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{{Music of Canada}}
The '''music of Canada''' reflects the diverse influences that have [[History of Canada|shaped the country]].<ref name="Historica" >{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-canada-in-music-emc |title=History of Canada in music |work=Historica Foundation of Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927112607/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/history-of-canada-in-music-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indigenous Peoples, the [[Irish-Canadians|Irish]], British, and the French have all made unique contributions to the musical [[Culture of Canada|heritage of Canada]].<ref name="Scholars" >{{cite book|title=Canadian Music-Issues of Hegemony & Identity|author=eds Beveley Diamond & Robert Witmer|publisher= Canadian Scholars Press|year=1994}}</ref> The music has also subsequently been influenced by [[Culture of the United States|American culture]] because of the proximity between the two countries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pryke |first=Kenneth G. |url=https://archive.org/details/profilesofcanada0000unse_e7u7 |title=Profiles of Canada |last2=Soderlund |first2=Walter C. |publisher=Irwin Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=0-585-27925-X |url-access=registration}}</ref> Since French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1605 and established the first permanent French settlements at [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]] and [[Quebec City|Québec]] in 1608, the country has produced its own [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].<ref name="Willy" >{{cite book |title=Music in Canada 1600–1800 |author=Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont.|publisher= Habitex Books|year= 1975 |page= 320|isbn=0-88912-020-X}}</ref><ref name="Mich" >{{cite book|title=La Musique au Québec 1600–1875|work=by Michelle Pharand|publisher=Montreal – Les Éditions de l'Homme|year=1976|isbn=0-7759-0517-8|url=https://archive.org/details/lamusiqueauquebe0000amtm}}</ref>

Canadian music reflects a [[Music of Canadian cultures|variety of regional scenes]].<ref name="Homan2022">{{cite book | editor = Shane Homan | date = 13 January 2022 | title = The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Policy | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing USA | page = 179 | isbn = 978-1-5013-4534-0 | oclc = 1268122769 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HCdVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179}}</ref> Government support programs, such as the Canada Music Fund, assist a wide range of musicians and entrepreneurs who create, produce and market original and diverse Canadian music.<ref name="HomanCloonanCattermole2017">{{cite book | editor1 = Shane Homan | editor2 = Martin Cloonan | editor3 = Jen Cattermole | date = 2 October 2017 | title = Popular Music and Cultural Policy | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-317-65952-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GUg4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161}}</ref> The Canadian music industry is the sixth-largest in the world, producing internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].<ref name="HullHutchison2011a">{{Cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Geoffrey P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWUil8OuXS8C&pg=PA304 |title=The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century |last2=Hutchison |first2=Thomas William |last3=Strasser |first3=Richard |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-87560-8 |page=304}}</ref> Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC.<ref name="AchesonMaule2009">{{Cite book |last1=Acheson |first1=Archibald Lloyd Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCzOUo6YhkC&pg=PA181 |title=Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes |last2=Maule |first2=Christopher John |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-472-02241-0 |page=181}}</ref> The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s, which were first awarded in 1970.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwardson |first=Ryan |url=https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa |title=Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa/page/127 127] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]], established in 1976, honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.<ref name="Hoffmann2004">{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-135-94950-1 |page=324}}</ref>

[[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music in Canada]] dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding Canadian Confederation by over 50 years. The earliest work of patriotic music in Canada, "[[The Bold Canadian]]", was written in 1812.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jortner |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217 |title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-976529-4 |page=217}}</ref> The national anthem, "[[O Canada]]", was originally commissioned by the [[lieutenant governor of Quebec]], [[Théodore Robitaille]], for the 1880 [[Fête nationale du Québec|St. Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony and was officially adopted in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kallmann |first1=Helmut |author-link=Helmut Kallmann |last2=Potvin |first2=Gilles |date=February 7, 2018 |title=O Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021353/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/ |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |website=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada}}</ref> [[Calixa Lavallée]] wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]]. The text was originally only in French before it was adapted into English in 1906.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 23, 2008 |title=Hymne national du Canada |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084708/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |publisher=Canadian Heritage |access-date=June 26, 2008}}</ref>

==History==
===Indigenous music===
{{Further |Aboriginal music of Canada}}
For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|indigenous peoples]] from a variety of [[Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas|different cultures]] and of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|several major linguistic groupings]]. Each of the Indigenous communities had (and have) their own unique musical traditions. [[Chanting]] is widely popular, with many of its performers also using a variety of musical instruments.<ref name="names">{{cite book|author1=Elaine Keillor|author-link1=Elaine Keillor|author2=Tim Archambault|author3=John M. H. Kelly|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Music of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkuaQRR23K4C&pg=PA306|date=March 31, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-05506-5|pages=306–|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706231128/http://books.google.com/books?id=HkuaQRR23K4C&pg=PA306|archive-date=July 6, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> They used the materials at hand to make their instruments for thousands of years before Europeans immigrated to the [[new world]].<ref name="Eskimos" /> They made [[gourds]] and animal [[Blowing horn|horns]] into [[Rattle (percussion instrument)|rattles]] which were elaborately carved and painted.<ref name="PDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.aboriginalcuratorialcollective.org/research/kingfisher.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120125537/http://www.aboriginalcuratorialcollective.org/research/kingfisher.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2008-11-20 |title=The Aboriginal Curatorial Collective |work=kingfisher (ACC/CCA) |access-date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> In woodland areas, they made horns of [[birchbark]] along with [[drum stick|drumsticks]] of carved [[antlers]] and wood.<ref name="Eskimos" >{{cite book |title=Canadian native art; arts and crafts of Canadian Indians and Eskimos|author= Patterson, Nancy-Lou|author-link=Nancy-Lou Patterson|publisher= Don Mills, Ont., Collier-Macmillan|year= 1973|isbn= 0-02-975610-3|page= 36}}</ref> [[Drum]]s were generally made of carved wood and [[animal hides]].<ref name="top" >{{cite book|title=First Nations?.. Second Thoughts |work=by Thomas Flanagan |date=2008|edition=2nd|isbn= 978-0-7735-3443-8|pages=12–28|last1=Flanagan |first1=Tom |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP }}</ref> These musical instruments provide the background for songs and dances.<ref name="top" />

For many years after European settlement, [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and [[Inuit]] peoples were discouraged from practicing their traditional ceremonies.<ref name="First" >{{cite book|title=First Nations Music in Canada|publisher= Published under the authority of the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development|work=Government of Canada|year=1999|isbn=0-662-26856-3}}</ref> However, impacts varied significantly depending on such aspects as the time period, relative population size, relation quality, resistance, etc. In 1606–1607 [[Marc Lescarbot]] collected the earliest extant transcriptions of songs from the Americas: three songs of [[Henri Membertou]], the [[sagamore (title)|''sakmow'']] (Grand Chief) of the [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] tribe situated near [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]], present-day [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name="Membertou">{{cite web|title=Membertou's Three Songs|url=https://Flutopedia.com/song_Membertou.htm|access-date=16 April 2011|author=Clint Goss|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501143154/http://www.flutopedia.com/song_Membertou.htm|archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===17th century===
{{See also|Canadian classical music}}
[[File:Louis Jolliet.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Louis Jolliet]] – sculpture at the [[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Quebec Parliament]]]]
[[French colonization of the Americas|French settlers and explorers]] to [[New France]] brought with them a great love of song, dance and fiddle playing. Beginning in the 1630s French and Indigenous children at [[Quebec City|Québec]] were taught to sing and play European instruments, like [[viols]], [[violins]], [[guitars]], [[Western concert flute|transverse flutes]], drums, [[Fife (musical instrument)|fifes]] and [[trumpets]].<ref name="Willy" /> [[Ecole des Ursulines, Quebec|Ecole des Ursulines]] and [[Ursulines of Quebec|The Ursuline Convent]] are among North America's oldest schools and the first institutions of learning for women in North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museocapitale.qc.ca/014a.htm |title=The Ursulines in New-France |work=Musée des Ursulines de Québec |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000823082433/http://www.museocapitale.qc.ca/014a.htm |archive-date=2000-08-23 }}</ref> Both were founded in 1639 by French [[nun]] [[Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)|Marie of the Incarnation]] (1599–1672) alongside the laywoman [[Marie-Madeline de Chauvigny de la Peltrie]] (1603–1671) and are the first Canadian institutions to have music as part of the curriculum.<ref name="Catholic" >New Catholic encyclopedia. editors, Thomas Carson, Joann Cerrito – Washington, D.C. Catholic University of America.({{ISBN|0-7876-4004-2}})</ref>

