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{{Music of Morocco}}
'''Moroccan music''' varies greatly between geographic regions and social groups. It is influenced by musical styles including [[Arabic music|Arab]], [[Berber music|Berber]], [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusi]], [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]], [[Music of Western Sahara|Saharan]], [[Music of Africa|West African]], and others.

Musical styles vary by geography. [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusi music]] and [[melhoune|''malhun'']] are associated with urban centers in the north, [[Chaabi (Morocco)|''chaabi'']] and [[Aita (Morocco)|''aita'']] are associated with the Atlantic coastal plains, ''[[reggada]]'' is associated with the [[Iznasen|Beni-Znassen]] region ( [[Oujda]], [[Berkane]]..), [[Gnawa music|gnawa]] with [[Essaouira]] and Marrakesh, ''[[ahidus]]'' with the [[Middle Atlas]], ''[[ahwash]]'' with the [[Sous]] region, and ''[[guedra]]'' in the Sahara.

Particularly since the 20th century, musicians have been synthesizing Moroccan musical traditions with influences from around the world, such as [[blues]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Heavy metal music|metal]], [[reggae]], [[Rapping|rap]], etc. Each genre and musical style is made up of regional subgroups, and is further divided between 'modern' and 'traditional' music.

==Traditional music styles==

=== ''Aita'' ===
[[Aita (Morocco)|Aita]] ({{Lang|ar|عيطة}} "call, cry or lament") is a popular [[Bedouin]] musical style that originates from the countryside of [[Morocco]], especially the Atlantic plains—areas such as [[Doukkala-Abda]], [[Chaouia-Ouardigha]], and [[Rehamna Province|Rehamna]].

===Amazigh folk music===
{{Main|Berber music}}
There are many varieties of Berber folk music and dance, such as [[Rif]], [[Eastern Middle Atlas Berber|Atlas]], [[Chawia]], and [[Music of the Canary Islands|Canaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agraw - Amazigh Music|url=http://www.agraw.com/amazigh-music/|website=www.agraw.com|date=18 June 2010 |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>

==== ''Ahwash'' ====
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dansgroep uit het Atlasgebergte TMnr 10028647.jpg|thumb|''[[Ahwash]]'' in the [[High Atlas]] in 1955.]]
''[[Ahwash]]'' ({{Lang|ar|أحواش}}, {{Lang|ber|ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ}}) is a collective musical form associated with Amazigh communities in southern Morocco, particularly around [[Ouarzazate]], the [[Draa River|Dra'a Valley]], and [[Sous]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=La 8ème édition du Festival national des Arts d'Ahwach à Ouarzazate|url=https://leseco.ma/la-8eme-edition-du-festival-national-des-arts-d-ahwach-a-ouarzazate/|last=LesEco.ma|date=2019-06-26|website=LesEco.ma|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> ''Ahwash'' involves dance, singing, poetry, and percussion.

==== ''Ahidus'' ====
[[File:AHIDUS.jpg|thumb|''Ahidus'' in 2002.]]
''[[Ahidus]]'' ({{Lang|ar|أحيدوس}}, {{Lang|ber|ⴰⵃⵉⴷⵓⵙ}}) is a style of collective dance and song of the Amazigh tribes in [[Middle Atlas|Middle]] and Eastern [[High Atlas]].

==== ''Guedra'' ====
''[[Guedra]]'' is a music and dance style associated with the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] "blue people" of the [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Moroccan sahara]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=AlZayer|first=Penni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvagQ_5vTLkC&pg=PA45 |title=Middle Eastern Dance|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-60413-482-7|language=en}}</ref> The name comes from an earthen cookingware over which a hide is stretched to form a drum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Au festival Taragalte, les femmes du Sahara entre traditions et guitares électriques|url=https://www.telerama.fr/musique/au-festival-taragalte,-les-femmes-du-sahara-entre-traditions-et-guitares-electriques,n5319316.php|website=Télérama.fr|date=3 November 2017 |language=fr|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

