View source for Mushroom hunting

{{Short description|Activity of gathering mushrooms in the wild}}
{{Redirect2|Mushrooming|Shrooming|the 2012 Estonian film|Mushrooming (film){{!}}''Mushrooming'' (film)|the 2005 ''Peep Show'' episode|Shrooming (Peep Show){{!}}Shrooming (''Peep Show'')}}
[[File:Mushroom picking 01.jpg|thumb|A person foraging mushrooms]]

'''Mushroom hunting''', also referred to as '''mushroom foraging''', '''mushroom picking''', and '''mushrooming,''' is the activity of gathering wild [[mushroom]]s. These are collected for use [[Edible mushroom|as food]] (usually cooked and some only conditionally), [[Psychoactive mushrooms|psychotropic drugs]], and [[Mushroom dye|dye]]. Analysis is required to distinguish between useful and [[Mushroom poisoning|poisonous]] species, often requiring advanced techniques.

The practice is popular throughout most of Eurasia and Australia, as well as in West Africa and [[temperate climate|temperate]] North America.

== Identification ==
[[Image:Mushroom cap morphology2.png|thumb|Some morphological characteristics of mushrooms useful in aiding identification]]

Numerous [[field guide]]s on mushrooms are available to help distinguish between [[edible mushroom|edible]] or [[Psychoactive mushrooms|psychotropic]] species and [[Mushroom poisoning|poisonous]] or inedible species. (Outside of [[biotechnological]] applications, so-called [[medicinal fungi]] are discounted as [[folk medicine]].)

[[Morphology (biology)|Morphological]] characteristics of the [[Pileus (mycology)|caps]], [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]], and [[Stipe (mycology)|stems]] of mushrooms are often essential for correct visual identification. Microscopy is sometimes needed to eliminate lookalikes.{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=58}} A&nbsp;common identification method is the [[spore print]], in which a mushroom is placed on a surface and [[spore]]s fall underneath.{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=18–19}}

Mushrooms generally begin to fruit when it is both warm and moist in their region.<ref name="audu">{{Cite book |last=[[Audubon]] |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=13}}</ref> In the North American [[Pacific Northwest]], species shortly occur from spring to summer, but are most common in autumn. In the [[Southwestern United States]], mushrooms can be found during the winter rains and spring. In the [[Midwest]] and [[Northeast U.S.]], they can be found from late April until the frosts of autumn. In the [[Southern Rocky Mountains|Colorado Rockies]], they are best collected in July and August. They can be found through winter on the [[Gulf Coast]].<ref name="audu" />

=== Commonly collected mushrooms ===
Many species of mushrooms are highly prized. [[Chanterelle]]s, for example, are popular in both Europe and the United States. On the West Coast of the United States, they are harvested commercially.{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=663}} [[Hydnum repandum|Hedgehog mushrooms]], name for the spines on the underside of the cap, are also popular.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hunt for Hedgehogs |url=https://mssf.org/v_newsletters/newsletter_8893395.htm |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=mssf.org}}</ref> [[Morchella|Morels]] are another very popular edible mushroom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morels |url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/morels |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Missouri Department of Conservation |language=en}}</ref> Lobster mushrooms are edible as well, and have a shellfish-like flavor. They also have no look-alikes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergo |first=Alan |date=2013-01-15 |title=Lobster Mushrooms |url=https://foragerchef.com/hypomyces-lactiflourum-aka-the-lobster-mushroom/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Forager {{!}} Chef |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[porcini]] (''Boletus edulis'') is also edible and very highly regarded. It is very popular in Italy, and prized for its nutty flavor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Porcini Mushrooms: Facts and Gourmet Uses |url=https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/porcini-mushrooms.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Mushroom Appreciation |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Caesar's mushroom]] is another edible mushroom. However, it is in the ''Amanita'' [[genus]], and therefore one must be very careful when identifying it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=Amanita Caesarea: The Edible Caesar's Mushroom - Mushroom Appreciation |url=https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/amanita-caesarea.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.mushroom-appreciation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It gets its name because it was popular among [[Roman emperor|Roman emperors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanita caesarea, Caerer's mushroom, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 2002 |url=https://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/mar2002.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=botit.botany.wisc.edu}}</ref> The [[matsutake]], another edible mushroom, is popular in Japan. It also occurs in the Pacific Northwest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild About Mushrooms: Matsutake |url=https://www.mssf.org/cookbook/matsutake.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.mssf.org}}</ref> There are actually multiple species of matsutakes, and the Japanese species does not occur in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=American Matsutake: Identification, Foraging, and Concerns - Mushroom Appreciation |url=https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/american-matsutake.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.mushroom-appreciation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The matsutake has a spicy aroma, which David Arora has likened to "[[Red Hots]] and dirty socks".{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=191}} Care must be taken to not confuse the matsutake with the extremely poisonous [[Smith's amanita]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanita smithiana – Mushrooms Up! Edible and Poisonous Species of Coastal BC and the Pacific Northwest |url=https://explore.beatymuseum.ubc.ca/mushroomsup/A_smithiana.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=explore.beatymuseum.ubc.ca |language=en}}</ref> Many truffles are also highly prized for their unique flavor and aroma, and can sell for very high prices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petras |first=George |title=Why are truffles so darned expensive? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/world/2019/03/16/truffles-why-so-expensive/3161242002/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Cantharellus cascadensis, underside - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|[[Chanterelle]]
|Tricholoma matsutake.jpg|[[Matsutake]]s for sale
}}

