View source for Misandry

{{Short description|Prejudice against, or hatred of, men}}
{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] despite multiple temporary protections. Enough.|small=yes}}
{{Masculism sidebar|topics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Distinguish|Misanthropy}}
'''Misandry''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|s|ˈ|æ|n|d|r|i}}) is the hatred of or prejudice against [[men]] or [[boys]].<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|misandry|5787175758 |access-date=6 May 2025}} Earliest recorded use: 1885. "No man whom she cared for had ever proposed to marry her. She could not account for it, and it was a growing source of bitterness, of misogyny as well as misandry." ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' September 289/1.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misandry |title=Misandry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719032132/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misandry |archive-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=live |publisher=Merriam-Webster |quote=First Known Use: circa 1909}}</ref>

[[Men's rights movement|Men's rights activists]] (MRAs) and other [[masculinist]] groups have characterized modern laws concerning [[divorce]], [[domestic violence]], [[conscription]], [[circumcision]] (known as [[male genital mutilation]] by opponents), and treatment of [[rape of males|male rape victims]] as examples of institutional misandry. However, in virtually all societies, misandry lacks institutional and systemic support comparable to [[misogyny]], the hatred of women.<ref name="Gilmore p12"/><ref name="Ouellette 2007"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Misogyny, Misandry, and Misanthropy |last1=Ferguson |first1=Frances |author-link=Frances Ferguson |last2=Bloch |first2=R. Howard |author-link2=R. Howard Bloch |date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=7 |isbn=978-0-520-06546-8}}</ref>

In the [[Internet Age]], users posting on [[manosphere]] internet forums within [[4chan]] and [[Reddit]] addressing men's rights activism have claimed that misandry is widespread, established in preferential treatment of women, and shown by [[discrimination against men]].<ref name="Ouellette 2007">{{cite book |last=Ouellette |first=Marc |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-1343-1707-3 |editor1=Flood, Michael |editor1-link=Michael Flood |pages=442–443 |chapter=Misandry |doi=10.4324/9780203413067 |display-editors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Riggio p432"/>

MRAs have been criticised for promoting a [[false equivalence]] between misandry and misogyny,<ref name="Kimmel 2013">{{Cite book |last=Kimmel, Michael S. |title=Angry white men : American masculinity at the end of an era |date=5 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-56858-696-0 |publisher=Nation Books |location=New York |oclc=852681950}}</ref>{{Rp|page=132}}{{r|Marwick p553}}<ref name="Ging 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Ging |first1=Debbie |last2=Siapera |first2=Eugenia |date=July 2018 |title=Special issue on online misogyny: Introduction |pages=515–524 |journal=Feminist Media Studies |doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345 |volume=18 |s2cid=149613969 |issn=1471-5902 |url=http://doras.dcu.ie/26989/ |format=PDF |doi-access=free |access-date=21 January 2023 |via=Dublin City University}}</ref> as part of an [[antifeminist]] backlash.{{r|Marwick p553}}<ref name="Barker p4">{{cite book |title=Online Misogyny as Hate Crime: A Challenge for Legal Regulation? |last1=Barker |first1=Kim |last2=Jurasz |first2=Olga |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |page=4 |isbn=978-1-138-59037-3 |doi=10.4324/9780429956805}}</ref><ref name="Berger p128">{{cite book |title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World |edition=2nd |last1=Berger |first1=Michele Tracy |last2=Radeloff |first2=Cheryl |date=2014 |pages=128–129 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-135-04519-7 |doi=10.4324/9780203458228}}</ref><ref name="Sugiura p102"/><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Karen Lumsden |editor2=Emily Hamer |title=Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Cham |last1=Lumsden |first1=Karen |chapter='I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children' Is Not a Threat. It's an Expression of Desire': Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling and Violence on r/MensRights |pages=91–120 |isbn=978-3-030-12633-9 |series=Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_4}}</ref> A 2023 research article, which combined multiple studies conducted by the authors, found that feminists are no more likely to be misandrist than other groups, including non-feminist men and women.  The authors coined the term "The Misandry Myth" to describe the popular notion that misandry is commonplace among feminists.<ref name="Hopkins-Doyle 2023" />

