View source for Monticello

{{Short description|Primary residence of U.S. Founding Father Thomas Jefferson}}
{{About|the Jefferson residence|other uses}}
{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name                    = Monticello
| image                   = Thomas Jefferson's Monticello (cropped).JPG
| image_size              = 290px
| caption                 = Monticello in September 2013
| location                = [[Albemarle County, Virginia]] near [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], U.S.
| coordinates             = {{Coord|38|00|37.1|N|78|27|08.4|W|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe                = yes
| mapframe-marker         = building
| mapframe-zoom           = 11
| mapframe-caption        = Interactive map showing Monticello's location
| built                   = 1772
| architect               = [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| architecture            = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]], [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]]
| governing_body          = [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation|The Thomas Jefferson Foundation (TJF)]]
| designation1            = WHS
| designation1_offname    = Monticello and the [[University of Virginia]] in Charlottesville
| designation1_type       = Cultural
| designation1_criteria   = i, iv, vi
| designation1_date       = 1987 <small>(11th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number     = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/442 442]
| designation1_free1name  = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Europe and North America]]
| designation2            = NRHP
| designation2_date       = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2006a}}</ref>
| designation2_number     = [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/nhls/text/66000826.PDF 66000826]
| designation3            = NHL
| designation3_date       = December 19, 1960<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=632&ResourceType=Building |title=Monticello (Thomas Jefferson House) |access-date=June 27, 2008 |department=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=National Park Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006081426/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=632&ResourceType=Building |archive-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref>
| designation4            = Virginia Landmarks Register
| designation4_date       = September 9, 1969<ref name="VLR list">{{cite web |title=Virginia Landmarks Register |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm |access-date=November 16, 2015 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| designation4_number     = 002-0050
}}
[[File:Monticello reflected.JPG|thumb|right|Monticello and its reflection]]
[[File:Outside Monticello, Charlottesville, VA IMG 4206.JPG|thumb|Some of the gardens on the property]]

'''Monticello''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|ɪ|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|l|oʊ|}} {{respell|MON|tih|CHEL|oh|}}) was the primary residence and [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantation]] of [[Thomas Jefferson]], a [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]], author of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], and the third [[president of the United States]]. Jefferson began designing Monticello after inheriting land from his father at the age of 14. Located just outside [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], in the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] region, the plantation was originally {{cvt|5000|acre|km2}}, with Jefferson using the [[forced labor]] of [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved black people]] for extensive cultivation of [[tobacco]] and mixed crops, later shifting from tobacco cultivation to wheat in response to changing markets. Due to its architectural and historic significance, the property has been designated a [[National Historic Landmark]]. In 1987, Monticello and the nearby [[University of Virginia]], also designed by Jefferson, were together designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The [[Nickel (United States coin)|United States nickel]] has featured a depiction of Monticello on its reverse every year since 1938 with the exception of 2004-05.

Jefferson designed the [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|main house]] using [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] design principles pioneered by [[Italian Renaissance]] architect [[Andrea Palladio]] and reworking the design through much of his presidency to include design elements popular in late 18th-century Europe and integrating numerous ideas of his own. Situated on the summit of an {{Cvt|850|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} peak in the [[Southwest Mountains]] south of the Rivanna Gap, the name Monticello derives from Italian meaning "little mountain". Along a prominent lane adjacent to the house, Mulberry Row, the plantation came to include numerous outbuildings for specialized functions, e.g., a nailery; quarters for slaves who worked in the home; gardens for flowers, produce, and Jefferson's experiments in plant breeding—along with tobacco fields and mixed crops. Cabins for slaves who worked in the fields were farther from the mansion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Long Shadow of the Plantation |url=https://backstoryradio.org/shows/the-long-shadow-of-the-plantation/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=BackStory}}</ref>

At Jefferson's direction, he was buried on the grounds, in an area now designated as the Monticello Cemetery. The cemetery is owned by the [[Monticello Association]], a society of his descendants through [[Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Thomas Jefferson Family Cemetery |url=https://www.carolshouse.com/cemeteryrecords/monticello/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |department=Cemetery Records |publisher=Carols House}}</ref> After Jefferson's death, his daughter [[Martha Jefferson Randolph]], apart from the small family graveyard, sold Monticello for $7,500. In 1834, it was bought and saved from ruin by [[Uriah P. Levy]], a commodore in the U.S. Navy, for $2,500, (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2500|start_year=1834}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) who admired Jefferson and spent significant funds to preserve the property. His nephew [[Jefferson Monroe Levy]] took over the property in 1879; he also invested considerable funds to restore and preserve it. In 1923, Monroe Levy sold it for $500,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=500000|start_year=1923}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to the [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation]] (TJF), which operates it as a house museum and educational institution.

