View source for Music of Peru

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{{Culture of Peru}}
'''Peruvian music''' is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on [[Peru]]'s [[Andean music|Andean]], [[Music of Spain|Spanish]], and [[Music of Africa|African]] roots. Andean influences can perhaps be best heard in wind instruments and the shape of the melodies, while the African influences can be heard in the rhythm and percussion instruments, and European influences can be heard in the harmonies and stringed instruments. [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] Andean music was played on drums and string instruments, like the European [[pipe and tabor]] tradition. Andean [[tritonic scale|tritonic]] and pentatonic scales were elaborated during the colonial period into hexatonic, and in some cases, diatonic scales.

==History==
{{expand section|date=January 2014}}
Peruvian music reflects the country’s rich cultural heritage, blending Indigenous, Spanish, and African influences. Pre-Columbian traditions, characterized by instruments like pan flutes and drums, were later infused with Spanish stringed instruments such as the guitar and harp. During the colonial period, African rhythms introduced vibrant percussive styles. Iconic genres like ''huayno'' and ''marinera'' emerged, highlighting regional diversity. In the 20th century, Peruvian music evolved further with ''criollo'' music gaining prominence and the rise of Andean fusion bands, like Los Kjarkas and international stars, such as Susana Baca, promoting Peru's musical identity globally.[[Image:Yma Sumac in Italy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Stories published in the 1950s claimed that [[Yma Sumac]] was an Incan princess, directly descended from Atahualpa.]]
The earliest printed [[polyphonic music]] in Peru, indeed anywhere in the Americas, was "[[Hanacpachap cussicuinin]]," composed or collected by [[Juan Pérez Bocanegra]] and printed in 1631.<ref name="Listen">{{cite book|last1=Kerman|first1=Joseph |author-link1=Joseph Kerman|last2=Tomlinson|first2=Gary |author-link2=Gary Tomlinson|last3=Kerman|first3=Vivian|title=Listen|url=https://archive.org/details/listen000kerm|url-access=registration|access-date=27 July 2014|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=[[Bed-St. Martin's]]|location=Boston|isbn=0-312-43419-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/listen000kerm/page/94 94]}}</ref>

==Instruments==

===Stringed instruments===
Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[musical instrument|instrument]], the [[charango]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EL CHARANGO |url=http://www.federico-tarazona.com/el-charango.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Federico Tarazona |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El charango: todo acerca de la guitarra criolla que recoge muchos años de historia de los Andes. |url=https://peru.info/es-pe/talento/noticias/6/24/el-charango--todo-acerca-de-la-guitarra-criolla-que-recoge-muchos-anos-de-historia-de-los-andes- |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=peru.info |language=es-PE}}</ref>  The charango is member of the [[lute]] family of instruments and was invented during the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] by musicians imitating the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[vihuela]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cervantes |first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de |title=Anotaciones históricas sobre el charango / Varela De Vega, Juan Bautista |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/anotaciones-historicas-sobre-el-charango/html/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |language=es}}</ref>  In the [[Canas, Peru|Canas]] and [[Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking [[mermaid]]s with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers.  Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor.  After the revolution in 1959, which built upon the [[Indigenismo]] movement (1910&ndash;1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[walaycho]], [[chillador]], [[chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[charangon]].

While the Spanish [[guitar]] is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere 4 courses. [[Violins]] and [[harps]], also of European origin, are also played.

===Percussion instruments===
The [[cajón]] is an important percussion instrument developed by African slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2021-08-02 |title=Día del Cajón Peruano: ¿Cómo nació esta celebración en Perú? {{!}} 02 de agosto {{!}} REVTLI {{!}} RESPUESTAS |url=https://elcomercio.pe/respuestas/como/dia-del-cajon-peruano-como-nacio-esta-celebracion-en-peru-02-de-agosto-revtli-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cajón peruano: historia e importancia de uno de los instrumentos que más sorprende al mundo |url=https://peru.info/es-pe/talento/noticias/6/25/cajon-peruano--historia-e-importancia-de-uno-de-los-instrumentos-que-mas-sorprende-al-mundo |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=peru.info |language=es-PE}}</ref> People imply the [[cowbell (instrument)|cowbell]] may also be of African origin. While the rhythms played on them are often African-influenced, some percussive instruments are of non-African origin. For example, of European origin is the [[Bass drum|bombo]], and of Andean origin are the [[wankara]] and [[tinya]] respectively.

===Wind instruments===
In addition to the [[ocarina]] and [[waqra phuku]], there are Peruvian wind instruments of two basic types, [[panpipes]] and [[flutes]], both of Native Andean origin and built to play [[tritonic]], [[pentatonic]] and [[hexatonic]] scales, though some contemporary musicians play instruments designed to play European [[diatonic]] scales. Of the former variety, there are the [[Siku (instrument)|siku]] (or ''zampoña'') and [[Antara (instrument)|antara]]. Of the latter variety, there are the [[pinkillu]], [[tarka (flute)|tarka]], and [[quena]] (qina) flutes.

