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{{Short description|American radio broadcasting network (1934–1999)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
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{{Infobox radio network
| name = Mutual Broadcasting System
| image = MBSMicLogo.png
| image_size = 150px
| country = {{ubl|United States|Canada (limited)}}
| network_type = {{ubl|[[Radio network]]:|[[Cooperative]] (1934–1952)|Corporate-controlled (1952–1999)}}
| parent = {{ubl|[[General Tire]] (1952–1957)|[[Armand Hammer]] (1957–1958)|[[Scranton Lace Company]] (1958–1959)|Malcolm Smith (1959)|Robert F. Hurleigh (1959–1960)|[[3M|3M Company]] (1960–1966)|Mutual Broadcasting Corp.|(1966–1977)|[[Amway]] (1977–1985)|[[Westwood One (1976–2011)|Westwood One]] (1985–1999)}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1934|9|29|p=y|br=yes}}
| closure_date = {{ubl|{{End date|1999|4|17}}|({{Age in years and days|1934|9|29|1999|4|17}})}}
| affiliates = {{ubl|4 founders (1934);|104 (1938); 384 (1945);|543 (1950); 443 (1960);|950 (1979); 810 (1985);|approx. 300 (1999)}}
}}
The '''Mutual Broadcasting System''' (commonly referred to simply as '''Mutual'''; sometimes referred to as '''MBS''', '''Mutual Radio''' or the '''Mutual Radio Network''') was an American commercial [[radio network]] in operation from 1934 to 1999. In the [[Golden Age of Radio|golden age of U.S. radio drama]], Mutual was best known as the original network home of ''[[Lone Ranger#Original radio series|The Lone Ranger]]'' and ''[[The Adventures of Superman (radio series)|The Adventures of Superman]]'' and as the long-time radio residence of ''[[The Shadow]]''. For many years, it was a national broadcaster for [[Major League Baseball on Mutual|Major League Baseball]] (including the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] and [[World Series]]), the [[National Football League]], and [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football]]. From the 1930s until the network's dissolution in 1999, Mutual ran a respected news service along with a variety of lauded news and commentary programs. In the 1970s, Mutual pioneered the nationwide late night call-in [[talk radio]] program, introducing the country to [[Larry King]] and later, [[Jim Bohannon]].

In the 1970s, acting in much the same style as rival [[Cumulus Media Networks|ABC Radio]]{{Efn|Not to be confused with [[ABC Audio]].|name=ABCAudio}} had [[Cumulus Media Networks#ABC Radio Networks|splitting their network in 1968]], Mutual launched four sister radio networks: [[Mutual Black Network]] (MBN) (initially launched as "Mutual Reports Network" (MRN)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Commission |first1=United States Federal Communications |title=Federal Communications Commission Reports: Decisions, Reports, and Orders of the Federal Communications Commission of the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pd6uGlAU4GEC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en |date=1975 |quote=Also, as indicated in an earlier request which had been granted by the Chief, Broadcast Bureau pursuant to delegated authority, some stations affiliated with either the MBS or Mutual Reports (Black) network, in markets where another station is carrying one or the other of these games, may wish to carry delayed broadcasts of earlier MBS or Mutual Reports newscasts which have been fed prior to the game. |access-date=November 7, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225021534/https://books.google.com/books?id=pd6uGlAU4GEC |url-status=live }}</ref>), which still exists today as [[American Urban Radio Networks]] (AURN); [[Mutual Spanish Network|Mutual Cadena Hispánica]] (MCH, or in English, "Mutual Spanish Network", MSN, abandoned in 1973); regional outlet Mutual Southwest Network (MSWN, retired in 1983); and [[Mutual Lifestyle Radio|Mutual Progressive Network]] (MPN; later re-branded "Mutual Lifestyle Radio" (MLR) in 1980, then retired in 1983).