In 2021, the anthology of the art of "Rrways - a journey into the realm of Amazigh wandering poet- singers", presenting a booklet and ten compact discs with current recordings received the ' Prix Coups de Cœur - Musiques du Monde' of the [[Académie Charles Cros]]s in France.<ref>{{Cite web|last=El Bayane|date=2021-03-11|title=L'Anthologie sur l'art des Rrways primée en France|url=https://www.msn.com/fr-xl/afrique-du-nord/other/l-anthologie-sur-l-art-des-rrways-prim%C3%A9e-en-france/ar-BB1eu7zs?getstaticpage=true|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

===Andalusi classical music===
[[File:ربابة معرضة في دار الآلة بمدينة الدار البيضاء المغربية.jpg|thumb|A [[Maghreb rebab]] on display at [[Dar al-Aala]], a museum and conservatory dedicated to Andalusi musical heritage located in Casablanca.]]{{Main|Andalusi music}}
''For the music of Andalusia, Spain, see'' ''main article:'' [[Music of Andalusia]]

Andalusi classical music ({{langx|ar|طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة}} transliterated ''ṭarab andalusi'' or ''Musiqa al-Ala'', Spanish: música andalusí) is a major genre of [[Arabic music]] found in different local substyles across the [[Maghreb]] (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the [[Ma'luf]] style). It originated in the music of [[Al-Andalus]] (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries.

Some of its lyrics are based on poetic works written by authors from Al-Andalus, such as [[Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari|Al-Shushtari]], [[Ibn al-Khatib]] and [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad]]. Andalusi music is considered part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusi music was greatly influenced by [[Ziryab]]'','' a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After Ziryab's death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: [[Muwashshah]]at and [[Zajal]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Philip D|date=1978|title=Moroccan Andalusian Music|journal=The World of Music|volume=20|issue=1|pages=33–46|jstor=43562538|issn=0043-8774}}</ref>

=== Chaabi "popular" folk music ===
{{Main|Chaabi}}
Chaabi ({{langx|ar|الشعبي|links=no}}, meaning ''popular'' in English) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.

=== Raï Music ===
{{Main|Raï}}

Morocco has produced its own stars like [[Mimoun El Oujdi]] and [[Hanino]]. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McMurray|first1=David|last2=Swedenburg|first2=Ted|date=1991|title=Rai Tide Rising|journal=Middle East Report|issue=169|pages=39–42|doi=10.2307/3012952|jstor=3012952|issn=0899-2851}}</ref> It was also greatly known for [[Code-switching|code switching]] between French and Arabic. Rai artists use this method to add to the rhetorical and aesthetic effect of the lyrics, as well as a method of opening the lyrics to a wider range of an audience.

=== Gnawa music ===
{{main|Gnawa|Gnawa music}}
[[File:معلم الگناوة.jpg|thumb|A [[gnawa]] [[Street performance|street performer]] wearing traditional gnawi clothing in [[Rabat]]'s [[Kasbah of the Udayas|Qasbat al-Widaya]].]]
Gnawa music is a [[mysticism|mystical]] form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]ns and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called ''derdeba'' or ''lila,'' which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “{{Transliteration|ar|[[Davul|tbel]]}}” or “{{Transliteration|ar|qanqa}}” and metal double castanets called “{{Transliteration|ar|garageb}}”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass [[lute]], called the “''[[Sintir|gimbri]]''” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weissleder|first=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&q=Gnawa+ceremony&pg=PA319|title=The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes|date=2011-06-15|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081023-3|language=en}}</ref>

===Classical Malhun===
{{Main|Malhun}}
Classical Malhun is peaceful music associated with urban centers such as [[Meknes]], [[Fes]], [[Salé]], [[Tetouan]], and [[Oujda]]. It has been played around in the streets of Morocco for over a thousand years. It is very common music to hear in Morocco.

===Classical Sufi music===
{{Main|Sufi brotherhoods}}
[[Sufism|Sufi brotherhoods]] (''[[tariqa]]s'') are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a [[altered state of consciousness|trance state]] which inspires [[Religious ecstasy|mystical ecstasy]].

