View source for Mobile Suit Gundam F91

{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Mobile Suit Gundam F91
| image          = B5-gundamf91-xl.jpg
 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Japanese film poster
| director       = [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]
| producer       = 
| writer         = Tsunehisa Ito<br>[[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]
| screenplay     = 
| story          =
| based_on       = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} -->
| narrator       = 
| studio         = [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]
| starring       = [[Kōji Tsujitani]]<br>Masaki Maeda<br>[[Yumi Tōma]]
| music          = [[Satoshi Kadokura]]
| cinematography = 
| editing        = 
| distributor    = [[Shochiku]]
| released       = {{Film date|1991|03|16|}}
| runtime        = 115 minutes
| country        = Japan
| language       = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| budget         = 
| gross          = 
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Mobile Suit Gundam F91'''''|機動戦士ガンダム{{ruby-ja|F91|フォーミュラ ナインティワン}}|Kidō Senshi Gandamu Fōmyura Nainti Wan, Mobile Suit Gundam Formula 91|lead=yes}} is a 1991 [[anime]] [[film]]. It was ''[[Gundam]]'' creator [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]'s attempt to launch a new ''Gundam'' saga, set 30 years after ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam Char's Counterattack|Char's Counterattack]]'' (1988).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbr.com/gundam-every-anime-chronological-order/#1990-1999-series | title=Every Single Gundam Anime Series in Chronological Order | date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> He re-teamed with character designer [[Yoshikazu Yasuhiko]] and mecha designer [[Kunio Okawara]] for the occasion.

The film was first released in [[Japan]] on March 16, 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.gundam.info/what-is-gundam.html | title=What is Gundam? &#124; Gundam.info }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is set 30 years after the events of ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack]]'' and features an all-new cast of characters.

In the year UC 0123, the military arm of Cosmo Babylonia, the Crossbone Vanguard, attacks the Earth Federation colony Frontier IV.<ref name="F91story">{{cite web | url=http://www.gundam-f91.net/world/ | title=世界観／あらすじ｜『機動戦士ガンダムF91』公式サイト }}</ref> Student mechanic Seabook Arno and his friend Cecily Fairchild are caught in the middle of the fighting as the Federation garrison is quickly overwhelmed. Seabook and Cecily lead a group of refugees into the lower levels of the colony, where they meet up with Seabook's father, Leslie. As the group boards a lifeboat, Seabook catches sight of Cecily's father, Theo, attempting to abduct her and tries to intervene. However, the Crossbone Vanguard arrives and takes Cecily, who is actually Berah Ronah, part of the Ronah family who are the leaders behind Cosmo Babylonia. Seabook is forced to retreat to the lifeboat while Leslie stays behind to help a lost child.

Cecily is taken to meet her real father, Carozzo, and grandfather, Meitzer, who both dream of overthrowing the corrupt Earth Federation and replacing it with a more just aristocracy. Cecily is reluctant to join them, but feels she has no choice. Meanwhile, the lifeboat manages to reach the neighboring colony Frontier I, but it is also under attack by the Crossbone Vanguard. Seabook's group then comes across the ''Space Ark'', a Federation training ship carrying the inoperative Gundam F91. Due to the confusion caused by the Crossbone Vanguard's surprise attack, the ''Space Ark'' is run by a barely experienced skeleton crew with no available pilots. Pressed into Federation service, Seabook works on repairing the F91 and discovers it was developed by his mother, Monica. The crew is able to repair the F91 just in time to repel an assault by the Crossbone Vanguard, forcing them to retreat.

Seabook then uses the F91 to return to Frontier IV, where Cosmo Babylonia has already repaired most of the damage to the colony and has fully occupied it. He infiltrates the Ronah estate and makes contact with Cecily. However, he is forced to flee without her when the guards pursue him. Leslie helps Seabook escape Frontier IV, but he suffers a mortal head injury in the process and dies on the return trip to Frontier I. Cecily joins the Crossbone Vanguard under Zabine Chareux's command. He helps train Cecily to be a mobile suit pilot and warns her that there are several factions within Cosmo Babylonia working against each other's interests, with one faction working on a secret superweapon codenamed "Bug". Seabook returns to Frontier I, where he is again forced by the Federation to help defend the colony against an impending attack by the Crossbone Vanguard. Instead, Seabook and the crew of the ''Space Ark'' secretly decide to desert and flee to the Moon.