==Design and building==
Jefferson's home was built to serve as a [[plantation house]], which ultimately took on the architectural form of a [[villa]].<ref name="Archipedia">{{Cite web |title=Monticello |url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/VA-01-CH48 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=Archipedia |date=March 13, 2019 |publisher=Society of Architectural Historians |language=en}}</ref> Work began on what historians would subsequently refer to as "the first Monticello" in 1768, on a plantation of {{cvt|5,000|acre|ha|abbr=off}}. Jefferson moved into the South Pavilion (an outbuilding) in 1770, where his new wife [[Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson|Martha Wayles Skelton]] joined him in 1772. Jefferson continued work on his original design, but how much was completed is of some dispute.<ref name="Archipedia" /> In constructing and later reconstructing his home, Jefferson used a combination of free workers, indentured servants, and enslaved people.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://slavery.monticello.org/slavery-at-monticello/life-monticello-plantation/monticello-house |title=The Monticello House |access-date=April 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425181434/http://slavery.monticello.org/slavery-at-monticello/life-monticello-plantation/monticello-house |archive-date=April 25, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After his wife's death in 1782, Jefferson left Monticello in 1784 to serve as Minister of the United States to France. During his several years in Europe, he had an opportunity to see some of the classical buildings with which he had become acquainted from his reading, as well as to discover the "modern" trends in French architecture that were then fashionable in Paris. His decision to extensively remodel and rebuild his own home may date from this period. In 1794, following his tenure as the first [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] (1790–1793), Jefferson began rebuilding his house based on the ideas he had acquired in Europe. The remodeling continued throughout most of his presidency (1801–1809).<ref name="Monticello">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/journey/mcl.htm |title=Monticello |publisher=National Park Service, US Dept of the Interior |access-date=April 30, 2011 |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103211809/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/journey/mcl.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although generally completed by 1809, Jefferson continued work on Monticello until his death in 1826.
[[File:Montecello-Dome3.jpg|thumb|left|Under the dome]]
Jefferson added a center hallway and a parallel set of rooms to the structure, more than doubling its area. He removed the second full-height story from the original house and replaced it with a [[Mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanine]] bedroom floor. The interior is centered on two large rooms, which served as an entrance-hall-museum, where Jefferson displayed his scientific interests, and a music-sitting room.<ref name="Archipedia" /> The most dramatic element of the new design was an octagonal [[dome]], which he placed above the west front of the building in place of a second-story portico. The room inside the dome was described by a visitor as "a noble and beautiful apartment," but it was rarely used—perhaps because it was hot in summer and cold in winter, or because it could be reached only by climbing a steep and very narrow flight of stairs. The dome room has now been restored to its appearance during Jefferson's lifetime, with "Mars [[yellow]]" walls and a painted green and black checkered floor.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.chriskern.net/essay/jeffersonsDomeAtMonticello.html |title=Jefferson's Dome at Monticello |last=Kern |first=Chris |access-date=July 10, 2009 |archive-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915083853/http://www.chriskern.net/essay/jeffersonsDomeAtMonticello.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Summertime temperatures are high in the region, with indoor temperatures of around {{cvt|100|F}}. Jefferson himself is known to have been interested in Roman and Renaissance texts about ancient temperature-control techniques such as ground-cooled air and heated floors.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.poplarforest.org/sites/default/files/Poplar%20Forest%20-%20Privacy%20Restored.pdf |title=Poplar Forest - Privacy restored, p33 |website=PoplarForest.org |access-date=February 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811092400/http://www.poplarforest.org/sites/default/files/Poplar%20Forest%20-%20Privacy%20Restored.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Monticello's large central hall and aligned windows were designed to allow a cooling air-current to pass through the house, and the octagonal cupola draws hot air up and out.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-17-mn-50593-story.html |title=Cooling Trend Predicted for Mount Vernon |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=May 17, 1998 |author=MARYLOU TOUSIGNANT |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822221912/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/17/news/mn-50593 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late twentieth century, moderate air conditioning, designed to avoid the harm to the house and its contents that would be caused by major modifications and large temperature differentials, was installed in the house, a tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Stealth Ductwork |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx2mOwNM924C&pg=PA29 |date=October 2000 |journal=Popular Science |page=29 |issn=0161-7370 |access-date=October 23, 2016 |archive-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102081114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx2mOwNM924C&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before Jefferson's death, Monticello had begun to show signs of disrepair. The attention Jefferson's [[University of Virginia|university project in Charlottesville]] demanded, and family problems, diverted his focus. The most important reason for the mansion's deterioration was his accumulating debts. In the last few years of Jefferson's life, much went without repair in Monticello. A witness, [[Samuel Whitcomb Jr.]], who visited Jefferson in 1824, thought it run down. He said, "His house is rather old and going to decay; appearances about his yard and hill are rather slovenly. It commands an extensive prospect but it being a misty cloudy day, I could see but little of the surrounding scenery."<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Book Peddler Invades Monticello |author=Peden, William |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |year=1949 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=631–636 |doi=10.2307/1916755 |jstor=1916755 |oclc=5545215252}}</ref>

==Preservation==
[[File:Thomas Jefferson Monticello site logo.png|right|thumb|The logo at Monticello's official website, hosted by the [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation]]]]
[[File:The Bloom of Monticello frontispiece.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Monticello in 1926]]
After Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, his only official surviving daughter, [[Martha Jefferson Randolph]], inherited Monticello. The estate was encumbered with debt and Martha Randolph had financial problems in her own family because of her husband's [[mental illness]]. In 1831, she sold Monticello to [[James Turner Barclay]], a local [[apothecary]], for $7,500 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=7500|start_year=1831}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). Barclay sold it in 1834 to [[Uriah P. Levy]] for $2,500, (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US|value=2500|start_year=1834}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}) the first Jewish [[commodore (United States)|commodore]] (equivalent to today's rear admiral) in the United States Navy. A fifth-generation American whose family first settled in [[Savannah, Georgia]], Levy greatly admired Jefferson and used private funds to repair, restore and preserve the house. The [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] government seized the house as enemy property at the outset of the [[American Civil War]] and sold it to Confederate officer [[Benjamin Franklin Ficklin]]. Levy's [[Estate (law)|estate]] recovered the property after the war.<ref>Leepson, Marc. ''Saving Monticello: The Levy Family's Epic Quest to Rescue the House That Jefferson Built''. New York: Free Press; 2001, p. 94.</ref>

