View source for Music of Colombia

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{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Culture of Colombia}}
{{multiple image
| image1 = Ejes musicales de Colombia.png
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The '''music of Colombia''' is an expression of [[Colombian culture]], [[music genre]]s, both traditional and modern, according with the features of each [[Natural Regions of Colombia|geographic region]], although it is not uncommon to find different musical styles in the same region. The diversity in musical expressions found in Colombia can be seen as the result of a mixture of Amerindian, African, and European (especially Spanish) influences, as well as more modern [[Music of the United States|American]].

Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a full spectrum of rhythms ranging from [[Pop music]] and [[Classical music]] to [[Salsa music|Salsa]] and [[Rock music]]. Colombian music is promoted mainly by the support of the largest record labels, independent companies and the Government of Colombia, through the [[Ministry of Culture (Colombia)|Ministry of Culture]].

==[[Caribbean region of Colombia|Caribbean region]]==

Colombia is known as "the land of a thousand rhythms" but actually holds over 1,025 folk rhythms. Some of the best known genres are [[cumbia]] and [[vallenato]]. The most recognized interpreters of traditional Caribbean and [[Afro-Colombians#Music|Afro-Colombian music]] are [[Totó la Momposina]] and [[Francisco Zumaque|Francisco Zumaqué]]. 

=== Western Caribbean Region ===
==== Cumbia ====
{{Main|Cumbia}}
[[Image:Monumento a la cumbia 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Monument to the dance and music of [[cumbia]] in [[El Banco]].]]
Cumbia began as a courtship dance practiced among the African population on the Caribbean coasts of Colombia. It is a mixture of Spanish, [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Native Colombian]] and African music. The style of dance is designed to recall the shackles worn around the ankles of the slaves. In the 19th century, slavery was abolished and Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups got a more complete integration in the Colombian culture.

Cumbia is a complex, rhythmic music which arose on Colombia's Atlantic coast. In its original form, cumbia bands included only [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] and vocals; modern groups include [[saxophone]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]] and [[trombone]]s as well. It evolved out of native influences, combining both traditions. Some observers have claimed that the dance originally associated with iron chains around the ankle. Others still believe that it is a direct import from [[Guinea]], which has a popular dance form called cumbe.

[[File:Horizonte 2013 1638.JPG|thumb|left|The Afro-Colombian ensemble [[Monsieur Periné]] mixes cumbian sounds with a gypsy-swing style.<ref name="twsSDiegoTrib">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sdut-monsieur-perine-concert-preview-2016may03-story.html |title=Monsieur Periné set for San Diego debut |last=Varga |first=George |date=May 3, 2016 |work=San Diego Union Tribune |access-date=February 22, 2017 }}</ref>]]
Cumbia's form was solidified in the 1940s when it spread from the rural countryside to urban and middle-class audiences. [[Mambo (music)|Mambo]], [[big band]] and [[porro]] [[brass band]] influences were combined by artists like [[Lucho Bermúdez]] to form a refined form of cumbia that soon entered the Golden Age of Cumbia during the 1950s. [[Discos Fuentes]], the largest and most influential [[record label]] in the country, was founded during this time. [[Fruko]], known as the ''Godfather of Salsa'', introduced Cuban [[salsa music|salsa]] to Colombia and helped bring Discos Fuentes to national prominence by finding artists like [[La Sonora Dinamita]], who brought cumbia to Mexico, where it remains popular.

{{Multiple image
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}}

It is worth pointing out that the "classic" cumbia known throughout Colombia is the Cumbia Cienaguera. This song reflects a uniquely Colombian feel known as "sabor" (flavour) and "ambiente" (atmosphere). Arguably, this song has remained a Colombian staple through the years and is widely known as Colombia's unofficial national anthem. Some artists are Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto, Los Graduados, [[Los Black Stars]], Los Golden Boys, Los Teen Agers, and Los Corraleros de Majagual. In the United States, an Afro- Colombian band based in New York called Grupo Rebolu, performs a variety of Afro-Colombian rhythms with authentic instruments such as Tambora and Tambor Alegre. Their repertoire includes Cumbia and many more genres from the Northern coast of Colombia as part of their original compositions.{{external media
| width  = 300px
| float  = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnBrxD_XZlI La vida vale la pena (Tambora - Eje musical Caribe Occidental)], Interpretado por Petrona Martínez en YouTube
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQQNVuCEYqw Los sabores del porro (Porro - Eje musical Caribe Occidental)], Interpretado por Totó la Momposina en YouTube
| video3 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avGQlgc8TGI& Una canción en el Magdalena (Cumbia sentá - Eje musical Caribe Occidental)], Interpretado por Martina Camargo en YouTube
| video4 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIPsA7ZB99M& Danza negra (Cumbia de salón - Eje musical Caribe Occidental)], Interpretado por Matilde Díaz, compuesta por Lucho Bermudez en YouTube
| video5 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNKdkP9d2p4& Me duele el alma (Fandango - Eje musical Caribe Occidental)], Interpretado por María Mulata en YouTube
| video6 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLJSMn5Mc2U El botón del pantalón (Terapia - Eje musical Caribe Occidental)], Interpretado por Sistema Solar en YouTube
}}

