher=Cosimo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=порекло-михајла-пупина|date=June 2021 |url=https://patmos.rs/2021/06/01/порекло-михајла-пупина/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mihajlo-Pupin |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mihajlo-Pupin}}</ref> born on 4 October (22 September, [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) in the village of [[Idvor]] (in the modern-day municipality of [[Kovačica (town)|Kovačica]], Serbia) in the region of [[Banat]], in the [[Military Frontier]] of the [[Austrian Empire]],  1858. He always remembered the words of his mother and cited her in his autobiography, ''[[From Immigrant to Inventor]]'' (1923):<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pupin |first=Michael Idvorsky |url=https://archive.org/details/fromimmigranttoi00pupi/mode/2up |title=From immigrant to inventor |date=1923 |publisher=New York, London, C. Scribner's Sons |others=Snell Library Northeastern University}}</ref>

{{blockquote|My boy, If you wish to go out into the world about which you hear so much at the neighborhood gatherings, you must provide yourself with another pair of eyes; the eyes of reading and writing. There is so much wonderful knowledge and learning in the world which you cannot get unless you can read and write. Knowledge is the golden ladder over which we climb to heaven; knowledge is the light which illuminates our path through this life and leads to a future life of everlasting glory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radnaetika.org/content/view/176/57/lang,en/|title=Centar za savremenu edukaciju – Michael I. Pupin : From Immigrant to Inventor|date=11 February 2009|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211041435/http://radnaetika.org/content/view/176/57/lang,en/|archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref>}}

Pupin went to elementary school in his birthplace, to Serbian Orthodox school, and later to German elementary school in [[Perlez]]. He enrolled in high school in [[Pančevo]], and later in the [[Gymnasium (school)|Real Gymnasium]]. He was one of the best students there; a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, and influenced the authorities to give Pupin a scholarship.

Because of his activity in the "Serbian Youth" movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to [[Prague]], where he continued the sixth and first half of the seventh year. After his father died in March 1874, the twenty-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States.

{{blockquote|When I landed at [[Castle Garden]], forty-eight years ago, I had only five cents in my pocket. Had I brought five hundred dollars, instead of five cents, my immediate career in the new, and to me perfectly strange, land would have been the same. A young immigrant such as I was then does not begin his career until he has spent all the money which he has brought with him. I brought five cents, and immediately spent it upon a piece of [[prune]] pie, which turned out to be a bogus prune pie. It contained nothing but pits of prunes. If I had brought five hundred dollars, it would have taken me a little longer to spend it, mostly upon bogus things, but the struggle which awaited me would have been the same in each case. It is no handicap to a boy immigrant to land here penniless; it is not a handicap to any boy to be penniless when he strikes out for an independent career, provided that he has the stamina to stand the hardships that may be in store for him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYT-ZXmVKFMC&q=five+cents&pg=PA10 |title=From Immigrant to Inventor – Michael Pupin – Google Boeken |date=2005-11-30 |access-date=2012-12-27|isbn=9781596055155 |last1=Pupin |first1=Michael |publisher=Cosimo }}</ref>}}

==Studies in America and Ph.D.==
[[File: Portrait of Michael Idvorsky Pupin (1858-1935), Physicist (2551884992) (deriv).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pupin c. 1935]]
For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer (most notably at the biscuit factory on Cortlandt Street in Manhattan) while he learned English, Greek and Latin. He also gave private lectures. After three years of various courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]], where he became known as an exceptional athlete and scholar. A friend of Pupin's predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, and that Columbia would do anything for a good oarsman. A popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time.