{{Anchor|Little brown mushrooms}}
=== Little brown mushrooms ===

The term ''little brown mushroom'' (LBM) refers to any of a large number of small, dull-coloured [[agaric]] species, with few uniquely distinguishing [[wikt:macromorphology|macromorphological]] characteristics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Læssøe |first1=H. |title=Fungi of Temperate Europe |last2=Petersen |first2=Jens |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780691180373 |page=616}}</ref> As a result, LBMs typically range from difficult to impossible for mushroom hunters to identify. Experienced mushroom hunters may discern more subtle identifying traits that help narrow the mushroom down to a particular genus or group of species, but exact identification of LBMs often requires close examination of microscopic characteristics plus a certain degree of familiarity or specialization in that particular group.{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=32–33}}

Additionally, ''boring ubiquitous mushroom'' (BUM) describes groups of difficult to identify larger agarics, many of which are in the genus ''[[Hebeloma]]''.{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=463}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=T. Susan |date=May 24, 2006 |title=Morel Satisfaction: Stalking the Wild Mushroom |url=https://www.npr.org/2006/05/24/5423153/morel-satisfaction-stalking-the-wild-mushroom |work=NPR |pages=1}}</ref> ''Just another Russula'' (JAR) can refer to any species of ''[[Russula]]'' that is common or difficult to identify.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russula |url=https://www.coloradomushrooms.com/types.php?id=18 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Colorado Mushrooms}}</ref>{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=84}} ''Yet another Mycena'' (YAM) describes any of the many ''[[Mycena]]'' species that are common, nondescript, or difficult to identify.{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=235}}

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Inocybe spec. - Lindsey 1.jpg|''[[Inocybe lacera]]'', a typical LBM best identified via microscopy
|2012-10-16 Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél 272561 crop.jpg|The difficult-to-distinguish ''[[Hebeloma crustuliniforme]]''
|Galerina marginata 332382273.jpg|''[[Galerina marginata]]'' is another LBM, and is extremely toxic.}}

== Habitat ==
Particular mushrooms are associated with certain conditions such as proximity to certain types of trees and habitat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-13 |title=Here's What You'll Need to Start Foraging Mushrooms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/how-to-hunt-mushrooms/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oliver |date=2022-07-15 |title=Beginner's Guide to Mushroom Foraging & Hunting 101 |url=https://blog.curativemushrooms.com/beginners-guide-to-mushroom-foraging-mushroom-hunting-101 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Curative Mushrooms |language=en-US}}</ref> Mycologist [[David Arora]] provides an exhaustive list.{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/arora-david-mushrooms-demystified-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-fleshy-fungi-ten-speed-press-1986/page/34/mode/2up 35–47]}}

===By season===
{{column|num=4|1=
Winter:<ref name=co>{{Cite web |last= |title=Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms |url=https://www.centraloregonmushroomclub.com/Mushroom-Seasons.htm?m=102&s=866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331075937/https://www.centraloregonmushroomclub.com/Mushroom-Seasons.htm?m=102&s=866 |archive-date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Central Oregon Mushroom Club}}</ref>
* ''[[Craterellus cornucopioides]]''
* ''[[Craterellus tubaeformis]]''
* ''[[Hydnum repandum]]''
* ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]'' (includes truffles)
|2=
Spring:<ref name=co/>
* ''[[Morchella]]'' (morels)
* ''[[Pleurotus]]'' (oyster mushrooms)
* [[Puffball]]s
* [[Snowbank fungus|Snowbank fungi]]
|3=
Summer:<ref name=co/>
* [[Chanterelle]]s
* ''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum]]'' (lobster mushroom)
* ''Morchella''
* ''[[Sparassis]]'' (cauliflower mushrooms)
|4=
Autumn:<ref name=co/>
* ''[[Agaricus augustus]]'' (the prince)
* ''[[Armillaria]]'' (honey fungi)
* ''[[Cantharellus subalbidus]]'' (white chanterelle)
* ''[[Hericium americanum]]'' (bear's head tooth)
* ''[[Hericium erinaceus]]'' (lion's mane)
* ''[[Lactarius deliciosus]]'' (saffron milky cap)
* ''[[Laetiporus]]'' (chicken fungi)
* ''[[Pleurocybella porrigens]]'' (angel wing)
* ''[[Polyozellus]]'' (blue chanterelles)
* Snowbank fungi
* ''[[Tricholoma equestre]]'' (man on horseback)
* ''[[Tricholoma matsutake]]''
}}

