View source for Music journalism

{{Short description|Journalism genre}}
{{redirect|Music press|the American music publisher|Music Press}}
[[File:Christgau et al 01A.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|(From left to right) Music journalists [[Robert Christgau]] and [[Ann Powers]] and [[musicology]] professor Charles Kronengolm at the 2007 Pop Conference at Seattle's [[EMP Museum|Experience Music Project]]]]

'''Music journalism''' (or '''music criticism''') is media [[criticism]] and reporting about music topics, including [[popular music]], [[classical music]], and [[traditional music]]. Journalists began writing about music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now regarded as classical music. In the 1960s, music journalism began more prominently covering popular music like [[rock music|rock]] and [[pop music|pop]] after the breakthrough of [[the Beatles]]. With the rise of the internet in the 2000s, music criticism developed an increasingly large online presence with music bloggers, aspiring music critics, and established critics supplementing [[print media]] online. Music journalism today includes reviews of songs, albums and live concerts, profiles of [[recording artists]], and reporting of artist news and music events.

==Origins in classical music criticism==
[[File:151 Franck Hector Berlioz.JPG|upright|thumb|[[Hector Berlioz]], active as a music journalist in Paris in the 1830s and 1840s]]
Music journalism has its roots in [[classical music|classical]] [[music criticism]], which has traditionally comprised the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of music that has been composed and notated in a [[sheet music|score]] and the evaluation of the performance of classical songs and pieces, such as [[symphony|symphonies]] and [[concerto]]s.

Before about the 1840s, reporting on music was either done by musical journals, such as the ''[[Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung]]'' (founded by [[Johann Friedrich Rochlitz]] in 1798) and the ''[[Neue Zeitschrift für Musik]]'' (founded by [[Robert Schumann]] in 1834), and in London journals such as ''[[The Musical Times]]'' (founded in 1844 as ''The Musical Times and Singing-class Circular''); or else by reporters at [[List of chief music critics|general newspapers]] where music did not form part of the central objectives of the publication. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was [[James William Davison]] of ''[[The Times]].'' The composer [[Hector Berlioz]] also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name=bujic/>

Modern [[art music]] journalism is often informed by [[music theory]] consideration of the many diverse elements of a musical piece or performance, including (as regards a [[musical composition]]) its form and style, and for performance, standards of technique and expression. These standards were expressed, for example, in journals such as ''[[Neue Zeitschrift für Musik]]'' founded by [[Robert Schumann]], and are continued today in the columns of serious [[newspaper]]s and journals such as ''[[The Musical Times]]''.<ref name=bujic>Bujić, Bojan (n.d.), "Criticism of Music" in ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', [[Oxford Music Online]].</ref>

Several factors&mdash;including growth of education, the influence of the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement generally and in music, popularization (including the 'star-status' of many performers such as [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]] and [[Niccolò Paganini|Paganini]]), among others&mdash;led to an increasing interest in music among non-specialist journals, and an increase in the number of critics by profession of varying degrees of competence and integrity. The 1840s could be considered a turning point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians.<ref name=bujic/> However, counterexamples include [[Alfred Brendel]], [[Charles Rosen]], [[Paul Hindemith]], and [[Ernst Krenek]]; all of whom were modern practitioners of the classical music tradition who also write (or wrote) on music.

Women music journalists in the twentieth century who covered classic music performance include [[Ruth Scott Miller]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' (1920–1921), Henriette Weber at the Chicago ''Herald-Examiner'', and [[Claudia Cassidy]], who worked for ''Chicago Journal of Commerce'' (1924–1941), the ''[[Chicago Sun]]'' (1941–42) and the ''Chicago Tribune'' (1942–65).<ref>"Concerning Ruth Miller", ''Chicago Tribune'', November 7, 1920, p. 97; Hannah Edgar, ''Chicago on the Aisle: Claudia Cassidy's Music Criticism and Legacy'', BA Thesis, University of Chicago: 2018.</ref>

==Classical==
In the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring "when classical music criticism visibly started to disappear" from the media. At that time, leading newspapers still typically employed a [[List of chief music critics|chief music critic]], while magazines such as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' also employed classical music critics. But by the early 1990s, classical critics were dropped in many publications, in part due to "a decline of interest in classical music, especially among younger people".<ref>Sandow, Greg, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194664260737253 "Yes, Classical-Music Criticism Is in Decline but the Last Thing the Industry Should Do Is Blame the Press"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112194859/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118194664260737253 |date=2018-01-12 }}, ''Wall Street Journal''. Accessed on March 9, 2010.</ref>

Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from cultures other than their own, such as Indian [[raga]]s and traditional Japanese works.<ref name=schick>{{cite book |last=Schick |first=Robert D. |title=Classical Music Criticism: With a Chapter on Reviewing Ethnic Music |location=New York |publisher=Garland |year=1996 |pages=166–176 |isbn=9781135586188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyO3jcUpp4UC&pg=PA173 }}</ref>{{rp|viii,173}} In 1990, the World Music Institute interviewed four ''[[New York Times]]'' music critics who came up with the following criteria on how to approach ethnic music:

# A review should relate the music to other kinds of music that readers know, to help them understand better what the program was about.
# "The performers [should] be treated as human beings and their music [should] be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon."
# The review should show an understanding of the music's cultural backgrounds and intentions.<ref name=schick/>{{rp|173–74}}

A key finding in a 2005 study of arts journalism in America was that the profile of the "average classical music critic is a white, 52-year old male, with a graduate degree".<ref name=classicalcritic>{{cite conference |last1=McGill |first1=Lawrence |first2=Willa J. |last2=Conrad |first3=Donald |last3=Rosenberg |first4=András |last4=Szántó |title=The Classical Music Critic: A Survey of Music Critics at General-Interest and Specialized News Publications in America |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=[[Music Critics Association of North America]] |conference=National Arts Journalism Program |year=2005 |url=http://www.mcana.org/images/Critics_Survey_PDF.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911221451/http://www.mcana.org/images/Critics_Survey_PDF.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-11 }}</ref>{{rp|10}} Demographics indicated that the group was 74% male, 92% white, and 64% had earned a graduate degree.<ref name=classicalcritic/>{{rp|15}} One critic of the study pointed out that because all newspapers were included, including low-circulation regional papers, the female representation of 26% misrepresented the actual scarcity, in that the "large US papers, which are the ones that influence public opinion, have virtually no women classical music critics", with the notable exceptions of [[Anne Midgette]] in the ''New York Times'' and Wynne Delacoma in the ''Chicago Sun-Times''.<ref name=iawmlist>{{cite mailing list|first=William |last=Osborne |url=http://www.osborne-conant.org/women-critics.htm |title=Women Music Critics |mailing-list=IAWMLIST |publisher=International Alliance for Women in Music |date=June 11, 2005 |access-date=2016-01-20}}</ref>

In 2007, ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that classical music criticism, which it characterized as "a high-minded endeavor that has been around at least as long as newspapers", had undergone "a series of hits in recent months" with the elimination, downgrading, or redefinition of critics' jobs at newspapers in Atlanta, Minneapolis, and elsewhere, citing ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine's [[Peter G. Davis]], "one of the most respected voices of the craft, [who] said he had been forced out after 26 years".<ref name="Newspapers Trimming Classical Critics 2007">Wakin, Daniel J., "Newspapers Trimming Classical Critics", ''The New York Times'', June 9, 2007.</ref> Viewing "robust analysis, commentary and reportage as vital to the health of the art form", ''The New York Times'' stated in 2007 that it continued to maintain "a staff of three full-time classical music critics and three freelancers", noting also that classical music criticism had become increasingly available on blogs, and that a number of other major newspapers "still have full-time classical music critics", including (in 2007) the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', and ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.<ref name="Newspapers Trimming Classical Critics 2007" />

==Popular==
{{See also|Rockism and poptimism}}

===20th century rock criticism===
Music writers only started "treating pop and rock music seriously" in 1964 "after the breakthrough of [[the Beatles]]".<ref name=jones2002>{{cite book|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Steve|title=Pop Music and the Press|year=2002|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N-ViwZnnR3oC |isbn=9781566399661|publisher=Temple University Press }}</ref>{{rp|45}}{{Attribution needed|date=November 2018}} In their book ''Rock Criticism from the Beginning'', Ulf Lindberg and his co-writers say that rock criticism appears to have been "slower to develop in the U.S. than in England".<ref>{{cite book|first1=Ulf|last1=Lindberg|first2=Gestur|last2=Guomundsson|first3=Morten|last3=Michelsen|first4=Hans |last4=Weisethaunet|title=Rock Criticism from the Beginning: Amusers, Bruisers, and Cool-Headed Cruisers |publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York, NY|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8204-7490-8|page=73|ref={{SfnRef|Lindberg et al.|2005}}}}</ref> One of the early British music magazines, ''[[Melody Maker]]'', complained in 1967 about how "newspapers and magazines are continually hammering [i.e., attacking] [[pop music]]".<ref name=jones2002/>{{rp|116}} From 1964, ''Melody Maker'' led its rival publications in terms of approaching music and musicians as a subject for serious study rather than merely entertainment. Staff reporters such as [[Chris Welch]] and [[Ray Coleman]] applied a perspective previously reserved for jazz artists to the rise of American-influenced local rock and pop groups, anticipating the advent of rock critics.{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|pp=85, 88, 89–91}} Among Britain's broadsheet newspapers, pop music gained exposure in the arts section of ''[[The Times]]'' when [[William Mann (critic)|William Mann]], the paper's [[classical music]] critic, wrote an appreciation of the Beatles in December 1963.{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|p=72}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Gendron|first=Bernard|title=Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde|year=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-0-226-28737-9|pages=14, 164–65, 341}}</ref> In early 1965, ''[[The Observer]]'', the country's highbrow Sunday newspaper, signalled a reversal of the establishment's cultural snobbery towards pop music by appointing [[George Melly]] as its "critic of pop culture".<ref>{{cite book|first=Christopher|last=Bray|title=1965: The Year Modern Britain Was Born|year=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=London|isbn=978-1-84983-387-5|pages=262–63}}</ref> Following [[Tony Palmer (director)|Tony Palmer]]'s arrival at ''The Observer'',{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|p=125fn}} the first daily newspaper to employ a dedicated rock critic was ''[[The Guardian]]'', with the appointment of [[Geoffrey Cannon]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Writer/geoffrey-cannon/|title=Geoffrey Cannon|publisher=[[Rock's Backpages]]|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