==Etymology and usage==
"Misandry" is formed from the Greek {{tlit|grc|misos}} ({{lang|grc|μῖσος}} 'hatred') and  {{tlit|grc|anēr}}, {{tlit|grc|andros}} ({{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}}, gen. {{lang|grc|ἀνδρός}} 'man').<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of misandry in English |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/misandry |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054052/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/misandry |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> A "misandrist" is a person who hates men.{{sfnp|Riggio|2020|p=446|ps=: "Misandry: hatred of men. A misandrist is a person who hates men. Anti-feminist groups often claim that feminism stems from misandry."}} "Misandrous" or "misandrist" can also be used as adjectives.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=misandry |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misandry |access-date=4 November 2018 |encyclopedia=Dictionary.com |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062216/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misandry |url-status=live}}</ref> Use of "misandrist" can be found as far back as an 1871 article in ''[[The Spectator]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Blanche Seymour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tU9AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22absolute+misandrist%22&pg=PA389 |access-date=9 April 2025 |magazine=The Spectator |volume=44 |issue=2231 |date=1 April 1871 |pages=388–389 |issn=0038-6952 |type=book review |via=Google Books |quote=We cannot, indeed, term her an absolute misandrist, as she fully admits the possibility, in most cases at least, of the reclamation of men from their naturally vicious and selfish state, though at the cost of so much trouble and vexation of spirit to women, that it is not quite clear whether she does not regard their existence as at best a mitigated evil.}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2025}}

Translation of the French {{lang|fr|misandrie}} to the German {{lang|de|Männerhass}} (Hatred of Men) is recorded in 1803.<ref name="Krünitz 1803">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oekonomische Encyklopädie oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- u. Landwirthschaft: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Von Lebens-Art bis Ledecz: Nebst einer einzigen Fig. Friedrich's des Einzigen, u. 3 Karten |trans-encyclopedia=Economic Encyclopedia or General System of State, City, Domestic, and Agriculture: in alphabetical order. From Lifestyle to Ledecz: With a single illustration of Frederick the Great and three maps |first=Johann Georg |last=Krünitz |publisher=Pauli |date=1803 |volume=90 |page=461 |lang=de |title=Männerhass}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2025}}

==History==
The term ''misandry'' originated in the late 19th century. According to information policy scholars [[Alice Marwick]] and Robyn Caplan, the term was used as a synonym for [[feminism]] from its inception, drawing an equivalence between misandry ('man-hating') and misogyny ('woman-hating').<ref name="Sugiura p102">{{cite book |last=Sugiura |first=Lisa |date=2021 |title=The Incel Rebellion: The Rise of the Manosphere and the Virtual War Against Women |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |location=Bingley, UK |isbn=978-1-83982-254-4 |pages=102–103 |doi=10.1108/978-1-83982-254-420211008 |doi-access=free |chapter=Legitimising Misogyny}}</ref>{{sfnp|Marwick |Caplan|2018|page=548}} Newspapers in the 1890s occasionally referred to feminist "[[New Woman|new women]]" as "man haters", and a 1928 article in ''[[Harper's Monthly]]'' said that misandry "distorts the more querulous of [modern] feminist arguments."{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pages=548–549}} The term re-emerged in [[men's rights]] literature and academic literature  on structural sexism in the 1980s. It was in use on [[Usenet]] since at least 1989, and on websites and [[blog]]s dedicated to men's rights issues in the late 1990s and early 2000s.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pages=549, 551}}

Anthropologist David D. Gilmore coined the term "viriphobia" in 1997, when the term "misandry" was little used and there was no commonly accepted term for hatred of men.<ref name="Gilmore p12">{{cite book |last=Gilmore |first=David G. |title=Misogyny: The Male Malady |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |date=2001 |pages=12–13 |isbn=978-0-8122-0032-4}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=April 2025}} He writes that such terms as "misandry" typically refer not to hatred of men as men, but to hatred of ''[[machismo]]'' or men's traditional [[gender role]]. He argues that misandry is therefore not equivalent to [[misogyny]], which "targets women no matter what they believe or do".{{r|Gilmore p12}} Gilmore says that hatred of men as men is extremely rare in historical records, in sharp contrast to misogyny,{{r|Gilmore p12}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Diski |first=Jenny |title=Oh, Andrea Dworkin |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n17/jenny-diski/oh-andrea-dworkin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330113802/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n17/jenny-diski/oh-andrea-dworkin |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=London Review of Books|date=6 September 2001 |volume=23 |issue=17 }}</ref> which he argues is a "near-universal phenomenon".{{sfnp|Gilmore|2001|p=8}}