====Champeta and African-diasporic music====
Some Colombian communities, such as [[Department of Chocó|Chocó]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], San Andres and Providence Island, have large African-descendant communities. Unlike most of the country, cultural mixing with native and European influences have been rare, and, especially in El Chocó, music has changed little since being imported from [[West Africa]]. Providencia Island is also home to a type of folk music which is closely related to [[mento]], a [[Jamaica]]n folk form. Most influentially, however, is the city of Cartagena and its [[champeta]] music which has been influenced by [[soukous]], [[compas]], [[Zouk (musical movement)|zouk]], and [[reggae]]. Champeta musicians have included Luis Towers, El Afinaíto, El Sayayín, El Pupy, and [[Boogaloo]], while others like Elio Boom have incorporated Jamaican [[raggamuffin music]] to champeta.

====Porro====
{{Main|Porro}}
[[Porro]] bands are a form of [[big band]] music that came from [[Sucre Department|Sucre]], [[Córdoba Department|Córdoba]] and Sabana de Bolívar. The [[brass instrument|brass]] ensembles are modeled after European military bands. Notable porros include [[Pacho Galan]].

===Eastern Caribbean musical region===
====Vallenato====
{{Main|Vallenato}}
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{{listen
 | pos = yum
 | filename     = La puya rebelde.ogg
 | title        = La puya rebelde (Puya - example of a genre of folk music in the Eastern Caribbean.)
 | description  = 
 | format       = [[Ogg]]}}

Vallenato was first played by the pre-Columbian Indians using traditional instruments. The first vallenato singer was Guillermo Buitrago, born in the Magdalena department. Vallenato did not always use accordion as its main instrument. In fact, from 1920 to 1936 the main instrument was the guitar. Groups such as bovea and sus vallenatos also are among the first vallenato singers. They form the group in the city of Barranquilla Atlantico department. They also were the first to take the vallenato music to a different country like Argentina, specifically in northern Argentina.
Contrary to popular belief, vallenato is not a rhythm. Rather, it is a genre. It is made up of four rhythms: Son, Puya, Merengue, and Paseo. [[Vallenato]] arose in [[Valledupar]] on Colombia's Atlantic Coast and only gained popularity elsewhere in the country in the 1980s. Its origins are shrouded in mystery but are said to have begun with [[Francisco el Hombre]], who allegedly defeated [[Satan]] in a musical contest. Based around the [[accordion]], the [[guacharaca]], and the [[caja vallenata]] (a larger version of the bongo), vallenato has long been connected with cumbia. Influential artists include [[Alejo Duran]] and more recently,{{when|date=April 2011}} Alfredo Gutiérrez and Lisandro Meza. In addition to the accordion, the [[bass guitar]] has been a common part of vallenato ensembles since it was introduced by [[Caliya]] in the mid-1960s. The most recent modernization of vallenato occurred in 1993 when [[Carlos Vives]] released ''[[Clásicos de la Provincia]]'', which made him into a star and changed the face of vallenato.

An important phenomenon has occurred in Colombia with vallenato. At first it was an exclusive kind of music for Atlantic Coast people but because the proliferation of radio programs of this genre in other cities of the republic (such as Bogota), and the migration of people from the coast to the capital, vallenato spread to the rest of Colombia. Not only the music, but the musicians of the genre increased in the capital and other cities. In 2006 for the first time, a musician from Bogota, Alberto "Beto" Jamaica, was the king of vallenato in the traditional competition to play accordion, "El Festival Vallenato". Other important musicians from other cities have taken importance in the vallenato world.

Vallenato has spawned several subgenres, including [[vallenato-protesta]], which is known for socially aware lyrics, and [[charanga vallenata]], which was invented by [[Cuba]]ns in the United States like progenitor [[Roberto Torres (musician)|Roberto Torres]].