The earliest written record of [[violin]]s in Canada comes from the [[Jesuit missions in North America|Jesuit Relation]] of 1645.<ref name="Jesuits">{{cite web |url=http://college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/colonial/thejesuitrelations.html |title=The Jesuit Relations(c.1635) |work=Cengage Learning, Inc |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917033145/http://college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/colonial/thejesuitrelations.html |archive-date=2009-09-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jesuits additionally have the first documented organ sale, imported for their Québec chapel in 1657.<ref name="Historica"/><ref name="Jesuits"/> [[Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral]], built in 1647, is the [[primate (bishop)|primatial]] church of Canada and seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec]]. It is the oldest [[Catholicism|Catholic]] "''[[Episcopal see]]''" in the [[New World]] north of Mexico and site of the first documented choir in Canada.<ref>Music in Canada: Capturing Landscape and Diversity. by [[Elaine Keillor]]. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2006. ({{ISBN|0-7735-3012-6}})</ref>

In what was then known as New France, the first formal ball was given by [[Louis-Théandre Chartier de Lotbinière]] (1612–1688) on 4 February 1667.<ref name="fid">{{cite DCB |title=Chartier de Lotbinière, Louis-Théandre |first=André |last=Vachon |volume=1 |url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chartier_de_lotbiniere_louis_theandre_1E.html |access-date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> [[Louis Jolliet]] (1645–1700) is on record as one of the first classically trained practicing musicians in New France, although history has recognized him more as an explorer, [[Hydrography|hydrographer]] and [[Voyageurs|voyageur]].<ref name="Louis" >{{cite DCB |title=Jolliet, Louis |first=André |last=Vachon |volume=1 |url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jolliet_louis_1E.html |access-date=2009-10-28}}</ref> Jolliet is said to have played the organ, [[harpsichord]], flute, and trumpet.<ref name="Louis" /> In 1700, [[British America|under British rule]] at this time, an organ was installed in [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]] in [[Montreal]] and military bands gave concerts on the [[Champ de Mars, Montreal|Champ de Mars]].<ref name="Catholic" /> A French-born priest, [[René Ménard]], composed [[motets]] around 1640, and a second Canadian-born priest, [[Charles-Amador Martin]], is credited with the [[Plainsong|plainchant]] music for the ''Sacrae familiae felix spectaculum'', in celebration of the [[Holy Family|Holy Family feast day]] in 1700.<ref name="Gar">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/musicincanadares0000more |url-access=registration |title=Music in Canada: A Research and Information Guide |author=Carl Morey |publisher=New York Garland Publishing |year=1997 |access-date=2009-10-28 |isbn=978-0-8153-1603-9 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

===18th century===
[[File: Schipper Painting of Joseph Quesnel.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Joseph Quesnel]] (1746–1809)]]
Historically, music was composed in [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|Canada's colonies and settlements]] during the 18th century, although very few popular named works have survived or were even published.<ref name="Mich" /> The [[French and Indian Wars]] began and left the population economically drained and ill-equipped to develop cultural pursuits properly.<ref name="Gar" /> The part-time composers of this period were nonetheless often quite skilled.<ref name="Willy" /> Traditional songs and dances, such as those of the [[Habitants]] and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]], were transmitted orally, from generation to generation and from village to village, thus people felt no need to transcribe or publish them.<ref>Contemporary Canadian Composers. ed. by Keith MacMillan and John Beckwith. Toronto, Ont. Oxford University Press, 1975.</ref> Printed music was required, for music teachers and their pupils, who were from the privileged minority where domestic music making was considered a proof of gentility.<ref>The Canadian musical heritage Ottawa. Canadian Musical Heritage Society, 1983 [A series of historical Canadian MUSIC SCORES publications.]({{ISBN|0-919883-00-1}})</ref> Music publishing and printing in Europe by this time was a thriving industry, but it did not begin in Canada until the 19th century.<ref>Contemporary Canadian composers ed. by Keith MacMillan and John Beckwith. Toronto. Oxford University Press, 1975 ({{ISBN|0-19-540244-8}})</ref> [[List of Canadian composers|Canadian composers]] were not able to focus entirely on creating new music in these years, as most made their living in other musical activities such as leading choirs, [[Pipe organ|church organists]] and teaching.<ref>Canadian Music and Education: an annotated bibliography of theses and dissertations / by Diane Peters. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press, 1997. 476 p.</ref> [[Military band|Regimental bands]] were musically a part of civil life and typically featured a dozen woodwind and brass instruments, performing at parades, festive ceremonies, [[minuet]]s, country dances and balls.<ref>Canadian Musical Works S 1900–1980: a bibliography of general and analytical sources. Ottawa: Canadian Association of Music Libraries, 1983. p96</ref>

After the 1760s, regular concerts became a part of the cultural landscape, as well as a wide variety of dancing. Operatic excerpts began to appear, and before the end of the century Canada had its first home-grown opera.<ref name="Willy" /> A "Concert Hall" existed in Québec by 1764 and subscription concerts by 1770, given, one may presume, by band players and skilled amateurs.<ref>Research in music education : a Festschrift for Dr. Allen Clingman  Brian A. Roberts, ed. St. John's Nfld. : Binder's Press, 1993. 214 p. A survey of research in Canada. (MT3 .C2O93 1993t)</ref> Programs for the Québec and [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] concerts of the 1790s reveal orchestral and chamber music by [[Handel]], [[J.C. Bach]], [[Haydn]], [[Mozart]] and [[Pleyel]].<ref name="Mich" /> Canada's first two operas were written, ca. 1790 and ca. 1808 by composer, [[poet]], and [[playwright]] [[Joseph Quesnel]] (1746–1809).<ref name="par" >{{cite web |url=https://carleton.ca/carletonsound/cscd1011.html |title=Canadian Songs for Parlour and Stage |work=Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071452/http://www.carleton.ca/carletonsound/cscd1011.html |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> The instrument of favour for the ''[[Social class|lower class]]'' was the fiddle. [[Fiddle#Ensembles|Fiddlers]] were a fixture in most public drinking establishments.<ref name="fiddle">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi5CXDIA918C&pg=PA7 |work=By Edward A. Whitcomb |title=Canadian fiddle music|access-date=2009-10-28 |isbn=978-0-7866-3811-6 |last1=Whitcomb |first1=Ed |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Mel Bay Publications, Incorporated }}</ref> [[God Save the Queen#Use in Canada|God Save the King/Queen]] has been sung in Canada [[Canada under British Imperial control|since British rule]] and by the mid-20th century was, along with "[[O Canada]]", one of the country's two ''de facto'' national anthems.<ref>{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2008| edition=1| pages=54, I |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem–cced/fr–rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls–eng.pdf| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1}}</ref><ref name=CE>{{Cite book| last=Kallmann| first=Helmut| contribution=The Canadian Encyclopedia| title=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada > Musical Genres > National and royal anthems| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James Harley| place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-and-royal-anthems-emc/| access-date=25 June 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130235241/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-and-royal-anthems-emc/| archive-date=30 January 2016| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Salute (Formerly known as the Vice-Regal Salute)| url=http://lt.gov.ns.ca/en/royal-salute.aspx| last=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia| author-link=Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia| publisher=Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia| access-date=25 June 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430134828/http://lt.gov.ns.ca/en/royal-salute.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot-->| archive-date=30 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| contribution=Encyclopædia Britannica| title=O Canada| editor-last=Hoiberg| editor-first=Dale| place=Toronto| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.| url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/423313/O-Canada| access-date=25 June 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117114620/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/423313/O-Canada| archive-date=17 January 2011| url-status=live}}</ref>

===19th century===
{{See also| Celtic music in Canada}}
The beginning of the 19th century Canadian musical ensembles had started forming in great numbers, writing [[waltzes]], [[quadrilles]], [[polkas]] and [[galop]]s.<ref name="Gar" /><ref name="abc" >{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sheetmusic/m5-180-e.html#cc |title=Canadian Musical Composition before the First World War |work=Library and Archives Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108145854/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sheetmusic/m5-180-e.html#cc |archive-date=2009-11-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first volumes of music printed in Canada was the "Graduel romain" in 1800 followed by the "Union Harmony" in 1801.<ref name="Gar" /> Folk music was still thriving, as recounted in the poem titled "[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/m5/f1/csm05496-v2.jpg A Canadian Boat Song]". The poem was composed by the [[Irish people|Irish]] poet [[Thomas Moore]] (1779–1852) during a visit to Canada in 1804.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theotherpages.org/poems/poem-mn.html#moore |title=The Canadian Boat Song ''Thomas Moore'' {128} |work=Poets' Corner Editorial Staff|access-date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> "The Canadian Boat Song" was so popular that it was published several times over the next forty years in [[Boston]], [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Willy" /> [[Dancing]] likewise was an extremely popular form of entertainment as noted In 1807 by the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] traveler and artist [[George Heriot (artist)|George Heriot]] (1759–1839), who wrote:
{{Blockquote|text=The whole of the Canadian inhabitants are remarkably fond of dancing, and frequently amuse themselves at all seasons with that agreeable exercise.|author=George Heriot|source=''Travels Through the Canadas'' (1807)}}

