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{{Short description|1925 novel by Virginia Woolf}}
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{{Infobox book
| name              = Mrs Dalloway
| title_orig        = 
| translator        = 
| image             = Mrs. Dalloway cover.jpg
| border            = yes
| caption           = First edition dust jacket, 1925; cover art by [[Vanessa Bell]]
| author            = [[Virginia Woolf]]
| illustrator       = 
| cover_artist      = 
| country           = United Kingdom
| language          = English
| series            = 
| genre             = 
| publisher         = [[Hogarth Press]]
| release_date      = 14 May 1925
| media_type        = Print (hardback & paperback)
| pages             = 224 (paperback)
| isbn              = 0-15-662870-8
| dewey             = 823.912 20
| congress          = PR6045.O72 M7 1990b
| oclc              = 20932825
| preceded_by       = 
| followed_by       = 
| wikisource        = Mrs Dalloway
}}

'''''Mrs Dalloway''''' is a [[novel]] by [[Virginia Woolf]] published on 14 May 1925.<ref name="Whitworth2005">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvt4srFQ5V4C&pg=PR15 |title=Virginia Woolf (Authors in Context) |last=Whitworth |first=Michael H. |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191516566 |page=xv | access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Hussey">{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Mark |title=Virginia Woolf, A-Z |date=1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/virginiawoolftoz00huss/page/173 |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195110272 |location=New York |pages=172–173 |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> It details a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, a fictional [[Social class in the United Kingdom#Upper class|upper-class]] woman in [[Aftermath of World War I|post-First World War]] [[England]]. 

The working title of ''Mrs Dalloway'' was ''The Hours''. The novel originated from two short stories, "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street" and the unfinished "The Prime Minister". In autumn 1922, Woolf began to think of the "Mrs Dalloway" short story as the first chapter of her new novel,<ref name="Hussey" /> and she completed the manuscript in late autumn 1924.<ref name="Prose">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mrsdallowayreade0000wool_f3x6/page/2/ |title=The Mrs. Dalloway Reader |date=2003 |publisher=Harcourt |isbn=0-15-101044-7 |editor-last=Prose |editor-first=Francine |editor-link=Francine Prose |edition=First |chapter-url-access=registration |location=Orlando, Florida |page=2 |chapter=Introduction |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>

The book describes Clarissa's preparations for a party she will host in the evening and the ensuing party. With an interior perspective, the story travels forwards and backwards in time to construct an image of Clarissa's life and the inter-war social structure. The novel addresses the nature of time in personal experience through multiple interwoven stories, using a [[stream of consciousness]] narration style.

In October 2005, ''Mrs Dalloway'' was included on ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]]''{{'}}s list of the 100 best English-language novels written since its first issue in 1923.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/mrs-dalloway-1925-by-virginia-woolf/ |title= All-Time 100 Novels: Mrs. Dalloway |author=[[Lev Grossman]] |date=8 January 2010 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

On January 1, 2021, ''Mrs Dalloway'' entered the [[public domain in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/2021/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212181510/https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/2021/ | archive-date=12 December 2020 | title=Public Domain Day 2021 &#124; Duke University School of Law }}</ref>

==Plot summary==
Clarissa Dalloway goes around [[London]] in the morning, getting ready to host a party that evening. The nice day reminds her of her youth spent in the countryside in [[Bourton-on-the-Water|Bourton]] and makes her wonder about her choice of husband; she had married the reliable, successful, Richard Dalloway instead of the enigmatic and demanding Peter Walsh. She "had not the option" to be with a female romantic interest, Sally Seton. Peter reintroduces these conflicts by paying a visit that morning. Peter's visit made it clear that he was still in love with Clarissa (despite mention of his new love interest, Daisy), and Clarissa expressed her desire for Peter to take her away. Clarissa additionally invites Peter to her party that evening. 