Levy's heirs argued over his estate, but their lawsuits were settled in 1879, when Uriah Levy's nephew, [[Jefferson Monroe Levy]], a prominent New York lawyer, [[real estate speculator]], and stock speculator (and later member of Congress), bought out the other heirs for $10,050, (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=10050|start_year=1879}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) and took control of Monticello. Like his uncle, Jefferson Levy commissioned repairs, restoration and preservation of the grounds and house, which had been deteriorating seriously while the lawsuits wound their way through the courts in New York and Virginia. Together, the Levys preserved Monticello for nearly 100 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leepson |first=Marc |title=Saving Monticello |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0813922195 |date=2003}}</ref>
[[File:LITTLETON, MRS. MARTIN WILEY, LEFT, WITH MONTICELLO PETITIONS LCCN2016864123.jpg|thumb|Maud Littleton gatherings petitions to have Monticello expropriated from Jefferson Monroe Levy, 1912.]]
[[File:US-Series-1953-$2-Reverse.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Monticello depicted on the reverse of the 1953 [[U.S. two-dollar bill|$2 bill]]. Note the two "Levy lions" on either side of the entrance. The lions, placed there by Jefferson Levy, were removed in 1923 when the Thomas Jefferson Foundation purchased the house.]]
In 1909, Maud Littleton, the wife of [[Martin W. Littleton]], visited Monticello. Following her visit, Littleton launched a nationwide [[Antisemitism in Virginia|antisemitic]] campaign to have Monticello expropriated from Jefferson Levy. Littleton took her campaign to the press as well as to Congress, with two bills to expropriate Monticello from Levy failing to pass. Littleton used veiled antisemitic remarks to disparage Levy, such as calling him an "alien", "oriental", and a "rank outsider" who had allegedly altered the character of "the house that Jefferson built and made sacred." Littleton also made attempts to purchase Monticello. Angered by Littleton's antisemitism, Levy refused to sell his property. However, due to strained finances, Levy reluctantly sold Monticello to a foundation. Maud Littleton became the organization's first executive director. For the next 60 years, mention of the Levy family was erased by the foundation, despite the fact that Levy's mother Rachel is buried at Monticello. Neglected for decades, Rachel's grave was refurbished in 1985, under the foundation's new executive director Daniel Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-lost-story-of-how-a-jewish-family-saved-thomas-jeffersons-famous-home-twice/ |title=The lost story of how a Jewish family saved Thomas Jefferson’s famous home – twice |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |accessdate=2025-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monticello.org/exhibits-events/livestreams-videos-and-podcasts/crusade-for-monticello-ichepod/ |title=A Crusade for Monticello |publisher=[[Monticello.org]] |accessdate=2025-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isjl.org/virginia-charlottesville-encyclopedia.html |title=Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities - Charlottesville, Virginia |publisher=Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities |accessdate=2025-03-29}}</ref>

In 1923, a private non-profit organization, the [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation]], purchased the house from Jefferson Levy for $500,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=500000|start_year=1923}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) with funds raised by Theodore Fred Kuper and others. They managed additional restoration under architects including [[Fiske Kimball]] and [[Milton L. Grigg]].<ref>Fleming, Thomas. "The Jew Who Helped Save Monticello", ''The Jewish Digest'', February 1974, pp. 43–49.</ref> Since that time, other restoration has been performed at Monticello.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monticello Restoration Project Puts An Increased Focus on Jefferson's Slaves |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/02/20/516292305/monticello-restoration-project-puts-an-increased-focus-on-jeffersons-slaves |website=NPR.org |publisher=National Public Radio |access-date=November 26, 2019 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602144607/https://www.npr.org/2017/02/20/516292305/monticello-restoration-project-puts-an-increased-focus-on-jeffersons-slaves |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Jefferson Foundation operates Monticello and its grounds as a [[house museum]] and educational institution. Visitors can wander the grounds, as well as tour rooms in the cellar and ground floor. More expensive tour pass options include sunset hours, as well as tours of the second floor and the third floor, including the iconic dome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monticello.org/site/visit/tickets-tours |title=Tickets and Tours |work=Monticello.org |access-date=July 28, 2015 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514074949/http://www2.monticello.org/site/visit/tickets-tours |url-status=live }}</ref>