Of the six{{Efn|The [[Progressive Broadcasting System|PBS]] & [[Liberty Broadcasting System|Liberty]] radio networks, PBS at 100 affiliates & Liberty at 500 affiliates, were the next closest in size to Mutual, which had 958 affiliates}} national & four major networks of American [[Golden Age of Radio#Broadcast_networks|radio's classic era]], Mutual had for decades the largest number of [[Network affiliate|affiliate]]s but the least certain financial position<ref name="RosseMBS">{{Cite magazine |last=Rosse |first=Dick |date=April 19, 1999 |title=How Sweet It Was |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1999/BC-1999-04-19.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting & Cable |volume=129 |issue=16 |pages=74, 76 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030558/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1999/BC-1999-04-19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (though it didn't prevent Mutual from expanding into television broadcasting after World War II, as [[NBC]], [[CBS]] and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] did, but it meant Mutual's attempt was short-lived). For the first 18 years of its existence, Mutual was owned and operated as a [[cooperative]] (a system similar to that of today's [[National Public Radio]] (and its television counterpart, the [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]])), setting the network apart from its corporate-owned competitors. Mutual's member stations shared their own original programming, transmission and promotion expenses, and advertising revenues. From December 30, 1936, when it debuted in the West, the Mutual Broadcasting System had affiliates from coast to coast. Its business structure would change after [[General Tire]] assumed majority ownership in 1952 through a series of regional and individual station acquisitions.

Once General Tire sold the network in 1957 to a syndicate led by Dr. [[Armand Hammer]], Mutual's ownership was largely disconnected from the stations it served, leading to a more conventional, top-down model of program production and distribution. Due to the multiple sales of the network that followed, Mutual was once described in ''[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]'' magazine as "often traded".<ref name="Broad19770815p202">{{Cite magazine |date=August 15, 1977 |title=Sale of Mutual reported in work at $15 million |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1977/BC-1977-08-15.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=93 |issue=7 |page=20 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030803/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1977/BC-1977-08-15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After a group that involved [[Hal Roach Studios]] purchased Mutual from Hammer's group, the new executive team was charged with accepting money to use Mutual as a vehicle for foreign [[propaganda]] on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]'s dictatorship in the [[Third Dominican Republic]], while the network suffered significant financial losses and affiliate defections.{{r|Time19590914}} Concurrently filing for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] and selling twice in the span of four months for purposes of raising enough money to remain operational, the network's reputation was severely damaged but soon rebounded under its succeeding owner, [[3M|3M Company]]. Sold to private interests in 1966 and again to [[Amway]] in 1977, Mutual purchased two radio stations in New York and Chicago in the 1980s, only to sell them after Amway's interest in radio broadcasting began to wane. In 1985, Radio syndicator [[Westwood One (1976–2011)|Westwood One]] acquired Mutual and in 1987, the [[NBC Radio Network|NBC Radio]], gradually assimilating both network's operations. Westwood One finally retired the Mutual name in April, 1999.

==History==
===1934–1935: The launch of Mutual===
Attempts at establishing cooperatively owned radio networks had been made since the 1920s. In 1929, a group of four radio stations in the major markets of New York City, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit organized into a loose confederation known as the Quality Network. Five years later (in 1934), a similar or identical group of stations founded the Mutual Broadcasting System.{{efn|All available sources concur that Mutual cofounders WOR–Newark, N.J./New York, WXYZ–Detroit, and WLW–Cincinnati were also founding members of the Quality Network. Sources differ on whether WGN–Chicago, Mutual's fourth original member, or another Chicago station, [[WLS (AM)|WLS]], represented the city in the Quality Network. In addition, there is no consensus on the fundamental matter of the degree of connection involved: some sources claim the Quality Network had ceased to exist by the end of 1929; others that it carried on and simply changed its name and formalized its structure in 1934. As scholar James Schwoch (1994) puts it, "The origins of the Mutual Broadcasting System are somewhat murky and open to dispute." Indeed, a claim Schwoch makes just two sentences later—that "the permanent establishment of the Mutual network is bound up in the popularity of a single radio program, 'The Lone Ranger'"—is disputed by several scholars.