===By tree===
{{column|num=5|1=
[[Cypress]]:
* ''[[Agaricus]]''
* ''[[Camarophyllus]]''
* ''[[Hygrocybe]]''
|2=
[[Pseudotsuga|Douglas-fir]]:
* ''[[Cantharellus]]''
* ''[[Cortinarius]]''
* ''[[Gomphidius]]''
* ''[[Mycena]]''
* ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
|3=
[[Oak]]:
* ''[[Amanita]]''
* ''[[Boletus]]''
* ''[[Cortinarius]]''
* ''[[Entoloma]]''
* ''[[Hygrophorus]]''
* ''[[Mycena]]''
* ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]''
|4=
[[Pine]]:
* ''[[Chroogomphus]]''
* ''[[Clitocybe]]''
* ''[[Cortinarius]]''
* ''[[Hydnellum]]''
* ''[[Laccaria]]''
* ''[[Mycena]]''
* ''[[Pholiota]]''
* ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
* ''[[Suillus]]''
|5=
[[Sequoia sempervirens|Redwood]]:
* ''[[Camarophyllus]]''
* ''[[Clitocybe]]''
* ''[[Geoglossum]]''
* ''[[Helvella]]''
* ''[[Hygrocybe]]''
* ''[[Lepiota]]''
* ''[[Leptonia]]''
* ''[[Mycena]]''
* ''[[Xeromphalina]]''
}}

===By habitat===
{{column|num=2|width=45%
|1=
[[Lawn]]s and [[garden]]s:
* ''[[Agaricus]]''
* ''[[Bovista]]''
* ''[[Calvatia]]''
* ''[[Coprinus]]''
* ''[[Lepiota]]''
* ''[[Melanoleuca]]''
* ''[[Morchella]]''
* ''[[Pholiota]]''
* ''[[Psilocybe]]''
* ''[[Stropharia]]''
|2=
[[Riparian forest]]:
* ''[[Morchella]]''
* ''[[Mycena]]''
* ''[[Pluteus]]''
}}

== Collection ==
Although some individual species do not preserve well, many do with proper care. David Arora recommends the use of a firm container such as a [[basket]], with lighter specimens stored above heavier ones and species being separated using [[waxed paper]] (not [[plastic bag]]s, which trap moisture and cause rot); as the negative [[gravitropism]] of fungi tends to orient the gills downward, taller mushrooms must be stored upright.{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=12}}

== Poisonous mushrooms ==
{{Main|Mushroom poisoning}}

[[File:Amanita phalloides 2011 G1.jpg|alt=A death cap mushroom with an olive-green cap growing on the ground.|thumb|''[[Amanita phalloides]]'', also known as the death cap, a deadly poisonous mushroom.]]

Mushroom hunting can be dangerous if one is not careful due to the fact that certain edible and poisonous species look alike. While some poisonous mushrooms simply cause digestive upset, others can cause organ failure or even death.{{sfn|Arora|1986|pp=892–896}} Certain species in the genus ''[[Amanita]]'', such as the death cap (''[[Amanita phalloides|A.&nbsp;phalloides]])'' and destroying angel (''[[Amanita ocreata|A.&nbsp;ocreata]])'', are the cause of most fatal mushroom poisonings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=David |title=All that the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms |date=February 1, 1991 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=9780898153880 |location=Berkeley}}</ref> The deadly ''Amanita'' species contain [[amatoxin]]s, which can cause kidney failure. Death caps can be mistaken for edible [[Volvariella volvacea|paddy straw mushrooms]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Amanita phalloides – Mushrooms Up! Edible and Poisonous Species of Coastal BC and the Pacific Northwest |url=https://explore.beatymuseum.ubc.ca/mushroomsup/A_phalloides.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=explore.beatymuseum.ubc.ca |language=en}}</ref> However, paddy straw mushrooms do not occur in the United States, and are instead found in [[Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fungi: Poisonous Mushroom Look Alikes {{!}} Fungi |url=https://mushroomexam.com/mushroom_look_alikes.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=mushroomexam.com |language=en}}</ref> When young, death caps can also be confused with edible [[puffball]] mushrooms due to their similar shape. However, they can be differentiated if cut open. While a puffball is solid white inside, a young death cap has a mushroom shape visible.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Amanita bisporigera]]'', another amatoxin-containing ''Amanita'' species, also known as destroying angel, can be mistaken for edible [[meadow mushrooms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destroying Angel {{!}} Missouri Department of Conservation |url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/destroying-angel}}</ref>  ''[[Galerina marginata]]'' and ''[[Conocybe rugosa]]'' also contain amatoxins.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Veiss |first=Debbie |date=August 14, 2022 |title=Amatoxin: The Deadliest of All Mushroom Poisonings |url=https://bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/amatoxin.html}}</ref> While ''Galerina marginata'' is rarely eaten<ref name=":2" /> because it is so small,<ref name=":0" /> it can sometimes be confused with hallucinogenic ''[[Psilocybe]]'' species.<ref name=":2" /> ''[[Cortinarius rubellus]]'' and ''[[Cortinarius orellanus]]'' contain a deadly toxin called [[orellanine]], which can destroy the liver and kidneys.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cortinarius rubellus, Deadly Webcap mushroom |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/cortinarius-rubellus.php |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.first-nature.com}}</ref> The jack o' lantern mushroom (''[[Omphalotus olearius|Omphalatus olearius]]''), which causes gastrointestinal distress, can sometimes be confused with edible chanterelle mushrooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toxic mushrooms |url=http://web.gencat.cat/en/actualitat/reportatges/temporada-de-bolets/bolets/bolets-toxics/index.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=gencat.cat |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Some poisonous species, such as ''[[Amanita muscaria]],''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubel |first=William |date=2011-09-30 |title=Amanita muscaria, edibile if parboiled |url=https://williamrubel.com/2011/09/30/amanita-muscaria-edibile-if-parboiled/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=William Rubel |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Paxillus involutus]]'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-27 |title=Brown Rollrim |url=https://www.wildfooduk.com/mushroom-guide/brown-roll-rim/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Wild Food UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> and ''[[Gyromitra esculenta]]'',<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=The Big, Bad, Beefy False Morel: Complete Guide to Identification and Edibility - Mushroom Appreciation |url=https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/beefy-false-morel-gyromitra-esculenta.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.mushroom-appreciation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> are parboiled and eaten in some places. However, ''P.&nbsp;involutus'' has some toxins which cannot be removed by cooking, which accumulate in the body over time and can later be fatal.<ref name=":3" /> While ''G.&nbsp;esculenta'' is eaten, parboiling does not always remove the toxins so its consumption is not recommended.<ref name=":4" />