Monticello is a [[National Historic Landmark]]. It is the only private home in the United States to be designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Included in that designation are the original grounds and buildings of Jefferson's [[University of Virginia]]. From 1989 to 1992, a team of architects from the [[Historic American Buildings Survey]] (HABS) created a collection of measured drawings of Monticello. These drawings are held by the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/95860361/ |title=Architectural drawing of a house ('Monticello'), Albemarle County, Virginia |via=Library of Congress |access-date=January 19, 2017 |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901002556/https://www.loc.gov/item/95860361/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Among Jefferson's other designs are [[Poplar Forest]], his private retreat near [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]] (which he intended for his daughter Maria, who died at age 25), the "academic village" of the University of Virginia, and the [[Virginia State Capitol]] in Richmond.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/92uva/92uva.htm |title=Thomas Jefferson's Plan for the University of Virginia: Lessons from the Lawn |last1=Sara |first1=Wilson |last2=Mary |first2=Hughes |date=July 25, 2002 |website=NPS.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903094333/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/92uva/92uva.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/virginiastatecapitol.html |title=Richmond: A 'Discover Our Shared Heritage' Travel Itinerary |work=NPS.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712093959/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/VirginiaStateCapitol.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Decoration and furnishings==
Much of Monticello's interior decoration reflects the personal ideas and ideals of Jefferson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monticello.org/jefferson/dayinlife/sunrise/design.html |title=A Day in the Life of Thomas Jefferson: Sunrise Design and Decor |publisher=Monticello.org |access-date=July 9, 2010 |archive-date=May 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510151902/http://www.monticello.org/jefferson/dayinlife/sunrise/design.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jefferson fish pond at Monticello.jpg|thumb|left|In a time before refrigeration, Jefferson had the pond stocked with fish, to be available on demand.]]

The original main entrance is through the [[portico]] on the east front. The ceiling of this portico incorporates a wind plate connected to a [[weather vane]], showing the direction of the wind. A large [[clock]] face on the external east-facing wall has only an hour hand since Jefferson thought this was accurate enough for those he enslaved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/design-and-decor-great-clock |title=A Day in the Life of Thomas Jefferson: Design and Decor - The Great Clock |publisher=Monticello.org |access-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183831/https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/design-and-decor-great-clock |url-status=live }}</ref> The clock reflects the time shown on the "Great Clock", designed by Jefferson, in the entrance hall. The entrance hall contains recreations of items collected by [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|Lewis and Clark]] on the cross-country expedition commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson had the floorcloth painted a "true grass green" upon the recommendation of artist [[Gilbert Stuart]], so that Jefferson's "essay in architecture" could invite the spirit of the outdoors into the house.{{Citation needed|date = November 2015}}

The south wing includes Jefferson's private suite of rooms. The library holds many books from his third [[library]] collection. His first library was burned in an accidental plantation fire, and he 'ceded' (or sold) his second library in 1815 to the [[United States Congress]] to replace the books lost in the 1814 [[burning of Washington]] during the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/about/history.html |title=History - About the Library (Library of Congress) |publisher=Loc.gov |date=September 14, 1987 |access-date=July 9, 2010 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221101807/http://www.loc.gov/about/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This second library formed the nucleus of the [[Library of Congress]].<ref name="loc.gov"/>
[[File:INTERIOR, MASTER BEDROOM, LOOKING SOUTHWEST - Monticello, State Route 53 vicinity, Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA HABS VA,2-CHAR.V,1-35.tif|thumb|Master Bedroom, looking southwest (1978)]]
As "larger than life" as Monticello seems, the house has approximately {{cvt|11000|sqft|m2}} of living space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House FAQs |url=https://www.monticello.org/house-gardens/the-house/house-faqs/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=Monticello |language=en}}</ref> Jefferson considered much furniture to be a waste of space, so the [[dining room]] table was erected only at mealtimes, and beds were built into [[alcove (architecture)|alcoves]] cut into thick walls that contain storage space. Jefferson's bed opens to two sides: to his cabinet (study) and to his bedroom (dressing room).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/alcove-beds |title=Jefferson's Alcove Bed |publisher=Monticello.org |access-date=July 9, 2010 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815061608/https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/alcove-beds |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, a room identified as [[Sally Hemings]]' quarters at Monticello, adjacent to Jefferson's bedroom, was discovered in an archeological excavation. It will be restored and refurbished. This is part of the Mountaintop Project, which includes restorations in order to give a fuller account of the lives of both enslaved and free families at Monticello.<ref name="nbc">{{Cite web |title=Historians uncover slave quarters of Sally Hemings at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-living-quarters-found-n771261 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=NBC News |date=July 3, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wapost">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/for-decades-they-hid-jeffersons-mistress-now-monticello-is-making-room-for-sally-hemings/2017/02/18/d410d660-f222-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html Krissah Thompson, "For decades they hid Jefferson's relationship with her. Now Monticello is making room for Sally Hemings."], ''Washington Post'', February 18, 2017; accessed July 13, 2024</ref>

The west front gives the impression of a villa of modest proportions, with a lower floor disguised in the hillside.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The north wing includes two guest bedrooms and the dining room. It has a [[Dumbwaiter (elevator)|dumbwaiter]] incorporated into the fireplace, as well as dumbwaiters (shelved tables on casters) and a pivoting serving door with shelves.<ref>[[Marcus Whiffen|Whiffen, Marcus]] & Koeper, Frederick (1981). ''American Architecture, 1607–1976''. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass P.105</ref><ref>Self, R. L., & Stein, S. R. (1998). The Collaboration of Thomas Jefferson and John Hemings: Furniture Attributed to the Monticello Joinery. Winterthur Portfolio, 33(4), 231-248.</ref>