[[File:SharonTemple.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Sharon Temple|Temple]] of the Children of Peace, where the band played from the second floor]]

Among the earliest musical societies were [[City of Halifax|Halifax]]'s "New Union Singing Society" of 1809 and Québec's "Harmonic Society" of 1820.<ref name="Willy" /> One of the first registered all-civilian musical ensembles was a [[religious sect]] organized from [[Upper Canada]] called the [[The Children of Peace|Children of Peace]] in 1820.<ref name="Encyclopedia" >{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/band-music-composition-emc |title=Band music composition |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927111939/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/band-music-composition-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1833, a student [[orchestra]] was organized at the [[Séminaire de Québec]] ''the Société Ste-Cécile'', as it was known, and was one of the earliest ensembles of its kind in [[Lower Canada]].<ref name="Encyclopedia" /> The first appearance of a piece of music in a newspaper or magazine was in the pages of the [[Montreal]] twice-weekly newspaper, [[La Minerve]], on September 19, 1831.<ref name="bill">{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sheetmusic/m5-160-e.html |title=Canadian Sheet Music Before 1867 |work=Library and Archives Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511175241/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sheetmusic/m5-160-e.html |archive-date=2009-05-11 }}</ref> Many immigrants during this time lived in relative isolation and music sometimes obtained through subscriptions to newspapers and magazines, provided entertainment and a life line to civilization.<ref name="Historica" /> One of the earliest surviving publications in Canada of a song on the piano in sheet music format is "The Merry Bells of England" by J. F. Lehmann, of Bytown (later Ottawa) in 1840.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlhlFB07kqIC&pg=PA232 |title=A book of scattered leaves |access-date=2009-10-28 |isbn=978-0-8387-5397-2 |last1=Hepburn |first1=James G |year=2000 |publisher=Bucknell University Press }}</ref> It was published by John Lovell in the literary magazine ''[[Literary Garland]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Calderisi|first=Maria|date=25 March 2019|title=Canadian Sheet Music Before 1867|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/sheet-music-collection/Pages/articles.aspx|access-date=22 December 2021|website=Library and Archives Canada}}</ref>

[[File:Alexander Muir.jpg|thumb|left|upright| [[Alexander Muir]] (1830–1906)]]

The [[Great Migration of Canada]] from 1815 to 1850, consisting largely of [[Irish people|Irish]], and [[British people|British]] immigrants, broadened considerably the Canadian musical culture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Vernon M.|title=Mass Immigration and the National Interest: Policy Directions for the New Century|url=https://archive.org/details/massimmigrationn00vern|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0933-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/massimmigrationn00vern/page/50 50]}}</ref> 1844, [[Samuel Nordheimer]] (1824–1912) opened a music store in [[Toronto]] selling pianos and soon thereafter began to publish engraved [[sheet music]].<ref name="Historica" /> Samuel Nordheimers store was among the first and the largest specialized music publisher in the [[Province of Canada]].<ref>[[Library and Archives Canada|LAC]]. "[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2101-e.html Canadian Confederation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211021453/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2101-e.html |date=2009-02-11 }}" the Web site of ''Library and Archives Canada'', 2006-01-09 {{ISSN|1713-868X}} includes a [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2930-e.html bibliography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228220252/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2930-e.html |date=2009-02-28 }}</ref> They initially had the sole right to publish copies of [[Alexander Muir]]'s "[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]" that for many years served as an unofficial Canadian national anthem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html |title=Maple Cottage, Leslieville, Toronto |work=Institute for Canadian Music |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331095214/http://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html |archive-date=2009-03-31 }}</ref>

By the time of [[Canadian Confederation]] (1867), songwriting had become a favored means of personal expression across the land. In a society in which most middle-class families now owned a harmonium or piano, and standard education included at least the rudiments of music, the result was often an original song.<ref>The Piano Concerto In Canada, 1900–1980 a bibliographic survey. by Zuk, Ireneus.  Baltimore, Md. Peabody Institute, 1985. 429 p. (Ref ML128 .P3Z85 1985t)</ref> Such stirrings frequently occurred in response to noteworthy events, and few local or national excitements were allowed to pass without some musical comment.<ref name="Century" >Making Music: Profiles from a Century of Canadian Music, Alex Barris and Ted Barris. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2001.</ref><ref>''Canadian news facts'' v. 35 no. 22 (15 December 2001. {{ISSN|0008-4565}}</ref>

The 1870s saw several conservatories open their doors, providing their string, woodwind and brass faculty, leading to the opportunity for any class level of society to learn music.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/publishing-and-printing-emc |title=Publishing and printing |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927111817/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/publishing-and-printing-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> [http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/o/n/e/onesweet.htm ''One Sweetly Solemn Thought''] in 1876 by [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]-based Robert S. Ambrose, became one of the most popular songs to ever be published in the 19th century.<ref name="abc" /> It fulfilled the purpose of being an appropriate song to sing in the parlors of homes that would not permit any [[Sacred|non-sacred]] music to be performed on Sundays. At the same time it could be sung in dance halls or on the stage along with selections from operas and [[operettas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cliffordfordpublications.ca/digital-collections//violin/one_sweetly_solemn_thought/ |title=''One Sweetly Solemn Thought'' Composer. Robert Steele Ambrose |work=Clifford Ford Publications |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120110558/http://cliffordfordpublications.ca/digital-collections/violin/one_sweetly_solemn_thought/ |archive-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Calixa Lavallée.png|right|thumb|upright|[[Calixa Lavallée]] (1842–1891)]]
"O Canada" was originally commissioned by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], the Honourable [[Théodore Robitaille]] (1834–1897), for the 1880 [[Fête nationale du Québec|St. Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2009-10-28|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada|title=O Canada|publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107011720/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/|archive-date=2015-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Calixa Lavallée]] (1842–1891) wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]] (1839–1920). The text was originally only in French, before it was translated into English from 1906 on.<ref name="anthem-fr" />

''[[Leo, the Royal Cadet]]'' a light [[opera]] with music by [[Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann]] and a [[libretto]] by [[George Frederick Cameron]] was composed in [[Kingston, Ontario]], in 1889. The work centres on Nellie's love for Leo, a cadet at the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] who becomes a hero serving during the [[Anglo-Zulu War]] in 1879. The operetta focussed on typical character types, events and concerns of Telgmann and Cameron's time and place.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_06551 |title=Leo, the Royal cadet [microform&#93; : Cameron, George Frederick, 1854–1885 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |date=2001-03-10 |isbn=9780665065514 |access-date=2010-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020045002/https://archive.org/details/cihm_06551 |archive-date=2012-10-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===20th century===
==== 1900–1929 ====
[[File:Robert Nathaniel Dett.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Robert Nathaniel Dett|R. Nathaniel Dett]] (1882–1943)]]
Prior to the development of the [[Phonograph|gramophone]], Canadian songwriters' works were published as sheet music, or in [[periodicals]] in local [[newspapers]] such as ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Montreal Gazette]]'' and ''[[Toronto Empire]]''. Most recordings purchased by [[Canadians]] in the early days of the gramophone were made by American and British performers, behind some of these international hits were Canadian songwriters.<ref>Music in Canada, capturing landscape and diversity by [[Elaine Keillor]]. Montreal McGill-Queen's University Press. 1939 ({{ISBN|0-7735-3177-7}})</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/oldnewspap/pap1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000304100709/http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/oldnewspap/pap1.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2000-03-04 |title=Early Toronto Newspapers II |publisher=Edunetconnect.com |access-date=2011-10-29 }}</ref> [[Robert Nathaniel Dett]] (1882–1943) was among the first [[Black Canadians|Black Canadian]] composers during the early years of the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]. His works often appeared among the programs of [[Will Marion Cook|William Marion Cook]]'s New York syncopated Orchestra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Southern|first=Eileen|title=The Music of Black Americans: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSvxJtF3_fUC&pg=PA356|year=1997|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-03843-9|page=356}}</ref> Dett himself performed at [[Carnegie Hall]] and at the [[Boston Symphony Hall]] as a pianist and [[choir director]].<ref>[[Eileen Southern|Southern, Eileen]]. ''The Music of Black Americans: A History''. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition. ({{ISBN|0-393-97141-4}})</ref> Following quickly on the gramophone's spread came [[Military history of Canada during the First World War|Canada's involvement in the First World War]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chamber-music-performance-emc |title=Chamber music performance |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927115432/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/chamber-music-performance-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The war was the catalyst for the writing and recording of large numbers of Canadian-written popular songs, some of which achieved lasting international commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/songwriters-and-songwriting-english-canada-before-1921-emc |title=Canadian Songwriting to 1920 |work=Historica Foundation of Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927111825/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/songwriters-and-songwriting-english-canada-before-1921-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The military during World War I produced official music such as [[March (music)|regimental marches]] and songs as well as utilitarian [[bugle call]]s. The soldiers had a repertoire of their own, largely consisting of new, often ribald, lyrics to older tunes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capsnews.org/barrcan.htm |work=Canadian Antique Phonograph Society |title=History of Recorded Sound in Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721162521/http://www.capsnews.org/barrcan.htm |archive-date=2012-07-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Murray Adaskin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Murray Adaskin]] (1906–2002)]]
Canada's first independent record label [[Compo Company]] built a pressing plant (the largest of its day) in 1918 at [[Lachine, Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capsnews.org/barrcom.htm |title=The Compo Company, History of Recorded Sound in Canada |work=Canadian Antique Phonograph Society |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185710/http://www.capsnews.org/barrcom.htm |archive-date=2009-09-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> Compo was originally created to serve the several American independent record companies such as [[Okeh Records]] which wanted to distribute records in Canada.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/compo-company-ltd-emc |title=Compo Company Ltd |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica Foundation of Canada) |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113203/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/compo-company-ltd-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1920s saw Canada's first radio stations, this allowed Canadian songwriters to contribute some of the most famous popular music of the early 20th century.<ref name="Before" >{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/songwriters-and-songwriting-english-canada-1921-1954-emc |title=Songwriters and Songwriting (English Canada) |work=Historica Foundation of Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927111830/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/songwriters-and-songwriting-english-canada-1921-1954-emc/ |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's first commercial radio station [[CINW|CFCF (formerly XWA)]] begins broadcasting regularly scheduled programming in Montreal in 1920, followed by [[CKAC]], Canada's first French language radio station, in 1922.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/issues_resources/cultural_policies/chronology/cult_policies_chronology.cfm |title=Canadian Cultural Policies Chronology 1920s |work=Canadian Cultural Policies Chronology |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617041915/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/issues_resources/cultural_policies/chronology/cult_policies_chronology.cfm |archive-date=2010-06-17 }}</ref> By 1923, there were 34 [[List of radio stations in Canada|radio stations in Canada]]<ref name="Act"/> and subsequently proliferated at a remarkable rate, and with them spread the popularity of [[jazz]]. Jazz became associated with all things modern, sophisticated, and also decadent.<ref name="1920s">Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–46. ({{ISBN|0-19-509514-6}})</ref>

