View source for Museum Island

{{Short description|Part of Spree Island in central Berlin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{For|the Museum Island in Munich|Deutsches Museum#Museumsinsel}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|WHS         = Museum Island<br />''Museumsinsel''
|Image       = Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg
|Caption     = The [[Bode Museum|Bode-Museum]] on Museum Island
|Location    = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
|Criteria    = Cultural: ii, iv
|ID          = 896
|Year        = 1999
|Coordinates = {{coord|52|31|17|N|13|23|44|E}}
|locmapin    = Germany#Berlin
|Area        = {{convert|8.6|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
|Buffer_zone = {{convert|22.5|ha|acre|abbr=on}} 
|embedded    = [[Image:Karte berlin museumsinsel.png|upright|270px|]]<br />Location of Museum Island (in red) on Spree Island
}}

The '''Museum Island''' ({{langx|de|Museumsinsel}}, {{IPA|de|muˈzeːʊmsˌɪnzl̩|pron|LL-Q188 (deu)-Sebastian Wallroth-Museumsinsel (Berlin).wav}}) is a [[museum]] complex on the northern part of [[Spree (river)|Spree]] Island in the [[Mitte (locality)|historic heart]] of [[Berlin]], Germany. It is one of the capital's most visited sights and one of the most important museum sites in [[Europe]]. Originally built from 1830 to 1930, initially by order of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian Kings]], according to plans by five architects, the Museum Island was designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1999 because of its testimony to the architectural and cultural development of museums in the 19th and 20th centuries. It consists of the [[Altes Museum]], the [[Neues Museum]], the [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], the [[Bode Museum|Bode-Museum]] and the [[Pergamon Museum]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896 |title = Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 20 July 2022 |archive-date = 6 May 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506100913/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896 |url-status = live }}</ref> As the Museum Island designation includes all of Spree Island north of the Karl Liebknecht Boulevard, the historic [[Berlin Cathedral]] is also located there, next to the open [[Lustgarten]] park. To the south of [[Liebknecht]] Boulevard, the reconstructed [[Berlin Palace]] houses the [[Humboldt Forum]] museum and opened in 2020. Also adjacent, across the west branch of the Spree is the [[German Historical Museum]]. Since [[German reunification]], the Museum Island has been rebuilt and extended according to a master plan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.museumsinsel-berlin.de/en/home/ |title=Masterplan Museumsinsel |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204044200/https://www.museumsinsel-berlin.de/en/home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, a new visitor center and art gallery, the [[James Simon Gallery]] (by a sixth architect), was opened within the Museum Island heritage site.

==Overview==
The Museum Island is so-called for the complex of internationally significant [[museum]]s, all part of the [[Berlin State Museums]], that occupy the Spree island's northern part. In 1999, the museum complex was added to the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Sites]] because of its unique testimony to the evolution of museums as a social and cultural phenomena and the corresponding development of museum architecture.<ref name = "unesco"/>

*The [[Altes Museum]] (Old Museum) named as the ''Königliches Museum'' when it was built on 3 August 1830, until it was renamed in 1841. The museum was completed on the orders of [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]].
*The [[Neues Museum]] (New Museum) finished in 1859 according to plans by [[Friedrich August Stüler]], a student of Schinkel. Destroyed in [[World War II]], it was rebuilt under the direction of [[David Chipperfield]] for the [[Egyptian Museum of Berlin]] and re-opened in 2009.
*The [[Alte Nationalgalerie]] (Old National Gallery) completed in 1876, also according to designs by [[Friedrich August Stüler]], to host a collection of 19th-century art donated by banker Joachim H. W. Wagener
*The [[Bode Museum]] on the island's northern tip, opened in 1904 and then called ''Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum''. It exhibits the sculpture collections and late Antique and Byzantine art.
*The [[Pergamon Museum]], constructed from 1910 to 1930, contains multiple reconstructed immense and historically significant buildings such as the [[Pergamon Altar]] and the [[Ishtar Gate]] of Babylon.
*The [[Berliner Dom]] while not itself a museum is an historically important church, which contains the dynastic crypt of the [[House of Hohenzollern]]
*The [[Lustgarten]] park
*The [[James Simon Gallery]], visitors center, opened 2019, was erected on the site of the former 19th century "Packhof" (service building wearhouse) a Schinkel designed structure which had been demolished in 1938.