== Food and cuisine ==
Monticello is known as the birthplace of [[macaroni and cheese]] in the United States. While it is a myth that Monticello is its American birthplace,<ref name=":3" /> it is true that it was made popular there. Jefferson's enslaved cook [[James Hemings]],<ref name=":1" /> brother of [[Sally Hemings]],<ref name=":2" /> Jefferson's enslaved mistress, perfected the dish and made it similar to the way it is prepared today.<ref name=":0" />

{{See also|Edith Hern Fossett#Monticello}}

==Quarters for slaves on Mulberry Row==
{{Further|Thomas Jefferson and slavery#Monticello slave life}}
Jefferson located one set of his [[Slave quarters in the United States|quarters for enslaved people]] on Mulberry Row, a {{cvt|1000|ft|m|adj=on|spell=in}} road of slave, service, and industrial structures. Mulberry Row was situated {{cvt|300|ft|m|-2|spell=in}} south of Monticello, with the quarters facing the Jefferson mansion. These cabins were occupied by the black slaves who worked in the mansion or in Jefferson's manufacturing ventures, and not by those who labored in the fields. At one point, "Jefferson sketched out plans for a row of substantial, dignified neoclassical houses" for Mulberry Row, for enslaved blacks and white workers, "having in mind an integrated row of residences."<ref>{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Wiencek |title=Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |date=2012 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/masterofmountain0000wien/page/34 34] |url=https://archive.org/details/masterofmountain0000wien/page/34 |isbn=978-0-374-29956-9}}</ref>

[[Archaeology]] of the site shows that the rooms of the cabins were much larger in the 1770s than in the 1790s. Researchers disagree as to whether this indicates that more enslaved people were crowded into smaller spaces, or that fewer people lived in the smaller spaces.<ref name="Neiman"/> Earlier quarters for enslaved people had a two-room plan, one family per room, with a single, shared doorway to the outside. But from the 1790s on, all rooms/families had independent doorways. Most of the cabins are free-standing, single-room structures.<ref name="Neiman"/>

By the time of Jefferson's death, some enslaved families had labored and lived for four generations at Monticello.<ref name="Neiman">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/saf/1301/features/archeology.htm |title=Changing Landscapes: Slave Housing at Monticello by Fraser D. Neiman, Director of Archeology for the Thomas Jefferson Foundation |publisher=pbs.org |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920035133/http://www.pbs.org/saf/1301/features/archeology.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thomas Jefferson recorded his strategy for [[Child labour|child labor]] in his Farm Book. Until the age of 10, children served as nurses. When the plantation grew tobacco, children were at a good height to remove and kill [[Tobacco Worm|tobacco worms]] from the crops.<ref name="TJ - children" /> Once he began growing wheat, fewer people were needed to maintain the crops, so Jefferson established manual trades. He stated that children "go into the ground or learn trades". When girls were 16, they began spinning and weaving textiles. Boys made nails from age 10 to 16. In 1794, Jefferson had a dozen boys working at the nailery.<ref name="TJ - children">{{Cite web |title=The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-dark-side-of-thomas-jefferson-35976004/ |access-date=May 9, 2021 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152603/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-dark-side-of-thomas-jefferson-35976004/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While working at the nailery, boys received more food (during this period, [[cornmeal]] and [[salted fish]] were common rations for the enslaved) and may have received new clothes if they did a good job. After the nailery, boys became blacksmiths, coopers, carpenters, or house servants.<ref name="TJ - children" />

Six families and their descendants were featured in the exhibit, ''Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: Paradox of Liberty'' (January to October 2012) at the [[Smithsonian]]'s [[National Museum of American History]], which also examined Jefferson as an enslaver. Developed as a collaboration between the [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] and Monticello, it is the first exhibit on the national mall to address such issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.monticello.org/slavery/paradox-of-liberty/ |title=slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: Paradox of Liberty |access-date=May 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517023356/http://slavery.monticello.org/slavery-at-monticello |archive-date=May 17, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2012, Monticello opened a new outdoor exhibit on its grounds: ''Landscape of Slavery: Mulberry Row at Monticello,'' to convey more about the lives of the hundreds of slaves who lived and worked at the plantation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slaveryatmonticello.org |title=Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: Paradox of Liberty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413122838/http://www.slaveryatmonticello.org/slavery-at-monticello/life-monticello-plantation/treatment |archive-date=April 13, 2012}}</ref>

==Outbuildings and plantation==
[[File:Monticello veggie garden.JPG|thumb|right|Jefferson's vegetable garden]]
[[File:Monticello Graveyard historical marker IMG 4203.JPG|thumb|Plaque commemorating Monticello Graveyard, owned and operated separately by the [[Monticello Association]]]]
[[File:Monticello Graveyard, VA IMG 4204.JPG|right|thumb|Monticello Graveyard]]
[[File:Thomas Jefferson gravestone at Monticello IMG 4201.JPG|thumb|Jefferson's gravestone, with an epitaph written by him, does not mention that he was President of the United States.]]

