View source for Mushir

{{Short description|Highest rank in most militaries of the Middle East}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2021}}
{{Ottoman military ranks}}
{{Military ranks of Egypt}}

'''{{lang|ar-Latn|Mushir}}''' ({{langx|ar|مشير}}) is an Arabic word meaning "counsellor" or "advisor". It is related to the word [[shura]], meaning consultation or "taking counsel".

As an official title, it historically indicates a personal advisor to the ruler. In this use it is roughly comparable to the European titles of [[state councillor|State Counsellor]] and [[Counsellor of State]]. 

In a military context, {{lang|ar-Latn|mushir}} became associated with the idea of the ruler's personal counsellor or advisor on military matters, and as such became the highest rank in Arab countries and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It is used as the highest rank in most armed forces of the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]], for armies, navies, and air forces. It is therefore equivalent to the ranks of [[Field Marshal]] and [[Admiral of the Fleet]].

==Iraq==
{{Main|Field marshal (Iraq)}}
In [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] under the rule of [[Saddam Hussein]], the [[Iraqi Navy]] maintained a fleet admiral rank known as {{lang|ar-Latn|Mushir}}. A Mushir was the most senior of all naval officers and the rank was rarely bestowed. The sleeve insignia was the same as a British [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The rank of Mushir in Iraq is known as "Muhib" and is used in all official and unofficial addresses.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} Saddam Hussein as commander-in-chief of the [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] was an honorary "staff muhib" ({{lang|ar|مهيب ركن}}) in the Iraqi army, and the uniform which he typically wore was that of a staff muhib.  He was the only muhib in the [[Iraqi Army]], for the minister of defence and the chief of staff held the rank of {{lang|ar-Latn|Fariq awal rukun}} ({{lang|ar|فريق اول ركن}}), or "staff general". (Hussein never actually served in the Iraqi Army but commanded as ruler of Iraq.) After Hussein's fall in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the rank of Mushir became obsolete in the new Iraqi military.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Saudi Arabia==
In [[Saudi Arabia]], the rank of Mushir is typically held ceremonially by the [[House of Saud]], and translated as "First class Field Marshal".

==List of Egyptian field marshals==
===[[Kingdom of Egypt]]===
* [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas I Hilmi Pasha]] (1813–1854)
* [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] (1789–1848)
* [[Yahya Mansur Yeghen]] (1837–1913)
* [[Horatio Herbert Kitchener]] (1850–1916)
* 20 December 1914 – [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Sultan Hussein Kamel]] (1853–1917)
* [[Fuad I of Egypt|King Fuad I]] (1868–1936)
* [['Aziz 'Ali al-Misri]] (1879–1965)
* [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] (1920–1965)
* 26 July 1952 – [[Fuad II of Egypt|King Fuad II]] (born 1952)

===[[Egypt|Republic of Egypt]]===
* [[Abdel Hakim Amer]] (1952–1967): Active duty
* November 1973 – [[Ahmad Ismail Ali]] (1917–1974): Active duty
* [[Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy|Abdel Ghani Elgamasy]] (1921–2003): Active duty
* [[Fouad Mohamed Abou Zikry]] (1923–1983): Honorary
* [[Mohammed Aly Fahmy]] (1920–1999): Honorary
* [[Ahmed Badawi]] (1927–1981): Posthumously
* 1982 – [[Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala]] (1930–2008): Active duty
* 1993<ref>{{cite web | work=[[Al-Ahram]] | title=FACTBOX: Egypt's longest-serving defence minister Mohamed Hussein Tantawy | url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/423492/Egypt/Politics-/FACTBOX-Egypt%E2%80%99s-longestserving-defence-minister-Mo.aspx | date=September 21, 2021 | access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref> – [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] (1935–2021): Active duty
* 27 January 2014<ref>{{cite web | work=[[Al-Ahram]] | title=Egypt's General Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi promoted Field Marshal | url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92722/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-General-AbdelFattah-ElSisi-promoted-Field-M.aspx | date=January 27, 2014 | access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref> – [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] (born 1954): Active duty

==Rank insignia==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1"
! 
! Army
! Navy
! Air Force
|-
| '''[[Bahrain Defence Force]]'''
| [[File:15.RBLF-FM.svg|50px]]
| [[File:15.RBNF-FM.svg|50px]]
| [[File:15.RBAF-FM.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Egyptian Armed Forces]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranks of Military Officers |url=https://www.mod.gov.eg/ModWebSite/Mod_MRD.aspx |website=mod.gov.eg |publisher=Ministry of Defense (Egypt) |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
| [[File:Egypt Army - OF10.svg|50px]]
| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Iraqi Armed Forces]]'''<ref name="Iraq">{{cite book |last1=Kechichian |first1=Joseph A. |editor1-last=Metz |editor1-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Iraq: a country study |series=Area Handbook |date=1990 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |lccn=89013940 |pages=226–227 |edition=4th  |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.iraqcountrystudy00metz_0/?sp=260 |access-date=20 October 2021 |chapter=National Security}}</ref>
| [[File:IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png|50px]]
| [[File:IraqNavyRankInsignia-1.png|100px]]
| [[File:IRQAF Muhib (FM).svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Jordanian Armed Forces]]'''<ref name="Jordan_Officer">{{cite web |title=رتب الضباط |trans-title=Officer ranks |url=https://www.jaf.mil.jo/Contents/Officers_Ranksar.aspx |website=jaf.mil.jo/ |publisher=Jordanian Armed Forces |access-date=12 June 2021 |language=ar}}</ref>
| [[File:18. JLF-FM.svg|50px]]
| [[File:18. RJN-FM.svg|50px]]
| [[File:18. JAF-AM.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Libyan Armed Forces]]'''
| [[File:Libya-Army-OF-10.svg|50px]]
| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:16.Libyan Air Force-AM.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces]]'''
| [[File:18.RAO-FM.svg|50px]]
| [[File:18.RNO-FADM (Sleeve).svg|50px]]
| [[File:18.RAFO-FM.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia|'''Royal Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia''']]
|[[File:18.RSA-FM.svg|frameless|110x110px]]
|
|
|-
| '''[[Sudanese Armed Forces]]'''<ref name="Sudan">{{cite web |title=الرتب العسكرية |trans-title=Military ranks |url=http://mod.gov.sd/index.php/section-blog/73-رتب-وأوسمة.html |website=mod.gov.sd/ |publisher=Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119184735/http://mod.gov.sd/index.php/section-blog/73-%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A9.html |archive-date=19 November 2019 |language=ar}}</ref>
| [[File:Sudan Army - OF10.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Sudan Navy - OF10.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Sudan Air Force - OF10.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Syrian Armed Forces]]'''
| [[File:Syria Army - OF10.svg|50px]]
| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Republic of Yemen Armed Forces]]'''
| [[File:Yemen-Army-OF-10.svg|50px]]
| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:16.YAF-AM.svg|50px]]
|}

===Historic===
<gallery class="center">
KEgypt-Army-OF-10.svg|[[Egyptian Army|Royal Egyptian Army]]
Ottoman-Army-OF-10.svg|[[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of field marshals of the Ottoman Empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Highest Military Ranks}}
{{Star officer ranks}}

[[Category:Military ranks of Egypt]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]

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