Nearby:
*The [[Humboldt Forum]] opened in late 2020 in the reconstructed [[Berlin Palace]] opposite the Berliner Dom and Lustgarten park, and incorporated the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]] and the [[Museum of Asian Art]]; both are successor institutions of the Ancient Prussian Art Chamber, which was also located in the Berlin Palace and which was established in the mid 16th century. In late 2022, the opening of the eastern wing, the last section of the Humboldt Forum museum, meant the Humboldt Forum museum was finally completed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Completed Humboldt Forum opens in Berlin – DW – 09/16/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/completed-humboldt-forum-opens-in-berlin/a-63146991 |work=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[German Historical Museum]], in the historic [[Zeughaus]], and including an extension by [[I. M. Pei]], is located opposite Lustgarten park, just off the Island, along the [[Unter den Linden]].

==History==
A first exhibition hall was erected in 1797 at the suggestion of the archaeologist [[Aloys Hirt]]. In 1822, Schinkel designed the plans for the Altes Museum to house the royal [[Antikensammlung Berlin|Antikensammlung]], the arrangement of the collection was overseen by [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]. The island, originally a residential area, was dedicated to "art and science" by King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] in 1841. Further extended under succeeding [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] kings, the museum's collections of art and archeology were turned into a public foundation after 1918. They are today maintained by the [[Berlin State Museums]] branch of the [[Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation]].
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-12947-0003, Berlin, Bodemuseum, Pergamonmuseum.jpg|thumb|left|Museum Island with Pergamon and Bode Museum, 1951]]
Museum Island further comprises the [[Lustgarten]] park and the [[Berlin Cathedral]]. Between the Bode and Pergamon Museums it is crossed by the [[Berlin Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]] railway viaduct. The adjacent territory to the south is the site of the former royal and imperial [[Berlin Palace]] and the [[Palace of the Republic, Berlin|Palace of the Republic]].

The Prussian collections became separated during the Cold War during the division of the city, but were reunited after [[German reunification]], with the exception of some art and [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] removed after World War II by [[Allies of World War II|Allied troops]]. These include the [[Priam's Treasure]], also called ''the gold of [[Troy]]'', excavated by [[Heinrich Schliemann]] in 1873, then smuggled out of Turkey to Berlin and smuggled out of Germany to Moscow. Today it is kept at the [[Pushkin Museum]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Troy and Schliemann's excavations |url=https://pushkinmuseum.art/museum/buildings/main/floor1/3_troy/index.php?lang=en}}</ref>

As for the city's major museums, it took much of the 1990s for a consensus to emerge that Museum Island's buildings should be restored and modernized, with General Director Wolf-Dieter Dube's cautious plan for their use finally approved in January 1999. Then, six months later, Peter-Klaus Schuster took over and set in motion a far more ambitious program intended to turn Museum Island into a ''Louvre on the Spree''.<ref name="auto">Alan Riding (12 March 2002), [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/12/arts/berlin-banking-its-museums-seeking-new-identity-city-shakes-up-its-art-legacy.html Berlin, Banking on Its Museums; Seeking a New Identity, the City Shakes Up Its Art Legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129032126/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/12/arts/berlin-banking-its-museums-seeking-new-identity-city-shakes-up-its-art-legacy.html |date=29 January 2018 }} ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> The federal government pledged $20 million a year through 2010 for projects to enhance Berlin's prestige and [[UNESCO]] declared the island a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>Desmond Butler (2 December 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/world/berlin-museum-s-revival-bolsters-german-identity.html Berlin Museum's Revival Bolsters German Identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132026/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/world/berlin-museum-s-revival-bolsters-german-identity.html |date=6 March 2016 }} ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

The contents of the museums were decided on as follows: The Pergamon, with the Greek altar that gives it its name, retained much of its collection and was defined as a museum of ancient architecture. The Neues Museum presented archaeological objects as well as Egyptian and Etruscan sculptures, including the renowned bust of [[Queen Nefertiti]]. The Altes Museum, the oldest on the island, displayed Greek and Roman art objects on its first floor and hold exhibitions on its second floor. The Bode Museum's paintings went from Late Byzantine to 1800. And, as now, the Alte Nationalgalerie will cover the 19th century.<ref name="auto"/> Once this process is completed, perhaps by 2020, the Gemäldegalerie's painting collection will be transferred to the Bode, and a new annex, and Museum Island will present all art from the ancient civilizations to 1900.<ref name="auto1">Alan Riding (27 November 2006), [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/27/arts/design/27bode.html German Museums Move Closer to Reunification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111170445/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/27/arts/design/27bode.html |date=11 January 2018 }} ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> The [[James Simon Gallery]], a $157 million visitors' center designed by the British architect [[David Chipperfield]], completed construction in 2019 and is located beside the Neues Museum. It is linked to the Neues, Altes, Pergamon and Bode Museums by an underground passageway decorated with archaeological objects.<ref name="auto1"/>