Septimus Warren Smith, a [[World War I|First World War]] veteran suffering from [[Post-traumatic stress disorder |deferred traumatic stress]], spends his day in the park with his Italian-born wife Lucrezia, who experiences major [[loneliness]] as a result of her husband's isolating illness. His going to war affected not only his ability to function, but Lucrezia's as well. Septimus is now visited by frequent and indecipherable [[Hallucination|hallucinations]], mostly concerning his dear friend Evans, whom he had unresolved unrequited sexual feelings towards, and who died in the [[World War I|war]]; otherwise Septimus seems to be unable to feel emotions for anyone, even his wife. Septimus's relationship with his physicians, Sir William Bradshaw and Dr Holmes, is extremely poor. He fears for his safety in the presence of both doctors and often questions human nature after their interactions. As a result of his [[involuntary commitment]] to a [[psychiatric hospital]] he [[suicide by jumping|takes his own life by jumping out of a window]].

Clarissa's party in the evening is a slow success. It is attended by most of the characters she has met throughout the book, including Sally, Peter, and others from her past. Clarissa discovers that Sally, whom she has not seen for several decades, and who used to be a free-spirited tomboy, has become a respectable, matronly mother to five boys. 

The novel ends with Clarissa hearing about Septimus's suicide at the party and gradually coming to admire this stranger's act, which she considers an effort to preserve the purity of his happiness. Clarissa also acknowledges her ability to relate to Septimus regardless of her limited knowledge of him.

==Characters==
;Clarissa Dalloway
:The 51-year-old<ref>{{Citation | quote = She had just broken into her fifty-second year | last = Woolf | first = Virginia | title = Mrs Dalloway | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2009 | page = 31}}.</ref> protagonist of the novel. She is Richard's wife and Elizabeth's mother, and, while reminiscing about her past, spends the day organising a party that will be held that night. She is self-conscious about her role in London's high society. The character was based on [[Vernon Lushington|Kitty Lushington]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.elmbridgehundred.org.uk/biographies/lushington-family/|title=Vernon and Kitty [Katherine] Lushington family - The Elmbridge Hundred|website=people.elmbridgehundred.org.uk}}</ref>
;Elizabeth Dalloway
:Clarissa and Richard's 17-year-old daughter. She is said to look "oriental" and has great composure. Compared to her mother, she takes great pleasure in politics and modern history, hoping to be either a doctor or farmer in the future. She would rather spend time in the country with her father than attend her mother's party. 
;Richard Dalloway
:Clarissa's practical, "simple" husband, who feels disconnected from his wife. He is immersed in his work in government.
;Miss Kilman
:Miss Doris Kilman, originally "Kiehlman", is Elizabeth's schoolmistress for history and is a born-again Christian. She has a degree in history and during the Great War was dismissed from her teaching job because "Miss Dolby thought she would be happier with people who shared her views about the Germans".<ref>''Mrs Dalloway'' 1976, p. 110; the name "Miss Dolby" may refer to the headmistress of [[Bedford Girls' Modern School]] at the time.</ref> She has a German ancestry and wears an unattractive mackintosh coat because she is uninterested in dressing to please others. She dislikes Clarissa intensely but loves to spend time with Elizabeth.
;Sally Seton
:A love interest of Clarissa's, with whom she shared a kiss, who is now married to Lord Rosseter and has five boys. Sally had a strained relationship with her family and spent substantial time with Clarissa's family in her youth. She once could be described as feisty, as well as a youthful ragamuffin, although she has become more conventional with age.
;Lucrezia "Rezia" Warren Smith
:Septimus' Italian wife. She is burdened by his mental illness and believes she is judged because of it. During most of the novel, she is homesick for her family and country, which she left to marry Septimus after the [[Armistice]].
;Septimus Warren Smith
:A World War I veteran who suffers from "[[shell shock]]" and hallucinations of his deceased friend, Evans. Educated and decorated in the war, he is detached from society and believes himself to be unable to feel. He is married to Lucrezia, from whom he has grown distant.
;Peter Walsh
:An old friend of Clarissa's who has failed at most of his ventures in life. In the past, Clarissa rejected his marriage proposal. Now he has returned to England from India and is one of Clarissa's party guests. He plans to marry Daisy, a married woman in India, and has returned to try to arrange a divorce from his current wife.
;Hugh Whitbread
:A pompous friend of Clarissa's, who holds an unspecified position in the British Royal household. Like Clarissa, he places great importance on his place in society. Although he believes he is an essential member of the British aristocracy, Lady Bruton, Clarissa, Richard, and Peter find him obnoxious.
;Sir William Bradshaw
:A famous psychiatrist to whom Septimus' physician, Dr. Holmes, refers Septimus. Bradshaw notes that Septimus has had a complete nervous breakdown and suggests spending time in the country as a cure.