Cecily is assigned the advanced Vigna Ghina mobile suit and accompanies the Crossbone Vanguard as they break into Frontier I. After a brief but intense skirmish, the Crossbone Vanguard are once again forced to withdraw. Seabook encounters Cecily in battle and she decides to defect upon discovering her friends are still alive. Carozzo then arrives at Frontier I and deploys the Bugs, automated war machines designed to specifically hunt down humans. He believes that Earth's population must be purged to preserve its environment, and intends to use Frontier I as a testing ground for the Bugs. Seabook and Cecily work together to destroy the Bugs, with Cecily destroying their mothership. Angered, Carozzo deploys in his own mobile armor, the Rafflesia, and battles Seabook and Cecily. The Vigna Ghina is destroyed, ejecting Cecily into space, and Seabook destroys the Rafflesia in response. Zabine arrives on the scene, but decides to spare Seabook and the ''Space Ark'' due to his disagreement over Carozzo's use of the Bugs and Rafflesia. After a desperate search, Seabook is able to find and rescue Cecily as the ''Space Ark'' arrives to pick them up.

==Voice cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Character
! colspan=2 | Voice actors
|-
!Japanese<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gundam-f91.net/staffcast/ | title=スタッフ＆キャスト｜『機動戦士ガンダムF91』公式サイト }}</ref> 
!English
|-
| Seabook Arno || [[Kouji Tsujitani]] || [[Steve Staley]]
|-
| Carozzo "Iron Mask" Ronah || Masaki Maeda || Tom Wyner
|-
| Cecily Fairchild / Berah Ronah || [[Yumi Touma]] || [[Michelle Ruff]]
|-
| Annamarie Bourget || [[Chie Koujiro]] || [[Kari Wahlgren]]
|-
| Zabine Chareux || [[Kiyoyuki Yanada]] || [[Jamieson Price]]
|-
| Leahlee Edaberry || Mari Yoko || [[Mari Devon]]
|-
| Reese Arno || Sayuri Ikemoto || [[Julie Maddalena]]
|-
| Dorel Ronah || [[Takeshi Kusao]] || [[Dave Wittenberg]]
|-
| Meitzer Ronah || Teppei Takasugi || [[Simon Prescott]]
|-
| Leslie Arno || Mikio Terashima || [[Tony Pope]]
|-
| Monica Arno || Miyoko Shoji || [[Julie Ann Taylor]]
|-
| Cosmo Eigesse || [[Takeshi Watabe]] || Bob Papenbrook
|-
| Theo Fairchild || [[Tamio Ōki]] || [[Michael Forest]]
|-
| Birgit Pirjo || [[Yoku Shioya]] || [[Derek Stephen Prince]]
|-
| Dwight Camry || [[Takehito Koyasu]] || Peter Doyle
|-
| Arthur Jung || [[Taiki Matsuno]] || [[Joshua Seth]]
|}

==Development==
Originally planned as a full-length television series to mark the tenth anniversary of the Gundam franchise, ''Gundam F91'' hit a production snag due to staff disputes, and the project was stopped after the screenplays for the first thirteen episodes were written. It was then decided that what was made of the show would be condensed into a theatrical feature film.<ref>''GREAT MECHANICS 8''. Futabasha, Mar 2003. {{ISBN|978-4575464122}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

A film adaptation in the Gundam franchise had not been created since ''Char's Counterattack''. ''Gundam F91'' was developed with the goal of presenting a new era and new characters, at a time when [[SD Gundam]] was the representative of Gundam in film theaters. Tomino commented apart from the actual announcement of the work that the theme of the film would involve family matters.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Yoshikazu Yasuhiko and Kunio Okawara returned to work on the film with Tomino to recreate the core team from the original ''Mobile Suit Gundam'' series. Yasuhiko hadn't done anything aside from character designs after ''Mobile Suit Gundam'', but he participated on the condition that he would get to help create the story like he did in the original. In the end, however, he did not  participate in the story's development, and instead arranged parts of the animation and designed and colored some elements, such as the normal suits (the space suits used in the film). Okawara returned from his design role in ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ]]'' to design every mobile suit that appeared in the film. The mobile suits he designed were ones that came from conversations with Tomino, much like how it was when they worked on the original series, but they found themselves disagreeing on how radically to change the design elements and theme.<ref>''GREAT MECHANICS 8''. Futabasha, Mar 2003. {{ISBN|978-4575464122}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> Okawara originally took care to keep the number of lines in his designs to a minimum, as the difficulty of animating them for a feature-length film would increase, but Sunrise requested that he use as many lines as he could.<ref>''Gunpla A: Gundam Ace Selection''. Kadokawa Bookstore, Dec 2002. {{ISBN|978-4048535656}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