In 1925, ''the Canadian Performing Rights Society'' was formed to administer public performance and [[royalties]] for composers and lyricists. It became known as the [[Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada|Composers, Authors and Publishers Association of Canada]] (CAPAC).<ref name="gold"/> Toronto-born [[Murray Adaskin]] (1906–2002) was a violinist, composer, conductor and teacher at the [[University of Saskatchewan]]. From 1923 to 1936 he was an orchestral and chamber musician with the [[Toronto Symphony Orchestra]], he was later named head of music at the University of Saskatchewan.<ref name="Adaskin" >{{Cite web|url=http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/adaskin/|title=The Murray Adaskin Collection|date=2003|website=University of Saskatchewan Archives|access-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301195857/http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/adaskin/|archive-date=2012-03-01|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a [[Artist in residence|composer-in-residence]] at the University of Saskatchewan, the first appointment of this type in Canada.<ref name=Everett-Green>Everett-Green, Robert. ''Composer expressed joy in art's beauty'', [[The Globe and Mail]], Wednesday, May 8, 2002. R7. Retrieved October 18, 2006.</ref>

The RCA Victor factory located in Montreal, Quebec housed Canada's first recording studio featuring polycylindrical walls which allowed the sounds to reflect in all directions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCA Victor building |url=https://memento.heritagemontreal.org/en/site/rca-victor-building/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Héritage Montréal |language=en-US}}</ref> Studio Victor had artists from across Canada come in and record in both English and French, as well as had many different genres be recorded within their walls such as jazz, chamber music, choirs, classical music, folk and country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCA Victor Studio (1929- c. 1980) |url=https://moeb.ca/en/hsrm/rca-victor-studio-1929-c-1980/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Musée des ondes Emile Berliner |language=en-US}}</ref> The factory is now home to many businesses one being the Musée des ondes Emile Berliner, a museum focused on the work of Berliner, mostly gramophones, flat disks, and later radios when his company merged with RCA, as well as the nature and science of sound waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About The Museum |url=https://moeb.ca/en/about-the-museum/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Musée des ondes Emile Berliner |language=en-US}}</ref>

====1930–1959====
{{See also|Rock music of Canada|Canadian blues|Canadian country music}}
[[File:Guy Lombardo 1944.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Guy Lombardo]] (1902–1977)]]During the [[Great Depression in Canada]], the majority of people listened to what today would be called [[Swing (dance)|swing]] (Jazz)<ref>Lanza, Joseph. (1994). Elevator Music: a Surreal History of Muzak, Easy-Listening, and Other Moodsong. New York: St. Martin's. {{ISBN|0-312-10540-1}}.</ref> just as [[Country music|country]] was starting its roots.<ref>Music in Canada: Capturing Landscape & Diversity, by [[Elaine Keillor]], 2006 (McGill-Queen's University Press)</ref> The diversity in the evolution of swing dancing in Canada is reflected in its many American names, [[Jive (dance)|Jive]], [[Jitterbug]] and [[Lindy Hop|Lindy]]. Canada's first big band star was [[Guy Lombardo]] (1902–1977), who formed his [[easy listening]] band, [[The Royal Canadians]], with his brothers and friends. They achieved international success starting in the mid-1920s selling an estimated 250 million [[phonograph records]], and were the first Canadians to have a #1 single on ''Billboard''{{'}}s top 100.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p1900/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Guy Lombardo 100 to 300 million phonograph records sold | work=  Biography (All Music Guide)|access-date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> In 1932, the first [[Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting|Broadcasting Act]] was passed by Parliament creating the [[Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission]]. It was to both regulate all broadcasting and create a new national public radio network.<ref name="Act"/> 1936, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] came into existence, at the time, a million Canadian households had a radio.<ref name="Act"/>

Emerging from the Great Depression on near equal-footing to [[American popular music]], Canadian popular music continued to enjoy considerable success at home and abroad in the following years.<ref name="gold">Before the gold rush: flashbacks to the dawn of the Canadian sound by Nicholas Jennings, (Yorkville ON: Viking, 1997) ({{ISBN|0-670-87381-0}})</ref><ref>Canadian music fast facts: profiles of Canada's pop music pioneers. by Randy Ray and Mark Kearney London, Ont. : Sparky Jefferson Productions, c1991. ({{ISBN|0-9695149-0-5}})</ref> Among them [[Montreal]]'s jazz [[virtuoso]] [[Oscar Peterson]] (1925–2007), considered to have been one of the greatest [[pianists]] of all time, releasing over 200 recordings and receiving several [[Grammy Awards]] during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite web | url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p7322/biography|pure_url=yes}} | title=Oscar Peterson Biography | publisher=AllMusic | author=Scott Yanow |access-date=2009-10-28 | author-link=Scott Yanow }}</ref> Also notable are [[country music stars]] [[Wilf Carter (musician)|Wilf Carter]] (1904-1996) and [[Hank Snow]] (1914–1999). Carter, from Nova Scotia, started out singing in the 1920s hosting a radio show in Alberta by 1930 before moving to America where he hosted another radio show scoring several hits. Snow, also from Nova Scotia, signed with [[RCA Victor]] in 1936 and went on to become one of America's biggest and most innovative [[country music]] superstars of the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>Wolfe, Charles. (1998). "Hank Snow". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 494–5. {{ISBN|0-19-517608-1}}</ref> Snow became a regular performer at the [[Grand Ole Opry]] on [[WSMV-TV|WSM]] in [[Nashville]] and released more than 45 [[LP album|LPs]] over his lifetime.<ref name="hank" >The Hank Snow Story: Hank Snow, the Singing Ranger. With Ownbey, Jack and Burris, Bob. Chicago, 1994 _({{ISBN|0-252-02089-8}})</ref> Snow was one of the inaugural inductees to the [[Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame]] started in 2003.<ref name="hank" />

