View source for Mopane

{{Short description|Genus of legumes}}
{{Other uses|Mopane (disambiguation)|Mopani (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Mopane
|image = Colophospermum mopane arbre MHNT, crop.jpg
|image2 = Colophospermum mopane00.jpg
|image2_caption = Multi-stemmed shrub and tall woodland in Namibia and Malawi respectively
|display_parents = 3
|genus = Colophospermum
|parent_authority = J.Léonard (1949), nom. cons.
|species = mopane
|authority = ([[J.Kirk]] ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]) J.Léonard (1949)

|synonyms =
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Copaiba mopane'' <small>(J.Kirk ex Benth.) Kuntze (1891)</small>
*''Copaifera mopane'' <small>J.Kirk ex Benth. (1865).</small>
*''Hardwickia mopane'' <small>(J.Kirk ex Benth.) Breteler (1997)</small>
    }}
|synonyms_ref =<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486795-1 ''Colophospermum mopane'' (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 August 2023.</ref>
|range_map = Mopane-Distribution-small.png
}}
'''''Colophospermum mopane''''', commonly called '''mopane''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |id=11181 |access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> '''mopani''',<ref name="database">{{cite web |title=Mopane {{!}} The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood) |url=https://www.wood-database.com/mopane/ |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> '''butterfly tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> '''turpentine tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> or '''balsam tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> is a tree in the [[legume]] family ([[Fabaceae]]), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, {{convert|200|to|1200|m|ft}} in elevation,{{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}} in parts of [[Southern Africa]]. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only [[species]] in [[genus]] '''''Colophospermum'''''. Its distinctive [[butterfly]]-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin kidney-shaped/nearly semi-circular [[legume|seed pod]]<ref name="CABI2013"/>  make it easy to identify.

Though hard and dense and difficult to work with, it is valued timber in all sorts of construction due to its termite tolerance.{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"}}<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> Together with [[Acacia erioloba|camel thorn]] and [[Combretum imberbe|leadwood]], it is one of the three regionally important [[firewood]] trees, due to the enduring heat,<ref name="mendelsohn&el_obeid2005"/>{{clarify|what is due to the enduring heat?|date=November 2025}} and these woods are also some of the preferred use culinarily for [[braai]].<ref name="biller2012"/>

==Range and habitat==
[[File:Colophospermum mopane feuilles MHNT.jpg|thumb|left|The two papilionaceous leaflets are mirror images of one another, and are borne on a common petiole.<ref name="van_wyk_p.1984"/>]]

The mopane is found on low-lying ground from {{convert|200|m|ft}} (Mozambique) to {{convert|1200|m|ft}} (Zimbabwe). {{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}}{{Refn|Another quote gives upper limit of 1000m (–1300m).{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}}}}

===Mopane ecoregions===
Native to [[Southern Africa]], its habitat is divided crudely into two regions: the "Angola region", i.e., [[Angolan mopane woodlands]] [[ecoregion]], which includes Southern [[Angola]] and northwestern [[Namibia]], and the "Zambezian region", i.e. the [[Zambezian and mopane woodlands]] ecoregion extending over the lowlands of the [[Zambezi River]] and its tributaries across the countries of [[Zambia]], Southern [[Malawi]], other parts of Namibia, [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]], [[Eswatini]]/Swaziland and northern [[South Africa]].<ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/><ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/><ref name="huntley2023"/>

===Soil and morphology===
While it prefers slightly acidic deep clay soil that are {{linktext|friable}} and {{linktext|permeable}},{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} it also grows in [[alkali soil|alkaline]] (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} It also grows in [[alluvial soil]]s (soil deposited by rivers).{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands.{{Refn|Shorrocks & Bates (2015): "The [southern African] 'tree and shrub' savannahs are characterised by the dominance of the mopane tree."; "Here [in the Zambezian region] the mopane tree is frequently the sole canopy species.."<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/>}}