== History ==
Mushroom hunting has been practiced for thousands of years in many parts of the world. It has likely been done since the [[Paleolithic]]. In 2015, scientists analyzed dental calculus on skeletons dating back to the Paleolithic period in Spain and discovered evidence of mushroom consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oldest evidence for the use of mushrooms as a food source |url=https://www.mpg.de/9173780/mushrooms-food-source-stone-age |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ancient times ===
An ancient [[Sumer|Sumerian]] text reveals that the ancient [[Amorites]] may have eaten [[Truffle|truffles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=Mary E. |title=The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit: Historical Implications of Linguistic and Archaeological Parallels |date=September 16, 2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=9789004415119 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |pages=73}}</ref> [[Ötzi|Ötzi the Iceman]], a 5,300 year old<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ötzi the Iceman Reveals 5,300-Year-Old Secrets |url=https://www.acs.org/education/chemmatters/articles/otzi-the-iceman-reveals-5300-year-old-secrets.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=American Chemical Society |language=en}}</ref> mummy found in the Alps,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Expedition Magazine {{!}} Ötzi the Iceman |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/otzi-the-iceman/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |magazine=Expedition Magazine |language=en}}</ref> was found with two different species of mushrooms on him: the birch polypore (''[[Fomitopsis betulina]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pleszczyńska |first1=Małgorzata |last2=Lemieszek |first2=Marta K. |last3=Siwulski |first3=Marek |last4=Wiater |first4=Adrian |last5=Rzeski |first5=Wojciech |last6=Szczodrak |first6=Janusz |date=April 4, 2017 |title=Fomitopsis betulina (formerly Piptoporus betulinus): the Iceman's polypore fungus with modern biotechnological potential |journal=World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=83 |doi=10.1007/s11274-017-2247-0 |issn=1573-0972 |pmc=5380686 |pmid=28378220}}</ref> and the hoof fungus (''[[Fomes fomentarius]]'').<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Fomes fomentarius, Hoof Fungus / Tinder Fungus |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/fomes-fomentarius.php |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.first-nature.com}}</ref> It is thought that he may have used the former as an antibiotic or anti-inflammatory<ref>{{Cite web |title=5000-year-old 'Iceman' may have benefited from a sophisticated health care system |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/5000-year-old-iceman-may-have-benefited-sophisticated-health-care-system |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> and that he used the latter as a fire starter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peintner |first1=Ursula |last2=Pümpel |first2=Thomas |date=October 1998 |title=The Iceman's Fungi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222280519 |journal=Mycological Research |volume=102 |issue=10 |pages=1153–1162 |doi=10.1017/S0953756298006546}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

In [[ancient Egypt]], mushrooms were considered a delicacy and a gift from the god [[Osiris]]. Only the nobility were allowed to eat them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Adel F. |last2=Mahmoud |first2=Ghada Abd-Elmonsef |last3=Hefzy |first3=Mohamed |last4=Liu |first4=Zhenhua |last5=Ma |first5=Changyang |date=2023-03-01 |title=Overview on the edible mushrooms in Egypt |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772566922000684 |journal=Journal of Future Foods |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.09.002 |issn=2772-5669|doi-access=free }}</ref> Mushrooms were also eaten in [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge World History of Food |date=October 9, 2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521402149 |editor-last=Ornelas |editor-first=Kriemhild Coneè |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=316 |editor-last2=Kiple |editor-first2=Kenneth}}</ref> The Caesar's mushroom (''[[Amanita caesarea]]'') gets its name because it was popular among [[Roman emperor|Roman emperors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanita caesarea, Caesar's Mushroom |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-caesarea.php |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.first-nature.com}}</ref> Emperor [[Claudius]]'s wife [[Agrippina the Younger|Agrippa]] is thought to have poisoned him by serving him Caesar's mushrooms mixed with juices from the deadly poisonous death cap (''[[Amanita phalloides]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Woodland |title=Deathcap (Amanita phalloides) |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/deathcap/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Woodland Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> Truffles were also highly prized in ancient Rome.