Once the Museum Island Master Plan is completed, the so-called Archaeological Promenade will connect four of the five museums on the Museum Island. The Promenade will begin at the Old Museum in the south, lead through the New Museum and the Pergamon Museum and end at the Bode Museum, located at the northern tip of the Island. Before World War II, these museums were connected by bridge passages above ground; they were destroyed due to the effects of the war. There have never been plans to rebuild them; instead, the central courts of individual museums will be lowered, which has already been done in the Bode Museum and in the New Museum. They will be connected by subterranean galleries. In a way, this archaeological promenade can be regarded as the sixth museum in the Island, because it is devised not only as a connecting corridor but also as a strung-out exhibition room for interdisciplinary presentations. The Archaeological Promenade may be characterized as a cross-total of the collections that are shown separately (in accordance with cultural regions, epochs, and art genres) in the individual museums of the Island. The Archaeological Promenade will address multi-focus topics that have occupied the human mind irrespective of time and cultural region, be it a question of life after death or issues of beauty and other topics.<ref>Hermann Parzinger (17 December 2015), [http://scfh.ru/en/papers/museum-island-and-humboldt-forum/ Museum Island and Humboldt-Forum: A New Centre for Art and Culture in Berlin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204044242/https://scfh.ru/en/papers/museum-island-and-humboldt-forum/|date=4 February 2023}} ''[[SCIENCE First Hand]]''.</ref>

Museum Island is referenced in the song "On the Museum Island" by folk artist [[Emmy the Great]].{{cn|date=April 2022}}

The southern section of the island, south of Gertraudenstraße, is commonly referred to as [[Fischerinsel]] (Fisher Island) and is the site of a high-rise apartment development built when Mitte was part of [[East Berlin]].

==Photogallery==
{{Panorama
|image   = Museumsinsel panorama.jpg
|height  = 160px
|width   = 
|alt     = Panorama with [[Spree (river)|River Spree]]
|caption = Panorama with [[Spree (river)|River Spree]]
|dir     = 
|align   = center
}}
{{Panorama
|image   = Berliner Dom Museum Island.jpg
|height  = 200px
|width   = 
|alt     = [[Altes Museum]], [[Lustgarten]], and [[Berlin Cathedral]]
|caption = [[Altes Museum]], [[Lustgarten]], and [[Berlin Cathedral]]
|dir     = 
|align   = center
}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Neues Museum - Joy of Museums.jpg|[[Neues Museum]]
File:AlteNationalgalerie 1a.jpg|[[Alte Nationalgalerie]]
File:Pergamonmuseum Front.jpg|[[Pergamon Museum]]
File:Tastmodell-2.JPG|Tactile scale model of Museum Island
File:Berlin James-Simon-Galerie asv2019-07 img1.jpg|[[James Simon Gallery]]
File:Berlin-BerlinerSchloss-2-Asio (cropped).JPG|[[Berlin Palace]] / [[Humboldt Forum]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Berlin State Museums]]
*[[List of museums in Berlin]]
*[[List of tourist attractions in Berlin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Museumsinsel (Berlin)|Museumsinsel}}

* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896 Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin] UNESCO official website
* [https://www.smb.museum/en/home/ Official Museum Island website] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.museumsinsel-berlin.de/en/masterplan/projection-into-the-future/ Masterplan] The future of the Museum Island
* [https://lifotravel.com/munich-is-better-than-berlin/ Museum Island]— Interactive 360° panorama during the Festival of Lights
* [http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/pan/en5611226.htm A Remarkable Success Story – the Museum Island in Berlin], article on the website of the [[Goethe-Institut]], February 2010 {{in lang|en}}

{{coord|52|31|17|N|13|23|44|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Museum Island, Berlin}}
{{Berlin-Mitte}}
{{Visitor attractions in Berlin}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}
{{Greek Vases}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Museum Island| ]]
[[Category:Museums in Berlin]]
[[Category:Zones of Berlin]]
[[Category:Mitte]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Germany]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Germany]]
[[Category:Museum districts]]
[[Category:Art gallery districts]]
[[Category:Prussian cultural sites]]
[[Category:River islands of Germany]]
[[Category:Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]]
[[Category:Islands of Berlin]]
[[Category:National museums of Germany]]