View source for Mustard seed

{{Short description|Small round seeds of various mustard plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{For|the Shakespearean character|Mustardseed}}[[File:Mustard.png|thumb|upright=1.55|Mustard seeds against a scale of {{convert|20|mm|abbr=off|frac=4}}]]

'''Mustard seeds''' are the small round [[seed]]s of various [[mustard plant]]s. The seeds are usually about {{convert|1|to|2|mm|frac=32}} in diameter and may be colored from yellowish white to black. They are an important [[spice]] in many regional foods and may come from one of three different plants: black mustard (''[[Brassica nigra]]''), brown mustard (''[[Brassica juncea|B.&nbsp;juncea]]''), or white mustard (''[[Sinapis alba]]'').

Grinding and mixing the seeds with [[water]], [[vinegar]] or other liquids creates the yellow [[condiment]] known as [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]].

==Cultivation==
Mustard seeds generally take eight to ten days to germinate if placed under the proper conditions, which include a cold atmosphere and relatively moist soil. Mature mustard plants grow into shrubs.

Yellow mustard has a plant maturity of 85 to 90 days; whereas, brown and oriental mustard have a plant maturity of 90 to 95 days. If the temperature conditions are conducive to growth, a mustard plant will begin to bud five weeks after the seedlings have appeared. The plant will reach full bloom 7 to 10 days later. Black, brown or oriental varieties of mustard tend to have higher yields compared to yellow mustard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tame Mustard Production — Publications|url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/tame-mustard-production|access-date=2021-12-27|website=www.ag.ndsu.edu|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615024042/https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/tame-mustard-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/misb/spec/index_e.php?s1=mtd&page=intro |title=Pulses and Special Crops > Pulses and Special Crops > Producers |publisher=Agr.gc.ca |date=March 20, 2007 |access-date=July 28, 2010 |archive-date=27 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427015010/http://www.agr.gc.ca/misb/spec/index_e.php?s1=mtd&page=intro |url-status=live }}</ref> Seed yield is also related to the bloom period. In other words, the longer the bloom period, the greater the seed yield.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wysocki|first=D|date=July 2002|title=Edible Mustard|url=https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em8796.pdf|journal=Oregon State University Extension|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032434/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em8796.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mustard grows well in temperate regions. Major producers of mustard seeds include India, Pakistan, Canada, Nepal, Hungary, Great Britain and the United States.

In Pakistan, rapeseed-mustard is the second most important source of oil, after cotton. It is cultivated over an area of 307,000 hectares (1190 sq. mi) with an annual production of 233,000 tonnes and contributes about 17% to the domestic production of edible oil.

Mustard seeds are a rich source of oil and protein. The seed has oil as high as 46–48%, and the whole seed meal has 43.6% protein.

=== Production ===
In 2021, Nepal ranked the highest in mustard seed production, followed by Russia and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which Country Produces the Most Mustard Seeds? |url=https://www.helgilibrary.com/charts/which-country-produces-the-most-mustard-seeds |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.helgilibrary.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, India led the world production of mustard seeds with 12 million tons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's mustard seed output may touch all-time high of 12 million tonnes this year |work=The Economic Times |date=4 April 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/indias-mustard-seed-output-may-touch-all-time-high-of-12-million-tonnes-this-year-sea/articleshow/109033805.cms|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+ Top 10 mustard seed producers in 2021
|-
! style="background:#ddf;"| Country
! style="background:#ddf;"| Production ([[tonne]]s)
|-
| align=left|{{NPL}}|| 220,250
|-
| align=left|{{RUS}}|| 144,593
|-
| align=left|{{CAN}}|| 60,532
|-
| align=left|{{MMR}}|| 34,146
|-
| align=left|{{UKR}}|| 19,920
|-
| align=left|{{USA}}|| 19,880
|-
| align=left|{{CHN}}|| 19,186
|-
| align=left|{{KAZ}}|| 8,419
|-
| align=left|{{ETH}}|| 2,691
|-
| align=left|{{SRB}}|| 2,432
|-
! World
! 532,769
|-
!colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|All values are FAO estimates.<br />''Source: [[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |title=Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers - Countries By Commodity |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619130038/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