{{efn|name=ShowPop}}}} Mutual's original participating stations were [[WOR (AM)|WOR]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]], just outside New York (owned by the [[Bamberger's#1929-1959|Bamberger Broadcasting Service]], a division of [[Macy's|R.H. Macy and Company]]; in 1949, [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] would begin broadcasting and Bamberger would be renamed General Teleradio, due to [[General Tire|General Tire & Rubber]]'s increased investment in the TV station<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lisicky |first1=Michael J. |title=Bamberger's: New Jersey's Greatest Store |date=2016 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4396-5836-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FVmDQAAQBAJ&q=macy%27s+general+teleradio&pg=PT56 |language=en |access-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033717/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FVmDQAAQBAJ&q=macy%27s+general+teleradio&pg=PT56 |url-status=live }}</ref>), [[WGN (AM)|WGN]] in Chicago (owned by WGN Inc., a subsidiary of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''), [[WXYT (AM)|WXYZ]] in Detroit (owned by Kunsky-Trendle Broadcasting), and [[WLW]] in Cincinnati (owned by the Crosley Radio Company). The network was organized on September 29, 1934, with the members contracting for telephone-line transmission facilities and agreeing to collectively enter into contracts with advertisers for their networked shows. WOR and WGN, based in the two largest markets and providing the bulk of the programming, were the acknowledged leaders of the group. On October 29, 1934, Mutual Broadcasting System, Inc. was incorporated, with Bamberger and WGN Inc. each holding 50&nbsp;percent of the stock—five each of the ten total shares.<ref>{{harvp|Robinson|1979|p=28}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cox|2015|p=177}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=McLeod, Elizabeth |date=1999–2002 |title=Some History of the Mutual Broadcasting System |url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/mutual.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513063918/http://jeff560.tripod.com/mutual.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |publisher=History of American Broadcasting (Jeff Miller)}} Extensive discussion of the network's history and organization by radio historian. Note that the page's introductory content (not written by McLeod) gives September 15, 1934, as the network's organizational date, apparently based on a 1999 newspaper article reproduced at the bottom of the page. All authoritative sources, including McLeod, give September 29. (The newspaper article also incorrectly states that the network featured commentator [[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]]; it never did. His shows appeared on NBC and NBC Blue/ABC. See, e.g., {{harvp|Nimmo|Newsome|1997|p=271}}. The article also incorrectly suggests that when ''The Lone Ranger'' "rode into the radio sunset in 1954," it directly affected the network. The show hadn't been on Mutual since 1942.)</ref>
[[File:LumAbnerHorlicks.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Illustration of two men in profile before a wall of shelves filled with identically labeled cans. The man on the left is taller and has a mustache. The shorter man on the right is goateed and wears glasses and a cap; he is pulling down a can.|[[Lum and Abner]], the latter of whom is seen in this advertisement, are reaching for a can of [[Horlicks|Horlick's]]. The malted milk maker sponsored the show during its entire run on Mutual. It left Mutual for [[NBC Blue]] after August 1935.]]
The three national radio networks already in operation—the [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System]] and the [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company]]'s [[NBC Radio Network|Red]] and [[Blue Network|Blue]]—were corporately controlled; programming was produced by the network (or by advertising agencies of program sponsors that purchased airtime on the network) and distributed to affiliates, most of which were independently owned. The Mutual Broadcasting System, on the other hand, operated as a true cooperative enterprise, with members creating and sharing programming. The majority of the early programming, from WOR and WGN, consisted of musical features and inexpensive dramatic serials. WOR had ''[[The Witch's Tale]]'', a horror anthology series whose "hunner-an'-thirteen-year-old" narrator invited listeners to "douse all [the] lights. Now draw up to the fire an' gaze into the embers&nbsp;...''gaaaaze into 'em deep!''... an' soon ye'll be across the seas, in th' jungle land of Africa&nbsp;... hear that chantin' and them savage drums?"<ref>{{harvp|Dunning|1998|p=724}}.</ref> WGN contributed the popular comedy series ''[[Lum and Abner]]''. Detroit's WXYZ provided ''[[The Lone Ranger]]'', which had debuted in 1933 and was already in demand. It is often claimed that Mutual was launched primarily as a vehicle for the Western serial, but ''Lum and Abner'' was no less popular at the time.{{efn|name=ShowPop|The following sources argue that Mutual was primarily a vehicle for ''The Lone Ranger''.<ref>{{harvp|Olson|2000|p=173}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Head|1976|p=142}}.