== Recent styles ==

=== Funk ===
[[Attarazat Addahabia]] was one of the pioneers of [[Funk|funk music]] in Morocco.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Marcus J.|date=2019-09-17|title=The Making of Moroccan Funk|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/morocco-faradjallah-attarazat-addahabia-habibi-funk-album-review/|access-date=2020-05-02|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> [[Jil Jilala]] was also influential in this genre.

=== Rock ===
[[Nass El Ghiwane]], led by [[Larbi Batma]], was an icon of Moroccan music in the late 20th century.

[[Hoba Hoba Spirit]] is a rock band that draws influence from traditional Moroccan styles such as [[Gnawa music|gnawa]], as well as styles from abroad such as [[reggae]].

[[Bab L' Bluz]] combine [[Gnawa music]] with various influences such as [[blues]] and [[psychedelia]] to embody the "Nayda" movement among young people in Morocco.

=== Hip hop ===
{{Main|Moroccan hip-hop}}
Notable Moroccan [[Moroccan hip-hop|rappers]] include [[H-Kayne]], [[Muslim (rapper)|Muslim]], [[Don Bigg]], [[L'Morphine (rapper)|L'Morphine]], [[7liwa]], [[Dizzy DROS|Dizzy Dros]], [[Shayfeen]] and others. Among the younger generation there are [[ElGrandeToto]], [[Issam (rapper)|Issam]], [[Stormy (rapper)|Stormy]], and others.

==Music education==
{{main|Conservatories of Morocco}}

==See also==
{{portal|Morocco}}
* [[Ahmed El Bidaoui]]
* [[Arabic music]]
* [[Arabic pop music]]
* [[Berber music]]
* [[Culture of Morocco]]
* [[Festival Taragalte]]
* [[Moroccan literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
* Muddyman, Dave. "A Basic Expression of Life". 2000.  In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East'', pp 567–578. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}

== Bibliography ==
*''Chants et Danses Berbères (Moyen Atlas - Foire au Mouton de Timhadit)'' par Alexis Chottin 16 juin 1935 in Revue de musicologie, T. 17e, No. 58e (1936), pp.&nbsp;65–69
* Olsen, Myriam; Lortat-Jacob, Bernard, pref. ''Musiques de l’Atlas'', Arles : Actes Sud : Cité de la musique, 1997 .
* Guettat, Mahmoud, ''La musique classique du Maghreb'', Paris : Sindbad, 1980 . (La bibliothèque arabe).
* Aydoun, Ahmed, ''Musiques du Maroc'', Casablanca : Editions EDDIF, 1994.
* Mohamed Belghazi (dir.), ''Instruments des musiques populaires et de confréries du Maroc''. Fragments de musées, Aix-en-Provence : Edisud, La croisée des chemins, 1998.
* Catherine Homo-Lechner et Christian Rault, ''Instruments de musique du Maroc et d'al-Andalus'', Fondation Royaumont / CERIMM, 1999.
*{{Cite web|last=Schuyler|first=Philip |title=Morocco, Kingdom of |series=Grove Music online |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019156|date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19156|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }}
*Aydoun, Ahmed. ''La Musique Juive Du Maroc = Morocco's Jewish Music''. Rabat: Marsam, 2019.

==External links==
* [http://www.marrakeshvoyage.com/moroccomusic.htm Morocco Travel - Morocco Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926123438/http://www.marrakeshvoyage.com/moroccomusic.htm |date=2009-09-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121008034705/http://natureculture.org/wiki/index.php?title=Musique_marocaine Musique marocaine by Nature et Culture - GFDL ]
* [http://archnet.org/collections/872 Music of Morocco: The Paul Bowles Recordings (1959-1962)]

{{Hispanophone music}}
{{Music of Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Morocco}}
[[Category:Music of Morocco| ]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Music scenes]]
[[Category:Berber music]]