''Melody Maker''{{'}}s writers advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s. "By 1999, the 'quality' press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums", which had a "key role in keeping pop" in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of "legitimating pop as an art form"; as a result, "newspaper coverage shifted towards pop as music rather than pop as social phenomenon".<ref name=jones2002/>{{rp|129}}{{Attribution needed|date=November 2018}}

In the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. The "pop music industry" expects that any particular rock critic will likely disappear from popular view within five years; in contrast, according to author Mark Fenster, the "stars" of rock criticism are more likely to have long careers with "book contracts, featured columns, and editorial and staff positions at magazines and newspapers".<ref name=fenster-jones2002>{{cite book|last=Fenster|first=Mark|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Steve|chapter=Consumers' Guides: The Political Economy of the Music Press and the Democracy of Critical Discourse |page=85 |title=Pop Music and the Press|year=2002|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N-ViwZnnR3oC&pg=PA85 |isbn=9781566399661|publisher=Temple University Press }}</ref>

[[File:Richard Goldstein - Pop Conference 2015 - 02 (17182432526).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Richard Goldstein (pictured at the 2015 [[EMP Museum|EMP]] Pop Conference) was the first American music critic to focus on rock music.]]
Author Bernard Gendron writes that in the United States "the emergence of a 'serious' rock press and the rock critic" began in 1966, presaged by [[Robert Shelton (critic)|Robert Shelton]], the [[folk music]] critic for ''[[The New York Times]]'', writing articles praising the Beatles and [[Bob Dylan]], the latter of whom had just embraced rock 'n' roll by performing with electric backing at the [[1965 Newport Folk Festival]].{{sfn|Gendron|2002|p=190}} [[Paul Williams (Crawdaddy)|Paul Williams]], an eighteen-year-old student, launched the pop journal ''[[Crawdaddy (magazine)|Crawdaddy!]]'' in February 1966; in June, [[Richard Goldstein (writer born 1944)|Richard Goldstein]], a recent graduate and [[New Journalism]] writer, debuted his "Pop Eye" column in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', which Gendron describes as "the first regular column on rock 'n' roll ... to appear in an established cultural publication".{{sfn|Gendron|2002|p=191}} Rock journalist [[Clinton Heylin]], in his role as editor of ''The Penguin Book of Rock & Roll Writing'', cites "the true genesis of rock criticism" to the emergence of ''Crawdaddy!''{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|pp=73–74}} Lindberg et al. say that, while Williams is widely considered to be the first American rock critic, he "nevertheless looked to England for material".{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|p=74}}

According to Gendron, Goldstein's most significant early pieces were a "manifesto" on rock 'n' roll and "pop aestheticism", and a laudatory assessment of the Beatles' ''[[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' album. Published in late August, the latter article provided "the first substantial rock review devoted to one album to appear in any nonrock magazine with accreditory power".{{sfn|Gendron|2002|p=192}} Whereas Williams could be sure of a sympathetic readership, given the nature of his publication, Goldstein's task was to win over a more highbrow readership to the artistic merits of contemporary pop music.{{sfn|Gendron|2002|p=192}} At this time, both Goldstein and Williams gained considerable renown in the cultural mainstream{{sfn|Gendron|2002|p=193}} and were the subject of profile articles in ''[[Newsweek]]''.{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|p=118}}

The emergence of rock journalism coincided with an attempt to position rock music, particularly the Beatles' work, in the American cultural landscape.{{sfn|Gendron|2002|pp=193–94}}{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|pp=118–19}} The critical discourse was further heightened by the respectful coverage afforded the genre in mainstream publications such as ''Newsweek'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' in the months leading up to and following the release of the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album in June 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2017/05/the-beatles-sgt-peppers-was-a-masterpiece-of-timing.html|first=Jack|last=Hamilton|title=''Sgt. Pepper''{{'}}s Timing Was As Good As Its Music|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=24 May 2017|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Gendron|2002|pp=194–95}} Within this discourse, [[Richard Meltzer]], in an essay for ''Crawdaddy!'' in March, challenged the highbrow aesthetic of rock proposed by Goldstein. The latter's mixed review of ''Sgt. Pepper'' in ''The New York Times'' was similarly the subject of journalistic debate, and invited reprisals from musicologists, composers and cultural commentators.{{sfn|Lindberg et al.|2005|pp=118–19}}