[[Military history of Canada during the Second World War|Canada during the Second World War]] produced some patriotic songs, but they were not hits in the music industry sense.<ref name="gold" /> A number of Canadian singers who learned their craft in Canadian opera companies in the 1930s went on to sing in major international opera houses.<ref name="SOCAN" >SOCAN yearbook. Don Mills, Ont. : Society of Composers, Authors and Music publishers of Canada, 1994- (ML27 .C3S635)</ref> Most notable from the 1940s is [[contralto]] singer [[Portia White]] (1911–1968). She achieved international fame because of her voice and stage presence.<ref name="White"/> As a Canadian female of [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] descent, her popularity helped to open previously closed doors for talented women who followed. She has been declared "[[Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)|A person of national historic significance]]" by the [[Government of Canada]].<ref name="White">{{cite web |url=http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/famous_women/portia_white.html |title=Portia White 1911–1968 |work=The Centre for Canadian Studies |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318144810/http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/famous_women/portia_white.html |archive-date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> In 1964 she performed for [[Queen Elizabeth II]], at the opening of the [[Confederation Centre of the Arts]].<ref name="books" >{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqeZBw6nzjgC&pg=PA273 |title=100 Canadian heroines: famous and forgotten faces Pg.274 |isbn=978-1-55002-514-9 |last1=Forster |first1=Merna |year=2004 |publisher=Dundurn }}</ref>
[[File:PaulAnka07.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Paul Anka]], 2007]]
Following [[World War II]] a growth phase for Canadian bands was experienced, this time among school bands.<ref name="his" >{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC824778 |title=Expansion Since WWII, 1940–84 |work=Historica Foundation of Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607130816/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC824778 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rapid advances in the inclusion of instrumental music study in formal school curricula brought about fundamental changes to the philosophy of the band movement and the type of repertoire available.<ref name="his" /> The [[CHUM Chart]] debuted on May 27, 1957, under the name CHUM's Weekly Hit Parade, was in response to the fast-growing diversity of music that needed to be subdivided and categorized.<ref>Music Directory of Canada. 8th ed. Toronto : Norris-Whitney, 2001</ref> The CHUM charts were the longest-running Top 40 chart in Canada ending in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/article/217451 |title=Happy 50th birthday old CHUM |work=Toronto Star May 26, 2007 |access-date=2009-10-28 |first=Greg |last=Quill |date=2007-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220050243/http://www.thestar.com/article/217451 |archive-date=February 20, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1950s would see Pop vocal and Doo Wop groups the [[Four Lads]], [[The Crew-Cuts|Crew-Cuts]] and [[The Diamonds|Diamonds]] score several hits internationally becoming the first Canadian groups to do so in the Rock and Roll era. The [[The Crew-Cuts|Crew-Cuts]] would become famous with their covers of [[Doo Wop]] hits like "[[Sh-Boom]]" and "[[Earth Angel]]" while the Diamonds would do the same with "[[Little Darlin]]", "[[Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song)|Why Do Fools Fall In Love]]", "[[Silhouettes]]" and '"[[The Stroll]]". These records would be hits in America, Europe and Australia. 1958 saw its first [[Canadian rock|Canadian rock and roll]] [[teen idol]] [[Paul Anka]], who went to [[New York City]] where he auditioned for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] with the song "[[Diana (Paul Anka song)|Diana]]".<ref>Canadian musician periodical. Unionville Branch v. 20 no. 4, 1998 August {{ISSN|0708-9635}}</ref> This song brought Anka instant stardom as it reached number one on the [[Billboard charts|US Billboard charts]].<ref name="billboard">{{cite book|title=The Billboard Book of Hits Pg12|isbn=0-8230-8285-7|author1=Adam White |author2=Fred Bronson |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Billboard Books|year=1988}}</ref> "Diana" has gone on to be one of the best selling [[Gramophone record|45s]] in music history.<ref name="RPM">{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-101.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=ccntousk30frf6h4jsn237nm12 |title=RPM (magazine)collection at Library and Archives Canada |work=RPM Awards |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810214931/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-101.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=ccntousk30frf6h4jsn237nm12 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |url-status=dead }} Requires running a searches for Artist or year</ref> US-born [[rockabilly]] pioneer [[Ronnie Hawkins]] moved to Canada in 1958, where he became a key player in the [[Canadian blues]] and rock scene.<ref name="Official site1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ronniehawkins.com/bio_ronniehawkins.cfm|title=Ronnie Hawkins Biography|last=Hawkins|first=Ronnie|date=2008|work=Official Ronnie Hawkins Website|publisher=Hawkstone Enterprises Inc|access-date=2009-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421002446/http://www.ronniehawkins.com/bio_ronniehawkins.cfm|archive-date=2009-04-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 4th of October was declared "Ronnie Hawkins Day" by the city of [[Toronto]] when Hawkins was inducted into [[Canada's Walk of Fame]].<ref name="Walkfame">{{cite web | title= Canada's Walk of Fame inductees | work= canadaswalkoffame.com | access-date= 2006-11-26 | url= http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080713063006/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist | archive-date= 2008-07-13 }}Requires running a searches for Artist or year</ref> He was also inducted into the [[Canadian Music Week#Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame|Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite press release| title =Ronnie Hawkins 1958–2005| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator- Souvenir Edition |page= MP43| date =June 10, 2006}}</ref> and his pioneering contribution to rockabilly has been recognized with induction into the [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rockabilly Hall of Fame inductees|work=rockabillyhall.com|url=http://www.rockabillyhall.com/home.html|access-date=2006-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185918/http://www.rockabillyhall.com/home.html|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=live}}</ref> The first Canadian Rock band (as opposed to a vocal group like the Crew-Cuts and Diamonds) to score an international hit were the [[Beau-Marks]] with "Clap Your Hands" in 1960 which would make the charts in Canada, Australia and America and would get them invited the [[Ed Sullivan Show]] being the first Canadian band to do so.

====1960–1999====
{{See also|Canadian jazz}}
[[File:Neil Young in Nottingham 2009 (k).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Neil Young]], 2009]]
[[List of Canadian musicians|Canadian artists]] and [[List of bands from Canada|Canadian ensembles]] were generally forced to turn toward the United States to establish healthy long lasting careers during the 1960s.<ref name="chum" >{{cite book |title=The CHUM Story |author=Allen Farrel|publisher= Stoddart Publishing|year= 2001 |isbn=0-7737-6263-9}}</ref> Canada would produce some of the world's most influential singer-songwriters during this time.<ref>{{cite book|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|page= Volume 3|work= The United States and Canada|editor= Koskoff, Ellen|year=2000|publisher= Garland Publishing|isbn= 0-8240-4944-6}}</ref> [[Gordon Lightfoot]] made his first chart appearance in June 1962. Among the most notable is [[Neil Young]] who has been inducted into the [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]], Canada's Walk of Fame and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] twice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Neil Young- reflections in broken glass|author= Simmons, Sylvie |year=2001|publisher= Edinburgh: Mojo|isbn=1-84195-084-X}}</ref> [[Leonard Cohen]] has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame and is also a Companion of the Order of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |author=James Hale |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/leonard-cohen-emc |title=Leonard Cohen |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=2011-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216213559/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/leonard-cohen-emc/ |archive-date=2014-02-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Folk legend [[Joni Mitchell]] is an [[Alberta]] native, and has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Other important Canadian Rock artists who would have significant international success in the 60's were the [[The Guess Who|Guess Who]], [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]] and [[The Band]] along with members of [[Buffalo Springfield]], the [[Lovin' Spoonful]] and the [[Mamas & the Papas]]. In Jazz pianist and arranger [[Gil Evans]] would be notable for his collaborations with [[Miles Davis]] on a series of classic albums and trumpeter [[Maynard Ferguson]] for his work with [[Stan Kenton]].

[[Walt Grealis]] of Toronto started in the music business with [[Apex Records]] in 1960, the Ontario distributor for Compo Company. He later joined [[London Records]], where he worked until February 1964, when he then established [[RPM (magazine)|''RPM'' weekly trade magazine]]. From the first issue of ''RPM Weekly'' on February 24, 1964, to its final issue on November 13, 2000, ''RPM'' was the defining charts in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/index-e.html?PHPSESSID=hcpqabrflcj0j327o3unbt23d7 |title=RPM 1964–2000 The Conscience of Canada's Music Industry |work=Library and Archives Canada -RPM history |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013070639/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/index-e.html?PHPSESSID=hcpqabrflcj0j327o3unbt23d7 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The American and British [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture explosion]] and [[History of the hippie movement|hippie movement]] had diverted music to that which was dominated by socially and American politically incisive lyrics by the late 1960s.<ref>San Francisco Chronicle, 18 January 1967 column, p. 27</ref> The music was an attempt to reflect upon the events of the time – [[civil rights]], the [[Vietnam War|war in Vietnam]] and the rise of [[feminism]].<ref name="Axes" >Axes, Chops & Hot Licks: the Canadian rock music scene by Ritchie York, (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1971, 1979) ({{ISBN|0-88830-052-2}})</ref> This led to the Canadian government passing [[Canadian content]] legislation to help Canadian artists. On January 18, 1971, regulations came into force requiring AM radio stations to devote 30 percent of their musical selections to Canadian content. Although this was (and still is) controversial, it quite clearly contributed to the development of a nascent Canadian pop star system.<ref name="Act">{{cite web|url=http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/forum/1998/august/appendix1.html|title=Highlights in the Evolution of Canadian Content Regulations|publisher=The Fraser Institute|access-date=2009-07-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201111139/http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/forum/1998/august/appendix1.html|archive-date=2008-12-01}}</ref>

