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{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Murad I
| title        = {{ubl|Bey|Emîr-i a’zam|Gazi|Han|Hüdavendigâr|Sultânü’s-selâtîn|Melikü’l-mülûk}}
| titletext    = 
| more         = 
| type         = 
| image        = Murad I.jpg
| alt          = 
| caption      = Miniature of Murad I from a 16th-century manuscript
| moretext     = 
| succession   = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| reign        = March 1362 – 15 June 1389
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| predecessor  = [[Orhan]]
| successor    = [[Bayezid I]]
| spouse       = [[Gülçiçek Hatun]]<br>[[Kera Tamara|Thamara Hatun]]<br>Paşa Melek Hatun<br/>[[#Consorts|Others]]
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = [[Savci Bey]]<br/>[[Bayezid I]]<br/>[[Yakub Çelebi]]<br/>[[Nefise Hatun]]
| issue-link   = #Sons
| issue-pipe   = Among others
| full name    = Murad bin Orhan
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Orhan]]
| mother       = [[Nilüfer Hatun]]
| birth_date   = 29 June 1326
| birth_place  = [[Bursa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theottomans.org/english/family/murat1.asp|title=Murad I|publisher=TheOttomans.org }}</ref><ref name ="Britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/397836/Murad-I "Murad I"]. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.</ref> [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Beylik]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1389|6|15|1326|6|29|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Kosovo field]], [[District of Branković]]
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = Organs buried at [[Tomb of Murad I]], [[Kosovo]]<br>{{coord|42|42|07|N|21|06|15|E|display=inline,title}}<br/>Body buried at Sultan Murad [[Türbe]], [[Osmangazi]], [[Bursa]]
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| signature    = Tughra of Murad I.svg
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Murad I''' ({{langx|ota|مراد اول}}; {{langx|tr|I. Murad}}), nicknamed '''''Hüdavendigâr''''' (from {{langx|fa|خداوندگار|translit=Khodāvandgār|lit=the devotee of [[God in Islam|God]]}} – meaning "[[Head of state|sovereign]]" in this context; 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of [[Orhan Gazi]] and [[Nilüfer Hatun]]. Murad I came to the throne after his elder half-brother [[Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)|Süleyman Pasha]]'s death.

Murad I [[Ottoman conquest of Adrianople|conquered Adrianople]] in 1360s and made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate. Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in [[Southern Europe]] by bringing most of the [[Balkans]] under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of [[Serbian Empire|Serbia]], the emperor of [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] as well as the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[John V Palaiologos]] to pay him tribute.<ref name="Britannica"/> Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of [[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]] ([[Asia Minor]]) and [[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]] (the Balkans).

==Titles==
According to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles included ''[[Bey]]'', ''Emîr-i a’zam'' (Great [[Emir]]), ''[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]'', ''Hüdavendigâr'', ''[[Khan (title)|Khan]]'', ''Padishah'', ''Sultânü’s-selâtîn'' (Sultan of sultans), ''Melikü’l-mülûk'' ([[Malik]] of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he was referred to as [[Tsar]]. In a [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] document, he was referred to as ''dominus armiratorum Turchie'' (Master lord of Turks).<ref name="tdv">{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|author=Halil İnalcık|title=Murad I|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/murad-i|volume=31|pages=156–164}}</ref>

==Wars==
[[File:3 -Murad I map.PNG|thumb|left|Map of the conquests of Murad I]]
[[File:Sultan Murad I šahīd.png|thumb|left|16th century miniature depicting Murad I]]

Murad fought against the powerful [[Anatolian beyliks|beylik]] of [[Karamanids|Karaman]] in [[Anatolia]] and against the [[Serbs]], [[Albanians]], [[Bulgarians]] and [[Hungarians]] in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King [[Vukašin Mrnjavčević|Vukašin]] and [[Despot (court title)|Despot]] [[Jovan Uglješa|Uglješa]], was [[Battle of Maritsa|defeated on September 26, 1371]], by Murad's capable second lieutenant [[Lala Shahin Pasha|Lala Şâhin Paşa]], the first governor (''[[beylerbey]]'') of [[Rumili Province|Rumeli]]. In 1385, the important Bulgarian city [[Sofia]] fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. In 1386, Prince [[Lazar Hrebeljanović]] defeated an Ottoman force at the [[Battle of Pločnik]]. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture [[Niš]] on the way back.