The main house was augmented by small outlying pavilions to the north and south. A row of outbuildings (dairy, a washhouse, store houses, a small nail factory, a joinery, etc.) and quarters for slaves ([[log cabins]]), known as Mulberry Row, lay nearby to the south. A stone weaver's cottage survives, as does the tall chimney of the joinery, and the foundations of other buildings. A cabin on Mulberry Row was, for a time, the home of [[Sally Hemings]], Jefferson's sister-in-law and a slave woman who worked in the household. Hemings is widely believed to have had a 38-year relationship with the widower Jefferson and to have borne six children by him, four of whom survived to adulthood. The genealogist Helen F.M. Leary concluded that "the chain of evidence securely fastens Sally Hemings's children to their father, Thomas Jefferson."<ref>Helen F.M. Leary, "Sally Hemings's Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence", ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 89, No. 3, September 2001, p. 207 (165–207)</ref> Later Hemings lived in a room in the "south dependency" below the main house.

On the slope below Mulberry Row, African slaves maintained an extensive vegetable garden for the main house. In addition to growing flowers for display and producing crops for eating, Jefferson used the [[gardens of Monticello]] for experimenting with different species. The house was the center of a plantation of {{cvt|5000|acre}} tended by some 150 slaves. There are also two houses included in the whole.

===Programming===
In recent decades, the TJF has created programs to more fully interpret the lives of slaves at Monticello. Beginning in 1993, researchers interviewed descendants of Monticello slaves for the ''Getting Word Project'', a collection of oral history that provided much new insight into the lives of slaves at Monticello and their descendants. (Among findings were that no slaves adopted Jefferson as a surname, but many had their own surnames as early as the 18th century.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello - Official Website |url=https://www.monticello.org/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=Monticello |language=en}}</ref>

Some of Mulberry Row has been designated as [[archeological]] sites, where excavations and analysis are revealing much about the life of slaves at the plantation. In the winter of 2000–2001, the African slave burial ground at Monticello was discovered. In the fall of 2001, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation held a commemoration of the burial ground, in which the names of known slaves of Monticello were read aloud. Additional archeological work is providing information about [[African American]] burial practices.<ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/honoring-ancestors "Honoring the Ancestors"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201232357/http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/honoring-ancestors |date=December 1, 2010 }}, ''Plantation and Slavery'', Monticello, accessed March 21, 2011</ref>

In 2003, Monticello welcomed a reunion of descendants of Jefferson from both the Wayles's and Hemings's sides of the family. It was organized by the descendants, who have created a new group called the Monticello Community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reunion bridges Jefferson family rift |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3077133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030011144/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3077133 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=NBC News |date=July 13, 2003 |language=en}}</ref> Additional and larger reunions have since been held.

===Land purchase===
In 2004, the trustees of TJF acquired Mountaintop Farm (also known locally as Patterson's or Brown's Mountain), the only property that overlooks Monticello. Jefferson had called the taller mountain Montalto. To prevent development of new homes on the site, the trustees spent $15 million to purchase the property. Jefferson had owned it as part of his plantation, but it was sold off after his death. In the 20th century, its farmhouses were divided into apartments for many [[University of Virginia]] students. TJF officials had long considered the property an eyesore, and planned to acquire it when it became available.<ref name="The Hook">{{cite web |url=http://www.readthehook.com/Stories/2004/06/03/newsOffMontaltoquotitsAllD.html |title=The Hook - Off Montalto, "It's all downhill from here." |date=June 3, 2004 |access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923002411/http://www.readthehook.com/95251/news-montalto-quotits-all-downhill-herequot |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{main|Jeffersonian architecture}}

[[File:Hôtel de Salm, Paris May 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hôtel de Salm]], Paris]]
In 1784, [[Thomas Jefferson]] left America to travel and explore the streets of France, which influenced his taste in architecture. He was mainly influenced by the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style commonly seen in French architecture, which is the reason Monticello is designed in a classical revival style.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last=Leepson | first=M. |title=Monticello | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= November 17, 2022 | url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Monticello-building-Virginia }}</ref>

Jefferson had also been interested in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], even though he was never able to make the trip to Rome to see it in person. Not only did the temple's facade influence Monticello, but also the Rotunda, which is a library found at the [[University of Virginia]]. Both buildings have a temple like front replicating the Pantheon facade with large structural columns. This building front is also similar to the Palladian.<ref name="Zygmnoth" /> The back side of the buildings also pays tribute to the Roman temple. Jefferson did this by including a dome shape behind the temple front. After Jefferson resigned from Washington's cabinet, he chose to remodel portions of Monticello. This time he was greatly influenced by the [[Hôtel de Salm]] in Paris.<ref name="Zygmnoth">{{cite web|last=Zygmont |first= B. |title= Thomas Jefferson, Monticello | work= Khan Academy |access-date= November 17, 2022 | url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/a/jefferson-monticello }}</ref>

[[File:Chiswick House from SE.jpg|thumb|[[Chiswick House]], London]]
The house is similar in appearance to [[Chiswick House]], a Neoclassical house inspired by the architect Andrea Palladio built in 1726–1729 in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mabel O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wk6_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=Thomas Jefferson, Architect: Palladian Models, Democratic Principles, and the Conflict of Ideals |date=October 22, 2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24620-9 |pages=24, 49 |language=en}}</ref>

==Representation in other media==
Monticello was featured in [[Bob Vila]]'s [[A&E Network]] production, ''Guide to Historic Homes of America,''<ref name="Vila Historic America">{{cite web |url=http://www.bobvila.com/BVTV/AE/America.html |title=Guide to Historic Homes of America. |author=Bob Vila |work=[[A&E Network]] |year=1996 |author-link=Bob Vila |access-date=August 6, 2007 |archive-date=November 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102234310/http://www.bobvila.com/BVTV/AE/America.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in a tour which included Honeymoon Cottage and the Dome Room, which is open to the public during a limited number of tours each year.