With the introduction in the mid-1970s of mainstream music on FM radio stations, where it was common practice to program extended performances, musicians were no longer limited to songs of three minutes' duration as dictated by AM stations for decades.<ref name="chum" /> Other notable musicians who have been one of the largest Canadian exports include the [[progressive rock]] band [[Rush (band)|Rush]], Triumph and [[Bryan Adams]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/A/Adams_Bryan/2004/12/01/753551.html | author = Armstrong, Denis | title = Bryan Adams not slowing down | date = December 1, 2004 | publisher = [[Jam!]] | work = [[Ottawa Sun]] | access-date = August 15, 2010 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120722163811/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/A/Adams_Bryan/2004/12/01/753551.html | archive-date = July 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RIAA gold and platinum certifications search|work=riaa.com|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|access-date=2007-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622190816/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|archive-date=2013-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref> In the classical world, homegrown talent [[Canadian Brass]] was established in Toronto in 1970.
[[File:Anne Murray in November 1970 (close crop).png|thumb|170x170px|Anne Murray]]
Country music remained popular in Canada in the 1970s thanks to the CBC's [[Tommy Hunter|The Tommy Hunter]] show and the [[Adult contemporary music|adult contemporary]] radio format which benefited the international stardom of [[Anne Murray]]. However, the more mainstream sound would hinder [[Stompin' Tom Connors]] until he would have a revival in the 1990s.

Canada's first nationwide music awards began as a reader poll conducted by Canadian music industry trade magazine ''RPM Weekly'' in December 1964.<ref name="Juno Awards at The Canadian Encyclopedia" /> A similar balloting process continued until 1970 when the ''RPM Gold Leaf Awards'', as they were then known, were changed to the [[Juno Awards]].<ref name="Juno Awards at The Canadian Encyclopedia" /> The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] held the first Juno Award ceremony in 1975.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa/page/127 127]|title=Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood|first=Ryan|last=Edwardson|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0|access-date=2011-01-16}}</ref> This was in response to rectifying the same concerns about promotion of Canadian artists that the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] had.<ref name="Juno Awards at The Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/juno-awards|title=Juno Awards|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada|author=McLean, Steve|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405140122/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/juno-awards/|archive-date=5 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Flickr Bryan Adams in Peterborough 2009 (05).jpg|thumb|[[Bryan Adams]], 2009]]

Canadian music changed course in the 1980s and 1990s, the changing fast-paced culture was accompanied by an explosion in [[Youth subculture|youth culture]].<ref name="heart" >Heart of Gold: 30 years of Canadian pop music by Martin Melhuish, (Toronto: CBC Enterprises, 1983) ({{ISBN|978-0-88794-112-2}}</ref> Until the mid-1960s, little attention was paid to music by Canadian daily [[newspapers]] except as news or novelty. With the introduction during the late 1970s of the "[[music critic]]", coverage began to rival that of any other topic. [[Media of Canada|Canadian publications]] devoted to all styles of music either exclusively or in tandem with more general editorial content directed to young readers, was expanding exponentially.<ref name="Arts" >''The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure?''B. J. Moore-Gilbert 1994 Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-09906-4}}. Page 240</ref>

The influence and innovations of [[Canadian hip hop]] came to the foreground in Canada, with musicians Like [[Maestro Fresh Wes]], [[Snow (musician)|Snow]], and the [[Dream Warriors (band)|Dream Warriors]], when [[music video]]s became an important marketing tool for Canadian musicians, with the debut of [[MuchMusic]] in 1984 and [[MusiquePlus]] in 1986. Now both English and French Canadian musicians had outlets to promote all forms of music through video in Canada.<ref name=havenot>Michael Barclay, Ian A.D. Jack and Jason Schneider, ''[[Have Not Been the Same: The Can-Rock Renaissance 1985-1995]]''. [[ECW Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-55022-992-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muchmusic.com/aboutus/faq/#programming |title=What is the first video that MuchMusic aired? |publisher=Muchmusic.com |date=1984-08-31 |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820012401/http://www.muchmusic.com/aboutus/faq/#programming |archive-date=2009-08-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The networks were not just an opportunity for artists to get their videos played—the networks created [[VideoFACT]], a fund to help emerging artists ''produce'' their videos.<ref>{{cite web | title=MuchFACT | website=videofact.ca | date=2010-02-27 | url=http://www.videofact.ca/home/background | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227092152/http://www.videofact.ca/home/background | archive-date=2010-02-27 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>

Canadian women at the end of the 20th century enjoyed greater international commercial success than ever before.<ref>Women Musicians in Canada "on the record" ''the Music Division of the National Library of Canada'' / by C. Gillard. Ottawa : NLC, 1995. [6] leaves. (ML136 .O8G54 1995t)</ref> Canadian women set a new pinnacle of success, in terms financial, critical and in their immediate and strong influence on their respective genres.<ref name="hand" >Hand Me Down World: the Canadian pop-rock paradox by Greg Potter, (Toronto: Macmillan, 1999) ({{ISBN|0-7715-7642-0}})</ref> They were the women and daughters who had fought for [[Feminism in Canada|emancipation and equality]] a generation before.<ref name="hand" /> Like [[Shania Twain]], [[Alanis Morissette]] and most notable is [[French Canadian|French-Canadian]] singer, [[Celine Dion]], who became Canada's best-selling music artist,<ref>{{cite web | title=Dion Named All-time Best-selling Canadian Act| website=allbusiness.com | date=2006-01-06 | url=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4599216-1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926131934/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4599216-1.html | archive-date=2010-09-26 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brockpress.com/2009/03/high-fidelity-top-selling-canadian-artists/|title=High Fidelity: Top Selling Canadian Artists|last=Learn|first=Josh|date=2009-03-10|website=The Brock Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825042810/http://www.brockpress.com/2009/03/high-fidelity-top-selling-canadian-artists/|archive-date=2019-08-25|url-status=live}}</ref> and who, in 2004, received the [[Chopard Diamond Award]] from the [[World Music Awards]] for surpassing 175 million in album sales, worldwide.<ref name="riaa">{{cite web |title=RIAA statistics |work=RIAA Certifications |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725044833/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond |archive-date=2013-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/journey_awards.html |title=World's Best Selling Female Artist of All Time |work=Sony Music Entertainment Canada |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208035625/http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/journey_awards.html |archive-date=2009-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutcelinedion.net/celine-dion-awards.html |title=Celine Dion Awards |work=.aboutcelinedion.net |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323031025/http://www.aboutcelinedion.net/celine-dion-awards.html |archive-date=2010-03-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/dion-lavigne-score-trophies-at-world-music-awards-1.650228|title=Dion, Lavigne score trophies at World Music Awards|date=2007-11-05|website=CBC|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>

===21st century===
{{See also|Caribbean music in Canada|Canadian hip hop}}
[[File:MichaelBubleSmileeb2011.jpg|right|upright|thumb|[[Michael Bublé]] in February 2011]]