==Battle of Kosovo==
[[File:Sultan 1.Murat Turbesi 01.JPG|thumb|[[Tomb of Sultan Murad]] on Kosovo field]]
[[File:Sultan 1.Murat Turbesi 02.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Sultan Murad]]
{{main|Battle of Kosovo|}}
In 1389, Murad's army fought the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the [[Battle of Kosovo]].

There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during the first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and [[knight]] [[Miloš Obilić]] by knife.<ref>Helmolt, Ferdinand. ''The World's History'', p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.</ref><ref>Fine, John. ''The Late Medieval Balkans'', p. 410. University of Michigan Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> Most Ottoman chroniclers (including [[Dimitrie Cantemir]])<ref>Cantemir, Dimitrie, '' History of the Growth and Decay of the Osman Ottoman Empire'', London 1734.{{page needed|date=November 2016}}</ref> state that he was assassinated while he was inspecting the battlefield after the battle had finished. His older son [[Bayezid I|Bayezid]], who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, [[Yakub Çelebi|Yakub Bey]], who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.

In a letter from the Florentine senate (written by [[Coluccio Salutati]]) to the King [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]], dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Yakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly [[Miloš Obilić]], had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wayne S. Vucinich, Thomas A. Emmert|title=Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMR9mgEACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=University of Minnesota|isbn=9789992287552 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}

Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remain to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called ''[[Tomb of Sultan Murat|Meshed-i Hudavendigar]]'' which has gained a religious significance for the local Muslims. It was vandalized between 1999 and 2006 and was renovated recently.{{When|date=November 2022}} His other remains were carried to [[Bursa]], his [[Anatolia]]n capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sultanmurad.com/|title=Meşhed-i Hüdavendigar – www.sultanmurad.com|language=tr|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref>

== Appearance and character ==
Murad I is described in Ottoman sources as a medium-height, round-faced, aquiline-nosed, charitable, just ruler who devoted his life to the holy war. In Byzantine sources, he is remembered as a sultan who spoke little but spoke eloquently, was fond of hunting, tireless, merciful to Christians, but did not tolerate mistakes and could resort to harshness, and was always successful against his enemies.<ref name="tdv"></ref>

==Family==
Murad was the son of [[Orhan]] and [[Nilüfer Hatun]], a slave concubine who was of ethnic [[Greeks|Greek]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |title=Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508677-5 |edition= |series=Studies in Middle Eastern History |location=New York |pages=33–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lowry |first=Heath |title=The Nature of the Early Ottoman State |publisher=SUNY Press |place=Albany |date=2003 |isbn=0-7914-5636-6 |pages=153}}</ref>