</ref>{{r|Schwoch}} These sources, however, counterargue that Mutual was built on the popularity of ''Lum and Abner''.<ref>{{harvp|Hilmes|1997|pp=107–108}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hollis|2001|p=41}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=McLeod, Elizabeth|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/mutual.html|title=Some History of the Mutual Broadcasting System/Correspondence: 'Mon, 12 APR 99'|date=April 12, 1999|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=History of American Broadcasting (Jeff Miller)|archive-date=May 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513063918/http://jeff560.tripod.com/mutual.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} What WLW brought was sheer power; billing itself as "The Nation's Station", in May 1934 it had begun night broadcasting at a massive 500,000 watts, ten times the [[clear-channel station|clear-channel]] standard.<ref>{{harvp|Whitaker|2002|pp=537–538}}</ref>

On May 24, 1935, the network aired its inaugural live event—the first-ever night baseball game, between the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and the [[Philadelphia Phillies]].<ref>{{harvp|Gorman|Calhoun|Rozin|1994|p=105}}.</ref> In September, WXYZ dropped out to join NBC Blue, though contractual obligations kept ''The Lone Ranger'' on Mutual, airing three times a week, through spring 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adage.com/custom/pdf/adcraft05.pdf |title=Adcraft |date=December 5, 2005 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |work=Advertising Age  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326005418/http://adage.com/custom/pdf/adcraft05.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logl1011.htm|title=''The Lone Ranger'' Episode Log|date=February 18, 2005|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Jerry Haendiges' Vintage Radio Logs|archive-date=August 24, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824154841/http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logl1011.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The hole in the Detroit market was immediately filled by [[CKLW]] in [[Windsor, Ontario]], just across the river.<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |date=January 4, 1937 |title=Business & Finance: M. B. S. |url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1937-01-04/page/45/ |magazine=Time |volume=XXIX |issue=1 |pages=39–[https://time.com/vault/issue/1937-01-04/page/46/ 40] |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211072654/https://time.com/vault/issue/1937-01-04/page/45/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October, the network began a decades-long run as broadcaster of baseball's World Series, with airtime responsibilities shared between WGN's [[Bob Elson]] and Quin Ryan and WLW's [[Red Barber]] (NBC and CBS also carried the series that year; the Fall Classic would air on all three networks through 1938).<ref>{{harvp|Alexander|2002|p=110}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Gorman|Calhoun|Rozin|1994|p=89}}.</ref> Mutual broadcast its first Notre Dame football game that autumn as well, beginning another relationship that would last for decades.<ref>See, e.g., {{harvp|Patterson|2004|p=90}}.</ref> As an income-generating business, the Mutual network was a modest endeavor at the start: in the first eleven months of 1935, the cooperative garnered $1.1 million in advertising, compared to NBC's $28.3 million and CBS's $15.8 million.{{r|Time}}

===Late 1930s: National expansion===
In the fall of 1936, Mutual lost another of its founding members when WLW departed. The network, however, was in the midst of a major expansion: the first outside group of stations to sign on with Mutual was [[John Shepard III|John Shepard]]'s Colonial Network with its Boston [[Flagship (radio)|flagship station]], [[WFTQ|WAAB]], and thirteen affiliates around New England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonradio.org/colonial-36.html|title=The Colonial Network|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=BostonRadio.org|archive-date=May 1, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010501184415/http://www.bostonradio.org/colonial-36.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There was good reason for this affiliation: Shepard had been involved with the founding of Mutual, and served on its board of directors.<ref>Christopher H. Sterling and Michael C. Keith. ''Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America''. University of North Carolina Press, 2009, p. 24.</ref> Cleveland's [[WHKW|WGAR]] also became an affiliate, albeit a dual one, as they also held a primary NBC Blue hookup.<ref name="WGARtoCBS">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 1937|title=Cleveland Switch to Occur Sept. 26|volume=13|page=15|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising]]|issue=6|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1937/1937-09-15-BC.pdf|access-date=December 9, 2021|via=World Radio History|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151225/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1937/1937-09-15-BC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> WGAR was joined by five other Midwestern stations: [[KXFN|KWK]] in St. Louis, Mo.; [[KXNO (AM)|KSO]] in Des Moines, Iowa; [[WMT (AM)|WMT]] in Cedar Rapids, Iowa; [[KOIL]] in Omaha, Neb.; and [[KFOR (AM)|KFOR]] in Lincoln, Neb.