Among other young American writers who became pop columnists following Goldstein's appointment were [[Robert Christgau]] (at ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', from June 1967), [[Ellen Willis]] (''[[The New Yorker]]'', March 1968) and [[Ellen Sander]] (''[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|Saturday Review]]'', October 1968).{{sfn|Gendron|2002|p=193}} Christgau was the "originator of the 'consumer guide' approach to pop music reviews", an approach that was designed to help readers decide whether to buy a new album.<ref name=jones2002/>{{rp|4}}{{Attribution needed|date=November 2018}}

According to popular music academic Roy Shuker in 1994, music reference books such as ''[[The Rolling Stone Record Guide]]'' and ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies|Christgau's Record Guide]]''  played a role in the rise of rock critics as tastemakers in the music industry, "constructing their own version of the traditional [[High culture|high]]/[[low culture]] split, usually around notions of artistic integrity, authenticity, and the nature of commercialism". These review collections, Shuker continues, "became bibles in the field, establishing orthodoxies as to the relative value of various styles or genres and pantheons of artists. Record collectors and enthusiasts, and specialisation and secondhand record shops, inevitably have well-thumbed copies of these and similar volumes close at hand."<ref>{{cite book|last=Shuker|first=Roy|year=1994|title=Understanding Popular Music|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=0415107229|page=70}}</ref>

In the realm of rock music, as in that of classical music,<ref name=slonimsky>{{cite book|last=Slonimsky|first=Nicolas|author-link=Nicolas Slonimsky|title=Lexicon of Musical Invective|year=2000|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-32009-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjW66BVA-j0C}} (citing many examples of insults in both directions)</ref> critics have not always been respected by their subjects. [[Frank Zappa]] declared that "Most rock journalism is people who can't write, interviewing people who can't talk, for people who can't read." In the [[Guns N' Roses]] song "[[Get in the Ring]]", [[Axl Rose]] verbally attacked critics who gave the band negative reviews because of their actions on stage; such critics as [[Andy Secher]], Mick Wall and [[Bob Guccione Jr.]] were mentioned by name.

=== Conservative Christian criticisms of rock music ===
Rock music received a considerable amount of criticism from conservative Christian communities within the United States. This criticism was strongest throughout the 1960s and 70s, with some of the most prominent Christian critics being [[David A. Noebel]], [[Bob Larson]], and [[Frank Garlock]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nekola |first=Anna |date=2013-09-13 |title='More than just a music': conservative Christian anti-rock discourse and the U.S. culture wars |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143013000299 |journal=Popular Music |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=407–426 |doi=10.1017/s0261143013000299 |s2cid=145144224 |issn=0261-1430|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While these men were not professional music critics, they often claimed to be qualified rock critics because of their professional experiences with both music and religion.<ref name=":0" /> For example, Larson tried to assert his authority as a rock critic by stating: "As a minister, I know now what it is like to feel the unction of the Holy Spirit. As a rock musician, I knew what it meant to feel the counterfeit anointing of Satan".<ref>Larson, B. (1970). ''Rock & Roll, the Devil's Diversion''. Bob Larson.</ref>

Christian criticisms of rock music in the mid 20th century often centered around arguments that rock was both sonically and morally bad and physically harmful to both the body and soul.<ref name=":0" /> Using these central arguments, Noebel, Larson, Garlock, and other Christian critics of rock music wrote extensively about the differences between 'good' and 'bad' music.<ref name=":0" /> In ''The Beatles: A Study in Drugs, Sex and Revolution'', Noebel explained why rock music was 'bad' by contrasting it with qualities of 'good' music.<ref>Noebel, D. A. (1969). ''The Beatles: A study in drugs, sex and revolution''. Christian Crusade Publications.</ref> In ''The Big Beat: A Rock Blast'', similar arguments were posed by Garlock, with the additional argument that 'good' music must come from distinguished and educated musicians.<ref>Garlock, F. (1971). ''The big beat: A rock blast''. Bob Jones University Press.</ref> Additionally, Larson argued that the beats used in rock music could cause rebellion in younger generations due to their hypnotic and influential nature.<ref name=":0" />

Drawing from styles like [[rhythm and blues]] and [[jazz]] music, [[rock and roll]] was first innovated by black communities, but was soon appropriated by white populations.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title="I hear you knocking…": from R&B to rock and roll |date=2012-10-12 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203214459-7 |work=Just My Soul Responding |pages=31–67 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203214459-7 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-0-203-21445-9 |access-date=2022-10-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This aspect of rock's history has been overlooked by historians and the media, but music experts now widely agree that rock's true origins lie in the American south among black populations.<ref name=":2" />