Marwick and Caplan argue that usage of the term ''misandry'' in the [[internet age]] is an outgrowth of misogyny and [[antifeminism]].<ref name="Marwick p553">{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Alice E. |last2=Caplan |first2=Robyn |date=2018 |title=Drinking male tears: language, the manosphere, and networked harassment |journal=Feminist Media Studies |edition=Online Misogyny |pages=553–554 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568 |volume=18 |issue=4 |s2cid=149246142 |issn=1471-5902}}</ref>{{Explain|date=October 2024}} The term is commonly used in the [[manosphere]], such as on men's rights discussion forums on websites such as [[4chan]] and [[Reddit]], to counter feminist accusations of misogyny.<ref name="Ging 2018"/><ref name="Riggio p432">{{cite book |last=Riggio |first=Heidi R. |title=Sex and Gender: A Biopsychological Approach |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-000-06630-2 |page=432 |chapter=Current Issues and Social Problems |doi=10.4324/9781003041870-13 |quote=[Anti-feminist movements] portray feminism as stemming from a hatred of men and involve a rejection of the idea that sexism exists}}</ref><ref name="Hodapp p4">{{cite book |title=Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media |last=Hodapp |first=Christa |date=2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham, Md. |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4985-2617-3}}</ref> The critique and parody of the concept of misandry by feminist bloggers has been reported on in periodicals such as ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=553}}

=== Use by the men's rights movement ===
[[Men's rights activist]]s (MRAs) invoke the idea of misandry in warning against what they see as the advance of a female-dominated society.<ref name="Masequesmay 2008">{{Multiref2 | {{cite book |last1=Masequesmay |first1=Gina |editor1-last=O′Brien |editor1-first=Jodi |title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2 |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4522-6602-2 |page=750 |chapter=Sexism |quote=Proponents for men's rights even conjure the notion of misandry or hatred of men as they fear a new world order or a return to matriarchy, a female-dominated society.}} | {{cite web |last1=Masequesmay |first1=Gina |title=Sexism {{!}} Sexism and the men's movement |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism/Sexism-and-feminism#ref321547 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 February 2024 |date=11 June 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222071023/https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism/Sexism-and-feminism#ref321547 |url-status=live}} }}</ref> The idea of feminism as threatening towards men, encapsulated in the term ''misandry'', forms a core part of the vocabulary of the [[manosphere]]{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=544}} and is used within the men's rights movement (MRM) to counter feminist accusations of misogyny.{{r|Hodapp p4}} The idea of feminism as a misandrist movement has been cited as justification for harassment of people espousing feminist ideas, one example being the [[Gamergate (harassment campaign)|Gamergate]] harassment campaign against women in the video games industry.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pages=544, 547}} 
MRAs and other [[masculinist]] groups have criticized modern laws concerning [[divorce]], [[domestic violence]], the draft, circumcision (known as ''genital mutilation'' by opponents), and treatment of [[male rape victims]] as examples of institutional misandry.{{r|Ouellette 2007}} Other proposed examples include social problems that lead to men's [[Life expectancy#Sex differences|shorter lifespans]], higher [[suicide]] rates, requirements to participate in [[Conscription|military drafts]], and lack of tax benefits afforded to widowers compared to widows.{{r|Ouellette 2007}}<ref name="Schmitz 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Schmitz |first1=Rachel |last2=Kazyak |first2=Emily |title=Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men's Rights Activist Websites |journal=Social Sciences |date=2016 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=18 |doi=10.3390/socsci5020018 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760}}</ref>

Marc A. Ouellette argues in ''International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities'' that "misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny"; in his view, assuming a parallel between misogyny and misandry overly simplifies relations of gender and power.<ref name="Ouellette 2007"/>

Marwick and Caplan have examined the use of the term ''misandry'' within the manosphere as a weapon against feminist language and ideas.{{r|Sugiura p102}} They characterize men's rights activists' use of the term{{emdash}}as a gender-reversed counterpart to ''misogyny''{{emdash}}as an appropriation of leftist [[identity politics]].{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=550}} Marwick and Caplan also argue that coverage of the discourse of misandry by mainstream journalists serves to reinforce the MRM's framing of feminist activism as oppressive toward men, along with its denial of institutionalized sexism against women.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=554}}