====Other Caribbean genres====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Chalupa
* [[Champeta]]
* Chande
* Cumbión
* [[Bullerengue]]
* Décimas
* [[Fandango]]
* [[Gaita (music style)|Gaita]]
* Lumbalú
* Mapalé
* Maya
* {{ill|Merecumbé|es}}
* Mode Up/Mud Up
* Pajarito
* Parrandí
* [[Pilón]]
* Pompo
* Porro
* Puya
* Son Sabanero
* Son Palenquero
* Tambora
* Tamborito
{{div col end}}

==[[Pacific Region of Colombia]]==
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}}
{{listen
 | pos = right
 | filename     = La Guayabita.ogg
 | title        = La Guayabita (Juga - example of a genre of folk music in the South Pacific.)
 | description  = 
 | format       = [[Ogg]]
}}

===Currulao===
This is one of the most African influenced-styles in all of Colombia, and has its roots among the [[Afro-Colombian]] people of the [[Pacific Region of Colombia|Pacific coast]].

In its most basic form, the currulao is played by a group of four musicians.

One musician plays a 6-8 rhythm on a drum known as a "cununo", which superficially resembles the "alegre" drum (used in Cumbia) to the untrained eye, but is narrower and taller. The Currulao rhythm is created by both striking the skin of the drum with one's hand and tapping the side of the drum with a small stick.

The second musician keeps time on a shaker known in parts of Colombia as a "guasá"(goo-ah-SAH) or "guache"(goo-AH-cheh), which is typically a hollow cylinder made of metal, wooden, or guadua bamboo, filled with light seeds, rice is sometimes used in home-made guasás.

But the main instrument of the currulao style is perhaps the Colombian marimba, a wooden xylophone which resembles the African [[balafon]] also for the style of playing.

Many groups in Colombia perform this traditional style of music. Currently, the most renowned groups include Grupo Socavón, Grupo Gualajó, and Grups Bahia Trio. A well renowned figure among the old marimbero masters in Colombia is Baudilio Cuama Rentería from Buenaventura Colombia.

In the United States two Colombian Bands performing this genre with authentic traditional instruments are La Cumbiamba NY, on the east coast (New York), and Aluna Band in the west coast (San Francisco). In 2010, Currulao has been added to the [[UNESCO]] list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].<ref name="currulao">{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/?pg=00404&lg=en|title=UNESCO|website=Ich.unesco.org|access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

===Other Pacific genres===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Abozao
* Aguabajo
* Alabao
* Andarele o Amanecer
* Arrullo
* Bambara Negra
* Bambuco Viejo
* Berejú
* Boga
* Bunde Chocoano
* Caderona
* Calipso Chocoano
* Chigualo o Gualí
* Contradanza Chocoana
* Danza Chocoana
* Jota Chocoana
* Juga
* La Caramba
* La Madruga
* Makerule
* Mazurka chocoana
* Pango o Pangora
* Patacoré
* Polka Chocoana
* Porro Chocoano
* Pregón
* Romance
* Salve
* Saporrondón o Sapo-Rondó
* Son Chocoano
* Tamborito Chocoano
* Tiguarandó
* Villancico Chocoano
{{div col end}}

==[[Andean Region of Colombia]]==
{{Multiple image
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 | image1 = Eje musical Andino Centro-oriental.png
 | caption1 = Center-East Andean
 | image2 = Eje musical Andino Nor-occidental.png
 | caption2 = North-Western Andean
 | image3 = Eje musical Andino Sur-occidental.png
 | caption3 = South-Western Andean
 | image4 = Eje musical Andino Centro-sur.png
 | caption4 = Center-South Andean
 | image5 = Eje musical de los Valles Interandinos del Pacífico.png
 | caption5 = Pacific inter-Andean valleys
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;  float:right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! align=right|<small> Flor de Romero (Bambuco - example of a genre of folk music in the Center-East Andean)</small>
! align=right|<small> Ojito de Agua (Merengue Bambuquiao - example of a genre of folk music in the North-Western Andean)</small>
! align=right|<small> Ángela (Hayno - example of a genre of folk music in the South-Western Andean)</small>
! align=right|<small> Siquele (Rajaleña - example of a genre of folk music in the Center-South Andean)</small>
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#dcdcdc;"| [[File:Flor de Romero..ogg|100px]] || style="text-align:left; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[File:Ojito de Agua.ogg|100px]]|| style="text-align:left; background:silver;"|[[File:Ángela.ogg|100px]]||style="text-align:left; background:#dcdcdc;"|[[File:Siquele.ogg|100px]]|| style="text-align:left; background:#d3d3d3;"|
|}
{{Clear}}

===Bambuco===
{{Main|Bambuco}}
[[Bambuco]] is a type of music with Basque and Native American influence, sometimes known as [[Música del interior]]. It is not clear the origins of this style, many specialists agree that it has some components of Spanish folk music, while others believe it has a typical rhythm which was inherited from the Quechua or Chibchas. According to Rafael Pombo, the Bambuco originated among the mestizo masses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211770.pdf|title=El Bambuco|author=Rafael Pombo|website=Biblioteca.org|access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> Briefly, it is the result of the ethnic mixture from the colony time, being influencing by different cultural elements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/letra-s/site/67.htm |title=Bambuco Patriotico |access-date=2022-01-27 |archive-date=2003-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018074337/http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/letra-s/site/67.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its popularity has long been, but was extremely popular across Colombia from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. Artists include [[Estudiantina]], [[Los Carranguerros de Raquira]], [[Jaime Llano González]], [[Jorge Villamil]], and the [[Morales Pino Trío]].