==Style==
In ''Mrs Dalloway'', all of the action, aside from the [[flashback (narrative)|flashbacks]], takes place on a day in "the middle of June" of 1923. It is an example of [[Stream of consciousness writing|stream of consciousness]] storytelling: every scene closely tracks the momentary thoughts of a particular character. Woolf blurs the distinction between [[Direct speech|direct]] and [[indirect speech]] throughout the novel, freely alternating her [[Narrative mode|mode of narration]] between [[Third-person omniscient|omniscient description]], [[free indirect discourse|indirect]] [[interior monologue]], and [[soliloquy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dowling |first=David |title=Mrs Dalloway: Mapping Streams of Consciousness |page=46 |year=1991 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |isbn=978-0-8057-9414-4}}</ref> The narration follows at least twenty characters in this way, but the bulk of the novel is spent with Clarissa Dalloway, Peter Walsh, and Septimus Smith.

Woolf laid out some of her literary goals with the characters of ''Mrs Dalloway'' while still working on the novel. A year before its publication, she gave a talk at Cambridge University called "Character in Fiction", revised and retitled later that year as "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/%22Mr._Bennett_and_Mrs._Brown%22 |title=Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown |department=Modernism Lab Essays |publisher=Modernism.research.yale.edu |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=17 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807202747/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/%22Mr._Bennett_and_Mrs._Brown%22 |archive-date=7 August 2013 }}</ref>

=== Comparisons with Joyce's ''Ulysses'' ===
''Mrs Dalloway'' is commonly thought to be a response to [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''. Both novels use the stream of consciousness technique to follow the thoughts of two characters, one older and one younger, during one day in a bustling city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Christopher |title=Modernism: A Very Short Introduction |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280441-9 |page=13}}</ref> Woolf herself, writing in 1928, denied any deliberate "method" to the book, saying instead that the structure came about "without any conscious direction".<ref name="1928 essay by Woolf"/> In her essay "[[Modern Fiction (essay)|Modern Fiction]]", Woolf praised ''Ulysses'', writing of the chapter set at the cemetery ("Hades") that, "on a first reading at any rate, it is difficult not to acclaim a masterpiece".<ref>Rainey, Lawrence S. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p1qso99TB6IC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899 ''Modernism: An Anthology'']. Wiley-Blackwell. via [[Google Books]]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> However, Woolf's private writings throughout her first reading of ''Ulysses'' abound in hostile criticisms, as in this passage: 

<blockquote>"I... have been amused, stimulated, charmed interested by the first 2 or 3 chapters—to the end of the Cemetery scene; & then puzzled, bored, irritated, & disillusioned as by a queasy undergraduate scratching his pimples. And [[T.S. Eliot|Tom]], great Tom, thinks this on a par with ''[[War and Peace|War & Peace]]''! An illiterate, underbred book it seems to me: the book of a self-taught working man, & we all know how distressing they are, how egotistic, insistent, raw, striking, & ultimately nauseating. When one can have cooked flesh, why have the raw? But I think if you are anaemic, as Tom is, there is glory in blood. Being fairly normal myself I am soon ready for the classics again. I may revise this later. I do not compromise my critical sagacity. I plant a stick in the ground to mark page 200<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Woolf's_Reading_of_Joyce's_Ulysses,_1922-1941 |title=Woolf's Reading of Joyce's Ulysses, 1922–1941 |department=Modernism Lab Essays |publisher=modernism.coursepress.yale.edu |access-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325145502/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Woolf%27s_Reading_of_Joyce%27s_Ulysses,_1922-1941 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>"
: —''D'' 2: 188–89</blockquote>

Woolf's disdain for Joyce's book only solidified after she finished reading it. She summed up her thoughts on the work as a whole:

<blockquote>"I finished ''Ulysses'', & think it is a mis-fire. Genius it has I think; but of the inferior water. The book is diffuse. It is brackish. It is pretentious. It is underbred, not only in the obvious sense, but in the literary sense. A first rate writer, I mean, respects writing too much to be tricky; startling; doing stunts. I'm reminded all the time of some callow board schoolboy, say like Henry Lamb, full of wits & powers, but so self-conscious and egotistical that he loses his head, becomes extravagant, mannered, uproarious, ill at ease, makes kindly people feel sorry for him, & stern ones merely annoyed; & one hopes he'll grow out of it; but as Joyce is 40 this scarcely seems likely. I have not read it carefully; & only once; & it is very obscure; so no doubt I have scamped the virtue of it more than is fair. I feel that myriads of tiny bullets pepper one & spatter one; but one does not get one deadly wound straight in the face—as from [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], for instance; but it is entirely absurd to compare him with Tolstoy.<ref name="Childs" />"
: —''D'' 2: 199–200.</blockquote>

The [[Hogarth Press]], run by her and her husband [[Leonard Woolf|Leonard]], had to turn down the chance to publish ''Ulysses'' in 1919 because of the obscenity law in England, as well as the practical issues regarding publishing such a substantial text.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henig |first=Suzanne |date=1973 |title=Ulysses in Bloomsbury |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25487037 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=203–208 |jstor=25487037 |issn=0021-4183}}</ref>

==Themes==
The novel has two main narrative lines involving two separate characters (Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith); within each narrative there is a particular time and place in the past that the main characters keep returning to in their minds. For Clarissa, her charmed youth at Bourton keeps intruding into her thoughts on this day in London. For Septimus, his time as a soldier during the "Great War" keeps intruding, especially in the form of Evans, his fallen comrade. Other characters, such as Peter Walsh, also find themselves returning to moments in their past.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivotti |first=Nicole |date=2018-05-08 |title=Time, Memory, and Consciousness in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Between the Acts |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2546/ |journal=Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)}}</ref> 

=== Time and secular living ===
Time plays an integral role in the theme of faith and doubt in Mrs Dalloway. The overwhelming presence of the passing of time and the impending fate of death for each of the characters is felt throughout the novel. As Big Ben towers over the city of London and rings for each half-hour, characters cannot help but stop and notice the loss of life to time in regular intervals throughout the story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Valerie |date=2024-09-06 |title=The Significance of Time in Mrs. Dalloway {{!}} Prized Writing |url=https://prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu/significance-time-mrs-dalloway |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> For Septimus, who has experienced the vicious war, the notion of death constantly floats in his mind as he continues to see his friend Evans talking of such things.  The constant stream of consciousness perspective of the characters, especially Clarissa, serves as a distraction from this passing of time and the ultimate march towards death, but each character is constantly reminded of the inevitability of these facts. Further emphasizing the passage of time is the time-frame of the novel, which takes place in the course of a single day, like Joyce's ''Ulysses''.

The idea that there can be meaning in every detail of life, and a deeper appreciation of life as a result, is emphasized by the constant connection of characters to memories and to simple ideas and things. Clarissa even feels that her job (throwing her parties) is to offer "the gift" of connectedness to the inhabitants of London. Woolf's writing style crosses the boundaries of the past, present and future, emphasizing her idea of time as a constant flow, connected only by some force (or divinity) within each person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivotti |first=Nicole |date=2018-05-08 |title=Time, Memory, and Consciousness in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Between the Acts |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2546 |journal=Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) |pages=10}}</ref> An evident contrast can be found between the constant passing of time—symbolized by Big Ben—and the seemingly random crossings of time-lines in Woolf's writing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivotti |first=Nicole |date=2018-05-08 |title=Time, Memory, and Consciousness in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Between the Acts |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2546 |journal=Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) |pages=10–12}}</ref> Yet, although these crossings seem random, they only demonstrate the infinite possibilities that the world can offer once it is interconnected by the individual character of each person.

