View source for Mode X

{{Short description|Alternative video graphics display mode of IBM VGA graphics hardware}}
'''Mode X''' is a {{resx|320x240}} 256-color [[graphics mode|graphics display mode]] of the [[VGA]] graphics hardware for [[IBM PC compatible]]s. It was first publicized by [[Michael Abrash]] in his July 1991 "Ramblings in Realtime" column in ''[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]]''. The articles were reprinted in chapters 47-49 of Abrash's ''Graphics Programming Black Book''.<ref>Abrash, Michael. ''Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book Special Edition.'' The Coriolis Group, Scottsdale Arizona, 1997. {{ISBN|1-57610-174-6}}: PDF available online [http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1698.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311022026/http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1698.asp|date=2007-03-11}}</ref> The term "Mode X" was coined by Abrash. Mode X is a variant of the  {{resx|320x200}} [[Mode 13h]] with the resolution increased to {{resx|320x240}}, giving square pixels instead of the slightly elongated pixels of Mode 13h. It is enabled by entering Mode 13h via a [[BIOS]] system call, then changing the values of several VGA registers.

Additionally, Abrash enabled the VGA's planar memory mode (also called "unchained mode"). Even though planar memory mode is a documented part of the VGA standard and was used in earlier commercial games,<ref>Abrash, Michael. ''Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book Special Edition.'' The Coriolis Group, Scottsdale Arizona, 1997. {{ISBN|1-57610-174-6}}: PDF available online [http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1698.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311022026/http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1698.asp|date=2007-03-11}} pg. 877</ref> it was first widely publicized in the Mode X articles, leading many programmers to consider Mode X and planar memory synonymous.  It is possible to enable planar memory in standard {{resx|320x200}} mode, which became known as '''Mode Y''' in the [[Usenet]] rec.games.programmer group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.programmer/browse_thread/thread/66bb2a3530af9618/1b00273db2f76620?#1b00273db2f76620 |title=Mode Y |date=August 1993 |accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref><ref name="roberts_modey">Roberts, Dave. ''PC Game Programming Explorer''. The Coriolis Group, Scottsdale Arizona, 1994. {{ISBN|1-883577-07-1}}. Page 106.</ref>

Planar memory arrangement splits the pixels horizontally into groups of four.  For any given byte in video memory, four pixels on screen can be accessed depending on which plane(s) are enabled. This is more complicated for the programmer, but the advantages gained by this arrangement&mdash;primarily the ability to use all 256&nbsp;KB of VGA memory for one or more display buffers, instead of only one quarter of that (64&nbsp;KB)&mdash;were considered worthwhile by many.

==Variants==
In addition to unchained {{resx|320x200}} being called Mode Y, '''Mode Q''' (short for "cube") is sometimes used to refer to a {{resx|256x256}} 256-color mode.<ref>Robert Schmidt.{{cite web |url=http://gameprogrammer.com/demos/tweak16b.zip |title=tweak16b |date=1993 |access-date=2015-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811032705/http://gameprogrammer.com/demos/tweak16b.zip |archive-date=2015-08-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Bas van Gaalen. {{cite web |url=http://swag.outpostbbs.net/EGAVGA/0175.PAS.html |title=Tweaked 256x256x256 Chained |date=August 1994}}</ref> The Y coordinate can simply be put in the high byte of the address, and the X coordinate in the low byte, forming the address of the pixel without a multiply.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.drdobbs.com/parallel/graphics-programming-black-book/184404919 Graphics Programming Black Book] by [[Michael Abrash]], chapters [http://twimgs.com/ddj/abrashblackbook/gpbb47.pdf 47], [http://twimgs.com/ddj/abrashblackbook/gpbb48.pdf 48], [http://twimgs.com/ddj/abrashblackbook/gpbb49.pdf 49].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070123192523/http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article356.asp Mode X tutorial at GameDev.net (archived copy)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425075841/http://www.gameprogrammer.com/3-tweak.html Tweaked VGA Modes by Robert C. Pendleton (archived copy)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414072210/http://fly.srk.fer.hr/GDM/articles/vgamodex/vgamx1.html Introduction to Mode X by Robert Jambor (archived copy)]

[[Category:Computer display standards]]

{{compu-hardware-stub}}
{{Compu-graphics-stub}}