=== Guabina ===
{{Main|Guabina}}Guabina is a rhythm from the [[Andean mountains|Andean Mountains]] in Colombia. The features of this music are based on dances and lifestyles of the people from [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Santander Department|Santander]], [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]], [[Tolima Department|Tolima]], and, [[Huila Department|Huila]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quizlet.com/27559275/music-and-rhythm-of-colombia-flash-cards/|title=Music and Rhythm of Colombia Flashcards {{!}} Quizlet|website=Quizlet|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> The Guabina rhythm includes dancers, but it may be played without them. There is a version of the Guabina that is played faster and is called Torbellino.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eyesoncolombia.wordpress.com/2009/08/19/sanjuanero-guabina-folk-dances/|title=Sanjuanero & Guabina folk dances|date=2009-08-19|work=Eyes On Colombia|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Another type of Guabina, known as ''guabina-torbellino'', is a mixture of the instrumental torbellino and the sung guabina, particularly in its ''[[a cappella]]'' format. Guabina is most popular in rural communities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramon|first=Andrés|date=2010|title=Colombian Folk Music in an International Context|url=https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/5914/3/Lokarigerd.pdf|journal=An Overview|pages=174|via=Iceland Academy of the Arts}}</ref>

===Other Andean genres===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-3}}
* Bambuco fiestero
* Bunde
* Caña
* Cañabrava
* Carranga
* Copla
* Danza Criolla
* Porro Antioqueño
{{Col-2-of-3}}
* Rajaleña
* [[Rumba]] Campesina
* Fandanguillo Criollo
* Guabina
* Guaneña
* Guasca
{{col-3-of-3}}
* [[Pasillo]]
* Sanjuanero
* Torbellino
* Vueltas Antioqueñas
* Criollo [[waltz]]
{{col-end}}

==[[Orinoquía Region of Colombia]]==
[[File:Eje musical Llanera.png|thumb|250px|Eastern Plains]]
{{listen
 | pos = right
 | filename     = Zumbaquezumba.ogg
 | title        = Zumbaquezumba (Zumbaquezumba - example of a genre of folk music in the Eastern Plains.)
 | description  = 
 | format       = [[Ogg]]}}

===Joropo===
{{Main|Joropo}}

''Música llanera'' is a [[harp]]-led genre of music from the [[Llanos]] popular throughout Colombia. It includes the traditional [[joropo]] musical style, and is known for verbal contests called [[contrapunteo]]. Artists in this genre include [[Alfredo Rolando Ortiz]] (born in [[Cuba]]), [[Alma Llanera (band)|Alma Llanera]] (Colombian band), [[Cimarrón (band)|Cimarrón]] (band), [[Luis Ariel Rey]], [[Carlos Rojas (musician)|Carlos Rojas]], [[Sabor Llanero]], [[Arnulfo Briceño]], and [[Orlando Valdemarra]]. This particular type of music is also popular in Venezuela due to the shared llanos. It is considered to be the national music of Venezuela. [http://www.llanera.com/musica/ Listen joropo music] .

===Other Orinoco region genres===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Cachicama
* Catira
* Chipola
* Contrapunteo
* Corrío
* [[Galerón]]
* Gaván
* Pasaje
* Periquera
* Perro de Agua
* Gavilan
* Guacaba
* Guacharaca
* Juana Guerrero
* Merecure
* Moña or Moño
* Pajarillo
* Poema Llanero
* Quirpa
* [[Seis]]
* Zumba-que-zumba
{{div col end}}

==[[Insular Region (Colombia)]]==
===Musical genres===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Calypso music|Calipso]]
* [[Compas]]
* [[Foxtrot]]
* [[Mazurka]]
* [[Mento]]
* Praise Hymn
* Pasillo isleño
* Polca
* [[Quadrille]]
* [[Reggae]]
* [[Schottische]]
* [[Soca music|Soca]]
* Vals isleño
* [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]
{{div col end}}

[[File:Eje musical Isleño.png|thumb|250px|Insular Region]]
{{listen
 | pos = left
 | filename     = Rub a Dub.ogg
 | title        = Rub a Dub (Socca - example of a genre of folk music in the insular region.)
 | description  = Creole Band
 | format       = [[Ogg]]}}
{{Clear}}