In [[ancient China]], the lingzhi mushroom (''[[Ganoderma lucidum]]'') was used medicinally.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Wachtel-Galor |first1=Sissi |title=Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom |date=2011 |work=Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects |editor-last=Benzie |editor-first=Iris F. F. |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92757/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |edition=2nd |place=Boca Raton (FL) |publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-4398-0713-2 |pmid=22593926 |last2=Yuen |first2=John |last3=Buswell |first3=John A. |last4=Benzie |first4=Iris F. F. |editor2-last=Wachtel-Galor |editor2-first=Sissi}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Casanatense 459, f.116r (detail).jpg|alt=A page in a medieval manuscript with pictures of mushrooms|thumb|189x189px|Mushrooms depicted in a medieval manuscript]]
In medieval Europe, mushroom hunting was done,<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Sarah |date=2020-05-12 |title=14th-Century Mushroom Pasties |url=https://historydollop.com/2020/05/12/14th-century-mushroom-pasties/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=A Dollop of History |language=en}}</ref> but mushrooms were also viewed with superstition and skepticism<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Gontero-Lauze |first=Valérie |date=2022-02-24 |title=Au Moyen Âge, les champignons avaient très mauvaise réputation |url=http://theconversation.com/au-moyen-age-les-champignons-avaient-tres-mauvaise-reputation-176751 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> and often associated with witchcraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief cultural history of the mushroom – DW – 10/17/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/a-brief-cultural-history-of-the-mushroom/a-63461380 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> In Northern Europe, the fly agaric (''[[Amanita muscaria]]'') was used by [[Sámi people|Sami]] shamans in rituals due to its [[Psychotropic mushrooms|psychotropic]] properties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fly Agaric |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.fs.usda.gov}}</ref> In medieval Europe, truffles, field mushrooms, porcinis, chanterelles, and morels were eaten.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamson |first=Melitta Weiss |title=Food in Medieval Times |date=October 30, 2004 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780313084829 |location=London, UK |pages=11}}</ref> In the Middle East, people likely ate mushrooms as well. Arab physician [[Al-Biruni]] wrote about consumption of several species, including truffles.<ref name=":7" /> In China, people began to cultivate [[Shiitake|shiitake mushrooms]] during the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-23 |title='A great cultural export from Asia to the rest of the world' |url=https://www.clarku.edu/news/2016/06/23/a-great-cultural-export-from-asia-to-the-rest-of-the-world/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=ClarkU News |language=en-US}}</ref> In Japan, matsutakes were highly prized and consumption of them was restricted to the imperial court. This law was in practice until the 17th and 18th centuries. Mushroom hunting was popular among the Japanese nobility, who sometimes sent matsutakes as gifts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hosford |first1=David |title=Ecology and Management of the Commercially Harvested American Matsutake Mushroom |last2=Pilz |first2=David |last3=Molina |first3=Randy |last4=Amaranthus |first4=Michael |publisher=DIANE Publishing Company |year=1998 |isbn=9780788172410 |location=Collingdale, Pennsylvania |pages=5}}</ref> While [[mycophobia]] was prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages, it began to decline during the [[Renaissance]].<ref name=":8" />
=== Early modern period ===
In the 16th century, consumption of mushrooms was popularized in [[Kingdom of France|France]]. Around this time, the French also began cultivating mushrooms.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wild Food: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 2004 |publisher=Prospect Books |year=2006 |isbn=9781903018439 |editor-last=Hosking |editor-first=Richard |location=Sheffield, UK |pages=158}}</ref> However, during the [[early modern period]], there was still mycophobia in some places. In [[England]] during the 17th century, mycophobia was very common. Mushrooms were associated with filth and were sometimes referred to as "excrements of the earth". However, some people in England did eat mushrooms at that time, and many 17th-century English cookbooks include mushroom recipes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-20 |title=Mushrooms in early modern England: "Excrements of the earth" |url=https://www.folger.edu/blogs/shakespeare-and-beyond/mushrooms-in-early-modern-england-excrements-of-the-earth/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> In pre-industrial [[Scandinavia]], mushrooms were not eaten very much and there was so much mycophobia that even in times of desperation, peasantry would not eat mushrooms. The Swedish used ''A.&nbsp;muscaria'' as a [[pesticide]]. In northern Sweden, dried mushrooms, possibly ''[[Melanogaster variegatus]]'', were used as bait in squirrel traps. While mycophobia was common among the peasantry, it was less so among some of the upper class, who enjoyed [[Gyromitra esculenta|false morels]], [[Calocybe gambosa|St. George's mushrooms]], [[Agaricus bisporus|button mushrooms]], and possibly ''[[Lactarius deterrimus]]''. This may have been due to French influence.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Svanberg |first1=Ingvar |last2=Lindh |first2=Hanna |date=2019-08-19 |title=Mushroom hunting and consumption in twenty-first century post-industrial Sweden |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0318-z |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6700795 |pmid=31426821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is thought that [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] may have died from eating death cap mushrooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanita phalloides, Deathcap mushroom |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-phalloides.php |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.first-nature.com}}</ref>
=== 19th century ===