===Mental illness===
Septimus, as the [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|shell-shocked]] war hero, operates as a pointed criticism of the treatment of [[mental illness]] and depression.<ref name="Childs" /> Woolf criticises medical discourse through Septimus' decline and suicide; his doctors make snap judgments about his condition, talk to him mainly through his wife, and dismiss his urgent confessions before he can make them. Rezia remarks that Septimus "was not ill. Dr Holmes said there was nothing the matter with him."<ref name="autogenerated1">Woolf, Virginia. "Mrs Dalloway." Oxford University Press. 2009. Print.</ref>

Woolf goes beyond commenting on the treatment of mental illness. Using the characters of Clarissa and Rezia, she makes the argument that people can only interpret Septimus' shell shock according to their cultural norms.<ref name="Joyes, Kaley 2008 pp. 69-87">Joyes, Kaley. "Failed Witnessing in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway." ''Woolf Studies Annual'' vol 14 (2008) pp. 69–87</ref> Throughout the course of the novel Clarissa does not meet Septimus. Clarissa's reality is vastly different from that of Septimus; his presence in London is unknown to Clarissa until his death becomes the subject of idle chatter at her party. By never having these characters meet, Woolf is suggesting that mental illness can be contained to the individuals who suffer from it without others, who remain unaffected, ever having to witness it.<ref>Guth, Deborah. "What A Lark! What a Plunge! Fiction as Self-Evasion in Mrs Dalloway." University of Tel Aviv 19–25.</ref> This allows Woolf to weave her criticism of the treatment of the [[mentally ill]] with her larger argument, which is the criticism of society's class structure. Her use of Septimus as the stereotypically traumatised veteran is her way of showing that there were still reminders of the First World War in London in 1923.<ref name="Joyes, Kaley 2008 pp. 69-87"/> These ripples affect Mrs. Dalloway and readers spanning generations. Shell shock, or [[post traumatic stress disorder]], is an important addition to the early 20th century canon of post-war British literature.<ref>Lord, Catherine M. "The Frames of Septimus Smith: Through Twenty Four Hours in the City of Mrs. Dalloway, 1923, and of Millennial London: Art is a Shocking Experience." parallax 5.3 (1999): 36–46.</ref>

There are similarities in Septimus' condition to Woolf's struggles with [[bipolar disorder]]. Both [[hallucination|hallucinate]] that birds sing in [[Greek language|Greek]], and Woolf once attempted to throw herself out of a window as Septimus does.<ref name="Childs" /> Woolf had also been treated for her condition at various asylums, from which her antipathy towards doctors developed. Woolf committed suicide by drowning, sixteen years after the publication of ''Mrs Dalloway''.<ref name="Virginia Woolf">{{cite web |url=http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Virginia_Woolf |title=Virginia Woolf – Modernism Lab Essays |publisher=Modernism.research.yale.edu |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716053622/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Virginia_Woolf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Woolf's original plan for her novel called for Clarissa to kill herself during her party. In this original version, Septimus (whom Woolf called Mrs. Dalloway's "double") did not appear at all.<ref name="1928 essay by Woolf">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBvFfI7g5y8C&pg=PA10|title=The Mrs. Dalloway Reader|first=Virginia|last=Woolf|date=15 September 2004|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0156030152|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Existential issues===
When Peter Walsh sees a girl on the street and [[stalking|stalks]] her for half an hour, he notes that his relationship to the girl was "made up, as one makes up the better part of life."  By focusing on characters' thoughts and perceptions, Woolf emphasizes the significance of private thoughts on [[existential crisis]] rather than concrete events in a person's life. Most of the plot in ''Mrs Dalloway'' consists of realizations that the characters subjectively make.<ref name="Childs" />

Clarissa Dalloway is depicted as a woman who appreciates life. Her love of party-throwing comes from a desire to bring people together and create happy moments. Her charm, according to Peter Walsh, who loves her, is a sense of ''joie de vivre'', always summarized by the sentence: "There she was."  She interprets Septimus Smith's death as an act of embracing life and her mood remains light, even though she hears about it in the midst of the party. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Feminism===
As a commentary on inter-war society, Clarissa's character highlights the role of women as the proverbial "[[Angel in the House]]" and embodies sexual and [[economic repression]] and the [[narcissism]] of bourgeois women who have never known the hunger and insecurity of working women. She keeps up with and even embraces the social expectations of the wife of a patrician politician, but she is still able to express herself and find distinction in the parties she throws.<ref name="Childs" />

Her old friend Sally Seton, whom Clarissa admires dearly, is remembered as a great independent woman – she smoked cigars, once ran down a corridor naked to fetch her sponge-bag, and made bold, unladylike statements to get a reaction from people.<ref name="Childs" /> When Clarissa meets her in the present day, Sally turns out to be a perfect housewife, having accepted her lot as a rich woman ("Yes, I have ten thousand a year"-whether before the tax was paid, or after, she couldn't remember...), married, and given birth to five sons.