The turn of the millennium was a time of incredible nationalism, at least as far as [[List of radio stations in Canada|Canadian radio]] is concerned.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Canadian encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop03mars_0 |url-access=registration |work= James H|publisher=Marsh Edition: 2|year= 1988 |page=Item notes: v. 3–273|isbn=0-7710-2099-6}}</ref> The 1971 [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] rules (30% Canadian content on Canadian radio)<ref name="Act" /> finally come into full effect and by the end of the 20th century radio stations would have to play 35% Canadian content.<ref>{{cite web |title=A home-grown philosophy of Canadian content |work=by Charles Gordon The Ottawa Citizen, May 7, 1998 |url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/articles/sovereignty_identity/philosophy_content.cfm |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514030349/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/articles/sovereignty_identity/philosophy_content.cfm |archive-date=May 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to an explosion in the 21st century of Canadian pop musicians dominating the airwaves unlike any era before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|title=The CHUM Story |work=by Allen Farrell|publisher= (C.A ON: Stoddart Publishing|year= 2001|isbn= 0-7737-6263-9}}</ref> In 1996, [[VideoFACT]] launched PromoFACT, a funding program to help new artists produce electronic press kits and [[websites]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videofact.ca/home/background |title=A Foundation To Assist Canadian Talent, was created in 1984 |work=VIDEOFACT AND PROMOFACT |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227092152/http://www.videofact.ca/home/background |archive-date=2010-02-27 }}</ref> At about the same time, the [[CD]] (cheap to manufacture) replaced the [[vinyl album]] and [[cassette tape]] (expensive to manufacture).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-10705268.html |title=End of track. (the vinyl record is meeting its demise in music recording industry) |publisher=The Economist (US) |date=May 11, 1991 |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025203913/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-10705268.html |archive-date=October 25, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the [[Internet]] allowed musicians to directly distribute their music, thus bypassing the selection of the old-fashioned "[[record label]]".<ref name="Gar"/><ref name=Millard>{{cite book|work=Millard, Andre|url=https://archive.org/details/americaonrecordh0000mill |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/americaonrecordh0000mill/page/353 353]|title=America on Record-A History of Recorded Sound |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-521-47556-2|access-date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> Canada's mainstream music industry has suffered as a result of the internet and the boom of independent music. The drop in annual sales between 1999, the year that [[Napster]]'s unauthorized [[peer-to-peer]] file sharing service launched,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_33/b3694003.htm |title=Napster's High and Low Notes |publisher=Businessweek |date=August 14, 2000 |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001100740/http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_33/b3694003.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the end of 2004 was $465 million.<ref name="President">{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/about.php |work=Canadian Recording Industry Association |title=(CRIA)President's Message |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603102246/http://cria.ca/about.php |archive-date=2009-06-03 }}</ref>
[[File:Drake_Summer_Sixteen_Tour.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Drake (musician)|Drake]] performing at the [[Summer Sixteen Tour]] in Toronto in 2016]]
In 2007, Canada joined the controversial [[Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement]] talks,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/ContentTopicSummary____34357.aspx |title=Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement |work=Ministry of Economic Development (Wellington, New Zealand) |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072750/http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/ContentTopicSummary____34357.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> whose outcome will{{Speculation inline|date=May 2024}} have a significant impact on the Canadian music industry.<ref name="President" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/legislation/canadian_law/federal/copyright_act/cdn_copyright_ov.cfm |title=Canadian Copyright Act – Overview |work=Media Awareness Network (Department of Justice) |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217042812/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/legislation/canadian_law/federal/copyright_act/cdn_copyright_ov.cfm |archive-date=2010-02-17 }}</ref> In 2010 Canada introduced new copyright legislation.<ref name=digital/> The amended law makes hacking digital locks illegal, but enshrine into law the ability of purchasers to record and copy music from a CD to portable devices.<ref name=digital>{{cite web |title=Canada announces new copyright law for digital age |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iI9pXzLLcyvoJCMSwKgUvHEbH3HA |year=2010 |access-date=2010-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606035809/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iI9pXzLLcyvoJCMSwKgUvHEbH3HA |archive-date=2010-06-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:The Weeknd Portrait by Brian Ziff.jpg|thumb|upright|[[The Weeknd]] in 2021]]
The early 2000s saw Canadian independent artists continue to expand their audience into the United States and beyond.<ref name="McEwan2011">{{cite book|author=Paul McEwan|title=Bruce McDonald's 'Hard Core Logo'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqb3o_J0wXYC&pg=PT64|date=31 October 2011|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-6077-9|pages=64–65}}</ref> Mainstream Canadian artists with global recorded contracts such as [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Avril Lavigne]], [[Michael Bublé]], [[Nickelback]], [[Drake (musician)|Drake]], [[The Weeknd]], [[Shawn Mendes]] and [[Justin Bieber]] reached new heights in terms of international success, while dominating the American music charts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/the-canadian-invasion-musicians-from-the-great-white-north-dominate-u-s-charts|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111210044603/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/12/09/the-canadian-invasion-musicians-from-the-great-white-north-dominate-u-s-charts/|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-12-10|publisher=National Post|author=Ben Kaplan|year=2011|title=The Canadian Invasion: Musicians from the Great White North dominate U.S. charts|access-date=2013-05-28}}</ref> The late 2010s and early 2020 saw the deaths of [[Gord Downie]] of [[The Tragically Hip]] and [[Neil Peart]] of [[Rush (band)|Rush]].

==Anthems==
[[File:O Canada.svg|thumb|right|upright|Sheet music for Canada's national anthem. [[O Canada]]]]
{{main|Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada}}
Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the [[Constitution Act, 1867|first legal steps to independence]] by over 50 years. The earliest, "[[The Bold Canadian]]", was written in 1812.<ref name="Jortner2011">{{cite book|author=Adam Jortner|title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217|date=12 December 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976529-4|page=217|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904061806/https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217|archive-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"[[O Canada]]" – the national anthem adopted in 1980.<ref name="anthem-fr">{{cite web
  |author=Government of Canada
  |title=Hymne national du Canada
  |work=Canadian Heritage
  |publisher=Government of Canada
  |date=2008-06-23
  |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
  |access-date=2008-06-26
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084708/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
  |archive-date=2009-01-29
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref>
*"[[God Save the King]]" – Royal Anthem of Canada since 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-eng.cfm |title=Canadian Heritage – National Anthem: O Canada |publisher=Pch.gc.ca |date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515113519/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-eng.cfm |archive-date=2011-05-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]" – unofficial old national anthem 1867.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/patriot-eng.cfm |title=Canadian Heritage – Patriotic Songs |publisher=Pch.gc.ca |date=2010-03-03 |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515112035/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/patriot-eng.cfm |archive-date=2011-05-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"[[Alberta (anthem)|Alberta]]" official anthem of [[Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Anonymous|title=Canada Alberta: Alberta Provincial Song|url=http://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/naw_id/PSC-001|work=Sheet music|publisher=National Anthems of the World Organisation|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105211/http://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/naw_id/PSC-001|archive-date=14 December 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"[[Ode to Newfoundland]]" – official anthem of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
*"[[The Island Hymn]]" – official anthem of [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-26|title=Provincial Anthem|url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/provincial-anthem|access-date=2021-05-10|website=princeedwardisland.ca}}</ref>
*"[[Gens du pays]]" – unofficial anthem of [[Quebec]]. Commonly associated with Quebec sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Gens du pays' {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gens-du-pays-emc|access-date=2021-05-10|website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>

==Accolades==
[[File:ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg|upright|right|thumb|[[Shania Twain]] holding her 2011 Juno Award]]
The [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]] established in 1976 honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.<ref name="Inc.2005">{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6xQEAAAAMBAJ|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6xQEAAAAMBAJ/page/n12 13]|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> The ceremony is held each year as part of Canada's main annual music industry awards, the [[Juno Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Juno Award winners list by year|format=Requires a search by year|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/juno-awards.html|work=[[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]|publisher=[[MetroLeap Media Inc.|MetroLeap Media]]|access-date=2009-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002231951/http://www.metrolyrics.com/juno-awards.html|archive-date=2012-10-02|url-status=unfit}}</ref>

The [[Governor General's Performing Arts Awards for Lifetime Artistic Achievement]] are the foremost honours presented for excellence in the performing arts, in the categories of [[dance]], [[classical music]], [[popular music]], [[film]], and [[radio]] and [[television]] broadcasting.<ref name="Jennings2009">{{cite book|author=Sarah Jennings|title=Art and Politics: The History of the National Arts Centre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdjXSiWAwC4C&pg=PA246|date=June 11, 2009|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-886-7|page=246}}</ref> They were initiated in 1992 by then Governor General [[Ray Hnatyshyn]], and winners receive $25,000 and a medal struck by the [[Royal Canadian Mint]].<ref name=GGPAALA>{{cite web| url=http://www.ggpaa.ca/en/awards.html| title=The Awards| publisher=Governor General's Performing Arts Awards Foundation| access-date=23 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310104211/http://www.ggpaa.ca/en/awards.html| archive-date=10 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref>

Canada also has many specific music awards, both for different genres and for geographic regions:
* [[CASBY Award]]s – Canada's annual [[indie rock|independent]] and [[Alternative rock|alternative]] music awards
* [[Canadian Country Music Award]]s – Canada's annual [[country music]] industry awards
* [[GMA Canada]] [[Covenant Awards]] – Canada's national awards for the [[Gospel music]] industry
* [[East Coast Music Awards]] – annual music appreciation for the East Coast of Canada
* [[Felix Award]]s – annual prize for members of the [[Quebec]] music industry
* [[Canadian Folk Music Awards]] – annual ceremony for achievements in [[folk music|folk]] and [[world music|world]] music
* [[MuchMusic Video Award]]s – Canada's annual [[music video]] awards
* [[Polaris Music Prize]] – award annually given to the best full-length Canadian [[album]] based on artistic merit
* [[Prism Prize]] – annual award for achievements in music video
* [[Canadian Urban Music Awards]] – Canada's annual [[urban music]] awards
* [[Aboriginal rock|Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards]] – Canada's annual appreciation for the promoters, creators and performers of [[Aboriginal rock|Aboriginal music]]
* [[Western Canadian Music Awards]] – annual music appreciation for the western part of Canada