In the 19th century, [[mycology]] was on the rise, and several influential women including [[Mary Elizabeth Banning|Mary Banning]] and [[Beatrix Potter]] contributed to the field.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivry |first=Sara |date=2023-08-09 |title=The Fungi-Mad Ladies of Long Ago |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-fungi-mad-ladies-of-long-ago/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Around the 1830s in Sweden, some authors began to promote mushroom consumption. In 1836, mycologist [[Elias Magnus Fries]] wrote a book about how mushrooms were eaten in many other countries and that he believed Sweden should do the same. In the 1860s, Sweden faced a famine and the government began promoting consumption of mushrooms, but Swedish peasants still didn't eat them.<ref name=":9" /> Around this time, European settlers in the [[Pacific Northwest]] began picking mushrooms similar to ones in Europe.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Pilz |first1=David |last2=Molina |first2=Randy |date=2002-01-01 |title=Commercial harvests of edible mushrooms from the forests of the Pacific Northwest United States: issues, management, and monitoring for sustainability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112701005436 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |series=Forest Ecology in the next Millennium : Putting the long view into Practice |volume=155 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |bibcode=2002ForEM.155....3P |doi=10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00543-6 |issn=0378-1127|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the 1880s, mushrooms began to gain popularity in Sweden among city-dwellers and the upper class.<ref name=":9" /> In 1896, the [[British Mycological Society]] was founded in order to promote mycology.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moore |first=David |title=The contribution of national mycological societies: establishing a British Mycological Society policy |date=2001 |work=Fungal Conservation: Issues and Solutions |pages=223–241 |editor-last=Moore |editor-first=David |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/fungal-conservation/contribution-of-national-mycological-societies-establishing-a-british-mycological-society-policy/5487905FD2D6AAC5FAFFECB5F56030FA |access-date=2025-09-01 |series=British Mycological Society Symposia |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80363-2 |editor2-last=Nauta |editor2-first=Marijke M. |editor3-last=Rotheroe |editor3-first=Maurice |editor4-last=Evans |editor4-first=Shelley E.}}</ref> In Poland, mushrooms have been eaten for hundreds of years, with many species being eaten in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jalinik |first1=Mikołaj |last2=Pawłowicz |first2=Tomasz |last3=Borowik |first3=Piotr |last4=Oszako |first4=Tomasz |date=2024-03-21 |title=Mushroom Picking as a Special Form of Recreation and Tourism in Woodland Areas—A Case Study of Poland |journal=Forests |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=573 |bibcode=2024Fore...15..573J |doi=10.3390/f15030573 |issn=1999-4907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the late 19th century, American civil war veteran and mycologist [[Charles McIlvaine (mycologist)|Charles McIlvaine]] collected and tried many different species of mushrooms. He was able to tolerate mushroom species normally considered poisonous, earning him the nickname "Old Iron Guts". He published a field guide of 1,000 edible and poisonous species in 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Peter |title=Charles McIlvaine, Pioneer of American Mycophagy |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/charles-mcilvaine-pioneer-of-american-mycophagy-90379529/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
Around 1912, mushrooms became more recognized as a food ingredient in Sweden, with posters of edible mushrooms being used in schools to promote consumption of mushrooms in the 1920s and 1930s. After World War II, mushroom hunting became even more popular in Sweden, being promoted by many mycologists and enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Svanberg |first1=Ingvar |last2=Lindh |first2=Hanna |date=2019-08-19 |title=Mushroom hunting and consumption in twenty-first century post-industrial Sweden |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0318-z |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6700795 |pmid=31426821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Britain, mushroom hunting also became more popular due to a food shortage. Also, Polish troops who fought alongside the British in WWII brought Polish culture to the British, which included mushroom hunting. In the 1950s and 1960s, the British began to eat more porcinis and truffles due to the French and Italians also eating them.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Patrick |title=Mushroom Hunting (Collins Need to Know?) |date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=9780007563517 |location=New York |pages=8–9}}</ref> On 26 April 1986, in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]],<ref name=":9" /> the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant|Chernobyl nuclear power plant]] [[Chernobyl disaster|experienced a nuclear meltdown]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chernobyl: Timeline of Events |url=https://www.atomicarchive.com/science/power/chernobyl-timeline.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.atomicarchive.com}}</ref> leading to many mushrooms in the region, including edible species, accumulating radioactive materials. This has led to concerns about mushroom hunting;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grodzinskaya |first1=Anna A. |last2=Nebesnyi |first2=Vitaliy B. |last3=Landin |first3=Vladimir P. |last4=Gabriel |first4=Jiří |date=2022 |title=Radioactive Contamination of Wild Mushrooms from Ukraine under Conditions of Contrasting Radiation Loads: 36 Years after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Catastrophe |journal=International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=25–40 |doi=10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022044725 |issn=1940-4344 |pmid=36004707}}</ref> mushrooms as far away as [[Germany]] have been found to be contaminated with radioactive material.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radiation exposure of mushrooms and game |url=https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/ion/environment/foodstuffs/mushrooms-game/mushrooms-game_node.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241231120538/https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/ion/environment/foodstuffs/mushrooms-game/mushrooms-game_node.html |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Federal Office for Radiation Protection |language=en-EN}}</ref> [[Hydnum repandum|Hedgehog mushrooms]] and [[Hydnum rufescens|terracotta hedgehog mushrooms]] have been found to contain some of the highest levels of radioactive material.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2023 |title=Wild mushrooms First find out about caesium exposure – then enjoy |url=https://www.bfs.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/BfS/EN/2023/007.html |website=Federal Office for Radiation Protection}}</ref> After the disaster, the Swedish government discouraged people from eating wild mushrooms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simmons |first=Michael |date=2021-05-03 |title=Radiation high over Europe after Chernobyl disaster – archive, 1986 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/03/radiation-high-over-europe-after-chernobyl-disaster-1986 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> People in Sweden also began to refrain from mushroom hunting due to radiation.<ref name=":9" /> In the UK, several mushroom field guides were published in the 1980s and mushroom hunting became more popular in the UK in the 1990s.<ref name=":11" /> In the late 1980s to early 1990s, commercial mushroom hunting became a large industry in the Pacific Northwest.<ref name=":10" />