==Replicas==
[[File:Blake Center for Faith and Freedom 02.jpg|thumb|Hillsdale College’s Blake Center for Faith and Freedom in Somers, Connecticut. Built in 2014 as a home by Friendly’s founder S. Prestley Blake, the Monticello replica was donated to Hillsdale in 2019.]]
In 2014, [[S. Prestley Blake]] constructed a {{cvt|10,000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} replica of Monticello in [[Somers, Connecticut]]. It can be seen on Route 186 also known as Hall Hill Road.<ref name="somers">{{cite web |title=Friendly Co-Founder's 'Monticello' On Market For $6.5 Million |work=The Courant |author=Miranda Zhang |date=October 14, 2014 |url=http://www.courant.com/real-estate/hc-monticello-for-sale-blake-somers-1015-20141014-story.html |access-date=July 30, 2015 |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429031749/http://www.courant.com/real-estate/hc-monticello-for-sale-blake-somers-1015-20141014-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Blake donated the house to [[Hillsdale College]] to serve as a satellite campus for its Blake Center for Faith and Freedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalinquirer.com/towns/somers/new-use-for-monticello-co-founder-of-friendly-s-wife-propose-satellite-college-in-somers/article_58ae7a28-2bae-11e9-917b-d34eeb2e0bf4.html|title=New use for Monticello? Co-founder of Friendly's, wife propose satellite college in Somers|first=Jackie Nappoand Matthew P. Knox Journal|last=Inquirer|website=Journal Inquirer|date=February 8, 2019|access-date=August 17, 2021|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817124644/https://www.journalinquirer.com/towns/somers/new-use-for-monticello-co-founder-of-friendly-s-wife-propose-satellite-college-in-somers/article_58ae7a28-2bae-11e9-917b-d34eeb2e0bf4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The entrance pavilion of the [[Naval Academy Jewish Chapel]] at [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] is modeled on Monticello.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thejewishvoice.com/2012/06/13/jewish-ties-to-the-us-naval-academy/ |title=Jewish Ties to the U.S. Naval Academy |date=June 13, 2012 |work=The Jewish Voice |access-date=October 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027225532/http://thejewishvoice.com/2012/06/13/jewish-ties-to-the-us-naval-academy/ |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |url-status=live |agency=JointMedia News Service}}</ref>

Chamberlin Hall at [[Wilbraham & Monson Academy]] in [[Wilbraham, Massachusetts]], built in 1962 and modeled on Monticello, serves as the location of the Academy's Middle School.<ref name="Middle School">{{cite web |url=http://www.wma.us/page.cfm?p=319 |title=Academics - Chamberlain Hall/ Middle School - Wilbraham & Monson |website=www.WMA.us |access-date=February 4, 2018 |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414180546/https://www.wma.us/page.cfm?p=319 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Nation Hall & Pilgrim Chapel at DBU.jpg|thumb|Jim and Sally Nation Hall (left), a Monticello replica at Dallas Baptist University.]]Completed in August 2015, [[Dallas Baptist University]] built one of the largest replicas of Monticello, including its entry halls and a dome room. Approximately {{cvt|23,000|sqft|m2}}, it is the home of the Gary Cook School of Leadership, as well as the University Chancellor's offices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.dbu.edu/leadership/highlights |title=Nation Hall Highlights |access-date=October 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204052450/http://www4.dbu.edu/leadership/highlights |archive-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref>

Saint Paul's Baptist Church located at the corner of East Belt Boulevard and Hull Street Road in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] is modeled after Monticello. Originally built by Weatherford Memorial Baptist Church, the building was donated to St Paul's when Weatherford Memorial disbanded in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://baptistnews.com/article/richmond-church-not-afraid-to-give-itself-away/ |title=Richmond church not afraid to give itself away |date=August 4, 2005 |website=Baptist News Global |language=en-US |access-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507075351/https://baptistnews.com/article/richmond-church-not-afraid-to-give-itself-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pi Kappa Alpha]]'s Memorial Headquarters, opened in 1988, is located in the [[TPC Southwind]] development in [[Memphis, Tennessee]] and was inspired by the architecture of Monticello.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pikes.org/about-pike/about-the-memorial-headquarters |title=About the Memorial Headquarters - About {{!}} Pikes.org |website=www.pikes.org |access-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531143218/https://www.pikes.org/about-pike/about-the-memorial-headquarters |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Perrot Library (1931), [[Old Greenwich, Connecticut]], was inspired by Jeffersonian architecture and Monticello.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Very Brief History of the Library |url=https://perrotlibrary.org/library-information/a-very-brief-history-of-the-library/ |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Perrot Memorial Library |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2015 |title=Greenwich Landmark Series {{!}} Greenwich Historical Society |url=http://www.greenwichhistory.org/LS_quintard_homestead.php |access-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026160603/http://www.greenwichhistory.org/LS_quintard_homestead.php |archive-date=October 26, 2015 }}</ref>

The exterior of [[University of the Cumberlands]]' Ward and Regina Correll Science Complex is also a replica of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello mansion. The $1 million expansion of the Science Complex was started in May 2007<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ucumberlands.edu/media/release.php?rk=352|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822185202/http://www.ucumberlands.edu/media/release.php?rk=352|archive-date=August 22, 2007|title=Corrells donate funds for Ward and Regina Correll Science Complex|date=August 17, 2007}}</ref> and classes began in January 2009.