After Pupin completed his studies, with emphasis in the fields of physics and mathematics, he returned to Europe, initially the United Kingdom (1883–1885), where he continued his schooling supervised by [[John Tyndall]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. He obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at the [[University of Berlin]] under [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] with a dissertation titled "Osmotic Pressure and its Relation to Free Energy".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=dejan.paunovic |title=Scientist Mihailo Pupin |url=https://www.pupin.rs/en/about-imp/scientist-mihailo-pupin/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Institute Mihajlo Pupin |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Professor at Columbia University ==
In 1889 Pupin returned to Columbia University, where he was offered a position as "Teacher of Mathematical Physics in the Department of Electrical Engineering".<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Immigrant to Inventor, by Michael Pupin—A Project Gutenberg eBook |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/66886/66886-h/66886-h.htm#xi |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Shortly afterwards he was appointed associate professor, and in 1901 professor of electromechanics.<ref name=":1" /> Pupin's research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis.<ref name="ieeeghn.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/6/6f/Pupin_-_obituaries_for_pupin.pdf|title=Engineering and Technology History Wiki|date=16 May 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:First Meeting of the NACA 1915 - GPN-2000-001571.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|First meeting of the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]] in 1915 (Pupin seated first from right)]]
He was an early investigator into [[X-ray]] imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect.<ref>Nicolaas A. Rupke, ''Eminent Lives in Twentieth-Century Science and Religion'', p. 300, Peter Lang, 2009 {{ISBN|3631581203}}.</ref> He learned of [[Wilhelm Röntgen|Röntgen's]] discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself.  Using a vacuum tube, which he had previously used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases, he made successful images on 2 January 1896. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate [[Fluoroscopy|fluoroscopic screen]] which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the exposure time by twenty times, from one hour to a few minutes. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays. With his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes.  A New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove [[lead shot]] from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a well-known lawyer, was "too weak and nervous to be stood still nearly an hour" which is the time it took to get an X-ray photo at the time. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate and the patient's hand on the screen. X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate. A fairly good image was obtained with an exposure of only a few seconds and showed the shot as if "drawn with pen and ink." Dr. Bull was able to take out all of the lead balls in a very short time.<ref>William R. Hendee, E. Russell Ritenour, ''Medical Imaging Physics'', p. 227, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 {{ISBN|047146113X}}.</ref><ref>Pupin, pp. 307–308</ref>

==Pupin coils==
Pupin's 1899 patent for [[loading coil]]s, archaically called "Pupin coils", followed closely on the pioneering work of the English polymath [[Oliver Heaviside]], which predates Pupin's patent by some seven years. The importance of the patent was made clear when the American rights to it were acquired by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), making him wealthy. Although AT&T bought Pupin's patent, they made little use of it, as they already had their own development in hand led by [[George Ashley Campbell|George Campbell]] and had up to this point been challenging Pupin with Campbell's own patent. AT&T were afraid they would lose control of an invention which was immensely valuable due to its ability to greatly extend the range of long-distance telephones and especially submarine ones.

==World War I research==
When the United States joined the [[First World War]] in 1917, Pupin was working at [[Columbia University]], organizing a research group for submarine detection techniques.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/scientist-and-inventor-mihailo-pupin |title=Scientist and inventor – Mihailo Pupin &#124; EEP |publisher=Electrical-engineering-portal.com |date=11 April 2011 |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>
Together with his colleagues, professors Wils and Morcroft, he performed numerous experiments with the aim of discovering submarines at [[Key West]] and [[New London, Connecticut|New London]]. He also conducted research in the field of establishing telecommunications between places. During the war, Pupin was a member of the state council for research and state advisory board for aeronautics. For his work he received acclamation from President [[Warren G. Harding]], which was published on page 386 of his autobiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/PUPIN_BIO.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/PUPIN_BIO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2004 |title=Australian Web Archive |publisher=webarchive.nla.gov.au |date=23 August 2006 |access-date=27 December 2012}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Yugoslavia borders==
[[File:Mihajlo Pupin in 1916 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Pupin in 1916]]

