View source for Minyades

{{Short description|Three sisters in Greek mythology}}
{{Redirect|Alcathoe|the genus of moth|Alcathoe (moth)}}
The '''Minyades''' ({{langx|grc|Μινυάδες}}) were three [[Orchomenus (Arcadia)|Orchomenian]] ([[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadian]]) princesses in [[Greek mythology]]. These sisters were protagonists of a myth about the perils of neglecting the worship of [[Dionysus]].<ref name="DGRBM">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard |title=Alcithoe |editor=[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] |volume=1 |pages=97 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=Boston |year=1867 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0106.html |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907125953/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0106.html |archivedate=2007-09-07 }}</ref> 

== Names and family ==
The names of the Minyades were [[Alcathoe (mythology)|Alcathoe]] (or Alcithoe), [[Leucippe]] and [[Arsippe (mythology)|Arsippe]] (although instead of "Arsippe", [[Claudius Aelianus]] calls the latter "Aristippa", and [[Plutarch]] "[[Arsinoe (Greek mythology)|Arsinoë]]"; [[Ovid]] uses "[[Leuconoe]]" instead of "Leucippe").<ref>[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''Varia Historia'' 3.42</ref><ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 38</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 4.168</ref> They were daughters of [[Minyas (mythology)|Minyas]], king of Orchomenus, [[Boeotia]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+<big>Comparative names and family of Minyades</big>
! rowspan="2" |Relation
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Sources
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|Ovid
|Plutarch
|Antoninus
|Aelian
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|Parentage
|Minyas
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| rowspan="7" |Names
|Leuconoe or
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|Leucippe
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|✓
|✓
|✓
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|Alcithoe or
|✓
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|Alcathoe
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|✓
|✓
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|Arsinoe or
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|Arsippe or
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|Aristippe
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|Children
|Hippasus, son of Leucippe
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|✓
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|}

==Mythology==
[[File:Minyade.jpg|thumb|[[Étienne-Barthélémy Garnier]], ''One of the Minyades showing the dismembered body of Hippasus''.]]
At the time when the worship of [[Dionysus]] was introduced into [[Boeotia]], and while the other women and maidens were reveling and ranging over the mountains in [[Bacchanalia|Bacchic joy]], these sisters alone remained at home, devoting themselves to their usual occupations, and thus profaning the days sacred to the god.  Dionysus punished them by changing them into bats, and their work into vines.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 4.1–40, 390–415</ref> [[Plutarch]], [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], and [[Antoninus Liberalis]], though with some differences in the detail, relate that Dionysus appeared to the sisters in the form of a maiden, and invited them to partake in the [[Dionysian Mysteries]].  When the sisters declined the invitation, the god metamorphosed himself successively into a bull, a lion, and a panther, and the sisters were driven mad.

In this [[Maenad|state of madness]], they were eager to honor the god, and Leucippe, who was chosen by lot to offer a sacrifice to Dionysus, gave up her own son [[Hippasus (mythology)|Hippasus]], whom the sisters tore to pieces.  The sisters afterwards roamed over the mountains in a frenzy, until at last [[Hermes]] changed them into bats.  [[Plutarch]] adds that down to his time the men of [[Orchomenus (Boeotia)|Orchomenus]] descended from that family were called ''psoloeis'' ({{lang|grc|ψολόεις}}), that is, mourners, and the women ''oleiai'' or ''aioleiai'' ({{lang|grc|ὀλεῖαι}} or {{lang|grc|αἰολεῖαι}}), that is, the destroyers.<ref name="DGRBM"/>

=== Antoninus' account ===
Another retelling of the wrathful punishment of the Minyades by the god Dionysus appeared in [[Antoninus Liberalis]]' ''Metamorphoses<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#10 10] as cited in [[Nicander of Sparta|Nicander's]] ''Metamorphoses''</ref>:''<blockquote>The daughters of Minyas, son of Orchomenus, were Leucippe, Arsippe and Alcathoe. They turned out to be startlingly diligent. They strongly criticized other women because they abandoned the city to go as Bacchantes in the hills until Dionysus took on the likeness of a girl and urged the Minyades not to miss out on the rites or mysteries of the god. But they paid no heed to him. At this—not surprisingly—Dionysus was angered and instead of a girl became a bull, then a lion, then a leopard. From the beams of their looms there flowed for him milk and nectar.</blockquote><blockquote>At these portents, terror gripped the maidens. Without delay, the three threw lots into a pot and shook it. The lot fell to Leucippe and she vowed to offer as a sacrifice to the god her own son Hippasus whom she tore to pieces with the help of her sisters. Abandoning their paternal home, they went as Bacchantes in the mountains, browsing on ivy, honeysuckle, and laurel, until Hermes touched them with his wand and changed them into flying creatures. One of them became a bat, another an owl and the third an eagle owl. And all three continuously avoided the light of  the sun.</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Leutogi]] - [[Polynesian mythology|Polynesian]] bat [[goddess]]
* [[Camazotz]] - [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] bat [[god]]
* [[Nyctimene (mythology)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis'' translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Claudius Aelianus]], ''Varia Historia'' translated by Thomas Stanley (d.1700) edition of 1665. [https://topostext.org/work/220 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* Claudius Aelianus, ''Claudii Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii, varia historia, epistolae, fragmenta, Vol 2''. Rudolf Hercher. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Lipsiae. 1866. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0591 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. 
* [[Plutarch|Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus]], ''Moralia'' with an English Translation by Frank Cole Babbitt. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1936. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0215 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0213 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].

==Further reading==
*{{SmithDGRBM}}

{{Metamorphoses in Greco-Roman mythology}}

[[Category:Princesses in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Minyans]]
[[Category:Mythology of Dionysus]]
[[Category:Bats in culture]]
[[Category:Owls in culture]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology]]