==Legacy==
[[File:Montcello 1956 Issue-20c.jpg|thumb|On April 13, 1956, the U.S. Post Office issued a [[postage stamp]] honoring Monticello.<ref>Scotts U.S. Stamp Catalogue</ref>]]
Monticello's image has appeared on U.S. currency and postage stamps. An image of the west front of Monticello by [[Felix Schlag]] has been featured on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the [[Nickel (United States coin)|nickel]] [[United States Mint|minted]] since 1938 (with a brief interruption in 2004 and 2005, when designs of the [[Westward Journey Nickels|Westward Journey]] series appeared instead). It was also used as the title for the 2015 play ''[[Jefferson's Garden]]'', which centered on his life.

Monticello also appeared on the reverse of the [[United States two-dollar bill|two-dollar bill]] from 1928 to 1966, when the bill was discontinued. The [[Federal Reserve Note|bill]] was reintroduced in 1976 and retains Jefferson's portrait on the obverse but replaced Monticello on the reverse with an engraved modified reproduction of [[John Trumbull]]'s 1818 painting ''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]''. The gift shop tour ticket booths at Monticello hands out two-dollar bills as change.

The 1994 commemorative [[Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar]] features Monticello on the reverse.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Monitcello 47MP.jpg|West Front of Monticello
File:Monticello garden.jpg|Vegetable Garden – 180 degrees
File:Monticello visitros center.JPG|The Visitors' Center
File:Monticello after Snow Storm DSC00074.JPG|Monticello, the day after a snowstorm
File:Montecello-Dome2.jpg|In the dome room, wall detail
File:Montecello-Pavillion2.jpg|Inside the Pavilion at the Vegetable Garden
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Monticello real nickel.jpg|Monticello facade and its reproduction on a nickel
File:Nickel Monticello 2003.webmsd.webm|A nickel by Monticello
File:US Nickel 2013 Rev.png|Monticello as portrayed on the reverse of the [[Jefferson nickel]]
File:1994 Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary Silver Dollar Reverse.jpg|Monticello is depicted on the 1994 commemorative [[Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar]].
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson]]
*[[Jeffersonian architecture]]
*[[List of residences of presidents of the United States]]
*[[List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States]]
*[[History of early modern period domes]]
*[[:Category:People from Monticello|People from Monticello]]
*[[Presidential memorials in the United States]]
*[[Thomas Jefferson Center for Historic Plants]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Adams, William Howard, ''Jefferson's Monticello'' (Abbeville Press, 1983)
*Burstein, Andrew, ''Jefferson's Secrets: Death and Desire in Monticello'' (Basic Books, 2005)
*Hatch, Peter J., ''A Rich Spot of Earth: Thomas Jefferson's Revolutionary Garden at Monticello'' (Yale University Press, 2012)
*Hayes, Kevin J., ''The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson'' (Oxford University Press, 2008)
*Jackson, Donald, ''Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello'' (University of Illinois Press, 1981)
*Kranish, Michael, ''Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War'' (Oxford University Press, 2010)
*[[David McCullough|McCullough, David]] (intro.), ''Thomas Jefferson's Monticello: An Intimate Portrait'' (The Monacelli Press, 1997) – photos by [[Robert C. Lautman]]
*McLaughlin, Jack, ''Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1988)
*Stein, Susan R., ''The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello'' (Harry N. Abrams, 1993)

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|lcheading=Monticello (Va.)}}

{{Commons}}
*{{Official website|http://www.monticello.org/}}
*[http://explorer.monticello.org/index.html The Monticello Explorer, an interactive multimedia look at the house]
*[http://www.monticello-assoc.org Monticello Association], private lineage society of Jefferson descendants
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA97 "Thomas Jefferson Lived Here."] ''Popular Mechanics'', August 1954, pp.&nbsp;97–103/212.
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?121787-1/life-portrait-thomas-jefferson "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', broadcast from Monticello, April 2, 1999
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.va0059 Monticello, State Route 53 vicinity, Charlottesville vicinity, Albemarle, VA] at the [[Historic American Buildings Survey]] (HABS)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161029173804/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/Thomas-Jefferson-Foundation-at-Monticello Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello in Google Cultural Institute]
*[https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/mc00243 Guide to the Monticello Architectural Records 1923-1976]

{{Thomas Jefferson}}
{{World Heritage Sites in the United States of America}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Virginia}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Monticello| ]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson]]
[[Category:Slave cabins and quarters in the United States]]
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[[Category:Plantations in Virginia]]
[[Category:Plantation houses in Virginia]]
[[Category:Presidential museums in Virginia]]
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[[Category:Houses in Albemarle County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson buildings]]
[[Category:Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area]]
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[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia]]
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[[Category:Rotundas in the United States]]
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[[Category:African-American cemeteries in Virginia]]
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