By [[World War I]], Pupin was as well-known for [[Serbian nationalism]] as science. He wrote that the [[assassination of Franz Ferdinand]] in June 1914 "was ... prepared in Vienna" when [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] began in 1878. [[Pan-Serb]] ideology was, Pupin said, "a natural heritage of every true Serb".<ref name="pupin19140713">{{Cite magazine |last=Pupin |first=Michael |date=1914-07-13 |title=Serb and Austrian |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n72/mode/1up |magazine=The Independent |pages=67–68 |access-date=2022-05-17}}</ref> As a politically influential figure in America, Pupin participated in the final decisions of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris peace conference]] after the war, when the borders of the future kingdom (of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) were drawn. Pupin stayed in Paris for two months during the peace talk (April–May 1919) on the insistence of the government.<ref name="doiserbia.nb.rs">{{cite journal|title=О НАЦИОНАЛНОМ РАДУ МИХАЈЛА ПУПИНА|trans-title=On The National Work of Mihajla Pupin |lang=sr|first1=Mirko|last1=Grčić|first2=Rajko|last2=Gnjato|journal=Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society|year=2004|volume=84|issue=2|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-3593/2004/0350-35930402071G.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911034506/https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-3593/2004/0350-35930402071G.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-11|access-date=2024-08-05}}</ref>

{{blockquote|My home town is Idvor, but this fact says little because Idvor can't be found on the map. That is a small village which is found near the main road in Banat, which belonged to Austro-Hungary, and now is an important part of Serbs, Croatians and Slovenians Kingdom. This province on the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, was requested by the Romanians, but their request was invalid. They could not negate the fact that the majority of the inhabitants were Serbs, especially in the Idvor area. President Wilson and Mr. [[Robert Lansing|Lancing]] knew me personally and when found out that I was originally from Banat, Romanian reasons lost its weight.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYT-ZXmVKFMC |title=From Immigrant to Inventor – Michael Pupin – Google Boeken |access-date=2012-12-27|isbn=9781596055155 |last1=Pupin |first1=Michael |year=2005 |publisher=Cosimo }}</ref>}}

According to the [[Treaty of London (1915)|London agreement]] from 1915. it was planned that Italy should get [[Dalmatia]]. After the secret London agreement France, England and Russia asked from Serbia some territorial concessions to Romania and Bulgaria. Romania should have gotten Banat and Bulgaria should have gotten a part of Macedonia all the way to Skoplje.<ref name="doiserbia.nb.rs"/>

In a difficult situation during the negotiations on the borders of Yugoslavia, Pupin personally wrote a memorandum on 19 March 1919 to American president [[Woodrow Wilson]], who, based on the data received from Pupin about the historical and ethnic characteristics of the border areas of [[Dalmatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Istria]], [[Banat]], [[Međimurje]], [[Baranya (region)|Baranja]] and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], stated that he did not recognize the London agreement signed between the allies and Italy.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

==Mihajlo Pupin foundation==
[[File:Narodni dom Mihajla I. Pupina 04.jpg|thumb|National Home Mihajlo I. Pupin, Pupin's Foundation in his hometown of Idvor ([[Vojvodina]], Serbia). Today is the part of the [[Memorial Complex in Idvor (Mihajlo Pupin)|Memorial Complex in Idvor]], which is dedicated to the life and work of Mihajlo Pupin and protected as a [[Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)|cultural monument of exceptional importance.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Споменици културе у Србији |url=http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=699 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs}}</ref>]]
In 1914, Pupin formed "Fund Olimpijada Aleksić-Pupin" within the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanu.ac.rs/sanunov/fondovi_i_zaduzbine.asp |title=САНУ, Српска академија наука и уметности – Фондови и задужбине |publisher=Sanu.ac.rs |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> to commemorate his mother Olimpijada for all the support she gave him through life. Fund assets were used for helping schools in old Serbia and Macedonia, and scholarships were awarded every year on the Saint Sava day. One street in [[Ohrid]] was named after Mihajlo Pupin in 1930 to honour his efforts. He also established a separate "Mihajlo Pupin fund" which he funded from his own property in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which he later gave to "Privrednik" for schooling of young people and for prizes in "exceptional achievements in agriculture", as well as for Idvor for giving prizes to pupils and to help the church district.<ref name="glas-javnosti.rs">{{cite web|url=http://www.glas-javnosti.rs/clanak/glas-javnosti-06-01-2008/zaduzbinarstvo-za-dobrobit-svog-naroda |title=Zadužbinarstvo – za dobrobit svog naroda &#124; Glas javnosti |publisher=Glas-javnosti.rs |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>