===Consorts===
Murad I had at least seven consorts:<ref name=":0">Nikolay Antov - The Ottoman Wild West</ref><ref name=":1">Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay - Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları</ref><ref>Jennifer Lawler - Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire</ref><ref name=":2">Necdet Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları</ref><ref name=":3">Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar Cilt 2</ref>
*[[Gülçiçek Hatun|Gulçicek Hatun]]. Slave concubine, mother of Bayezid I.
*''Fülane'' Hatun. Daughter of Ahî Seyyid Sultân, married Murad in 1366.
*Paşa Melek Hatun. Daughter of Kızıl Murad Bey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kepecioğlu |first=Kâmil |title=Bursa Kütüğü |url=https://www.bursa.bel.tr/dosyalar/yayinlar/g8ovj076q0gsgsg.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Fülane'' Hatun. Daughter of [[Konstantin Dejanović|Konstantin of Kostendil]], she married Murad in 1372. Two of her sisters married two of Murad's sons, Bayezid I and Yakub Çelebi. 
*[[Kera Tamara|Kera Tamara Hatun]]. Bulgarian princess, daughter of Tsar [[Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria]]. Renowned for her beauty, she was forced to marry Murad when he attacked [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], in 1378. 
*''Fülane'' Hatun. Daughter of [[Süleyman II of Candar|Cândâroğlu Süleyman II Paşah]], she married Murad in 1383. Her mother was Sultan Hatun, daughter of [[Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)|Süleyman Pasha]], Murad's older half-brother. 
*Maria Hatun. Born Maria Paleologa, she was the daughter of the Byzantine emperor [[John V Palaiologos|John V]] and his wife [[Helena Kantakouzene]]. She married Murad in 1386.<ref>Several of [[John V Palaiologos|John V]]'s daughters and granddaughters married Ottoman princes: his daughter Maria married Murad I, two more his sons [[Bayezid I]] and [[Yakub Çelebi|Yakub]], while a fourth, Irene, married Halil, Murad's half-brother. Two granddaughters, daughters of [[Theodore I Palaiologos|Theodore]] and [[Zampia Palaiologina|Zampia]], married a son and grandson of Bayezid I, [[Süleyman Çelebi|Süleyman]] and [[Küçük Mustafa|Mustafa]].</ref>

===Sons===
Murad I had at least five sons:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
*[[Savcı Bey|Savci Bey]] (died in 1374). Executed by his father after he rebelled against him. He had a son, Davud Murad Bey, who fled to Hungary when his father died.
*[[Bayezid I]] (1360 - 1403) - with Gulçiçek Hatun. Ottoman Sultan. 
*[[Yakub Çelebi]] ({{circa}} 1362 - 20 June 1389). Strangled on Bayezid's orders.
*Ibrahim Bey ({{circa}} 1365 - {{circa}} 1385). Buried in the Osman I mausoleum. He died in Edirne at an early age. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maydaer |first=Saadet |title=Klasik Dönemde Bursa'da Bir Semt: Hisar |url=https://acikerisim.uludag.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/50e76973-c0a0-4cfb-bb1e-8eb3a320dcdc/content |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Yahşi Bey (? - before 1389) - with Gülçiçek Hatun.

===Daughters===
Murad I had at least five daughters:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
* [[Nefise Hatun|Nefise Melek Sultan Hatun]] ({{circa}} 1363 - after 1402). In 1378 she was married off to [[Alaattin Ali of Karaman|Karamânoğlu Alâeddîn Alî Bey]] in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the war. She had at least three sons by him: [[Mehmet II of Karaman|Mehmed II Bey]] (1379 - 1423), [[Bengi Ali of Karaman|Alaeddin Ali II Bey]] (1381 - 1424) and Oğuz Bey (probably died in infancy). Widowed in 1397, she returned to live in Bursa, but on the death of Bayezid I returned to [[Karamanids|Karaman]], where her eldest son assumed the throne.
* Özer Hatun. She married and had issue. In 1426 her grandson Mehmed Bey held a post at court of [[Murad II]].
* Erhundi Hatun. She married [[Sarukhanids|Saruhânoğlu]] Hızır Bey before 1389.
* Mihriali Devlet Sultan Hatun. She married [[Karamanids|Karamânoglu]] Turgut Bey, by whom she had a son, Mahmud Bey.
* Nilüfer Hatun. She built a mosque at Bursa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uluçay |first=M. Çağatay |title=Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları |publisher=Ötüken Neşriyat |language=tr}}</ref>

==Further reading==
[[File:Murad I miniature.jpg|thumb|right|16th century miniature of Murad I]]
* Harris, Jonathan, ''The End of Byzantium''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11786-8}}
* {{Imber-The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650|edition=Second}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Murad I}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Murad#Murad I|display=Murad § Murad I|volume=19 |page=14 |short=x}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||1326||1389}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Orhan]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultan]]|years=1362 – 15 June 1389}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Bayezid I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}
{{Kosovo Myth}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murad 01}}
[[Category:1326 births]]
[[Category:1389 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Assassinated people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Characters in Serbian epic poetry]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:People of the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]