Early conservative Christian criticisms of rock music had strong footings in racism. Most white conservative Christians in the mid 20th century understood that rock started among black populations and feared what the success of the genre implied for the church, segregation, and racial equality.<ref name=":1">Stephens, R. J. (2018). ''The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock'n'Roll''. Harvard University Press Chicago</ref> When critiquing rock music, Christian critics commonly portrayed rock music with "primitive and exotic imagery to convey [its] African-roots".<ref name=":1" /> For example, The [[American Tract Society]] in New Jersey released a booklet called "Jungle to Jukebox" that used racist, exotic tropes to illustrate the dangers of rock music to white youth.<ref name=":1" />

===Critical trends of the 21st century===

====2000s====
In the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media.<ref name=edlund/> In 2006, Martin Edlund of the ''[[New York Sun]]'' criticized the trend, arguing that while the "Internet has democratized music criticism, it seems it's also spread its penchant for uncritical hype".<ref name=edlund>Edlund, Martin. [http://www.nysun.com/arts/not-all-they-were-blogged-up-to-be/33913/ "Not All They Were Blogged Up To Be"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220003717/http://www.nysun.com/arts/not-all-they-were-blogged-up-to-be/33913/ |date=2011-02-20 }}. ''The New York Sun''. June 6, 2006.</ref>

[[Carl Wilson (writer)|Carl Wilson]] described "an upsurge in pro-pop sentiment among critics" during the early 2000s, writing that a "new generation [of music critics] moved into positions of critical influence" and then "mounted a wholesale critique against the syndrome of measuring all popular music by the norms of rock culture".<ref>Ewing, Tom. [http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7703-the-decade-in-pop/2/ "The Decade in Pop"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301114441/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7703-the-decade-in-pop/2/ |date=2010-03-01 }}. ''Pitchfork'' articles. August 27, 2009.</ref>

''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine writer [[Jody Rosen]] discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article "The Perils of Poptimism". Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as "normative ... the standard state of popular music ... to which everything else is compared".<ref name=rosen>Rosen, Jody. [http://www.slate.com/id/2141418/ "The Perils of Poptimism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325034507/http://www.slate.com/id/2141418 |date=2010-03-25 }}. ''Slate'' magazine. May 9, 2006.</ref> At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their "guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians ([[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], [[Dan Fogelberg]], [[Phil Collins]]) and genres " which rock critics have long dismissed as lightweight, commercial music. Rosen stated that "this new critical paradigm" is called "popism" – or, more evocatively (and goofily), "poptimism". The poptimism approach states: "Pop (and, especially, hip-hop) producers are as important as rock auteurs, [[Beyoncé]] is as worthy of serious consideration as [[Bruce Springsteen]], and ascribing shame to pop pleasure is itself a shameful act."<ref name=rosen/>

[[File:Ann Powers 01A.jpg|thumb|upright|American pop music critic [[Ann Powers]]]]
In 2008, [[Ann Powers]] of the ''Los Angeles Times'' argued that pop music critics "have always been contrarians", because "pop music [criticism] rose up as a challenge to taste hierarchies, and has remained a pugilistic, exhibitionist business throughout pop's own evolution".<ref name=powers2008>[[Ann Powers|Powers, Ann]]. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-27-ca-pop27-story.html "Bratty by nature"] . ''Los Angeles Times''. July 27, 2008.</ref> Powers claimed that "[i]nsults, rejections of others' authority, bratty assertions of superior knowledge and even threats of physical violence are the stuff of which pop criticism is made", while at the same time, the "best [pop criticism] also offers loving appreciation and profound insights about how music creates and collides with our everyday realities".<ref name=powers2008/> She stated that pop criticism developed as a "slap at the establishment, at publications such as the hippie homestead ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' and the rawker outpost ''[[Creem]]''", adding that the "1980s generation" of post-punk indie rockers had in the mid-2000s "been taken down by younger 'poptimists,' who argue that lovers of underground rock are elitists for not embracing the more multicultural mainstream".<ref name=powers2008/> Powers likened the poptimist critics' debates about bands and styles to a "scrum in rugby", in that "[e]verybody pushes against everybody else, and we move forward in a huge blob of vehement opinion and mutual judgment".<ref name=powers2008 />

====2010s====
Music critic and indie pop musician [[Scott Miller (pop musician)|Scott Miller]], in his 2010 book ''[[Music: What Happened?]]'', suggested, "Part of the problem is that a lot of vital pop music is made by 22-year-olds who enjoy shock value, and it's pathetic when their elders are cornered into unalloyed reverence". Miller suggested that critics could navigate this problem by being prepared "to give young artists credit for terrific music without being intimidated into a frame of mind where dark subject matter always gets a passing grade", stating that a critic should be able to call a young artist "a musical genius" while "in the same breath declaring that his or her lyrics are morally objectionable."<ref name=mwh2010>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Scott|author-link=Scott Miller (pop musician)|title=Music: What Happened?|year=2010|publisher=125 Records|isbn=9780615381961|url=http://www.loudfamily.com/mwh.html }}</ref>{{rp|14}} Reacting to the state of pop music criticism, Miller identified a major issue as critics' failure to "credit an artist with getting a feeling across", specifically pointing out critic [[Lester Bangs]] as "a ball of emotion at all times", who nonetheless "never really related to his favorite artists as people who develop a skill of conveying feelings. You don't feel that he comfortably acknowledged being moved as a result of their honest work. Artists in his writing were vaguely ridiculous, fascinating primitives, embodying an archetype by accident of nature."<ref name=mwh2010 />