==[[Amazon Region, Colombia|Amazon Region of Colombia]]==
[[File:Eje musical de Frontera - Amazónico.png|thumb|250px|Amazon Region]]

=== Musical instruments ===
* [[Guitar]]
* [[Menguaré]]
* [[Shaker (musical instrument)|Shakers]]
* [[Drum]]
* [[Tambourine]]

=== Musical genres ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Batuques]]
* [[Ciría]]
* [[Dobrado]]
* [[Mariquinha]]
* [[Mixtianas]]
* [[Paseata]]
* [[Porrosambas]]
* [[Tangarana]]
* [[Sanjuanito]]
* [[Huayno]]
* [[Bambuco]]
* [[Pasillo]]
* [[Sanjuanero]]
* Merengure Campesino
* Tonadas Indígenas
{{div col end}}

==Contemporary music==
===Colombian salsa===
[[File:Carlos Vives interviewed by Ana María Canseco at Latinovator Award Luncheon. -hispz14 -estadiodetodos (13609946414).jpg|thumb|[[Carlos Vives]] interviewed by Ana María Canseco]]
[[Salsa music]] was born among Puerto Ricans and Cubans in New York, but soon spread to Colombia. Native salsa groups like [[Fruko y sus Tesos]] and labels that recorded them like [[Discos Fuentes]] emerged. Artists like [[Joe Arroyo]] followed, inventing a distinctively Colombian form of salsa. Other influential Colombian salsa artists include [[Cristian Del Real]] "The Timbal Genius", [[Grupo Niche]], [[Alquimia (band)|Alquimia]], [[La Misma Gente (Colombian band)|La Misma Gente]], [[Los Titanes]], [[Los Nemus del Pacífico]], [[Orquesta Guayacán]], [[Grupo Galé]] and [[La Sonora Carruseles]]. Some of the most prolific composers in the genre are [[Jairo Varela]] and Nino Caicedo whose compositions have been recorded by Grupo Niche and Orquesta Guayacán respectively. Several Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians who have established in Colombia, such as Diego Valdés and [[Israel Tanenbaum]], have collaborated with Colombians in salsa projects. Recently{{when|date=April 2011}} Colombian dancers have become World Champions year after year and the style is becoming more popular and admired among Salsa professionals worldwide. As a dance, Colombian Salsa is unique and different from New York/Puerto Rico and Cuban salsa. Colombian Salsa concentrates on footwork and does not incorporate cross-body leads. Dancers leave the upper part of the body still and relaxed while the feet do extremely fast and complex movements.

===Colombian [[rock music]]===
{{Main|Colombian rock}}
[[Image:Relucientes y Rechinantes.jpg|thumb|left|270px|[[Aterciopelados]] is a Spanish-language rock band from Colombia.]]
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Theatron.jpg|thumb|left|[[Electronic music]] in [[LGBT in Colombia#Nightclubs|Theatron night club]], Bogotá]] -->
In the late 1950s, Mexican [[rock and roll|rock]] artists like [[Enrique Guzmán]] and [[César Costa]] became very popular in Colombia. Soon, native [[rock band]]s like [[Los Speakers]] and The Flippers gained a wide following. Starting in 1967 (see [[1967 in music]]), native bands like [[Genesis (band)|Génesis]] (unrelated to the more famous band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] of a similar name) fused native musical forms (like cumbia) with rock. Marco, the voice of the Rock and Roll, was a pioneer and promoter of the "Rockabilly Colombian" performed with his unmistakable personal stamp in their own language. Virtuality is in their first recordings routed to the sensitive listener to enjoy the simplicity of rock bass, guitar and drums, combined into a whole to produce a very particular and in an atmosphere of a home recording studio, filled with reel tapes and three microphones mixed in mono line. (Marco Tulio Sanchez B) contributed to the Colombian rock and roll look to the past to remember our roots, dabbling in country and rockabilly music evokes Elvis Presley, is called today the "Elvis colombiano", awarded abroad for their ability on stage as a whole "Showman" and the unmistakable voice of Cronn rocker.

[[Image:JuanesUnpluggedtour.JPG|thumb|[[Juanes]]]]
Rock in Colombia gained great popularity during the 1980s with the arrival of bands such as [[Soda Stereo]] ([[Argentina]]), [[Los Prisioneros]] ([[Chile]]), and [[Hombres G]] (Spain). During the 90's, many punk and heavy metal bands appeared in Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali. Colombia has possibly the biggest underground, hardcore, metal and punk movement of the continent, and is known in Latin America as the "punk corner". [[Kraken (band)|Kraken]] and [[Masacre (band)|Masacre]] are some of the most important Colombian [[rock band]]s.