Thanks to Pupin's donations, the library in [[Idvor]] got a reading room, schooling of young people for agriculture sciences was founded, as well as the electrification and waterplant in Idvor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:276500-Domovina-u-srcu |title=Domovina u srcu &#124; Ostali članci |publisher=Novosti.rs |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> Pupin also donated over 500 publications to [[Belgrade University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Пројекат Растко: Даница Филиповић : Посебне библиотеке (легати) у Универзитетској библиотеци "Светозар Марковић" у Београду |url=https://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12733#_Toc202965073 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.rastko.rs}}</ref> His gifts included scientific books and subscriptions in preparation of the opening of the new building in 1926, and continued with numerous volumes from his private collection in 1932 and 1933.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Поклон Михајла Пупина Универзитетској библиотеци |url=http://arhiva.unilib.rs/unilib/o_nama/izlozbe/mihajlo_pupin/poklon.php |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=arhiva.unilib.rs}}</ref> Pupin established a foundation in the [[National Museum of Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]]. The funds of the foundation were used to purchase works of Serbian artists (including [[Uroš Predić]], [[Paja Jovanović]], [[Konstantin Danil]], among others) for the museum, and for the printing of certain publications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pupinova umetnost darivanja {{!}} SEEcult.org |url=http://www.seecult.org/vest/pupinova-umetnost-darivanja |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.seecult.org}}</ref> Pupin invested a million dollars in the funds of the foundation.<ref name="glas-javnosti.rs"/>

In 1909,<ref>{{Cite web |last=valentina.timcenko |date=2022-10-09 |title=Institute Mihajlo Pupin celebrates Mihajlo Pupin's birthday |url=https://www.pupin.rs/en/2022/10/institute-mihajlo-pupin-celebrates-mihajlo-pupins-birthday/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Institute Mihajlo Pupin |language=en-GB}}</ref> he established one of the oldest Serbian emigrant organizations in the United States called "Union of Serbs – ''Sloga''." The organization had a mission to gather Serbs in immigration and offer help, as well as keeping ethnic and cultural values. This organization later merged with three other immigrant societies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1003341 |title=Vreme 1073 – Atlas naucnika: Sta je meni Mihajlo Pupin |date=27 July 2011 |publisher=Vreme.com |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>

Other emigrant organizations in to one large Serbian national foundation, and Pupin was one of its founders and a longtime president (1909–1926).

He also organized "Kolo srpskih sestara" (English: Circle of Serbian sisters) who gathered help for the Serbian Red Cross, and he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the [[First World War]] with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "[[Serbian National Defense Council]]" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the [[Second World War]] this organization was rehabilitated by [[Jovan Dučić]] and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to [[Serbia]] with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes and shelter for war orphans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snd-us.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=4 |title=Српска народна одбрана у Америци у Првом и Другом светском рату |publisher=Snd-us.com |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>

==Literary work==
[[File:Pupin Hall.jpg|thumb|Pupin Hall at Columbia University]]
Besides his patents he published several dozen scientific disputes, articles, reviews and a 396-page autobiography under the name Michael Pupin, ''[[From Immigrant to Inventor]]'' ([[Scribner's]], 1923).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">[http://lccn.loc.gov/23013553 "From immigrant to inventor"]. Library of Congress Catalog Record. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</ref> He won the annual [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography or Autobiography |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Biography-or-Autobiography |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikicu.com/Pulitzer_Prize |title=Pulitzer Prize – WikiCU, the Columbia University wiki encyclopedia |publisher=Wikicu.com |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> It was published in Serbian in 1929 under the title ''From pastures to scientist'' (Od pašnjaka do naučenjaka).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gerila.com/knjige/katalog/1335.htm |title=Sa pasnjaka do naucenjaka – Mihajlo Pupin |publisher=Gerila.com |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415050049/http://www.gerila.com/knjige/katalog/1335.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012  }}</ref> Beside this he also published:
* Pupin Michael: ''Der Osmotische Druck und Seine Beziehung zur Freien Energie, Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doctorwurde, Buchdruckerei von Gustav Shade'', Berlin, June 1889.
* Pupin Michael: ''Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors'', John Wiley & Sons. 1894.
* Pupin Michael: ''Serbian Orthodox Church'' (South Slav Monuments) J. Murray. London, 1918.
* Pupin Michael: ''Yugoslavia''. (In Association for International Conciliation Amer. Branch —Yugoslavia). [[American Association for International Conciliation]]. 1919.
* Pupin Michael: ''The New Reformation; from Physical to Spiritual Realities'', Scribner, New York, 1927.
* Pupin Michael: ''Romance of the Machine'', Scribner, New York, 1930.
* Pupin Michael: Discussion by M. Pupin and other prominent engineers in ''Toward Civilization'', edited by C. A. Beard. Longmans, Green & Co. New York, 1930.