''[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]]''{{'}}s Tracy Moore, in 2014, suggested that one of the virtues of writing about how music made one feel, in contrast with linking it to the sounds of other artists, was to avoid excluding readers who may not have musical knowledge as broad as that of the writer.<ref name=moore2014 /> In contrast, Miller believed that analytical readers would appreciate "more music talk in music criticism", suggesting that "sensitively modest doses" of musical analysis would provide helpful support for a conclusion "that great melody writing occurred or it didn't". For example, Miller noted that critics rarely "identify catchy melodies as specific passages within a song", in the way that working musicians might discuss "the A-minor in the second measure of the chorus".

Stevie Chick, a writer who teaches music journalism at [[City University London]], said, "I think more than any other journalism, music journalism has got a really powerful creative writing quotient to it."<ref>{{cite web |last=Reid |first=Alastair |date=March 22, 2013 |title=How To: Get Into Music Journalism |work=Journalism.co.uk |publisher=Mousetrap Media Ltd |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/skills/how-to-get-into-music-journalism/s7/a552475/}}</ref>

[[Tris McCall]] of the ''[[Newark Star-Ledger]]'' discussed his approach to music criticism in a 2010 interview, stating, "Most of us [critics] begin writing about music because we love it so much. We can't wait to tell our friends and neighbors about what we're hearing."<ref name=jci2010>{{cite news|url=http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2010/05/18/jersey-citys-tris-mccall-joins-the-star-ledger/|date=May 18, 2010|newspaper=Jersey City Independent|first=Jon|last=Whiten|title=Jersey City's Tris McCall Joins the Star-Ledger|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622032840/http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2010/05/18/jersey-citys-tris-mccall-joins-the-star-ledger|archive-date=2010-06-22}}</ref> According to McCall, even over the course of a long professional career, the enthusiastic impulse to share "never fades".<ref name=jci2010/> McCall expressed his interest in "examining why people respond to what they respond to. I hazard guesses. Sometimes I'm wrong, but I hope I'm always provocative."<ref name=jci2010/>
[[File:AnthonyFantano2016.png|alt=American music critic Anthony Fantano in 2016.|thumb|209x209px|American YouTuber [[Anthony Fantano]] in 2016]]
In the 2010s, some commentators noted and criticized the lack of negative reviews in music journalism. Saul Austerlitz from the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' noted that unlike other art forms, "music is now effectively free. Music criticism's former priority — telling consumers what to purchase — has been rendered null and void for most fans." He argued that this and "[[clickbait|click culture]]" causes music critics to act as "cheerleaders" for existing stars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards |first=Chris |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/at-the-top-of-the-pop-music-heap-theres-no-criticizing-the-view/2015/04/16/d98d53a8-e1f2-11e4-b510-962fcfabc310_story.html |title=Do you want poptimism? Or do you want the truth? |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 16, 2015 |access-date=November 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Saul|last=Austerlitz|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/magazine/the-pernicious-rise-of-poptimism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031173914/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/magazine/the-pernicious-rise-of-poptimism.html |title=The Pernicious Rise of Poptimism |journal=The New York Times Magazine |date=April 6, 2014 |archive-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref><ref name="PMLoss2015">{{cite web|last1=Loss|first1=Robert|title=No Apologies: A Critique of the Rockist v. Poptimist Paradigm|url=https://www.popmatters.com/column/196122-no-apologies-a-critique-of-the-rockist-v.-poptimist-paradigm/|website=[[PopMatters]]|date=August 10, 2015}}</ref>

The 2010s saw a rise of music critics who used [[YouTube]] and [[social media]] as their platform. According to ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' magazine's Larry Fitzmaurice in 2016, [[Twitter]] (X) is "perhaps the last public space for unfettered music criticism in an increasingly anti-critical landscape".<ref name="Fitzmaurice">{{cite magazine|last=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|date=9 March 2016|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-1975-i-like-it-when-you-sleep-for-you-are-so-beautiful-yet-so-unaware-of-it-essay/|title=The Curious Case of The 1975, the Most Hated and Loved Band in the World|magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[The New York Times]]'' described YouTuber [[Anthony Fantano]] as "probably the most popular music critic left standing."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=2020-09-30|title=The Only Music Critic Who Matters (if You're Under 25)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/arts/music/anthony-fantano-the-needle-drop.html|access-date=2020-10-09|issn=0362-4331|quote=The influential evangelist in question is the YouTuber named Anthony Fantano, 34, who has been speaking album and song reviews directly into a camera for more than a decade on The Needle Drop, his channel with 2.26 million subscribers, making him probably the most popular music critic left standing.}}</ref> Fantano's channel, The Needle Drop, is his main outlet, but he also [[Livestream|streams]] music commentary on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] and posts on X.