The music event [[Rock al Parque]] celebrated yearly in [[Bogotá]] is the largest free rock festival in Latin America; around 100 bands playing their music along 3 days and 400,000 people in attendance. Currently, [[Doctor Krápula]], a rock band with strong ska influences that is known for making covers of traditional Latin American songs, enjoys great popularity. A popular Colombian Rock band outside of Colombia is [[The Monas]]. [[Aterciopelados]] named "Colombia's Hottest Band" in a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article,<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1551674,00.html|title=Colombia's Hottest Rock Band|last=Carolina|first=Miranda|date=27 October 2006|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> is one of the most recognized Rock bands of Colombia. "The band, made up of front woman Andrea Echeverri and bassist/producer Hector Buitrago, mixes punk, surf guitar and ska with folky Colombian styles such as vallenato, a bouncy, accordion-heavy genre".<ref name=":0" />

Other popular and interesting bands are Ekhymosis, a group led by Juanes, who began making music in 1988 and are known for doing rock with a Colombian influence, [[The Hall Effect (band)|The Hall Effect]] who make English pop/rock linked with Britpop influences. [[SOUNDACITY]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundacity.net|title=▷ Indie Cave - Sonidos Underground - Musica para tus Ojos y tus Oidos|website=Indie Cave}}</ref> performs a mix of Brit rock, pop and Andean sounds, rhythms and instrumentation, sing both in English and Spanish and have toured the United States east coast. Proper Strangers is an avant-garde rock band. Two Way Analog is an eclectic band whose influence are roadmovies and its soundtracks, [[Divagash]] is an electronic soft-rock band, [[:es:La Pestilencia|La Pestilencia]] is a post-hardcore band, [[Bajo Tierra]], [[Palenke Soultribe]] (traditional Colombin roots music fused with electronic beats). But, possibly, the most successful "indie" band is [[Sidestepper]], with its fusion of Colombian traditional music, electronic and African rhythms, who already appeared in [[Coachella Festival]] in 2006. Some musical groups in the [[death metal]] genre are the world-famous Internal Suffering, Carnivore Diprosopus, Goretrade, Mindly Rotten, Suppuration, and Amputated Genitals. Colombia is also the birthplace of the well known [[black metal]] band [[Inquisition (metal band)|Inquisition]], now based in Seattle, Washington. Miguel Fernando Trapezaris, the bassist of [[Cyprus]]-based Epic [[power metal]] band [[Winter's Verge]], is of Colombian descent.

===Colombian [[pop music]]===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[Image:Shakira Rio 03.jpg|thumb|[[Shakira]]]]

[[File:Maluma and Madonna.PNG|thumb|[[Maluma]] during the world premiere of music video "Medellin" on MTV]]
[[File:Fanny_Lu.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Fanny Lu]]]]

This musical genre has been growing recently{{when|date=April 2011}} with artists like [[Los de Adentro]], [[San Alejo (band)|San Alejo]], [[Sebastian Yepes]], [[Lucas Arnau]] or [[Mauricio & Palodeagua]]. Pop with strong traces of traditional Colombian music, named [[Tropipop]], is also rising currently. [[Fonseca (singer)|Fonseca]] and [[Maía (singer)|Maía]] represent this trend.

=== Some of Colombia's most recognized pop artists ===

[[Shakira]] is the highest selling and most recognized Colombian artist. After the success of her album ''[[Pies Descalzos]]'' in 1995, Shakira began working with producer Emilio Estefan Jr. and recorded ''[[Dónde Están los Ladrones?]]'', which sold millions worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakira's MAGNUS OPUS "Donde Están Los Ladrones?" was released 20 years ago |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/popheads/comments/9jovrz/shakiras_magnus_opus_donde_est%C3%A1n_los_ladrones_was/ |website=Reddit - www.reddit.com |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=English}}</ref> Showing all her talent, after her ''[[MTV Unplugged (Shakira album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' presentation, Shakira went on to make an English album ''[[Laundry Service (album)|Laundry Service]]'' which debuted at #3 in the Billboard Charts of the USA.

One of her most successful songs is "[[Hips Don't Lie]]", which sold over 10 million copies and downloads worldwide, topped in over 70 countries #1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakira Feat. Wyclef Jean: Hips Don't Lie |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt6715652/trivia/ |website=IMDb - www.imdb.com |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=English |date=2022}}</ref>

She is winner of 4 American and 15 Latin Grammies. In 2008, Shakira was nominated for a Golden Globe.