==Dances==
{{Main|Dance in Peru}}
[[File:Carnavalito en Humahuaca.jpg|thumb|Carnavalito dance in Humahuaca.]]
*[[Apiliarg]]—A dance from the Oporeza area.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
*[[Carnaval en Amazonas]]—A dance from the Amazonas region similar to the huayno.
*[[Carnavalito]]—A dance from southern Peru and the Bolivian Altiplano similar to the huayno.
*[[Chumaichada]]—A dance from the Amazonas region with strong Native Peruvian musical influences and strong European dance influences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=danzasdelaselva |date=2021-04-22 |title=Danza de la chumaychada de Chachapoyas - Historia y evolución |url=https://danzasdelaselva.com/danza-de-la-chumaychada/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Danzas de la selva |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Hermosa chumaychada, un baile nativo de la ciudad de Chachapoyas |url=https://www.radionacional.com.pe/audios/amaneceres-del-peru/hermosa-chumaychada-un-baile-nativo-de-la-ciudad-de-chachapoyas |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Nacional |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Desde Chachapoyas con mucho cariño el baile de la Chumaychada |url=https://www.radionacional.com.pe/audios/amaneceres-del-peru/desde-chachapoyas-con-mucho-carino-el-baile-de-la-chumaychada |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Nacional |language=es}}</ref>
*[[Creole Waltz]]—A Peruvian adaptation of the European [[waltz]].
*[[Cueca]]—A pan-Andean compound 3/4-6/8 dance rhythm.
*[[Cumbia]]—A Colombian-in-origin 2/4 dance rhythm.
*[[Danza de tijeras]]—A dance from southern Peru.
*[[Danzantes de Levanto]]—A dance from the Amazonas region.
*[[Diablada]]—A 2/4 dance rhythm from southern Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile.
*[[Morenada]]—A dance rhythm from western Bolivia, mainly La Paz.
*[[Festejo]]—A popular 12/8 Afro-Peruvian dance form.
*[[Harawi (genre)]] or Yaravi—A highland dance danced to various meters: 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4.
*[[Huanca (dance)]]—A dance from the Amazonas region.
*[[Huayno]]—A popular 2/4 highlands dance. 
*[[Kantu]]—A highland circle dance mainly in the Andean [[Altiplano]].
*[[Landó]]—An Afro-Peruvian compound 3/4-12/8 dance rhythm.
*[[Marinera]]—An Afro-Peruvian 6/8 dance rhythm.
*[[Polka]]—A 2/4 European-in-origin dance form.
*[[Sikuri]]—A dance rhythm from the Andean [[Altiplano]] in southern Peru and western Bolivia.
*[[Son de los Diablos]]
*[[Tondero]]—A northwestern Peruvian 6/8 dance form.
*[[Zamacueca]]—A 6/8 Afro-Peruvian dance form.

==Notable artists==
[[File:Eva Ayllon, 2006.jpg|thumb|184x184px|[[Eva Ayllón|Eva Ayllòn]]]]
[[File:Tania_Libertad4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Tania Libertad]] was named an Ambassador for Peace by UNESCO, Commendatory by the Peruvian government.]]

* [[Eva Ayllón]], legendary [[Música criolla|criolla]] and [[Peruvian dances|Peruvian folk]] composer, ten time Emmy nominee
* [[Lucha Reyes (Peruvian singer)|Lucha Reyes]], singer 
* [[Luis Abanto Morales]], Peruvian folk composer
* [[Arturo "Zambo" Cavero]], legendary traditional folk composer and singer
* [[Francisco González Gamarra]], Peruvian composer<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Enrique Iturriaga|date=2001|entry=González Gamarra, Francisco|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.45211}}</ref>
* [[Manuelcha Prado]], guitarist, singer, composer, compiler and troubadour of Andean music. He is also known for many people as "The ''Saqra'' of the Guitar".
* [[Jaime Guardia]], singer and charango player, performed and recorded as a solo act and with the group Lira Paucina.
* [[Martina Portocarrero]], folk singer
* [[Tania Libertad]], singer
* [[Tony Succar]], percussionist and composer
* [[:es:Florencio Coronado|Florencio Coronado]], arpist
* [[Jean Pierre Magnet]], saxophonist
* [[Raúl Romero (musician)|Raúl Romero]], [[saxophone]] and [[clarinet]] ensembles from the [[Mantaro Valley]]
* [[Susana Baca]], singer-songwriter and two-times [[Latin Grammy Award]] winner.
* One important space for Peruvian contemporary classical music is [[Círculo de Composición del Perú|Circomper]], the Peruvian Composition Circle.
* [[Daniela Lalita]], vocalist, songwriter, composer, and producer

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Afro-Peruvian music]]
* [[Andean music]]
* [[Círculo de Composición del Perú]] (Circomper)
* [[Festejo]]
* [[Harawi (genre)]]
* [[Huayno]]
* [[Kantu]]
* [[Landó (music)]]
* [[Musica criolla]]
* [[Peruvian cumbia]]
* [[Peruvian rock]]
* [[Vals criollo]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004711/http://www.lostroveroscriollos.com/  Música Criolla del Perú]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=P%E9rou&debut=0&bool=AND Audio clips: Traditional music of Peru.] [[Musée d'ethnographie de Genève]]. Accessed November 25, 2010.
*Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis {{ISBN|1138053562}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xlrx BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Huaynos of the Andes and Afro-Peruvian music.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007g8wc BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): The music of Ayacucho.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007g8z6 BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Iquitos, Huancayo and Lake Titicaca.] Accessed November 25, 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171017145512/http://manuelcha.com/ Manuelcha Prado Official website]
* [http://boleadora.com  Music from the Andes and Nearby Regions]
* [http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/peru/going-underground-peru/ Going Underground: Peru] An exploration into the underground music scene in Peru
{{Andean music}}
{{Music of Latin America}}
{{Hispanophone music}}
{{South America topic|Music of}}

[[Category:Music of Peru| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Peru]]
[[Category:Music of Latin America]]
[[Category:Culture of Latin America]]