==== 2020s ====
In an article published in 2024, Jessica Karl, a [[Bloomberg News]] columnist, opined that "the way we critique music is broken". She argues that the current culture of consuming new music, particularly with the release of Taylor Swift's album ''[[The Tortured Poets Department]]'' (2024), is unhealthy. While she found some of the reviews of the album were "well-considered", she opined others were pre-written and "daft". She explained that critics are "staying up until dawn to finish listening to an album as if it's a college paper we're cramming to complete by the morning" and long albums like the 31-track ''Tortured Poets'' frustrate them. Karl also felt that reviews appearing online within hours of an album's release discredits both the plaudits and criticism. She condemned the ''Paste'' review for making "a litany of petty, exclamation-pointed digs" at Swift, and dismissed the rave ''Rolling Stone'' review for calling the album a [[classic]] within a day, as well as criticizing articles by "reputable publications" like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' for catering gossip to the masses and [[fandom]] instead of serious journalism of the art.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=Taylor Swift Is Proof That How We Critique Music Is Broken |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-04-23/taylor-swift-s-tortured-poet-s-department-has-too-many-hasty-reviews |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Gender and race theory===
Applying [[critical theory]] (''e.g.'', critical gender studies and [[critical race theory]]) to music journalism, some academic writers suggest that mutual disrespect between critics and artists is one of many negative effects of [[rockism]]. In 2004, critic [[Kelefa Sanneh]] defined "rockism" as "idolizing the authentic old legend (or underground hero) while mocking the latest pop star".<ref name=brooks2008>{{cite journal|last=Brooks|first=Daphne A.|title=The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism|year=2008|journal=Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture|volume=12|issue=1 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.1353/wam.0.0002|s2cid=191429506|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.brooks.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|57}} Music journalism "infected" with rockism has become, according to [[Yale University|Yale]] professor Daphne Brooks,<ref name=yaleafam>{{cite web |title=Daphne Brooks |work=Department of African American Studies |publisher=Yale University |year=2015–16 |url=http://afamstudies.yale.edu/people/daphne-brooks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709221923/http://afamstudies.yale.edu/people/daphne-brooks |archive-date=2015-07-09 }}</ref> a challenge "for those of us concerned with historical memory and popular music performance".<ref name=brooks2008/>{{rp|57–58}}

[[Simon Frith]] said that pop and rock music "are closely associated with gender; that is, with conventions of male and female behaviour".<ref name=Frith2001>Frith, Simon, "Pop Music" in S. Frith, W. Stray and J. Street, ''[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock]]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 226.</ref> According to Holly Kruse, both popular music articles and academic articles about pop music are usually written from "masculine subject positions".<ref name=jones2002/>{{rp|134}} [[Kembrew McLeod]] analyzed terms used by critics to differentiate between pop music and rock, finding a gendered dichotomy in descriptions of "'serious,' 'raw,' and 'sincere' rock music as distinguished from 'trivial', 'fluffy,' and 'formulaic' pop music".<ref name=mcleod-jones2002>{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=Kembrew|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Steve|chapter=Between Rock and a Hard Place: Gender and Rock Criticism |page=96|title=Pop Music and the Press|year=2002|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N-ViwZnnR3oC&pg=PA96|isbn=9781566399661|publisher=Temple University Press }}</ref> McLeod found that a likely cause of this dichotomy was the lack of women writing in music journalism: "By 1999, the number of female editors or senior writers at ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' hovered around a whopping 15%, [while] at ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' and ''[[Ray Gun (magazine)|Raygun]]'', [it was] roughly 20%."<ref>McLeod (2002) at 94, quoted in {{cite book|last=Leonard|first=Marion |chapter=Meaning Making in the Press |title=Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse, and Girl Power |location=Aldershot, Hampshire, England |year= 2007 |page=67 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |isbn=9780754638629 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMtDpy85IC4C&pg=PA67 }}</ref> Criticism associated with gender was graphically discussed in a 2014 ''[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]]'' article about the struggles of [[Women in music#Music critics|women in music journalism]], written by music critic Tracy Moore, previously an editor at the ''[[Nashville Scene]]''.<ref name=moore2014>{{cite web|author=Moore, Tracy |date=March 20, 2014 |title=Oh, the Unbelievable Shit You Get Writing About Music as a Woman |work=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]] |url=http://jezebel.com/oh-the-unbelievable-shit-you-get-writing-about-music-a-1547444869 }}</ref> Moore described how another female music blogger, an "admitted outsider" who threatened no stereotypes, was greeted with enthusiasm by men, in contrast with Moore's own experiences as a self-described "insider" who was nevertheless expected to "prove" or "earn" her way into a male-dominated journalism scene.<ref name=moore2014 />