==Cultural and regional==
{{Canada provinces map|align=right|prefix=Music of|the=the|caption=Music of Canada (by province or territory)}}
{{main|Music of Canadian cultures|Canadian music genres}}
Distinctive music scenes have been an integral part of the cultural landscape of Canada. With Canada being vast in size, the country throughout its history has had regional music scenes, with a wide and diverse accumulation of styles and genres from many different individual communities, such as [[Inuit music]], [[music of the Maritimes]] and [[Canadian fiddle|Canadian fiddle music]].<ref>Encyclopedia of Canadian rock, pop and folk music by Rick Jackson, (Kingston, ON: Quarry Press, Inro (1994) ({{ISBN|1-55082-107-5}})</ref>{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Canada|Music}}
*[[List of diamond-certified albums in Canada]]
*[[List of number-one singles in Canada]]
*[[List of radio stations in Canada]]
*[[List of Canadian composers]]
*[[List of Canadian musicians]]
*[[List of bands from Canada]]
*[[Canadian classical music]]
*[[Canadian opera]]
*[[National Youth Orchestra of Canada]]
*''[[The Top 100 Canadian Albums]]'' (2007)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Adria, Marco (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=11FTGDW4dd8C&dq=Music+of+our+times%3A+Eight+Canadian+Singer-Songwriters+Google+books&pg=PA109 ''Music of Our times: Eight Canadian Singer-Songwriters.''] Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd.
* Asselin, André (1968). ''Panorama de la musique canadienne''. 2e éd., rev. et augm. Paris: Éditions de la diaspora française.
* Audley, Paul. "The Recording Industry" and "Radio", in his ''Canada's Cultural Industries: Broadcasting, Publishing, Records, and Film'' (Toronto: J. Lorimer & Co., in Association with the Canadian Institute for Economic Policy, 1983), p.&nbsp;141–212. {{ISBN|0-88862-459-X}} (pbk.)
* {{Cite book |last =Beckwith |first =John  |year =1997 |title =Music papers: articles and talks by a Canadian composer, 1961–1994
  |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw5yVtb9qBsC&pg=PP1 |publisher=Golden Dog Press |isbn= 0-919614-72-8}}
* {{Cite book |last = Browner |first = Tara|year = 2009|title =Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America
  |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QXkM557ASogC&pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn= 978-0-252-02221-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last = Edwardson |first =Ryan |year =2009 |title =Canuck rock: a history of Canadian popular music
  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cwc4o2qntH4C&pg=PP1|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9989-1 }}
* {{cite book|last=McCready|first=Louise G.|title=Famous Musicians: MacMillan, Johnson, Pelletier, Willan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXlTAAAAYAAJ|series=Canadian Portraits|volume=2|year=1957|publisher=Clarke, Irwin|isbn=978-0-7720-0502-1 |oclc=760065732}}
* {{cite book|author=Martin Melhuish|title=Heart of Gold: 30 Years of Canadian Pop Music|year=1983|publisher=CBC Enterprises|isbn=978-0-88794-112-2}}
* Edward Balthasar Moogk (1975). ''Roll Back the Years: History of Canadian Recorded Sound and Its Legacy, Genesis to 1930''. National Library of Canada. ''N.B''.: In part, also, a bio-discography; the hardback ed. comes with a "phonodisc of historical Canadian recordings" (33 1/3 r.p.m., mono., 17&nbsp;cm.) which the 1980 pbk. reprint lacks. {{ISBN|0-660-01382-7}} (pbk.)
* Edith Kathryn Moogk (1988). ''Title Index to Canadian Works Listed in Edward B. Moogk's "Roll Back the Years, History of Canadian Recorded Sound, Genesis to 1930"'', in series, ''C.A.M.L. Occasional Papers'', no. 1. Canadian Association of Music Libraries. ''N.B''.: Title and fore-matter also in French; supplements the index within E. B. Moogk's book. {{ISBN|0-9690583-3-0}}
* {{Cite book |last = Morey |first =Carl |year =1997 |title =Music in Canada: a research and information guide
  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eZQch8ieRtsC&pg=PP1|publisher= Routledge|isbn=0-8153-1603-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Pegley  |first =Kip |year =2009 |title =Coming to you wherever you are: MuchMusic, MTV, and youth identities
  |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2YLmEqymuPIC&pg=PP1|publisher=Wesleyan Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6869-4  }}
* Lucien Poirier, ed. (1983). ''Répertoire bibliographique de textes de presentation generale et d'analyse d'oeuvres musicales canadienne, 1900–1980'' = ''Canadian Musical Works, 1900–1980: a Bibliography of General and Analytical Sources''. Under the direction of Lucien Poirier; compiled by Chantal Bergeron [et al.]. Canadian Association of Music Libraries. {{ISBN|0-9690583-2-2}}
* Truffaut, Serge (1984). ''Le Jazz à Montréal'', in series, ''Collection Montréal''. Montréal, Qué.: Groupe Québec-Rock. ''N.B''.: A chronology. Without ISBN
* {{cite book|title=Music in Canada : capturing landscape and diversity|url=https://archive.org/details/musicincanadacap0000keil|url-access=registration|last=Keillor|first=Elaine|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-7735-3177-7|publication-place=Montreal Ithaca|oclc=65206128|author-link=Elaine Keillor}}
*''[http://library.queensu.ca/webmus/canmus.htm Canadian Music Catalogues and Acquisitions lists].'' Toronto, (1971) various lists of Canadian music (orchestral, vocal, chamber, choral).
* {{cite book|author=Nancy-Lou Patterson|title=Canadian native art: arts and crafts of Canadian Indians and Eskimos|year=1973|publisher=Collier-Macmillan Canada}}
* {{cite book|author=Willy Amtmann|title=Music in Canada, 1600–1800|year=1975|publisher=Habitex Books|isbn= 0-88912-020-X}}
* {{cite book|author1=Keith Campbell MacMillan|author2=John Beckwith|title=Contemporary Canadian composers|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarycana00macm|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-540244-5 }}
* {{cite book|author=Willy Amtmann|title=La musique au Québec, 1600–1875|year=1976|publisher=Les éditions de l'Homme|isbn= 0-7759-0517-8}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycxHAAAAMAAJ|title=Répertoire bibliographique de textes de présentation générale et d'analyse d'œuvres musicales canadiennes (1900-1980)|date=1983 |publisher=Canadian Association of Music Libraries |isbn=9780969058328 |editor-last=Bergeron |editor-first=Chantal|series=Publications |volume=3|location=Ottawa|language=en, fr |trans-title=Canadian Musical Works 1900-1980: a Bibliography of General and Analytical Sources|editor-last2=Poirier|editor-first2=Lucien}}
* {{cite book|author1=Randy Ray|author2=Mark Kearney|title=Canadian Music Fast Facts: Profiles of Canada's Pop Music Pioneers|year=1991|publisher=Sparky Jefferson Productions|isbn=978-0-9695149-0-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Kearney | first=Mark | title=Canadian music fast facts : a resource booklet on Canadian pop music history | publisher=Sparky Jefferson Productions | publication-place=London, Ont | year=1991 | isbn=0-9695149-0-5 | oclc=24284249 }}
* {{cite book | last=Jackson | first=Rick | title=Encyclopedia of Canadian rock, pop & folk music | publisher=Quarry Press | publication-place=Kingston, Ont | year=1994 | isbn=1-55082-107-5 | oclc=30068350 }}
*''Women Musicians in Canada "on the record the Music Division of the National Library of Canada'' by C. Gillard. Ottawa : NLC, (1995) ({{ISBN|0-7759-0517-8}})
* {{cite book | last=Pryke | first=Kenneth | title=Profiles of Canada | publisher=Irwin Pub | publication-place=Toronto, On | year=1998 | isbn=0-585-27925-X | oclc=45730847 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Music of Canada}}
{{Wikiquote|music}}
*[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cmpi-ipmc/index-e.html Canadian Music Periodical (CMPI)] – Library and Archives Canada
*[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-200-e.html?PHPSESSID=ccntousk30frf6h4jsn237nm12 ''RPM Magazine'', 1964–2000] – Library and Archives Canada
*[https://www.legitloaded.com/meet-american-top-music-artistes-who-has-been-boosting-since-years/ Meet American Top Musician]
*https://moeb.ca 

{{Canada topics}}
{{Music topics}}
{{North America topic|Music of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Canada}}
[[Category:Music of Canada| ]]
[[Category:Canadiana]]