== Racialization ==
{{Further|Gendered racism}}
Misandry can be [[Racialization|racialized]].<ref name="Ouellette 2007"/> According to some researchers in [[Black male studies]] such as [[Tommy J. Curry]], Black men and boys face anti-Black misandry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=Nathaniel |date=2021 |title=Remembering Tamir Rice and Other Black Boy Victims: Imagining Black PlayCrit Literacies Inside and Outside Urban Literacy Education |journal=Urban Education |language=en |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=744–771 |doi=10.1177/0042085920902250 |issn=0042-0859}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curry |first=Tommy J. |date=2018 |title=Killing Boogeymen: Phallicism and the Misandric Mischaracterizations of Black Males in Theory |journal=Res Philosophica |language=en |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=235–272 |doi=10.11612/resphil.1612 |issn=2168-9105}}</ref><ref name="Curry 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Tommy J. |last2=Curry |first2=Gwenetta D. |title=Taking It to the People: Translating Empirical Findings About Black Men and Black Families Through a Black Public Philosophy |journal=Dewey Studies |date=2018 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=42–71 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327671476 |format=PDF |via=ResearchGate |issn=2572-4649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=T. Hasan |date=2022 |title=Is Anti-Black Misandry the New Racism? |journal=Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=77–107 |doi=10.1353/bsr.2022.0006 |issn=2376-7510}}</ref> E. C. Krell, a gender researcher, uses the term racialized [[Discrimination against transgender men|transmisandry]] describing the experience of Black transmasculine people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krell |first=Elías Cosenza |date=2017 |title=Is Transmisogyny Killing Trans Women of Color? |journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=226–242 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3815033 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martino |first1=Wayne |last2=Omercajic |first2=Kenan |date=2021 |title=A trans pedagogy of ''refusal'' : interrogating cisgenderism, the limits of antinormativity and trans necropolitics |journal=Pedagogy, Culture & Society |language=en |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=679–694 |doi=10.1080/14681366.2021.1912155 |issn=1468-1366 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Research ==
{{More science citations needed|section|date=August 2023}}

=== "Ambivalence toward Men Inventory" ===
Glick and Fiske developed [[Psychometrics|psychometric constructs]] to measure the attitudes of individuals towards men in their ''Ambivalence toward Men Inventory, AMI'', which includes a factor ''Hostility toward Men.'' These metrics were based on a small group discussion with women which identified factors, these number of questions were then reduced using statistical methods. ''Hostility toward Men'' was split into three factors: ''Resentment of Paternalism'', the belief men supported male power; ''Compensatory Gender Differentiation'', the belief that men were supported by women; and ''Heterosexual Hostility'', which looked at beliefs that men were likely to engage in hostile actions.<ref name="Glick 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Glick |first1=Peter |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=2016 |title=The Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Beliefs About Men |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x |s2cid=145242896 |issn=1471-6402 |volume=23 |pages=519–536}}</ref> The combined construct, Hostility toward Men, was found to be inversely correlated with measures of gender equality when comparing difference countries<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glick |display-authors=etal |first=P |date=2004 |title=Bad but Bold: Ambivalent Attitudes Toward Men Predict Gender Inequality in 16 Nations |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=713–728 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713 |pmid=15161396 |issn=1939-1315|hdl=11511/38073 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and in a study with university students, self-describing feminists were found to have a lower score.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Kristin J. |last2=Kanner |first2=Melinda |last3=Elsayegh |first3=Nisreen |date=2009 |title=Are Feminists man Haters? Feminists' and Nonfeminists' Attitudes Toward Men |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=216–224 |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01491.x |s2cid=144704304 |issn=1471-6402}}</ref>

=== Criminal justice system ===
In the United States, men tend to receive longer sentences than women for committing the same crimes, although the disparity is more pronounced for minor offenses, and is also dependent on the race of the perpetrator.{{r|Kruis 2024}} Criminologist Nathan A. Kruis of [[Pennsylvania State University]] and colleagues write that a body of research suggests the presence of "potential institutional misandry" in the U.S. criminal justice system.<ref name="Kruis 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Kruis |first1=Nathan A. |last2=Ménard |first2=Kim S. |last3=Rowland |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Griffith |first4=Rae |title=Examining Sex- and Sexuality-Based Bias in Punitive Attitudes Toward Offenders Convicted of Intimate Partner Crimes: A Vignette Experiment |journal=Crime & Delinquency |volume=70 |issue=13–14 |pages=3532–3557 |date=2024 |doi=10.1177/00111287241258690 |doi-access=free |issn=1552-387X}}</ref>