In North America, mustard is produced as a specialty crop. The majority of production is found in the upper Midwest United States and Canada. In 2020, the total production of mustard in the United States was {{convert|81.8|e6lb}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mustard|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/mustard|access-date=2022-01-05|website=www.agmrc.org|language=en-us|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105043334/https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/mustard|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Diseases ===
Mustard seeds carry [[seed-borne pathogen]]s which affect [[germination rate]], as any other seed.<ref name="Saharan-et-al-2016">{{cite book |last1=Singh Saharan |first1=Govind |title=Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management |last2=Mehta |first2=Naresh |last3=Meena |first3=Prabhu Dayal |publisher=[[Springer Singapore]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-981-10-0019-5 |publication-place=Singapore |pages=xxxvii+299 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-0021-8 |s2cid=27153886}} {{isbn|978-981-10-0021-8}}.</ref> Latif ''et al.'', 2006 isolate ''[[Alternaria]]'', ''[[Aspergillus]]'', ''[[Chaetomium]]'', ''[[Curvularia]]'', ''[[Fusarium]]'', ''[[Penicillium]]'', and ''[[Rhizopus]]'' in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Saharan-et-al-2016" />{{rp|page=78}}

== Uses ==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Mustard seed, yellow|
| kJ = 2126
| protein = 26.08 g
| fat = 36.24 g
| satfat = 1.989 g
| monofat = 22.518 g
| polyfat = 10.088 g
| carbs = 28.09 g
| sugars = 6.79 g
| fiber = 12.2 g
| thiamin_mg = 0.805
| riboflavin_mg = 0.261
| niacin_mg = 4.733
| folate_ug = 162
| vitA_ug = 2
| vitB6_mg = 0.397
| vitB12_ug = 0
| vitC_mg = 7.1
| vitE_mg = 5.07
| vitK_ug = 5.4
| calcium_mg = 266
| iron_mg = 9.21
| magnesium_mg = 370
| phosphorus_mg = 841
| potassium_mg = 828
| sodium_mg = 13
| zinc_mg = 6.08
| water = 5.27 g
| source_usda = 1
}}

Grinding and mixing the seeds with [[water]], [[vinegar]] or other liquids creates the yellow [[condiment]] known as [[prepared mustard]].

Mustard seeds are used as a spice in [[South Asia]]. The seeds are usually fried until they pop.  The leaves are also stir-fried and eaten as a vegetable. [[Mustard oil]] is used for body massage during extreme winters, as it is thought to keep the body warm. In [[South Asian cuisine]] mustard oil or ''shorsher tel'' is the predominant cooking medium. Mustard seeds are also essential ingredients in spicy fish dishes like ''jhaal'' and ''paturi''. A variety of [[pickling|pickle]]s consisting mainly of [[mangoes]], red chili powder, and powdered mustard seed preserved in mustard oil are popular.

In North America, mustard seeds are used in spices and condiments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mustard |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/mustard.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119202623/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/mustard.html |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=hort.purdue.edu}}</ref> Yellow mustard is popular in the United States and is often used as a condiment in sandwiches and other dishes. Mustard seeds are first ground into a powder and then mixed with other ingredients to create this condiment. Roughly 1,000 seeds are used in the preparation of 8 ounces of mustard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Mustard Made Of? {{!}} Wonderopolis |url=https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-mustard-made-of |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226163243/https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-mustard-made-of |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=www.wonderopolis.org}}</ref>