==Pupin Hall==
[[File:Pupin Hall Columbia.jpg|thumb|Pupin Physics Laboratories at Columbia University]]
Columbia University's Physical Laboratories building, built in 1927, is named [[Pupin Hall]] in his honor. It houses the [[Columbia University Physics Department|physics]] and [[astronomy]] departments of the university. During Pupin's tenure, [[Harold C. Urey]], in his work with the [[hydrogen]] isotope [[deuterium]] demonstrated the existence of [[heavy water]], the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories (1931). In 1934 Urey was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for the work he performed in Pupin Hall related to his discovery of "heavy hydrogen".<ref name="Urey Nobel Prize Motivation">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/urey-facts.html | title=Harold C. Urey – Facts | publisher=Nobelprize.org | access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

==Patents==
[[File:Statua Mihajla Pupina u Novom Sadu.JPG|thumb|Statue of Pupin in [[Novi Sad]]]]
[[File:Narodni dom Mihajla I. Pupina 02.jpg|thumb|Pupin's bust above the entrance of the National Home in [[Idvor]], the work of sculptor [[Ivan Meštrović]]]]
Pupin released about 70 technical articles and reviews<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/michael-idvorsky-pupin/|title=Michael Idvorsky Pupin Summary|access-date=11 August 2019|via=www.bookrags.com}}</ref> and 34 patents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/michael_pupin.html|title=Michael Idvorsky Pupin|website=c250.columbia.edu|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

{| class = "sortable" | border="1" cellpadding="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size:90%"
|+'''Patents released in America'''
! '''Number of patent''' ||'''Date'''
|-
| {{US patent|519346}} ''Apparatus for telegraphic or telephonic transmission''||8 May 1894
|-
| {{US patent|519347}} ''Transformer for telegraphic, telephonic or other electrical systems''||8 May 1894
|-
| {{US patent|640515}} ''Art of distributing electrical energy by alternating currents''||2 January 1900
|-
| {{US patent|640516}} ''Electrical transmission by resonance circuits''||2 January 1900
|-
| {{US patent|652230}} ''Art of reducing attenuation of electrical waves and apparatus therefore''||19 June 1900
|-
| {{US patent|652231}} ''Method of reducing attenuation of electrical waves and apparatus therefore''||19 June 1900
|-
| {{US patent|697660}} ''Winding-machine''||15 April 1902
|-
| {{US patent|707007}} ''Multiple telegraphy''||12 August 1902
|-
| {{US patent|707008}} ''Multiple telegraphy''||12 August 1902
|-
| {{US patent|713044}} ''Producing asymmetrical currents from symmetrical alternating electromotive process''||4 November 1902
|-
| {{US patent|768301}} ''Wireless electrical signalling''||23 August 1904
|-
| {{US patent|761995}} ''Apparatus for reducing attenuation of electric waves''||7 June 1904
|-
| {{US patent|1334165}} ''Electric wave transmission''||16 March 1920
|-
| {{US patent|1336378}} ''Antenna with distributed positive resistance''||6 April 1920
|-
| {{US patent|1388877}} ''Sound generator''||3 December 1921
|-
| {{US patent|1388441}} ''Multiple antenna for electrical wave transmission''||23 December 1921
|-
| {{US patent|1415845}} ''Selective opposing impedance to received electrical oscillation''||9 May 1922
|-
| {{US patent|1416061}} ''Radio receiving system having high selectivity''||10 May 1922
|-
| {{US patent|1456909}} ''Wave conductor''||29 May 1922
|-
| {{US patent|1452833}} ''Selective amplifying apparatus''||24 April 1923
|-
| {{US patent|1446769}} ''Aperiodic pilot conductor''||23 February 1923
|-
| {{US patent|1488514}} ''Selective amplifying apparatus''||1 April 1923
|-
| {{US patent|1494803}} ''Electrical tuning''||29 May 1923
|-
| {{US patent|1503875}} ''Tone producing radio receiver''||29 April 1923
|}