==In literature==
===Ancient Greek literature===

Classicist [[Froma Zeitlin]] writes:
{{blockquote|The most significant point of contact, however, between [[Eteocles]] and the suppliant [[Danaids]] is, in fact, their extreme positions with regard to the opposite sex: the misogyny of Eteocles' outburst against all women of whatever variety has its counterpart in the seeming misandry of the Danaids, who although opposed to [[Sons of Aegyptus|their Egyptian cousins]] in particular (marriage with them is incestuous, they are violent men) often extend their objections to include the race of males as a whole and view their cause as a passionate contest between the sexes.<ref name="Zeitlin 1990">{{cite book |last1=Zeitlin |first1=Froma I. |editor1-last=Griffith |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Mastronarde |editor2-first=Donald J. |title=Cabinet of the Muses: Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G. Rosenmeyer |date=1990 |publisher=Scholars Press |location=Atlanta |isbn=978-1-55540-408-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/cabinetofmuseses0000unse/page/103/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |language=en |chapter=Patterns of Gender in Aeschylean Drama: Seven against Thebes and the Danaid Trilogy |chapter-url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j81390f |chapter-format=PDF}}</ref>}}

=== Shakespeare ===

Literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] argued that even though the word misandry is relatively unheard of in literature, it is not hard to find implicit, even explicit, misandry. In reference to the works of [[Shakespeare]], Bloom argued:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brockman |first=Elin Schoen |date=25 July 1999 |title=In the Battle Of the Sexes, This Word Is a Weapon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/25/weekinreview/in-the-battle-of-the-sexes-this-word-is-a-weapon.html |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130223458/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/25/weekinreview/in-the-battle-of-the-sexes-this-word-is-a-weapon.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> {{blockquote|I cannot think of one instance of misogyny whereas I would argue that misandry is a strong element. Shakespeare makes perfectly clear that women in general have to marry down and that men are narcissistic and not to be trusted and so forth. On the whole, he gives us a darker vision of human males than human females.}}

=== Modern literature ===

Sociologist Anthony Synnott argues that there is a tendency in literature to represent men as villains and women as victims and argues that there is a market for "anti-male" novels with no corresponding "anti-female" market, citing ''[[The Women's Room]]'', by [[Marilyn French]], and ''[[The Color Purple]]'', by [[Alice Walker]]. He gives examples of comparisons of men to Nazi prison guards as a common theme in literature.<ref name="Synnott 2016">{{Cite book |last=Synnott |first=Anthony |title=Re-Thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-317-06393-3 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315606132}}</ref>{{Rp|156}}

Racialized misandry occurs in both "high" and "low" culture and literature. For instance, [[African-American]] men have often been disparagingly portrayed as either infantile or as eroticized and hyper-masculine, depending on prevailing cultural stereotypes.{{r|Ouellette 2007}}

Julie M. Thompson, a [[feminist]] author, connects misandry with envy of men, in particular "[[penis envy]]", a term coined by [[Sigmund Freud]] in 1908, in his theory of female sexual development.<ref>
Emphasis added. {{cite book |first=Julie M. |last=Thompson |title=Mommy Queerest: Contemporary Rhetorics of Lesbian Maternal Identity |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-55849-355-1}}</ref> Nancy Kang has discussed "the misandric impulse" in relation to the works of [[Toni Morrison]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=N. |last=Kang |title=To Love and Be Loved: Considering Black Masculinity and the Misandric Impulse in Toni Morrison's 'Beloved' |journal=Callaloo |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=836–854 |date=2003 |doi=10.1353/cal.2003.0092 |jstor=3300729 |s2cid=143786756 |issn=1080-6512}}</ref>