===Homosexuality===
Clarissa Dalloway felt a strong bond to Sally Seton at Bourton, and those feelings seem to extend beyond friendship. Thirty-four years later, Clarissa still considers the kiss they shared to be the "most exquisite" moment of her life, and she remembers feeling about Sally "as men feel."<ref>from ''Mrs Dalloway'', Penguin Popular Classics 1996, page 36 OR Harcourt, Inc. (2005), Page 35</ref> Clarissa even goes so far as to compare her feelings to those that Shakespeare's character Othello feels for Desdemona—and when she looks back and ponders those emotions, the narration remarks, "But this question of love (she thought, putting her coat away), this falling in love with women. Take Sally Seton; her relation in the old days with Sally Seton. Had not that, after all, been love?" <ref name="Mrs Dalloway 2000, page 30">from ''Mrs Dalloway'', OUP Oxford 2000, page 30</ref> Clarissa then recalls Sally's visit and how others seemed "indifferent" to Sally's presence, and she thinks to herself, "But nothing is so strange when one is in love (and what was this except being in love?) as the complete indifference of other people."<ref name="Mrs Dalloway 2000, page 30"/>

Clarissa also recalls Sally's visit—specifically the experience of seeing Sally at dinner—as "the most happy" moment of her life.<ref name="Mrs Dalloway 2000, page 30"/> Nevertheless, scholar Kate Haffey observes that some critics have attempted to gloss over the narrative's erotic qualities and reframe Clarissa and Sally's early relationship as a fanciful yet ultimately platonic phase of heterosexual female development: "Despite the quite sexual nature of Clarissa's descriptions of her affections for women, her feelings for Sally are most often constructed as representing a period of girlhood innocence that is sharply contrasted with the adult self […] When this love is not described in terms of its 'innocence,' it is positioned as part of that 'unruly' phase of adolescence, a period incompatible with female maturity."<ref>Haffey, Kate. Exquisite Moments and the Temporality of the Kiss in "Mrs. Dalloway" and "The Hours.” Narrative, Vol. 18. 2010.</ref> Yet in the novel itself, memories of the kiss are rendered in passionate language (Clarissa compares the kiss to "a diamond, something infinitely precious"),<ref name="Mrs Dalloway 2000, page 30"/> and this moment of the past drifts back powerfully into Clarissa's present, creating a sense of timelessness. The kiss thus underlines the novel's theme of temporality, as the experience is a moment that seems to stand outside or suspend ordinary time.<ref>Stockton, Kathryn Bond. "Growing Sideways, or Versions of the Queer Child: The Ghost, the Homosexual, the Freudian, the Innocent, and the Interval of Animal." Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2004</ref>

Similarly, Septimus is haunted by the image of his dear friend and commanding officer, Evans, who is described as being "undemonstrative in the company of women."<ref name="Woolf, Virginia 1953 p. 130">Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway (1925; Harcourt Brace, and World, Inc, 1953), p. 130</ref> The narrator describes Septimus and Evans behaving together like "two dogs playing on a hearth-rug" who, inseparable, "had to be together, share with each other, fight with each other, quarrel with each other...."<ref name="Woolf, Virginia 1953 p. 130"/> Jean E. Kennard notes that the word "share" could easily be read in a [[E.M. Forster|Forsteran]] manner, perhaps as in Forster's ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]''; "The word 'share' […] was often used in this period to describe sexual relations between men."<ref>Kennard, Jean E. “Power and Sexual Ambiguity: The ‘Dreadnought’ Hoax, ‘The Voyage out, Mrs. Dalloway’ and ‘Orlando.’” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 20, no. 2, 1996, pp. 149–64</ref> Kennard also notes Septimus' "increasing revulsion at the idea of heterosexual sex," abstaining from sex with Rezia and feeling that "the business of copulation was filth to him before the end."<ref>Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway (1925; Harcourt Brace, and World, Inc, 1953), p. 134</ref>