Within the Zambezian region described above, the trees' height varying considerably, and larger, single-stemmed trees of {{convert|10|to|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} are found in open savannah woodlands on the (sandy) alluvial soil, forming [[Canopy (botany)|canopy]] woodlands, and even reaching 18m in height for the so-called "cathedral mopane" of Zambia.<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/><ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021"/> The same tree is also found stunted as (multi-stemmed<ref name="teshirogi2010"/><ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/>)  [[shrub]]bery about {{convert|1|to|2|or|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in clayey soil<ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021"/>{{Refn|Thomas & Shaw (1991),<ref name="thomas&shaw1991"/> citing Wellington (1955).}} or impermeable alkaline soil.<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/> Thus water or drainage seems to be a cause factor for stunting, though other causes have been hypothesized.<ref name="teshirogi2010"/> These stunted growths are sometimes called "mopane scrub" (for shrub).<ref name="thomas&shaw1991"/><ref name="CABI2013"/> The shrubs will not transition into tall woods.<ref name="thomas&shaw1991"/>

This tree will not grow well outside hot, mostly frost-free areas{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Though it can survive light frost.<ref name="makhado-etal2014"/>}} with low to moderate rainfall (as low as 100mm per year,<ref name="CABI2013"/> or averaging 400–500mm per year<ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021"/>).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Rainfall over 800 mm will limit its growth.<ref name="makhado-etal2014"/>}}<ref name="makhado-etal2014"/><ref name="CABI2013"/>

==Uses==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| caption_align = left
| width  = 230
| header = 
| image1 = Colophospermum mopane - Mopane-2266 - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford.jpg
| alt1 = 
| image2 = Damaraland-Chèvres et mopanes.jpg
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = A large multi-stemmed tree with [[sociable weaver]] nests, and a shrub browsed on by goats, both in Namibia
}}
Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average [[density]] range of {{convert|0.990|to|1.230|g/cm3|lb/cuft|abbr=on}} at 12% moisture.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}{{Refn|Various sources quote various figures. Meier's ''Wood Database'' gives "average dried weight" as 1075 kg/m<sup>3</sup> or 67.11 lb/cu.ft., close to the lower end of the range. A different source gives 1,200 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, citing Goldsmith & Carter (1981).<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> which is about 75 lb./cu. ft., which (after [[rounding|rounding down]]) matches  the "76 (73–84) lb./cu. ft" air dry quoted elsewhere,<ref name="kromhout1967"/> and these are close to the high end of the range.}} and is difficult to work because of its hardness.<ref name="kromhout1967"/><ref name="meier2016">Meier, Eric (2016) ''[http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ The Wood Database]''{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715173223/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ |date=15 July 2016 }} Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> However it is also [[termite]] resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"|Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33<ref name="cunningham&hubbard&kinahan&kreike&seely&stuart-williams&marsh"/> apud {{harvp|Hangula|1998|p=13}}}} and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as [[mining|pit props]].<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring<ref name="kromhout1967"/> also make it popular for [[parquet]] flooring.<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including [[aquarium]] bogwood ornaments,<ref name="verhoef-verhallen2001"/> similarly as [[driftwood]] decor for [[terrarium]]s or gardens,<ref name="newell2024"/> or  bases for lamps or sculptures.

It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly [[woodwind instruments|woodwind]]. Suitable quality African blackwood (''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''), traditionally used for [[clarinet]]s, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Woods for woodwinds |website=Prosono International |date=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122003424/http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-22 |accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers [[Schwenk & Seggelke]], [[Herbert Wurlitzer|Wurlitzer]], [[F. Arthur Uebel]] and [[Buffet Crampon]].

Mopane twigs been traditionally used as a sort of [[tooth brush]] (chewing stick to clean teeth<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000"/>{{Refn|Mojeremane and Lumbile (2005)<ref name="mojeremane&lumbile2005"/> apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}}), and the leaves for [[folk remedy]] in healing the wound after [[rite of passage|ritual]] extraction of teeth.{{Refn|Malan & Owen-Smith (1974) apud van_Wyck&Gericke (2000)<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000"/> Also re-cited by Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}} Various parts of the tree (seed, leaf, bark, root) are used in the [[traditional medicine]] of Southern African for a wide range of symptoms.<ref>{{harvp|Cheikhyoussef|Mumbengegwi|Maroyi|2023}}: Table 2. Traditional uses of Colophospermum mopane in Southern Africa</ref><ref name="CABI2013"/>