Mushroom hunting is currently popular in many parts of the world, including the West (including the Pacific Northwest)<ref name=":10" /> although some mycophobia persists.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stojković |first1=Dejan |title=Edible Fungi: Chemical Composition, Nutrition and Health Effects |last2=Barros |first2=Lillian |date=November 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |isbn=9781839167539}}</ref>

== Regional importance ==
Mushroom hunting is popular throughout most of Europe, Asia and Australia, as well as [[West Africa]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ethnomycological Conspectus of West African Mushrooms: An Awareness Document |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270850686 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241112221305/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270850686_Ethnomycological_Conspectus_of_West_African_Mushrooms_An_Awareness_Document |archive-date=2024-11-12 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> and [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions of Canada and the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Mushroom Hunting Gains Popularity in US |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/mushroom-hunting-gains-popularity-in-u-s-/4662025.html |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Love mushrooms? California is having an epic 'supershroom' season |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-to-hunt-mushrooms-during-californias-epic-supershroom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185950/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-to-hunt-mushrooms-during-californias-epic-supershroom |archive-date=February 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Colorado mushroom hunting: What you need to know before you start foraging |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/05/18/colorado-mushroom-hunting-what-you-need-to-know-before-you-start-foraging/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malone |first1=Trey |last2=Swinton |first2=Scott M. |last3=Pudasainee |first3=Aastha |last4=Bonito |first4=Gregory |date=2022-03-01 |title=Economic Assessment of Morel (Morchella spp.) Foraging in Michigan, USA |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-022-09548-5 |journal=Economic Botany |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1007/s12231-022-09548-5 |issn=1874-9364 |pmc=9012437 |pmid=35465299 |bibcode=2022EcBot..76....1M }}</ref> In addition to culinary and psychotropic uses, mushrooms can be used for [[Mushroom dye|dyeing]].<ref name=":0" />
*British enthusiasts enjoy an extended average picking season of 75 days compared to just 33 in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gange |first1=A. C. |first2=E. G. |last2=Gange |first3=T. H. |last3=Sparks |first4=L. |last4=Boddy |year=2007 |title=Rapid and recent changes in fungal fruiting patterns |journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]] |volume=317 |issue=5821 |pages=71 |doi=10.1126/science.1137489 |pmid=17412949 |bibcode=2007Sci...316...71G |s2cid=11405866 }}</ref>
*In [[Japan]], particular mushroom types are hunted, with particular importance given to delicacies such as the [[Matsutake]] mushroom.
*In [[Slavs|Slavic]] countries and [[Baltic States|Baltic]] countries, mushroom picking is a common family activity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seifner|first=Patricia|title=Brace yourselves! It's Mushroom Hunting Season in Russia!|url=https://lidenz.ru/mushroom-hunting-season-in-russia/|website=Liden & Denz|date=4 September 2019}}</ref> According to David Arora, "The Russians go absolutely bananas for fungus. Mushrooming is a commonplace tradition there, not the hallowed turf of the academic or connoisseur."{{sfn|Arora|1986|p=3}} After a heavy rain during the mushroom season whole families often venture into the nearest forest, picking bucketfuls of mushrooms, which are cooked and eaten for dinner upon return (most often in [[omelette]]s with eggs or fried in butter) or alternatively dried or [[marination|marinated]] for later consumption. In Southern [[Lithuania]] mushroom hunting is considered a "national sport". They even host a Mushroom Festival ("Grybų šventė") in [[Varėna]] including a mushroom hunting championship.
*In the U.S., mushroom picking is popular in the Appalachian area and on the west coast from [[San Francisco Bay]] northward, in northern [[California]], [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and in many other regions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
*In [[Nigeria]], the [[Sclerotium|sclerotia]] of ''[[Pleurotus tuber-regium]]'' are reportedly added to soups and used medicinally to treat [[mumps]].<ref name=":5" />
*In [[Cameroon]], ''[[Flammulina velutipes|Flamulina velutipes]]'' is considered a delicacy, and gathered by women and children in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yongabi |first=Kenneth |date=2004 |title=Ethnomycological Studies on wild mushroom in Cameroon, Central Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26484146 |journal=Micología Aplicada Internacional |pages=34–36}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Mashrooms on varena roadside.jpg|Mushrooms and berries collected in [[Lithuania]]
|Market Mushrooms.JPG|Forest-picked mushrooms at a Ukrainian market in [[Kolomyia]]
|Edible fungi in basket 2012 G1.jpg|A basket of [[edible mushroom]]s from Ukraine
}}
=== Festivals ===
The popularity of mushroom picking in some parts of the world has led to mushroom festivals. The festivals are usually between September and October, depending on the mushrooms available in a particular region. Festivals in the United States include:

