View source for Movement disorder

{{For|the journal|Movement Disorders (journal)}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Movement disorder
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'''Movement disorders''' are clinical [[syndrome|syndromes]] with either an excess of movement or a [[Scarcity|paucity]] of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or [[spasticity]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkXsXr2HKPwC|title=Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders|last1=Fahn|first1=Stanley|last2=Jankovic|first2=Joseph|last3=Hallett|first3=Mark|date=2011-08-09|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1437737707|language=en}}</ref> Movement disorders present with [[extrapyramidal symptoms]] and are caused by [[basal ganglia disease]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOQqyNhTDl0C|title=Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management|last=Bradley|first=Walter George|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9789997625885|language=en}}</ref> Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- ''[[Hyperkinesia|hyperkinetic]]'' and ''[[Hypokinesia|hypokinetic]]''.

[[Hyperkinetic disorder|Hyperkinetic]] movement disorders refer to [[dyskinesia]], or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of [[Motor control|motor activity]].

Hypokinetic movement disorders fall into one of four subcategories: [[akinesia]] (lack of movement), [[hypokinesia]] (reduced amplitude of movements), [[bradykinesia]] (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or [[neurological disorder]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMPNCQAAQBAJ|title=Mayo Clinic Neurology Board Review: Clinical Neurology for Initial Certification and MOC|last1=Flemming|first1=Kelly|last2=Jones|first2=Lyell|date=2015-06-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190244934|language=en}}</ref> Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.<ref name="urlMedlinePlus: Movement Disorders">{{cite web |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/movementdisorders.html |title=MedlinePlus: Movement Disorders }}</ref>