The bark to make twine or rope{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"}} and for [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] leather,{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"|Palmer and Pitman (1972)<ref name="palmer&pitman1972"/> apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}}{{Refn|Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).<ref name="flower-etal2004"/>}} The wood is also used to make charcoal{{Refn|Chidumayo (2000) apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}} and for [[braai]] wood.<ref name="biller2012"/>

===Food source===
The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the [[caterpillar]] of the [[moth]] ''[[Gonimbrasia belina]]''. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and phosphorus.<ref name="potgieter2015"/><ref name="allotey-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> Another edible caterpillar is that of ''[[Gynanisa maja]]'' (speckled emperor moth; {{lang|bem|chipumi}} in [[Bemba language|Bemba]]{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|{{lang|beq|kawanatengo}} in [[Bembe language (Kibembe)|Kibembe]].<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gynanisa.maja"/>}}<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gynanisa.maja"/>) which also uses mopane as host tree.<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/>

And when infested with the "mopane fly"<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/> or "mopane [[Psyllidae|psyllid]]" (''[[wikidata:Retroacizzia mopanei|Retroacizzia mopani]]'' {{smallcaps|syn.}} ''[[Arytaina]] mopani''{{Refn|Spelt "Arytaina mopane".<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/>}} ) that feeds on the tree, the tree produces edible wax-like gums on its leaves called "mopane manna" which are collected and eaten by humans and monkeys.<ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/><ref name="oppong-etal2009"/><ref name="oppong-etal2010"/>

The tree also acts as a foodplant for the [[wild silk]] moth, ''[[Gonometa|Gonometa rufobrunnea]]''. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild [[silk]], to make cloth.<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/>{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}

The Mopane worm creates employment and serves as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader.<ref name="potgieter2015">{{Cite book|last=Potgieter |first=Martin J. |author-link=<!--Martin J. Potgieter -->|title=Edible insects in Africa An introduction to finding, using and eating insects |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=Agromisa Foundation and CTA |year=2015 |url=https://www.echocommunity.org/resources/b3350fa1-e1f3-4746-8f8e-72d1370c537f |page=34 |isbn=978-90-8573-146-7 }}</ref>

The tree is also considered an important food resource for [[animal husbandry]] ([[goat herding]]), as goats can be allowed to browse on the tree's leaves (cf. fig. above).<ref name="teshirogi2010"/> They are also browsed by [[cattle]] and by [[game animals]] such as [[elephant]]s, [[giraffe]]s, [[water buffalo]]s and [[antelope]]s in [[game farm]]s and [[nature reserve]]s.{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"}}

==Etymology==
The genus name ''Colophospermum'' is a compound from Greek {{translit|el|kolophon[ios]}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Quattrocchi lists {{translit|el|kolophonios, kolophonion, kolophonia}} as "of or from Colophon". Jackson notes Colophon producing rosin too, but additionally glosses {{translit|el|kolophon}} literally as "summit, end".}} "resin" + Latin ''spermum'' "seed". The former derives from [[Colophon (city)|Colophon]]", which was the birthplace of [[Homer]] in [[Ionia]], famous for its [[rosin]], and is a reference to the seed's [[aromaticity|aromatic]] (turpentine-smelling) component.<ref name="jackson1990"/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/>

The species name ''mopane'' is from its common name in [[Bantu language]]s for the tree throughout most of its range.<ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/><ref name="huntley2023"/> Thus the nomenclature, starting with areas in or around South Africa are: {{lang|nso|mohlanare, mopane}} in [[Northern Sotho]]/Sepedi (northern [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]], current [[Limpopo]] province), {{lang|tn|mophane, mopane}} in [[Tswana language|Tsuwana]] (western Transvaal, northern [[Cape Province|Cape]], Botswana) but {{lang|ts|nxanatsi}} in [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (eastern Transvaal). It is known as {{lang|ny|mopane, tsanya}} in [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] (Malawi), {{lang|loz|mopani, mupane}} in [[Lozi language|Lozi]] (fmr. [[Barotseland]], western Zambia), {{lang|mhw|mupanyi}} in [[Thimbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] (Namibia), {{lang|hz|omutati}} in [[Herero language|Herero]] (Namibia, Botswana), {{lang|kj|omufiadi}} in [[Ovambo language|Ovambo]] (southern Angola, northern Namibia).<ref>{{harvp|Cheikhyoussef|Mumbengegwi|Maroyi|2023}}: Table 1. Vernacular names of Colophospermum mopame</ref><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/>