In his book, ''Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition'', [[Harry Brod]], a Professor of Philosophy and Humanities in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the [[University of Northern Iowa]], writes:<ref>{{cite book |first=Harry |last=Brod |chapter=19. Of Mice and Supermen: Images of Jewish Masculinity |title=Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition |publisher=New York University Press |editor-first=Tamar |editor-last=Rudavsky |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-8147-7453-3 |pages=279–294}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In the introduction to ''The Great Comic Book Heroes'', Jules Feiffer writes that this is Superman's joke on the rest of us. Clark is Superman's vision of what other men are really like. We are scared, incompetent, and powerless, particularly around women. Though Feiffer took the joke good-naturedly, a more cynical response would see here the Kryptonian's misanthropy, his misandry embodied in Clark and his misogyny in his wish that Lois be enamored of Clark (much like Oberon takes out hostility toward Titania by having her fall in love with an ass in Shakespeare's ''Midsummer-Night's Dream'').}}

In 2020, the explicitly misandric essay ''[[Moi les hommes, je les déteste]]'' (''I Hate Men'') by the French writer [[Pauline Harmange]] caused controversy in France after a government official threatened its publisher with criminal prosecution.<ref name="Flood 2020">{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=8 September 2020 |title=French book I Hate Men sees sales boom after government adviser calls for ban |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/08/french-book-i-hate-men-sees-sales-boom-after-government-adviser-calls-for-ban-pauline-harmange |access-date=10 September 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803144704/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/08/french-book-i-hate-men-sees-sales-boom-after-government-adviser-calls-for-ban-pauline-harmange |url-status=live}}</ref>

==In feminism==
{{see also|Femosphere}}
[[File:Male_tears_embroidery_02.jpg|alt=<nowiki>Embroidery of Male tears</nowiki>|thumb|250x250px|Entrepreneurs on [[Etsy]] sold embroidery parodying the concept of misandry.<ref name="Hess 2014">{{Cite web |last=Hess |first=Amanda |date=8 August 2014 |title=The Rise of the Ironic Man-Hater |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/08/ironic-misandry-why-feminists-joke-about-drinking-male-tears-and-banning-all-men.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Slate |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605121801/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/08/ironic-misandry-why-feminists-joke-about-drinking-male-tears-and-banning-all-men.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[Antifeminism|Opponents of feminism]] often argue that feminism is misandrist; citing examples such as opposition to shared parenting by NOW, or opposition to equal rape and domestic violence laws. The validity of these perceptions and of the concept has been claimed{{By whom|date=October 2024}} as promoting a [[false equivalence]] between misandry and misogyny.<ref name="Kimmel 2013" /> [[Radical feminism]] has often been associated with misandry in the public consciousness. However, radical feminist arguments have also been misinterpreted, and individual radical feminists such as [[Valerie Solanas]], best known for her [[Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol|attempted assassination]] of artist [[Andy Warhol]] in 1968, have historically had a higher profile in popular culture than within feminist scholarship.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pilcher |first1=Jane |title=50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies |last2=Whelehan |first2=Imelda |date=2004 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=London |isbn=978-1-4129-3207-3 |page=67 |language=en |author-link=Jane Pilcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Payton |first=Joanne |date=2012 |title=Book Review: Anthony Synnott ''Re-thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims'' |journal=Sociology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=767–8 |doi=10.1177/0038038512444951 |doi-access= |s2cid=146967261 |issn=0038-0385}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2024|reason=Solanas shooting not mentioned by either Pilcher/Whelehan or Payton}}

Historian [[Alice Echols]] argues that the misandry displayed by Solanas in her tract the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' was not typical for radical feminists of the time: "Solanas's unabashed misandry—especially her belief in men's biological inferiority—her endorsement of relationships between 'independent women,' and her dismissal of sex as 'the refuge of the mindless' contravened the sort of radical feminism which prevailed in most women's groups across the country."<ref name="Echols p104">{{cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |date=1989 |pages=104–105 |isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/104/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref>
Radical feminist [[Andrea Dworkin]] criticized what she called a [[biological determinist]] strand that she found "with increasing frequency in feminist circles"; according to Dworkin, this included the view that males are biologically inferior to women and violent by nature, requiring a [[gendercide]] to allow for the emergence of a "new ''Übermensch'' Womon".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dworkin |first=Andrea |date=Summer 1978 |title=Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea |url=http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf |journal=Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics |series=<!--No. 2--> |volume=2 |issue=6 |page=46 |issn=0146-3411 <!-- |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230447/http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf |url-status=live-->}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2025}}