=== Other uses ===
Ground mustard seed meal is used as a natural [[soil amendment]] for [[soil borne disease|soil-borne disease]] management in other [[crop]]s.<ref name="Meghvansi-Varma-2015">{{cite book | last1=Meghvansi | first1=Mukesh K. | last2=Varma | first2=Ajit | title=Organic Amendments and Soil Suppressiveness in Plant Disease Management | publication-place=[[Cham, Switzerland]] | date=2015 | isbn=978-3-319-23075-7 | oclc=928384780 | pages=xi–531}} {{isbn|978-3-319-23074-0}}. {{isbn|978-3-319-36379-0}}.</ref>{{rp|pages=413–433}}<ref name="Rosskopf-et-al-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Rosskopf | first1=Erin | last2=Di Gioia | first2=Francesco | last3=Hong | first3=Jason C. | last4=Pisani | first4=Cristina | last5=Kokalis-Burelle | first5=Nancy | title=Organic Amendments for Pathogen and Nematode Control | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=58 | issue=1 | date=2020-08-25 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035608 | pages=277–311| pmid=32853099 | bibcode=2020AnRvP..58..277R | s2cid=221360634 }}</ref>

==In culture==

The mustard seed is frequently referenced in world literature, including in religious texts, as a [[metaphor]] for something small or insignificant.

In the Bible, [[Jesus]] tells the [[Parable of the Mustard Seed]] referring to faith and the Kingdom of God. There, Jesus says, "The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which is the smallest of all seeds on earth. Yet when planted, it grows and becomes the largest of all garden plants, with such big branches that the birds can perch in its shade."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%204&version=NIV |title=Mark 4 - The Parable of the Sower |website=The Parable of the Sower |publisher=New International Version of the Bible |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416221357/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mark%204&version=NIV |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are references to mustard seeds in India from a story of [[Gautama Buddha]] in the fifth century BC. Gautama Buddha told the story of the grieving mother ([[Kisa Gotami]]) and the mustard seed. When a mother loses her only son, she takes his body to the Buddha to find a cure. The Buddha asks her to bring a handful of mustard seeds from a family that has never lost a child, husband, parent, or friend. When the mother is unable to find such a house in her village, she realizes death is common to all, and she cannot be selfish in her grief.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sharman, Shreshtha |author2=Neeta Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCCxP388oygC&pg=PA223 |title=Together with English Language & Literature (Term II) |page=222 |publisher=Rachna Sagar |access-date=12 August 2016 |isbn=9788181374653 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602110054/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCCxP388oygC&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Buddhaghosa - [https://books.google.com/books?id=16GJdvuhhLMC&q=Kisa+Gotami Buddhist legends, Volume 28 (published 1921)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721232243/https://books.google.com/books?id=16GJdvuhhLMC&q=Kisa+Gotami |date=21 July 2019 }}</ref>

Jewish texts compare the knowable universe to the size of a mustard seed to demonstrate the world's insignificance and to teach humility.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jay |last=Michaelson |url=https://learnkabbalah.com/the-meaning-of-god/ |title=The meaning of God |date=8 May 2018 |publisher=Learnkabbalah.com |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310140538/https://learnkabbalah.com/the-meaning-of-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The mustard seed is mentioned in the [[Quran]]: "And We place the scales of justice for the Day of Resurrection, so no soul will be treated unjustly at all. And if there is [even] the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it forth. And sufficient are We as accountant (21:47)",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=21&verse=47|title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation|website=corpus.quran.com|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112100/http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=21&verse=47|url-status=live}}</ref> and according to the [[Hadith]], [[Muhammad]] said that he who has in his heart the weight of a mustard seed of pride would not enter Paradise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/sahih-muslim-book-01-faith/sahih-muslim-book-001-hadith-number-0165 |title=Hadith Number 165, Book 1 |date=9 June 2009 |publisher=[[Sahih Muslim]] |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602110016/https://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/sahih-muslim-book-01-faith/sahih-muslim-book-001-hadith-number-0165 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[List of mustard brands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mustard seeds}}
* [https://www.thespruceeats.com/history-of-mustard-as-food-1807631 The Spruce Eats ''The History of Mustard as Food'']
* [https://www.mccormick.com.au/keens/mustard-history McCormick.com.au ''A Keen Mustard History'']
* [https://secretindianrecipe.com/about/mustard-seed Secret Indian Recipe ''About mustard seed''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029091627/https://secretindianrecipe.com/about/mustard-seed |date=29 October 2021 }}

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustard Seed}}
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Brassicaceae]]