Also spelt '''''mupani''''', '''''mopani'''''.<ref name="huntley2023"/><ref name="mapaure1994"/> In Afrikaans it goes by {{lang|af|mopanie}} or {{lang|af|mopaniehout}} "mopanie wood" or {{lang|af|terpentynboom}} "turpentine tree".<ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> It is called {{lang|sn|musharu}} in [[Shona language|Shona]] ([[Save River (Africa)|Sabi]] valley, Zimbabwe), ''chanate'' in southern Mozambique,<ref name="mapaure1994"/> and {{lang|umb|mutiati}} in [[Umbundu]] (Angola).<ref name="huntley2023"/><ref name="mapaure1994"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=160 style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%">
File:Colophospermum mopane 2122.jpg|Inflorescences produced during mid-summer
File:Colophospermum mopane 2120.jpg|The wind-pollinated flower
File:Colophospermum mopane MHNT.BOT.2015.2.6.jpg|Dry foliage, seed pods and two seeds (bottom right) - [[MHNT]]
File:Colophospermum mopane - Seeds.jpg|The fruit are pods containing one seed each
File:Colophospermum mopane 50D 0484.jpg|[[Gonimbrasia belina|Mopane worms]], locally a staple food, consuming the foliage
File:Speckled Emperor (Gynanisa maja) caterpillar on mopane twig ... (51867253398).jpg|The likewise edible {{lang|bem|chipumi}} caterpillar of the [[Gynanisa maja|speckled emperor moth]], defoliating a sprig
File:Mopane_seed_and_leaves.JPG|Winter foliage and dry seed pods in Namibia
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Southern African indigenous trees]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
*{{Commons category-inline|Colophospermum mopane}}
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="allotey-etal2004">{{Cite book |last1=Allotey |first1=Joseph |author1-link=<!--Joseph Allotey--> |last2=Teferra |first2=G. |author2-link=<!--G. Teferra--> |last3=Mpuchane |first3=S. |author3-link=<!--S. Mpuchane--> |last4=Ditlholgo |first4=M. |author4-link=<!--M. Ditlholgo--> |last5=Gashe |first5=B. A. |author5-link=<!--B. A. Gashe--> |last6=Slame |first6=B. A. |author6-link=<!--B. A. --> |chapter=Chapter 10: Mopane (''Colophospermum mopane'') as host for the development of the mopane worm, ''Imbrasia Belina'' Westwood, in Botswana |editor1-last=Flower |editor1-first=Charlotte |editor1-link=<!--Charlotte Flower-->|editor2-last=Wardell-Johnson |editor2-first=G. |editor2-link=<!--G. Wardell-Johnson--> |editor3-last=Jamieson |editor3-first=Andrew |editor3-link=<!--Andrew Jamieson (forestry)--> |title=Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996|location= |publisher=Namibia. Directorate of Forestry |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1MeAQAAIAAJ&q=flooring  |page=41<!--41ff--> |isbn=<!--0869765094, -->9780869765098}}</ref>

<ref name="biller2012">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Biller |first=Hilary |author-link=<!--Hilary Biller--> |chapter=Cook's notes |title=Fuss-free Braais |location= |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |page=PT7 |isbn=<!--1432301187, -->9781432301187 }}</ref>

<ref name="CABI2013">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=<!--CABI --> |editor-last=Praciak |editor-first=Andrew |editor-link=<!--Andrew Praciak-->|chapter=Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard / Mopane |title=The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees |location= |publisher=CABI |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |pages=127–128|isbn=<!--1780642369, -->9781780642369 }}</ref>