The mobile suits for the film were designed to be smaller than usual—their sizes had been generally increasing up until ''Char's Counterattack'', where the Gundam was 18 meters tall but the Nu Gundam was 22 meters. The average size was brought down to about fifteen meters in ''Gundam F91'', with Tomino explaining that it would be easier for when the mobile suits were made into model kits, as they would be more easily posed with equally scaled human figures and easier to build dioramas around,<ref>''F-91 Encyclopedia''.{{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref> the same reason he offered for another animation series he worked on, ''[[Aura Battler Dunbine]]''. Tomino originally wanted to decrease the size to 10 meters, but it was set at 15 meters to meet the requirements of manufacturers.<ref>''GREAT MECHANICS 14''. Futabasha, Dec 2004. {{ISBN|978-4575464245}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

In-universe, the shortening of mobile suits was explained as a way to combat the ever-growing costs of producing larger and larger mobile suits. In the same way, the model kits would also decrease in terms of manufacturing cost.<ref>''Mobile Suit Gundam Universal Century vol.4 - Summary''. Rapport, Apr 1999. {{ISBN|978-4897993904}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> In reality, however, as 1/144 scale model kits were becoming the norm instead of 1/100, the cost to develop new technology to color smaller kits and to create smaller, more articulated joints, among other things, actually drove the production cost up. However, this in-universe explanation met with dissatisfaction by fans of the franchise, especially the model kit fans,<ref>''GREAT MECHANICS 14''. Futabasha, Dec 2004. {{ISBN|978-4575464245}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> so after retaining the smaller size through ''[[Mobile Suit Victory Gundam]]'', starting with ''[[Mobile Fighter G Gundam]]'' the mobile suits were gradually increased in size once again. By the release of ''[[Turn-A Gundam]]'' and ''[[G-Saviour]]'', the titular mobile suits stood at 20 and 18 meters, respectively.

According to Tomino, the film was designed to be easier to understand than the somewhat confusing ''Char's Counterattack''. The main character was a more easily  understood hero, and the story ended on a happier note. The theme of ''Char's Counterattack'' involved Newtypes, but ''Gundam F91'' chose to go with the easily relatable concept of "family problems" as its main focus, which also made it easier to understand for newer fans of the series. As a result, Tomino has said that "story-wise, the movie was a success." The first part of the film was presented in a clean, understandable way, but the second part got more chaotic, like ''Char's Counterattack'', with situations only being explained with very brief dialogue &ndash; the layers of complicated story piled up, and in that sense it became a true successor to the ''Gundam'' film adaptations.<ref>''Mobile Suit Gundam F91 Perfect File''. Kodansha, May 1999. {{ISBN|978-4061777170}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

In the story, round, floating manslaughter weapons called "Bugs" were introduced in order to give more of a direct feel to the pain and violence depicted on screen than the poison gas used in ''Mobile Suit Gundam'' and ''[[Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam]]'', though they had the same role of killing people.<ref>''Mobile Suit Gundam F91''. Rapport Deluxe.{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> This is related to Tomino's strong belief at the time that children were "continuing to lose touch with real life."{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

''Gundam F91'' was Sunrise's first film that used wide-screen format materials for its production. Until then, all of Sunrise's film productions had used normal-sized paper, which was then cut off at the top and bottom in order to adapt it to widescreen.<ref>''GREAT MECHANICS 21''. Futabasha, Jun 2006. {{ISBN|978-4575464313}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

==Release==
After the film's release, the first six of eight of its film rolls smoothed out certain scenes, and about five minutes of footage was added to the last two rolls. They also had the voice actors re-dub the film, and finally released the "director's cut" on VHS as "Mobile Suit Gundam F91: The Complete Version". The later DVD release contained both the original film version and the complete version. However, rolls 1 through 6 on the film version are actually from the revised, complete version, so the original film version has never actually been released on home video.