==Honors and tributes==
{{refbegin|2}}
Mihajlo Pupin was:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtt-serbia.org.rs/microwave_review/pdf/Vol11No1-02-AMarincic.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051943/http://www.mtt-serbia.org.rs/microwave_review/pdf/Vol11No1-02-AMarincic.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mihajlopupin.info/?page_id=9 |title=Prilozi. : Mihajlo Pupin |publisher=Mihajlopupin.info |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723003430/http://www.mihajlopupin.info/?page_id=9 |archive-date=23 July 2013  }}</ref>

;Titles
* President of the [[Institute of Radio Engineers]], US (1917)
* President of [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] (1925–26)
* President of [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
* President of [[New York Academy of Sciences]]

;Memberships
* Honorary member of German Electrical Society
* Honorary member of [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]]
* Member of [[National Academy of Sciences]]
* Member of [[French Academy of Sciences]]
* Member of [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
* Member of [[American Mathematical Society]]
* Member of [[American Philosophical Society]]
* Member of [[American Physical Society]]

;Degrees
* Doctor of science, [[Columbia University]] (1904)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[Johns Hopkins University]] (1915)
* Doctor of science, [[Princeton University]] (1924)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[New York University]] (1924)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[Muhlenberg College]] (1924)
* Doctor of engineering, [[Case School of Applied Science]] (1925)
* Doctor of science, [[George Washington University]] (1925)
* Doctor of science, [[Union College]] (1925)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[Marietta College]] (1926)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[University of California]] (1926)
* Doctor of science, [[Rutgers University]] (1926)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[Delaware University]] (1926)
* Honorable doctor of science, Canyon College (1926)
* Doctor of science, [[Brown University]] (1927)
* Doctor of science, [[University of Rochester]] (1927)
* Honorable doctor of science, [[Middlebury College]] (1928)
* Doctor of science, [[University of Belgrade]] (1929)
* Doctor of science, [[Charles University in Prague|University of Prague]] (1929)

;Medals
* Eliot Kresson Medal, [[Franklin Institute]] (1902)
* Herbert award, [[French Academy of Sciences]] (1916)
* [[IEEE Edison Medal]], [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] (now [[IEEE]]) (1919)
* Honorable medal, American Radio Institute (1924)
* [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] (1924)
* George Washington Award, Western Society of Engineers (1928)
* [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|White eagle]], first degree, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929)
* Order of the White Lion of Czechoslovakia (1929)
* [[John Fritz Medal]], [[American Association of Engineering Societies]] (1931)[17]