According to Anwen Crawford, music critic for Australia's ''[[The Monthly]]'', the "problem for women [popular music critics] is that our role in popular music was codified long ago"; as a result, "most famous rock-music critics – Robert Christgau, [[Greil Marcus]], [[Lester Bangs]], [[Nick Kent]] – are all male".<ref name="newyorker.com">{{cite magazine |last=Crawford |first=Anwen |title=The World Needs Female Rock Critics |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=May 26, 2015 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-world-needs-female-rock-critics }}</ref> Crawford points to "[t]he [[record store]], the [[guitar shop]], and now [[social media]]: when it comes to popular music, these places become stages for the display of male prowess", and adds, "Female expertise, when it appears, is repeatedly dismissed as fraudulent. Every woman who has ever ventured an opinion on popular music could give you some variation [of this experience] ...and becoming a recognized 'expert' (a musician, a critic) will not save [women] from accusations of fakery."<ref name="newyorker.com"/>

Daphne Brooks, in her 2008 article "The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory, and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism", wrote that in order to restructure music criticism, one must "focus on multiple ''counter''narratives" to break away from racial and gender biases as embodied in "contemporary cultural fetishizations of white male performative virtuosity and latent black male innovations".<ref name=brooks2008/>{{rp|55}} Brooks focused on "the ways that rock music criticism has shaped and continues to shape our understandings of racialized music encounters, and what are the alternative stories that we might tell".<ref name=brooks2008/>{{rp|55–56}} Brooks pointed to Christgau's statement that, after the Beatles' arrival in America, "rock criticism embraced a dream or metaphor of perpetual revolution. Worthwhile bands were supposed to change people's lives, preferably for the better. If they failed to do so, that meant they didn't matter."<ref>{{cite book|last=Christgau |first=Robert |chapter=A History of Rock Criticism |page=142 |title=National Arts Journalism Program: Reporting the Arts II: News Coverage of Arts and Culture in America |editor1-first=András |editor1-last=Szántó |editor2-first=Daniel S. |editor2-last=Levy |editor3-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Tyndall |location=New York |publisher=NAJP at Columbia University |year=2003 }} Quoted in {{cite journal|last=Brooks|first=Daphne A.|title=The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism|year=2008|journal=Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture|volume=12|issue=1 |page=56|doi=10.1353/wam.0.0002|s2cid=191429506|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.brooks.html |url-access=subscription}} (ellipses and internal quotes omitted)</ref> Unsurprisingly, according to Brooks, "the history of women who've been sustaining a tradition of writing about rock since the 60's" has been "largely hidden in American culture".<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Evelyn |editor1-last=McDonnell |editor2-first=Ann |editor2-last=Powers |title=Rock She Wrote: Women Write about Rock, Pop, and Rap |url=https://archive.org/details/rockshewrotewome00mcdo |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Cooper Square Press |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rockshewrotewome00mcdo/page/6 6] }} Quoted in {{cite journal|last=Brooks|first=Daphne A.|title=The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism|year=2008|journal=Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture|volume=12|issue=1 |page=58|doi=10.1353/wam.0.0002|s2cid=191429506|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.brooks.html |url-access=subscription}} (ellipses and internal quotes omitted)</ref>

Brooks theorized that perceptions of female artists of color might be different if there were more women of color writing about them, and praised [[Ellen Willis]] as a significant feminist critic of rock's classic era.<ref name=brooks2008/>{{rp|58–59}} Willis, who was a columnist for the ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' from 1968 to 1975, believed society could be enlightened by the "ecstatic experience" of visions expressed through music's rhythm and noise and that such joy would lead people to different ways of sharing.<ref>[[Ann Powers|Powers, Ann]]. [https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.powers.pdf "Spy in the House of Love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130339/https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.powers.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Brooks wrote that "the confluence of cultural studies, rock studies, and third wave feminist critical studies makes it possible now more than ever to continue to critique and reinterrogate the form and content of popular music histories".<ref name=brooks2008/>{{rp|58}} In Brooks' view, "By bravely breaking open dense equations of gender, class, power, and subcultural music scenes", music journalists, activists and critics such as Ellen Willis have been "able to brilliantly, like no one before [them], challenge the intellectual and political activism and agency" of the entire music industry.<ref name=brooks2008/>{{rp|58}}

==See also==
* [[List of chief music critics]]
*[[Music criticism]]
*[[Musicology]]
*[[Musicology#Popular music studies|Popular music studies]]
*[[List of writers on popular music]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Music topics}}
{{Arts criticism navigation}}
{{Music industry}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Journalism}}
[[Category:Music journalism| ]]
[[Category:Occupations in music]]