== Classification ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Movement Disorders<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdGcBAAAQBAJ|title=Movement Disorders in Childhood|last1=Singer|first1=Harvey S.|last2=Mink|first2=Jonathan|last3=Gilbert|first3=Donald L.|last4=Jankovic|first4=Joseph|date=2015-10-27|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780124115804|language=en}}</ref>
!ICD-9-CM
!ICD-10-CM
|-
!colspan=3|[[Hypokinesia|Hypokinetic]] Movement disorders
|-
|[[Polio|Poliomyelitis]],<ref name="Dodgepark" /> acute
|045
|A80
|-
|[[ALS|Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS]]<ref name="Dodgepark" /> (Lou Gehrig's disease)
|335.20
|G12.21
|-
|[[Parkinson's disease]] (Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism)
|332
|G20
|-
|Secondary [[Parkinsonism]]
|
|G21
|-
|[[Parkinson plus syndrome]]s
|
|
|-
|[[Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration]]
|
|G23.0
|-
|[[Progressive supranuclear palsy|Progressive Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia]]
|
|G23.1
|-
|[[Multiple system atrophy|Striatonigral degeneration]]
|
|G23.2
|-
|[[Multiple sclerosis]]<ref name="Dodgepark" />
|340
|G35
|-
|Radiation-induced polyneuropathy (brachial and [[Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy|lumbar plexopathies]])
|
|G62.82
|-
|[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="Dodgepark" />
|359.0
|G71.0
|-
|[[Cerebral palsy]]<ref name="Dodgepark" />
|343
|G80
|-
|[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="Dodgepark">{{cite web |title=Debilitating Diseases – 12 Diseases that change millions of lives |url=https://dodgepark.com/health/debilitating-diseases/ |website=dodgepark.com |date=2 December 2013 |publisher=Dodge Park |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
|714
|M05
|-
!colspan=3|[[Hyperkinesia|Hyperkinetic]] Movement disorders
|-
|[[GLUT1 deficiency|GLUT1 deficiency syndrome]]
|
|E74.810
|-
|[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (''with hyperactivity'')
|314.01
|F90
|-
|[[Tic disorder]]s (''involuntary, compulsive,  repetitive, stereotyped'')
|
|F95
|-
|[[Tourette syndrome|Tourette's syndrome]]
|
|F95.2
|-
|[[Stereotypic movement disorder]]
|
|F98.5
|-
|[[Huntington's disease]] (Huntington's chorea)
|333.4
|G10
|-
|[[Dystonia]]
|
|G24
|-
|[[Drug-induced dystonia|Drug induced dystonia]]
|
|G24.0
|-
|Idiopathic familial dystonia
|333.6
|G24.1
|-
|Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia
|333.7
|G24.2
|-
|[[Spasmodic torticollis]]
|333.83
|G24.3
|-
|[[Meige's syndrome|Idiopathic orofacial dystonia]]
|
|G24.4
|-
|[[Blepharospasm]]
|333.81
|G24.5
|-
|Other dystonias
|
|G24.8
|-
|Other extrapyramidal movement disorders
|
|G25
|-
|[[Essential tremor]]
|333.1
|G25.0
|-
|Drug induced tremor
|
|G25.1
|-
|Other specified form of tremor
|
|G25.2
|-
|[[Myoclonus]]
|333.2
|G25.3
|-
|[[Chorea]] (''rapid, involuntary movement'')
|
|
|-
|Drug induced [[chorea]]
|
|G25.4
|-
|Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin
|333.3
|G25.6
|-
|Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement
|
|G25.80
|-
|Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome
|
|G25.81
|-
|Sporadic [[Restless legs syndrome|restless leg syndrome]]
|
|G25.82
|-
|Familial restless leg syndrome
|
|G25.83
|-
|[[Stiff person syndrome|Stiff-person syndrome]]
|333.91
|G25.84
|-
|Ballismus (''violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements'')
|
|G25.85
|-
|[[Hemiballismus]] (''affecting only one side of the body'')
|
|G25.85
|-
|[[Myokymia]], facial
|
|G51.4
|-
|[[Neuromyotonia]] (Isaacs Syndrome)
|359.29
|G71.19
|-
|[[Opsoclonus]]
|379.59
|H57
|-
|[[Sydenham's chorea|Rheumatic chorea]] (Sydenham's chorea)
|
|I02
|-
|Abnormal head movements
|
|R25.0
|-
|Tremor unspecified
|
|R25.1
|-
|[[Cramp]] and spasm
|
|R25.2
|-
|[[Fasciculation]]
|
|R25.3
|-
|[[Athetosis]] (''contorted torsion or twisting'')
|333.71
|R25.8
|-
|[[Dyskinesia]] (''abnormal, involuntary movement'')
|
|
|-
|[[Tardive dyskinesia]]
|
|
|}

== Diagnosis ==
Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VytAgAAQBAJ|title=Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease|last1=Poewe|first1=Werner|last2=Jankovic|first2=Joseph|date=2014-02-20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107024618|language=en}}</ref>

Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
* Metabolic screening
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Immunology]]
* [[Cerebrospinal fluid|CSF]] examination
* [[Genetics]]
* [[Imaging]]
* [[Neurophysiology|Neurophysiological]] tests
* [[Pharmacological]] tests

== History ==
Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical [[Nucleus (neuroanatomy)|nuclei]] from cortex and [[white matter]]. However Willis' conceptualized the [[Striatum|corpus striatum]] as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and [[athetosis]] by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described, but for most no pathologic correlate was known.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Lanska|first=Douglas J.|chapter=Chapter 33 the history of movement disorders |date=2010-01-01|title=History of Neurology|series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=95|pages=501–546|doi=10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7|issn=0072-9752|pmid=19892136|isbn=9780444520098}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Emotional and behavioral disorders}}
{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs}}
{{Neuroscience}}
{{Medical resources
|   DiseasesDB     =
|   ICD10          = F44.4, F98.4, G25.8-G25.9, {{ICD10|R|25||r|25}}
|   ICD9           = {{ICD9|333.9}}, {{ICD9|781.0}}
|   ICDO           =
|   OMIM           =
|   MedlinePlus    =
|   eMedicineSubj  =
|   eMedicineTopic =
|   MeshID         = D009069
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Extrapyramidal and movement disorders]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Nervous and musculoskeletal systems]]