;Other
* Pupin was pictured on the old 50 million [[Yugoslav dinar]] banknote.
* Home page world web browser Google has been dedicated on 9 October 2011, to 157th birth anniversary of scientist Mihajlo Pupin. On the drawing in honor of the Pupin birth symbolically represented as a boy and a girl with two different hills talking on the phone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/gugl-obiljezava-157-godinu-rodenja-mihajla-pupina-clanak-41542 |title=Gugl obilježava 157. godinu od rođenja Mihajla Pupina – Vijesti online |publisher=Vijesti.me |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>
* The Central Radio Institute was renamed the [[Mihajlo Pupin Institute|Telecommunication and Automation Institute "Mihailo Pupin"]] in his honor in 1956.<ref name=IMP>{{cite web|title=Timeline|url=http://www.pupin.rs/en/about-imp/timeline/|work=Institute Mihailo Pupin|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref>
* A small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]], in the eastern part of the [[Mare Imbrium]], was named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/tl_to_htm.pl?section=person&item=45|title=IEC – Techline > Pupin, Mihajlo|date=21 September 2007|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921075859/http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/tl_to_htm.pl?section=person&item=45|archive-date=21 September 2007}}</ref>
* He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as [[Society for Science & the Public]], from 1926 to 1929.
* Honorary citizen, cities of [[Zrenjanin]], [[Ohrid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zrenjanin.rs/1-87-17-0/Pocasni-gradjani |title=Grad Zrenjanin – Počasni građani |publisher=Zrenjanin.rs |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827032457/http://www.zrenjanin.rs/1-87-17-0/Pocasni-gradjani |archive-date=27 August 2012  }}</ref> and [[Municipality of Bled]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenskenovice.si/novice/slovenija/pupin-je-na-luni-bo-tudi-na-bledu-dobil-spomenik|title=Pupin je na Luni, bo tudi na Bledu dobil spomenik? |publisher=slovenskenovice.si |date=2 February 2013|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>
* Various streets across Serbia are named after him, including major boulevards in the cities of Belgrade and Novi Sad
* Numerous schools in Serbia are named after him, including the Tenth Belgrade Gymnasium – Mihajlo Pupin, and Mihajlo Pupin Technical Department of the [[University of Novi Sad]], located in [[Zrenjanin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tfzr.uns.ac.rs/|title=Технички факултет Михајло Пупин – Зрењанин|website=www.tfzr.uns.ac.rs}}</ref>
* A [[road bridge]] over the [[Danube]] River in [[Belgrade]] was named [[Pupin Bridge]] in his honor after the vote of the citizens
* He is included in [[The 100 most prominent Serbs]]
{{refend}}

==Private life==
[[File:Michael Pupin Grave.JPG|thumb|alt=The grave of Michael Pupin in Woodlawn Cemetery|Pupin's burial site in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]]]]After going to America, he changed his name to Michael Idvorsky Pupin, stressing his origin. His father was named Constantine and mother Olimpijada and Pupin had four brothers and five sisters. In 1888 he married American Sarah Catharine Jackson from New York, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara Ivanka Pupin who was born in 1899 in [[Yonkers, New York]], and died on August 2, 1962, in New York.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barbara Pupin Smith |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Barbara-Pupin-Smith/6000000026649431386 |website=Geni.com |year=1889 |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Science with The Soul – With Pupin the World Is Beautiful  |url=https://ryl.rs/the-science-with-the-soul-with-pupin-the-world-is-beautiful/ |website=RYL |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=sr-RS |date=2017-01-16}}</ref> Pupin and his wife were married for eight years; she died from [[pneumonia]] at the age of 37.

Pupin owned an estate and farm in [[Norfolk, Connecticut]]. He wrote about it as his "real American home", because he "never had a desire to seek a better haven of happiness in any other place".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Idvorsky Pupin |url=https://norfolkhistoricalsociety.org/people/michael-idvorsky-pupin |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Norfolk Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

Pupin had a reputation not only as a great scientist but also a fine person. He was known for his manners, great knowledge, love of his homeland and availability to everyone. Pupin was a great philanthropist and patron of the arts. He was a devoted [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] and was the chief financial benefactor of St. Sava Monastery founded in 1923.<ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Monasteries|last=Krindatch|first=Alexei|location=[[Brookline, MA]]|publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press|lccn=2015050754|isbn=9781935317616|year= 2016|page=13|url=https://www.assemblyofbishops.org/assets/files/news/scoba/AtlasOfMonasteriesSecondEditionBookmarkedOptimumSize.pdf}}</ref>