* [[Boyne City, Michigan]] – Annual National Morel Mushroom Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.bcmorelfestival.com/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Morel Mushroom Festival |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mount Pisgah (Lane County, Oregon)|Mount Pisgah, Oregon]] – Mushroom Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mushroom Festival |url=https://mountpisgaharboretum.org/festivals-events/mushroom-festival/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Mount Pisgah Arboretum |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Madisonville, Texas]] – Texas Mushroom Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Mushroom Festival |url=https://txmushfest.org/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426194626/https://txmushfest.org/ |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=txmushfest.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Telluride, Colorado]] – Telluride Mushroom Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telluride Mushroom Festival |url=https://www.telluride.com/event/telluride-mushroom-festival/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Visit Telluride |language=en}}</ref>

=== Radiation ===
[[Nuclear fallout]] from the [[Chernobyl disaster]] is an important issue concerning mushroom picking in Europe. Due to the wide spread of their [[mycelium]], mushrooms tend to accumulate more radioactive [[caesium-137]] than surrounding soil and other organisms. State agencies (e.g. [[Bellesrad]] in Belarus) monitor and analyze the degree of [[radionuclide]] accumulation in various wild species of plants and animals. In particular, Bellesrad claims that Svinushka (''[[Paxillus]]'' spp.), Maslenok (''[[Suillus]]'' spp.), Mohovik (''[[Xerocomus]]'' spp.), and Horkushka (''[[Lactarius rufus]]'') are the worst ones in this respect. The safest one is Opyonok Osyenniy (''[[Armillaria mellea]]''). This is an issue not only in [[Poland]], [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]]: the fallout also reached western Europe, and until recently the German government discouraged people gathering certain mushrooms.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Fungi|Environment}}
*[[List of mushroom dishes]]
*[[Mushroom diet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Arora |first=David |author-link=David Arora |url=https://archive.org/details/arora-david-mushrooms-demystified-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-fleshy-fungi-ten-speed-press-1986 |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |date=1986 |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |isbn=978-0-89815-170-1 |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley, CA |orig-date=1979}}

== Further reading ==
* ''100 Edible Mushrooms: With Tested Recipes''(2007) {{ISBN|0-472-03126-0}}
* ''All That the Rain Promises, and More'' (1991) {{ISBN|0-89815-388-3}}
* ''Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada'' (2009) {{ISBN|978-1-55643-795-3}} (1-55643-795-1)
* ''Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-kitchen Guide'' (1992) {{ISBN|978-0-292-72080-0}}
* ''How to Identify Edible Mushrooms'' (2007) {{ISBN|0-00-725961-1}}
* ''Mushrooming Without Fear'' (2007) {{ISBN|1-60239-160-2}}
* ''Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi'' (1986) {{ISBN|0-89815-169-4}}
* ''Mushrooms of Northeastern North America'' (1997) {{ISBN|0-8156-0388-6}}
* ''North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi'' (2006) {{ISBN|0-7627-3109-5}}
* ''The Mushroom Rainbow: Only the most delicious or deadly mushrooms sorted by color'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-0-9869409-0-3}} (0986940909)

{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Hunting topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mushroom Hunting}}
[[Category:Edible fungi|*]]
[[Category:Slavic culture]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]
[[Category:Hunting]]
[[Category:Harvest]]
[[Category:Foraging]]

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