Singer-songwriter [[Juanes]] is also one of the most important singers from Colombia. He stood out at the [[Latin Grammy]]s in 2003 with his album ''[[Un Día Normal]]'', which has become very popular in the US and Europe.
Juanes is the most important Colombian artist of the last decade, as mentioned by the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine and Colombian ''[[El Espectador]]'' newspapaer, due to the success of songs such as ''[[Fíjate Bien (song)|Fíjate Bien]]'', ''[[A Dios le Pido]]'', ''[[La Camisa Negra]]'', ''[[Me Enamora]]'' and ''[[Yerbatero]]''. His albums ''[[Fíjate Bien]]'', ''[[Un Día Normal]]'', ''[[Mi Sangre]]'', ''[[La Vida es un Ratico]]'' and ''[[P.A.R.C.E.]]'' have been successful in many countries around the world. 

Juanes was chosen by [[CNN]] as a '''global icon''' and is the youngest of the list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Juanes Named One Of The Top 20 Global Music Icons of The Last 50 Years By CNN |url=https://www.peermusic.com/news/55 |website=Peer Music - www.peermusic.com |publisher=Peermusic.com, Inc |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=English |date=4 August 2010}}</ref> His humanitarian activism has characterized him as a very supportive artist in the history of Latin music. Since he began his musical career, Juanes has broken several records in the history of the [[Latin Grammy Awards|Latin Grammys]].

[[Fanny Lú]], is also an important artist, from the southern city of [[Santiago de Cali]]. She has released three full-length albums, ''[[Lágrimas Cálidas]]'', ''[[Dos (Fanny Lú album)|Dos]]'' and ''[[Felicidad y Perpetua]]''. Her first almbum produced two hits: ''No Te Pido Flores'' and ''Y Si Te Digo''. The second one included the hit ''Tú No Eres Para Mi'' and, more recently, ''Fanfarrón'' became a hit from her third studio album. She also serves as a [[Goodwill Ambassador]] to the United Nations.

[[Maía (singer)|Maía]], born in the same port city as Shakira, [[Barranquilla]], is a trilingual artist who has topped the charts with several international hits including ''Niña Bonita'', ''Se Me Acabó El Amor'', and ''Ingenuidad''. From her debut album, there is ''[[El Baile de los Sueños]]''.

[[Ilona (singer)|Ilona]], a native of Colombia's capital city, [[Bogotá]], cut her teeth singing in the [[public transport bus service]] at the age of 15. She has released two full-length studio albums including ''Desde Mi Ventana'' and the [[Latin Grammy Award]] nominated ''[[Allá en el Sur]]''.

[[Carlos Vives]], a singer from the coastal city of [[Santa Marta]], is famous for fusing classic [[vallenato]] sounds with rock and pop music. He has collaborated with diverse international artists such as [[Ricky Martin]], [[Marc Anthony]] and [[Daddy Yankee]], as well as countrymen [[Sebastián Yatra]], [[ChocQuibTown]] and [[Maluma (singer)|Maluma]].

[[Naty Botero]], is a singer and composer from the city of Medellín, known for interpreting pop and Latin pop songs. Some of her main hits are ''Te Quiero Mucho'', ''Dinosaurio'', ''Mio'' and ''Adicta'', among others. She have worked on musical productions with Colombian artists such as [[Joe Arroyo]], [[ChocQuibTown]] and [[Andrés Cabas]] and artists from other countries such as [[Felix da Housecat]]. She also has a foundation called ''Coraje'', to help the native people of the [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Naty Botero |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/1404295 |website=Deezer - www.deezer.com |publisher=Deezer |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=English |date=2022}}</ref>

Other famous pop singers include artists such as [[Soraya (musician)|Soraya]], [[Anasol]], [[Paula (singer)|Paula Arenas]], [[Lucas Arnau]], [[Marbelle]], [[Ali Stone]] and more recently, [[Sebastián Yatra]].

===Colombian urban and hip-hop===
[[File:Karol_G_Telemedellín.jpg|thumb|[[Karol G]]]]
[[File:Farina_2019.png|thumb|left|200px|[[Farina (singer)|Farina]]]]

'''Hip-hop''' came to Colombia in the late 1980s when a few US hip-hop tracks by [[N.W.A]] and [[MC Hammer]] spurred a break-dancing fever among the young of the less privileged areas of major cities such as Medellín, Cali and Bogotá. Towards the end of this decade groups began to form, eventually leading to complete album productions in the mid-1990s. [[La Etnnia]] and [[Gotas de Rap]] were two of the various hip-hop groups that emerged and are widely considered as the pioneers of Colombian rap. Promoting a very independent style, both groups expressed extreme political and social views, protesting violence, corruption, inequality and hardships in the marginalized regions of Colombia. Then [[Asilo 38]] from Cali come onto the scene with the albums, ''La Hoguera'' (2000) and ''La Descarga'' (2002), presenting a more commercial and polished sound, while still retaining strong socio-political messages. <br />It is about this time that 
'''Reggaeton''' from Puerto Rico surges in popularity and hip-hop in Colombia takes a back seat for a while as artists try their hand at the new controversial sound. Artist(s) such as [[Tres Pesos]], [[J Balvin]], [[Maluma (singer)|Maluma]], [[Reykon]] y [[Yelsid]] have established themselves in this genre and hits such as 'Baila (Negra de trasero grande)' by [[Leka el Poeta]] and the explixcitly worded 'La Quemona' and 'Micaela' by [[Masterboy|Master Boy]] take the country by storm. Even the first ever Colombian 'X Factor' in 2006 produces a Reggaeton singer called Farina Pao Paucar Franco who places third in the competition.<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Chocquibtown.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Chocquibtown]]]] -->