<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023">{{Cite book |last1=Cheikhyoussef |first1=Ahmad |author1-link=<!--Ahmad Cheikhyoussef--> |last2=Mumbengegwi |first2=David |author2-link=<!--David Mumbengegwi--> |last3=Maroyi |first3=Alfred |author3-link=<!--Alfred Maroyi--> |chapter=Chapter 9. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Mopane (''Colophospermum mopane'') in Southern African Countries |editor1-last=Martinez |editor1-first=José L. |editor1-link=<!--José L. Martinez--> |editor2-last=Maroyi|editor2-first=Alfred |editor2-link=<!--Alfred Maroyi--> |editor3-last=Wagner |editor3-first=Marcelo L. |editor3-link=<!--Marcelo L. Wagner--> |title=Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology|location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAqmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT266  |page=<!--unpaginated--> |isbn=<!--1000839583, -->9781000839586}}</ref>

<ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Quattrocchi |first=Umberto |author-link=<!--Umberto Quattrocchi-->|chapter=Colophospermum mopane Kirk ex J. Léonard |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |volume=1 |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC&pg=PA587 |page=587 |isbn=<!--0849326753, -->9780849326752}}</ref>

{{void|<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gonimbrasia.belina">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |author-link=Jun Mitsuhashi |chapter=Gonimbrasia belina |title=Edible Insects of the World |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ&q=belina |pages=2012–2013|isbn=<!--1315350882, -->9781315350882}}</ref>
}}
<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gynanisa.maja">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |author-link=Jun Mitsuhashi |chapter=Gynanisa maja |title=Edible Insects of the World |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ&q=chipumi |pages=2012–2013|isbn=<!--1315350882, -->9781315350882}}</ref>

<ref name="cunningham&hubbard&kinahan&kreike&seely&stuart-williams&marsh">{{cite book|last1=Cunningham |first1=T. |author1-link=<!--Tony Cunningham--> |last2=Hubbard |first2=D. |author2-link=<!--Dianne Hubbard--> |last3=Kinahan |first3=John |author3-link=<!--John Kinahan--> |last4=Kreike|first4=E. |author4-link=<!--Emmanuel Kreike--> |last5=Seely |first5=M. |author5-link=<!--Mary Seely--> |last6=Stuart-Williams|first6=V. |author6-link=<!--Viv Stuart-Williams--> |last7=Marsh |first7=A.|author7-link=<!--Alan Marsh--> |title=Oshanas: sustaining people, environment and development in Central Owambo, Namibia |location=Windhoek, Namibia |publisher=[[Sine nomine|s.n.]] |date=1992 |url= |page=33 |isbn=9991670904}}</ref>

<ref name="flower-etal2004">{{Cite book |last1=Flower |first1=Charlotte |author1-link=<!--Charlotte Flower-->|last2=Wardell-Johnson |first2=G. |author2-link=<!--G. Wardell-Johnson-->|last3=Jamieson |first3=Andrew |author3-link=<!--Andrew Jamieson (forestry)-->|chapter=Introduction |editor1-last=Flower |editor1-first=Charlotte |editor1-link=<!--Charlotte Flower-->|editor2-last=Wardell-Johnson |editor2-first=G. |editor2-link=<!--G. Wardell-Johnson--> |editor3-last=Jamieson |editor3-first=Andrew |editor3-link=<!--Andrew Jamieson (forestry)--> |title=Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996|location= |publisher=Namibia. Directorate of Forestry |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1MeAQAAIAAJ&q=flooring |page=xviii |isbn=<!--0869765094, -->9780869765098}}</ref>

<ref name="huntley2023">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Huntley |first=Brian John |author-link=Brian John Huntley |chapter=15.1 Angolan Mopane Woodlands (Ecoregion 12) |title=Ecology of Angola: Terrestrial Biomes and Ecoregions |location= |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpyyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 |pages=340–341 and Fig. 15.1 |isbn=<!--303118923X, -->9783031189234}}</ref>

<ref name="jackson1990">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jackson |first=William Peter Uprichard |author-link=<!--William Peter Uprichard Jackson--> |chapter=Colophospermum |title=Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant Genera |location= |publisher=University of Cape Town |year=1990 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=154_AAAAYAAJ&q=Colophospermum |page=73 |isbn=<!--0799212849, -->9780799212846}}</ref>

<ref name="kromhout1967">{{cite journal|last=Kromhout |first=C. P. |author-link=<!--C. P. Kromhout--> |title=Twintig Transvaalse Houtsoorte |trans-title=Twenty Kinds of Transvaal Timbers |journal=Fauna and Flora |number=18 |date=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fVJAAAAYAAJ&q=mopane |pages=15–17<!--3–30--> |lang=af,en}}</ref>