Mihajlo Pupin died in New York City in 1935 at age 76 and was interred at [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=87TH ANNUAL MEMORIAL TO PUPIN |url=https://easterndiocese.org/news_220318_1.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Eastern America}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography |Engineering |Serbia}}
* [[List of Serbs]]
* [[Nikola Tesla]]
* [[List of science and religion scholars]]
* [[Memorial Complex in Idvor (Mihajlo Pupin)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant to Inventor" (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924)
* Edward Davis, "Michael Idvorsky Pupin: Cosmic Beauty, Created Order, and the Divine Word." In ''Eminent Lives in Twentieth-Century Science & Religion'', ed. Nicolaas Rupke (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2007), pp.&nbsp;197–217.
* Bergen Davis: Biographical Memoir of Michael Pupin, National Academy of Sciences of the United States Biographical Memoirs, tenth memoir of volume XIX, New York, 1938.
* Daniel Martin Dumych, Pupin Michael Idvorsky, Oxford University Press, 2005. Accessed 11 March 2008
* Lambić Miroslav: Jedan pogled na život i delo Mihajla Pupina, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnički fakultet "Mihajlo Pupin", Zrenjanin, 1997.
* S. Bokšan, Mihajlo Pupin i njegovo delo, Naučna izdanja Matice srpske, Novi Sad, 1951.
* S. Gvozdenović, Čikago, Amerika i Vidovdan, Savez Srba u Rumuniji-Srpska Narodna Odbrana, Temišvar-Čikago, 2003.
* J. Nikolić, Feljton Večernjih novosti, galerija srpskih dobrotvora, 2004.
* P. Radosavljević, Idvorski za sva vremena, NIN, Br. 2828, 2005.
* R. Smiljanić, Mihajlo Pupin-Srbin za ceo svet, Edicija – Srbi za ceo svet, Nova Evropa, Beograd, 2005.
* Savo B. Jović, Hristov svetosavac Mihajlo Pupin, Izdavačka ustanova Sv. arh. sinoda, Beograd, 2004.
* Dragoljub A. Cucic, Michael Pupin Idvorsky and father Vasa Zivkovic, 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Mihajlo Pupin, Banja Luka, 2004.
* {{cite web |date=2011-10-29 |first=Andrej |last=Zivanić |title=Mihajlo Pupin – The Serbian Telephone Man: Serb Inventor/Physicist who saved US telephone company AT&T a huge fortune, while still making a small fortune himself |url=https://www.britic.co.uk/2011/10/29/mihajlo-pupin-the-serbian-telephone-man |website=Бritić: The British Serb Archive |archive-date=2025-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321164848/https://www.britic.co.uk/2011/10/29/mihajlo-pupin-the-serbian-telephone-man}}
* {{cite web |date=2011-11-23 |first=Avram |last=Balabanović |editor-first=Strahinja |editor-last=Banašević |title=The Electric Wars: Tesla vs Pupin: A local paper reported: Watching his fellow Serb upon the stand, Tesla's jaw dropped so hard, it almost cracked upon the floor |url=https://www.britic.co.uk/2011/11/23/the-electric-wars-tesla-vs-pupin |website=Бritić: The British Serb Archive |archive-date=2020-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926175522/https://www.britic.co.uk/2011/11/23/the-electric-wars-tesla-vs-pupin}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Michael_Pupin Michael Pupin] at [[IEEE]] History Center
* [https://archive.org/details/fromimmigranttoi00pupi Pupin's autobiography ''From Immigrant to Inventor'']
* [http://www.teslasociety.com/physics.htm An Evening at Columbia University, New York Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Michael Pupin] – Tesla Memorial Society of New York
* {{LCAuth|n79131988|Michael Pupin|23|}}

{{Presidents of the American Association for the Advancement of Science}}
{{IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909-1925}}
{{IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917-1925}}
{{John Fritz Medal|state=collapsed}}
{{PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1917–1925}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pupin, Mihajlo Idvorski}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kovačica]]
[[Category:Serbs of Vojvodina]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Serbian descent]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners]]
[[Category:Serbian scientists]]
[[Category:Serbian inventors]]
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:American physicists]]
[[Category:Serbian physicists]]
[[Category:Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia]]
[[Category:Members of the Serbian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]]
[[Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty]]
[[Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:John Fritz Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Columbia College, Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Institute of Radio Engineers]]