==Theme songs==
'''Ending:'''
*{{nihongo|"[[Eternal Wind|Eternal Wind ~ Hohoemi wa Hikaru Kaze no Naka]]"|ETERNAL WIND〜ほほえみは光る風の中〜||"Eternal Wind ~Shine in the Smiling Wind"}} by [[Hiroko Moriguchi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2018/02/11-1/mobile-suit-z-gundam-op-original-singer-performs-new-pachinko-machine-theme-song | title="Mobile Suit Z Gundam" OP Original Singer Performs New Pachinko Machine Theme Song }}</ref>

'''Insert:''' (This song wasn't used in the movie itself, but it was present on an extended trailer for the movie).
*{{nihongo|"Kimi wo Mitsumete -The Time I'm Seeing You-"|君を見つめて -The time I'm seeing you-||"Staring at You -The time I'm seeing you"}} by Hiroko Moriguchi

==Reception==
In a NHK 2023 survey, respondents have rated ''F91'' as the 18th most popular Gundam property.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/anime/gundam/ranking/ | title=結果発表！｜全ガンダム大投票 40th｜NHK }}</ref>

==Legacy==
In production notes it was said that they would "certainly" continue with a sequel to ''Gundam F91'', but a project for a continuation never materialized. Later on, however, Tomino was involved with the writing of the manga ''[[Mobile Suit Crossbone Gundam]]'', which followed the film's events to a certain extent.

==Media==
===Novels===
Film director and writer Tomino wrote a two-part novelization that fleshed out more details of the story.

{{Book table |background=#A2BBAC |book_number= |title= |publisher= |publish_date= |isbn= |books=
{{Book list
 | book_number    = 1
 | title          = {{nihongo|Mobile Suit Gundam F91 Crossbone Vanguard (first)|機動戦士ガンダムＦ９１ クロスボーン・バンガード（上）}}
 | author         = [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]
 | publisher      = [[Kadokawa Shoten]]
 | publish_date   = 29 January 1991<ref name=sneaker>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=機動戦士ガンダムＦ９１ |url=https://sneakerbunko.jp/product/gundam_f91/ |website=ザ・スニーカーWEB |location= |publisher=[[Kadokawa Shoten]] |language=japanese }}</ref>
 | isbn           = 9784044101343
 | line_color     = novel
 | short_summary  = 
}}
{{Book list
 | book_number    = 2
 | title          = {{nihongo|Mobile Suit Gundam F91 Crossbone Vanguard (final)|機動戦士ガンダムＦ９１ クロスボーン・バンガード（下）}}
 | author         = Yoshiyuki Tomino
 | publisher      = Kadokawa Shoten
 | publish_date   = 21 February 1991<ref name=sneaker />
 | isbn           = 9784044101350
 | line_color     = novel
 | short_summary  = 
}}
}}

===Video games===
''Gundam F91'' has appeared in other games. The film was in ''Super Robot Wars II'', ''III'', ''EX'', ''IV'', ''F/Final'', ''Alpha'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010710/banpre.htm | title=バンプレスト、DC「スーパーロボット大戦α for Dreamcast」発売を8月30日に延期 }}</ref> ''Alpha 2'', ''Compact'', ''Impact'', ''64'', ''X''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.siliconera.com/super-robot-wars-x-shows-off-many-mecha-attacks-multiple-screenshots/ | title=Super Robot Wars X Shows off Its Many Mecha Attacks in Multiple Screenshots | date=21 December 2017 }}</ref> and ''X-Ω''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-30/super-robot-wars-x-game-the-idolm@ster-video-reveals-harukaiser/.111604 | title=Super Robot Wars X-Ω Game's the IDOLM@STER's Video Reveals Harukaiser | date=28 August 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.gundam-f91.net}}
* {{anime News Network|anime|id=1402|title=Mobile Suit Gundam F91}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket]]'' | title = ''[[Gundam]]'' metaseries (production order) | years = 1991 | after = ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory]]''}}
{{succession box | before = ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Hathaway's Flash]]'' | title = ''Gundam'' [[Universal Century]] timeline | years = U.C. 0123 | after = ''[[Mobile Suit Crossbone Gundam]]'' '''(manga)'''<br />''[[Mobile Suit Victory Gundam]]''}}
{{s-end}}

{{Gundam}}
{{Yoshiyuki Tomino}}
{{Sunrise films}}

[[Category:Gundam anime and manga|F91]]
[[Category:1991 anime films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Bandai Entertainment anime titles]]
[[Category:Sunrise (studio)]]
[[Category:Japanese animated films]]
[[Category:Animated films set in the 22nd century]]
[[Category:Real robot anime and manga]]