<ref>{{unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite web |title=Station Guide/WGAR-AM |url=http://www.cleve-radio.com/index2.htm#WGAR-AM  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509082729/http://www.cleve-radio.com/index2.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |publisher=Cleveland Broadcast Radio Archives }}|{{Cite magazine |date=November 2, 1970 |title=A play-by-play retrospective: 1936 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-11-02-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=79 |issue=18 |pages=80, 82 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025930/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-11-02-BC.pdf |url-status=live }} This source also states "WLW(AM) Cincinnati turns in its Mutual stock but remains as outlet" which is in error as WLW never held any stock and left the network to join NBC (see, e.g., {{Harvp|Schramm|1969|p=51}}).}}</ref> The big prize came in December, when the [[Don Lee Network]], the leading regional web on the West Coast, left CBS to become a central participant in Mutual. Don Lee brought its four [[owned-and-operated station]]s—[[KHJ (AM)|KHJ]] in Los Angeles, [[KEAR (AM)|KFRC]] in San Francisco, [[KLSD|KGB]] in San Diego, and [[KOSJ|KDB]] in Santa Barbara—along with six California affiliates and, via [[shortwave]] hookup, two more in Hawaii.{{r|Time}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Schneider, John F.|url=http://www.bayarearadio.org/schneider/kfrc1.shtml|title=The History of KFRC, San Francisco and the Don Lee Networks|year=2009|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Bay Area Radio Museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917034941/http://bayarearadio.org/schneider/kfrc1.shtml|archive-date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> Mutual now had a nationwide presence. During 1936, as well, an offer by [[Warner Bros.]] to purchase the network was apparently made and rejected.<ref>Clarke (1996), ch. 11 (available [http://www.musicweb-international.com/RiseandFall/11.htm online]). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204501/http://www.musicweb-international.com/RiseandFall/11.htm |date=May 16, 2008 }}</ref>

In January 1937, ownership of WAAB was consolidated with that of another Boston station controlled by Shepard: [[WBIX|WNAC]] was flagship of the [[Yankee Network]], a circuit of New England radio stations whose membership partially overlapped with that of Colonial.<ref name="BosTime">{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonradio.org/timeline.html|title=The Boston Radio Timeline|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=BostonRadio.org|archive-date=June 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620204837/http://bostonradio.org/timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Yankee flagship WNAC had been an affiliate of CBS Radio, changing affiliation to [[NBC Red]] later in 1937 when CBS purchased [[WEZE|WEEI]] in that city. The Texas Network soon added twenty-three more stations to the Mutual affiliate roster.<ref name="Cox-2002">{{Harvp|Cox|2002|p=178}}.</ref> WGAR dropped both their Mutual and NBC Blue affiliations on September 26, 1937, to take CBS exclusively; in turn, [[WHLO|WJAY]] (co-owned with [[WHK (AM)|WHK]] by the United Broadcasting Company, part of ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' business) joined Mutual and changed calls to WCLE.{{r|WGARtoCBS}} The Mutual affiliation in Cleveland moved again in the fall of 1942 from WCLE to WHK, temporarily displacing Blue programming from the market entirely.<ref name="AkronB19421104">{{Cite news|last=Doran|first=Dorothy|date=November 4, 1942|title=WJW Seeks Move Into Cleveland For Blue Chain|page=21|newspaper=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|publisher=[[Knight Ridder|Knight Newspapers]]|location=Akron, Ohio|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87878630/wjw-seeks-move-into-cleveland-for-blue-c/|access-date=October 28, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033718/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87878630/wjw-seeks-move-into-cleveland-for-blue/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of 1938, Mutual had 74 exclusive affiliates; though the two leading radio network companies discouraged dual hookups, Mutual shared another 25 affiliates with NBC and 5 with CBS.<ref name="NBCvUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/nbcvus.html|title=National Broadcasting Co., Inc., et al. v. United States et al. (U.S. Supreme Court decision)|date=May 10, 1943|access-date=March 1, 2010|work=Freedom of Speech in the United States—Free Speech Library|publisher=Boston College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305133838/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/nbcvus.html|archive-date=March 5, 2010}}</ref> The total of 104 affiliates put Mutual not far behind the leaders. Because of the corporate strength behind NBC and CBS, however, and the fact that the lion's share of the most powerful stations in the country had already signed with them before Mutual's emergence (the exceptional, and soon departed, WLW aside), the cooperative network would be at a permanent disadvantage.