Melinda Kanner and Kristin J. Anderson argue that "man-hater feminist" represents the popular antifeminist myth which has no any scientific evidences, and it's rather the antifeminists who perhaps hate men.<ref name="Kanner 2010">{{cite book |last1=Kanner |first1=Melinda |last2=Anderson |first2=Kristin J. |editor1-last=Paludi |editor1-first=Michele A. |title=Feminism and Women's Rights Worldwide, Volume 1: Heritage, Roles, and Issues |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-37597-2 |pages=1–25 |language=en |chapter=The Myth of the Man-Hating Feminist}}</ref>{{Explain|date=January 2025}}

Feminist author [[bell hooks]] writes that the contemporary [[feminist movement]] was from its beginnings portrayed in the mass media as man-hating, even though anti-male factions were a small minority of [[women's liberation]] advocates.<ref name="hooks 2005 p108">{{cite book |last1=hooks |first1=bell |title=The Will To Change: Men, Masculinity and Love |date=2005 |publisher=Washington Square Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7434-5608-1 |pages=108–109 |url=https://archive.org/details/willtochangemen00hook/page/108/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="hooks 2000 p69">{{cite book |last1=hooks |first1=bell |title=Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |date=2000 |publisher=South End Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-89608-629-6 |page=69 |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook/page/69/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref> Hooks argues that [[liberal feminist]]s' demonization of men as all-powerful misogynist oppressors was a product of [[bourgeois]] white women's envy of the privileges held by upper-class white men, and that such anti-male sentiments "alienated many poor and working class women, particularly non-white women" from the movement.<ref name="hooks 1984 p67">{{cite book |first=bell |last=hooks |title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center |publisher=South End Press |location=Boston |date=1984 |pages=67–68 |isbn=978-0-89608-222-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryfr00hook/page/67/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref> She writes that anti-male factions received outsized attention from the mass media, leading the [[men's movement]] to take an anti-female stance which "mirrored the most negative aspects" of the women's movement.<ref name="hooks 2000 p69"/>

Sociologist Anthony Synnott argues that certain forms of [[feminism]] present misandristic view of gender. He argues that men are presented as having power over others regardless of the actual power they possess<ref name="Synnott 2016" />{{Rp|161}} and that some feminists define the experience of being male inaccurately through writing on [[masculinity]]. He further argues that some forms of feminism create an [[In-group and out-group|in-group]] of women, simplifies the nuances of gender issues,  demonizes those who are not feminists and legitimizes victimization by way of retributive justice.<ref name="Synnott 2016" />{{Rp|162}}
Reviewing Synnott, Roman Kuhar argues that Synnott might not accurately represent the views of feminism, commenting that "whether it re-thinks men in a manner in which men have not been thought of in feminist theory, is another question."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuhar |first=Roman |title=Re-Thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims |journal=Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews |date=2011 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.1177/0094306110391764ccc |s2cid=144037921 |issn=0094-3061}}</ref>

Sociologist [[Allan G. Johnson]] argues in ''[[The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy]]'' that accusations of man-hating have been used to put down feminists and to shift attention onto men, reinforcing a male-centered culture.<ref name="Johnson p107">{{cite book |page=107 |title=The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy |edition=revised 2nd |last=Johnson |first=Alan G. |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-59213-384-0}}</ref> Johnson posits that culture offers no comparable anti-male ideology to misogyny and that "people often confuse men as individuals with men as a dominant and privileged category of people. Given the reality of women's oppression, male privilege, and men's enforcement of both, it's hardly surprising that {{em|every}} woman should have moments where she resents or even hates 'men.{{' "}}{{r|Johnson p107}} [emphasis in original]