<ref name="lemmens-etal2012">{{Cite dictionary|last1=Lemmens|first1=R.H.M.J.|author1-link=<!--Ruijter H.M.J. Lemmens--> |last2=Louppe |first2=D. |author2-link=<!--Dominique Louppe-->|last3=Oteng-Amoako |first3=A.A. |author3-link=<!--Andrew Akwasi Oteng-Amoako--> |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Benth.) J. Léonard |title=Timbers 2 |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=PROTA |year=2012|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MpmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |page=211|isbn=<!--9290814950, -->9789290814955}}</ref>

<ref name="makhado-etal2014">{{citation|last1=Makhado |first1=Rudzani A. |author1-link=<!--Rudzani A. Makhado--> |collaboration=Mapaure, Isaac; Potgieter, Martin J.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Saidi, Amani T. |title=Factors influencing the adaptation and distribution of Colophospermum mopane in southern Africa's mopane savannas - A review |journal=Bothalia (Online) |volume=44 |number=1 |date=2014 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.4102/ABC.V44I1.152|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="mapaure1994">{{cite journal|last=Mapaure |first=I. |author-link=<!--Isaac Mapaure--> |title=The distribution of Colophospermum mopane (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in Africa. |journal=Kirkia |volume=15 |number=1 |date=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pljUU0E0g5gC&q=mutiati |pages=1<!--1–5--> |lang=af,en}}</ref>

<ref name="mendelsohn&el_obeid2005">{{cite book |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=John M. |author1-link=<!--John M. Mendelsohn--> |last2=El Obeid |first2=Selma |author2-link=<!--Selma El Obeid--> |title=Forests and Woodlands of Namibia |location= |publisher=Namibia. Directorate of Forestry |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZYfAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane+%22camel+thorn%22 |page=63 |isbn=<!--9991678034, -->9789991678030}}</ref>

<ref name="mojeremane&lumbile2005">{{cite journal|last1=Mojeremane |first1=W.|author1-link=<!--Witness Mojeremane-->|last2=Lumbile |first2=A. U. |author2-link=<!--Admus Uyapo Lumbile-->|title=The characteristics and economic values of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard in Botswana |journal=Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=8 |number=5 |date=2005 |url=<!--PREDATORY ALERT DO NOT LIST https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2005.781.784^^> |pages=781–784 |doi=<!--PREDATORY ALERT 10.3923/pjbs.2005.781.784-->}}</ref>

<ref name="newell2024">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Newell |first=Ben |author-link=<!--Ben Newell--> |chapter=Mopane wood |title=Hello Tiny World: An Enchanting Journey into the World of Creating Terrariums |location= |publisher=Penguin |year=2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRzYAAAAMAAJ&q=mopane |page=16 |isbn=<!--0593847679, -->9780593847671}}</ref>

<ref name="oppong-etal2009">{{citation|last1=Oppong |first1=C.K. |author1-link=<!--C.K. Oppong --> |collaboration=Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J. |title=Distribution of the eggs of the mopane psyllid ''Retroacizzia mopani'' (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the mopane tree|journal=[[African Invertebrates]] |volume=50 |number=1 |date=2009 |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2009_50_1_430.aspx |pages=185–190}}</ref>
<ref name="oppong-etal2010">{{citation|last1=Oppong |first1=C.K. |author1-link=<!--C.K. Oppong --> |collaboration=Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J. |title=Nymphal behaviour and lerp construction in the ''mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani'' (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) |journal=[[African Invertebrates]] |volume=51 |number=1 |date=2010 |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2010_51_1_467.aspx|pages=201–205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624011858/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2010_51_1_467.aspx |archive-date=24 June 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="palmer&pitman1972">{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Eve |author1-link=Eve Palmer |last2=Pitman |first2=Norah |author2-link=<!--Norah Pitman--> |title=Trees of Southern Africa, Covering All Known Indigenous Species in the Republic of South Africa, South-West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland |volume=1 |location=Cape Town |publisher=A. A. Balkema |year=1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nHwAAAAMAAJ&q=mopane |pages=}}</ref>

<ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021">{{cite book |last1=Scholtz |first1=Clarke |author1-link=<!--Clarke Scholtz (zoologist)-->|last2=Scholtz |first2=Jenny |author2-link=<!--Jenny Scholtz-->|last3= de Klerk |first3=Hennie|author3-link=<!--Hennie de Klerk--> |chapter=7. Savanna Biome |title=Pollinators, Predators & Parasites |location= |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuUfEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA7-PA3 |at=Mopane Woodland |isbn=<!--1775846326, -->9781775846321 }}</ref>

<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015">{{Cite dictionary|last1=Shorrocks |first1=Bryan |author1-link=<!--Bryan Shorrocks--> |last2=Bates |first2=William |author2-link=<!--William Bates (zoologist)--> |chapter=Savannahs | title=The Biology of African Savannahslocation= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NqSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |page=19 |isbn=<!--0198702701, -->9780198702702 }}</ref>

<ref name="teshirogi2010">{{cite journal|last=Teshirogi |first=Koki |author-link=<!--手代木功基--> |title=Influence of Geomorphology on the Physiognomy of Colophospermum mopane and its Effect on Browsing in Central Namibia |journal=African Study Monographs |number=Suppl.40 |date=March 2010 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/96294/1/ASM_S_40_103.pdf |page=103<!--103–114-->}}</ref>

<ref name="thomas&shaw1991">{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |author1-link=David Thomas (geographer) |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A.  |author2-link=Paul A. Shaw |chapter=4. Climate, soils and vegetation of the Kalahari |title=The Kalahari Environment |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgNfYvgEtUC&pg=PA105 |page=105 |isbn=<!--0521370809, -->9780521370806}}</ref>

<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000">{{Cite dictionary|last1=van Wyk |first1=Ben-Erik |author1-link=Ben-Erik van Wyk|last2=Gericke |first2=Nigel |author2-link=<!--Nigel Gericke--> |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Fabaceae) -- Mopane |title=People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=Briza Publications |year=2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPUfAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane+tooth |page=206 |isbn=<!--1875093192, -->9781875093199}}</ref>

<ref name="van_wyk_p.1984">{{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Piet |author1-link=<!--Piet van Wyk--> |title=Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park |edition=5|location=Cape Town |publisher=Struik |date=2008 |orig-date=1984url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SBFAQAAIAAJ&mirror |pages=83–84 |isbn=<!--1770077596, -->9781770077591}}</ref>

<ref name="verhoef-verhallen2001">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Verhoef-Verhallen |first=Esther J. J.  |author-link=<!--Esther J. J. Verhoef-Verhallen--> |chapter=Bogwood |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Tropical Fish |location= |publisher=Hackberry Press |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRzYAAAAMAAJ&q=mopane |page=16 |isbn=<!--1931040060, -->9781931040068}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
{{void|
* Esterhuyse, N.; Von Breitenbach, J.; Söhnge, H. (2001). ''Remarkable trees of South Africa''. Briza Publications, Pretoria.
* Ferwerda, J.G.(2005) [http://www.itc.nl/library/Papers_2005/phd/ferwerda.pdf Charting the quality of forage: measuring and mapping the variation of chemical components in foliage with hyperspectral remote sensing]. Wageningen, Wageningen University, 2005. ITC Dissertation 126, 166 p.&nbsp;{{ISBN|90-8504-209-7}}.
}}
* {{cite book|last=Hangula |first=Lazarus |author-link=Lazarus Hangula |title=Economy, Ecology, Aesthetics: A Study of Indigenous Trees Use in Former Owamboland |location= |publisher=University of Namibia, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, Social Sciences Division |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYIwAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane |page=}}

* {{cite book|last=Timberlake |first=Jonathan |author-link=<!--Jonathan Timberlake--> |title=Colophospermum Mopane: Annotated Bibliography and Review |location=Harare, Zinbabwe |publisher=(Zimbabwe) Forestry Commission Centre |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG12AzmiYs0C |page= |isbn=<!--0797414207, -->9780797414204}}
{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q641513|from2=Q17422991}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flora of South Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of South Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of Angola]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Detarioideae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1865]]