[[File:J_Balvin_-_Sigo_Extrañándote_-_Festival_de_Viña_del_Mar_2017_(2).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[J Balvin]]]]
Karol G is a Colombian reggaetón singer who has done collaborations with other reggaetón singers, such as J Balvin, Bad Bunny, and Maluma.<ref name="auto">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/karol-g-collaborations-2018-watch-8483820/|title=Karol G's 2018 Collaborations (So Far): Watch The Videos|date=November 9, 2018|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Throughout her career, Karol G has had troubles in the industry because reggaetón is a genre that is dominated by male artists. She recounts how when starting her career she noticed that there weren't many opportunities for her in the genre because reggaeton was dominated by male artists. In 2018, Karol G's single Mi Cama became very popular and she made a remix with J Balvin and Nicky Jam. The Mi cama remix appeared in the top 10 Hot Latin Songs and number 1 in Latin Airplay charts.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/becky-g-karol-g-latin-leading-ladies-interview-8482453/|title=Becky G and Karol G on Music's Latinas: 'There's Space For All Of Us'|date=November 1, 2018|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> This year she has collaborated with Maluma called Creeme and with Anuel AA in Culpables. The single, Culpables has been in the top 10 Hot Latin Songs for 2 consecutive weeks.<ref name="auto"/>

'''Reggae''' has always been popular in the Colombian Caribbean islands of San Andres and Providence and Spanish Reggae from Panama has helped to strengthen the movement of Reggae artists in the Colombian interior. Artists such as [[Voodoo Soul Jah]], Nawal and [[Alerta Kamarada]] (Colombian representatives in the Jamaican Reggae festival) are currently spearheading this ever more popular genre in Colombia. <br />2006 brings a renaissance in Colombian '''hip-hop''' in the form of Afro-Colombian group [[ChocQuibTown]], fusing traditional rhythms and instruments from their native lands in the Colombian Pacific into their sound. Already hailed as the new phenemomenon in Colombian hip-hop, their popularity is ever increasing and making way for other Urban artists to emerge. One such artist is [[:es:Jiggy Drama|Jiggy Drama]], from the island of San Andres, who has become one of the most loved and controversial rap artist in Colombia, his lyrics are spicy and intelligent. [[:es:Jiggy Drama|Jiggy Drama]] collaborated with [[Colombian Party Cartel]] on the urban merengue track "Chico Malo". *On the international stage [[Aztek Escobar]] based in Houston, [[Colombian Party Cartel]] based in Nashville, [[Tres Coronas]] based in New York, [[Adassa]] based in Miami and 3 of the seven-man group of [[Culcha Candela]] in Berlin, Germany are representing Colombian urban music worldwide.

==See also==
{{Portal|Colombia|Latin music}}
* [[Glossary of Colombian music]]
* [[Colombian rock]]
* [[Muisca music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
* Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis {{ISBN|1138053562}}
* Burton, Kim. "El Sonido Dorado". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 372–385. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}

==External links==
{{External links|date=March 2022}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Colombie&debut=0&bool=AND Audio clips: Traditional music of the Colombia.] [[Musée d'ethnographie de Genève]]. Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183236/http://www.antipoda.net/ Antipoda.net]
* [http://www.soundacity.net Soundacity.net]
* [http://solar.physics.montana.edu/munoz/AboutMe/ColombianMusic/English_Content.html A small trip through Colombian music] A small trip through the music of the natural regions of Colombia including pictures of the different instruments and music samples.
* [http://www.soundsandcolours.com Sounds and Colours] South American music and culture magazine, with plenty of features on Colombian music.
* [http://www.llanera.com/musica/ Listen llanera music]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219095942/http://www.colombianpartycartel.com/ Listen Colombian Party Cartel music]
* [http://www.jiggydrama.com Listen Jiggy Drama music]

{{Andeanmusic}}
{{Hispanophone music}}
{{Music of Latin America}}
{{Colombia topics|state=uncollapsed}}
{{South America topic|Music of}}

[[Category:Music of Colombia| ]]
[[Category:Music of Latin America]]