A [[meta-analysis]] in 2023 published in the journal [[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different than that of non-feminists or men towards men, and termed the phenomenon the {{em|misandry myth}}: "We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement."<ref name="Hopkins-Doyle 2023">{{cite journal |title=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men |date=2023 |last1=Hopkins-Doyle |first1=A. |last2=Petterson |first2=A. L. |last3=Leach |first3=S. |last4=Zibell |first4=H. |last5=Chobthamkit |first5=P. |last6=Binti Abdul Rahim |first6=S. |last7=Blake |first7=J. |last8=Bosco |first8=C. |last9=Cherrie-Rees |first9=K. |last10=Beadle |first10=A. |last11=Cock |first11=V. |last12=Greer |first12=H. |last13=Jankowska |first13=A. |last14=Macdonald |first14=K. |last15=Scott English |first15=A. |last16=Wai Lan YEUNG |first16=V. |last17=Asano |first17=R. |last18=Beattie |first18=P. |last19=Bernardo |first19=A. B. I. |last20=Sutton |first20=R. M. |display-authors=3 |doi=10.1177/03616843231202708 |doi-access=free |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=8–37 |issn=1471-6402}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Airline seating sex discrimination controversy]]
* [[Androcide]]
* ''[[Are All Men Pedophiles?]]''
* [[Bachelor tax]]
* [[Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy]]
* [[Circumcision controversies]]
* [[Female chauvinism]]
* [[Gynocentrism]]
* [[Male expendability]]
* [[Men's studies]]
* [[Reverse sexism]]
* [[Separatist feminism]]
* [[Straw feminism]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Testosterone poisoning]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bailée |first1=Susan |date=2001 |title=Misandry in the Classroom |journal=The Hudson Review |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=148–54 |doi=10.2307/3852834 |jstor=3852834 |last2=Sommers |first2=Christina Hoff |ref=none |issn=2325-5935}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Roy Baumeister |first=Roy F. |last=Baumeister |title=Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish By Exploiting Men |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-537410-0}}
* {{cite book |author-link=David Benatar |first=David |last=Benatar |title=The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, Mass. |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-67446-8}}
* {{cite news |last1=Gibbons |first1=Fiachra |title=Lay off men, Lessing tells feminists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/aug/14/edinburghfestival2001.edinburghbookfestival2001 |work=The Guardian |date=14 August 2001}}
* {{cite web |last=Leader |first=Richard |url=http://adonismirror.com/10152006_leader_misandry_and_misanthropy.htm |title=Misandry: From the Dictionary of Fools |date=2007 |work=Adonis Mirror |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Judith |author1-link=Judith Levine |title=My Enemy, My Love: Man-hating and Ambivalence in Women's Lives |date=1992 |edition=1st |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-41079-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/myenemymyloveman00levirich/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |first=J.R. |last=MacNamara |title=Media and Male Identity: The Making and Remaking of Men |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-230-62567-9 |doi=10.1057/9780230625679}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nathanson |first1=Paul |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |title=Coming of Age As a Villain: What Every Boy Needs to Know in A Misandric World |journal=Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=155–177 |date=2009 |doi=10.3149/thy.0301.155 |issn=1872-4329}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nathanson |first1=Paul |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |title=Misandry and Emptiness: Masculine Identity in a Toxic Cultural Environment |journal=New Male Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |date=2012 |issn=1839-7816 |url=https://newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/view/14/13 |format=PDF}}
* {{cite news |last1=Perlman |first1=Merrill |title=Sex-isms: Gender politics and their words |url=http://www.cjr.org/language_corner/language_corner_092313.php?page=all |work=Columbia Journalism Review |date=23 September 2013}}
* {{cite journal |first=Darren |last=Rosenblum |title=Beyond Victimisation and Misandry |journal=International Journal of Law in Context |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=114–6 |date=2010 |doi=10.1017/S1744552309990383 |s2cid=143835898 |issn=1744-5531}}
* {{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Howard |title=The Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness |edition=Revised |date=2003 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=978-0-7658-0537-9 |doi=10.4324/9781315134574 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=William A. |last2=Yosso |first2=Tara J. |last3=Solorzano |first3=Daniel G. |title=Racial Primes and Black Misandry on Historically White Campuses: Toward Critical Race Accountability in Educational Administration |journal=Educational Administration Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=559–585 |date=2007 |doi=10.1177/0013161X07307793 |s2cid=145753160 |issn=1552-3519}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Esther Vilar |title-link=The Manipulated Man |first=Esther |last=Vilar |title=The Manipulated Man |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-374-20202-6}}
* {{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Robert Anton |author-link=Robert Anton Wilson |url=http://www.backlash.com/content/gender/1996/4-apr96/wilson04.html |title=Androphobia: The only respectable bigotry |date=April 1996 |work=The Backlash! |publisher=Shameless Men Press |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author1=Young, Katherine K. |author-link=Katherine K. Young |author2=Nathanson, Paul |title=Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man |date=2010 |publisher=McGill–Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-8544-7 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|Thesaurus:misandrist}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Sexual abuse}}
{{Sexual identities}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Misandry| ]]
[[Category:Gender-related prejudices]]
[[Category:Prejudice and discrimination by type]]