==Adaptations==
{{Main|Mrs Dalloway (film)}}
Dutch film director [[Marleen Gorris]] made a film version of ''Mrs Dalloway'' in 1997.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b7f863eca| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120712163229/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b7f863eca| url-status= dead| archive-date= 12 July 2012| title= Mrs Dalloway (1997)| publisher= British Film Institute| access-date= 5 July 2014}}</ref> It was adapted from Woolf's novel by British actress [[Eileen Atkins]] and starred [[Vanessa Redgrave]] and [[Natascha McElhone]] in the title role. The cast included [[Lena Headey]], [[Rupert Graves]], [[Michael Kitchen]], [[Alan Cox (actor)|Alan Cox]], [[Sarah Badel]], and [[Katie Carr]].

{{Main|The Hours (novel)|l1=The Hours'' (novel)''|The Hours (film)|l2=The Hours'' (film)''|The Hours (opera)|l3=The Hours'' (opera)''}}
A related 2002 film, ''[[The Hours (film)|The Hours]]'' depicts a single day in the lives of three women across generations affected by ''Mrs Dalloway'': Woolf writing it in 1923, a Los Angeles housewife reading it in 1951, and a New York literary editor living it in 2001. Adapted from [[The Hours (novel)|the 1998 novel]] by [[Michael Cunningham]], the cast features [[Nicole Kidman]] as Woolf, [[Julianne Moore]] as housewife Laura, and [[Meryl Streep]] as editor Clarissa. Cunningham titled his novel ''The Hours'' after Woolf's [[working title]] for ''Mrs Dalloway''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartmell |first1=Deborah |last2=Whehelan |first2=Imelda |year=2007 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-literature-on-screen/C61F1CEC0C23D121BBEB944E6DA86071 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139001441 |access-date=6 June 2021 |page=115}}</ref> A [[The Hours (opera)|2022 opera]] with music by [[Kevin Puts]] and libretto by Greg Pierce was based on Cunningham's novel and the film.<ref>Zachary Woolfe (23 November 2022), [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/arts/music/the-hours-opera-review.html "Review: In ''The Hours'', Prima Donnas and Emotions Soar"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>

In 2025, to mark the 100th anniversary of the novel's publication, it was broadcast on [[BBC Radio Four]], in ten 15-minute instalments, read by [[Siân Thomas]]

==Other appearances==
Mrs Dalloway also appears in Virginia Woolf's first novel, ''[[The Voyage Out]]'', as well as five of her short stories, in which the character hosts dinner parties to which the main subject of the narrative is invited:{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

* "[[The New Dress (short story)|The New Dress]]": a self-conscious guest has a new dress made for the event
* "The Introduction": whose main character is Lily Everit
* "Together and Apart": Mrs Dalloway introduces the main protagonists
* "The Man Who Loved His Kind": Mrs Dalloway's husband, Richard, invites a school friend, who finds the evening uncomfortable in the extreme
* "A Summing Up": a couple meet in her garden

The stories (except for "The Introduction") all appear in the 1944 collection ''[[A Haunted House and Other Short Stories]]'', and in the 1973 collection ''Mrs Dalloway's Party''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John |last=Mepham (Kingston University) |url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3462 |title= Mrs Dalloway |encyclopedia= Literary Encyclopedia |publisher=LitEncyc.com |date=7 July 2001 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=32em|refs=
<ref name="Childs">[http://arts.uottawa.ca/english/people/childs-donald-j Donald Childs], ENG3320: Modern British Literature, Winter 2008, University of Ottawa</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2014| certain=y|reason= Offline details from an academic course cannot be verified}}
}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Virginia Woolf}}
{{wikisource|Mrs. Dalloway}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/virginia-woolf/mrs-dalloway}}
* {{Gutenberg Australia |id=plusfifty-n-z.html#woolf |name=Mrs. Dalloway}}
* [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/dalloway/ ''Mrs. Dalloway''] at [[SparkNotes]]
* [http://www.bl.uk/works/mrs-dalloway ''Mrs. Dalloway''] at the British Library
* {{librivox book | title= Mrs. Dalloway | author=Virginia Woolf }} 
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/sally/woolf.html Character in Fiction]

{{Modernism}}
{{Virginia Woolf}}
{{Authority control}}

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