====Programming: ''The Shadow'' and diverse political voices====
[[File:WellesShadow.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=Man in black hat concealing the bottom of his face with a black cape and gazing fiercely. A microphone in front bears the word "Mutual" and the call letters "WOR".| [[Orson Welles]] as [[The Shadow]]. A predecessor in the role delivered the show's intro, with its famous catchphrase, "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows&nbsp;...." According to historian Frank Brady, Welles's "voice as the 'invisible' Shadow was perfect." The intro, however, also called for a sinister chuckle; Welles's effort "seemed more an adolescent giggle than a terrifying threat."<ref>{{harvp|Brady|1990|p=78}}.</ref>]]
On the programming front, 1936 saw Mutual launch the first network advice show, ''[[Good Will Hour|The Good Will Hour]]'', hosted by John J. Anthony and sponsored by [[physical culture]] guru [[Bernarr Macfadden]]. The program was a new take on ''Ask Mister Anthony'', which had aired on a local New York station in 1932, "dedicated to helping the sufferers from an antiquated and outmoded domestic relations code." Anthony, whose real name was Lester Kroll, brought a wealth of relevant experience to his work—he had once been jailed for failing to make alimony payments.<ref>{{harvp|Hilmes|1997|pp=99–100}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Jaker|Sulek|Kanze|1998|p=129}}.</ref> In July 1937 came the premiere of a seven-part [[Les Misérables (radio series)|adaptation of ''Les Misérables'']], produced, written, and directed by [[Orson Welles]] and featuring many of his [[Mercury Theatre]] performers—Mercury's first appearance on the air. September 26, 1937, proved a particularly momentous date: that evening, ''[[The Shadow]]'' came to Mutual.{{efn|name=B|Start and end dates for original dramatic and quiz series given in the main text are based on the standard and most comprehensive reference work, ''On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio'', by John Dunning.<ref>{{harvp|Dunning|1998}}.</ref> Dunning's detailed information has been checked, where available, against the even more detailed reports of Jerry Haendiges<ref>{{cite web|last=Haendiges|first=Jerry|url=http://www.otrsite.com/radiolog/index.html|title=Jerry Haendiges' Vintage Radio Logs|date=1996|publisher=Jerry Haendiges Productions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205214015/http://otrsite.com/radiolog/index.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|access-date=February 10, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> and against the much less detailed but more recently published ''The Encyclopedia of American Radio: An A–Z Guide to Radio from Jack Benny to Howard Stern'', by Ron Lackmann.<ref>{{harvp|Lackmann|2000}}.</ref> Dunning and Haendiges agree in almost all cases where they both cover a show. In the few cases where they differ slightly, a specific citation is given to the one whose data appears better supported, internally and/or by reference to Lackmann.}} The show would become a mainstay of the network for more than a decade and a half and one of the most popular programs in radio history. For the first year of its Mutual run, Welles provided the voice of The Shadow and his newly created alter ego, Lamont Cranston. He played the part anonymously at first. But, as one chronicler put it, "nothing to do with Welles could remain a secret for very long."<ref>{{harvp|Callow|1995|p=321}}.</ref>

In April 1938, the network picked up ''[[The Green Hornet (radio series)|The Green Hornet]]'' from former member WXYZ. Mutual gave the twice-a-week series its first national exposure until November 1939, when it switched to NBC Blue. (The series would return very briefly to Mutual in the fall of 1940).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logg1005.htm|title=''Green Hornet'' Episode Log|date=January 29, 2004|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Jerry Haendiges' Vintage Radio Logs|archive-date=February 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217203718/http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logg1005.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Mutual also provided the national launching pad for [[Kay Kyser]] and his ''[[Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge|Kollege of Musical Knowledge]]'' radio show. Kyser's enormous success at Mutual soon allowed his show to move to NBC and its much larger audience.<ref>{{harvp|McDougal|2001|p=68}}.</ref> By May 1939, Mutual was broadcasting the [[Indianapolis 500]].<ref>''Highway Traveler'' 11, no. 2 (April–May 1939), p. 27.</ref>{{efn|There are anecdotal suggestions that the network aired the Indianapolis 500 in previous years, but to date no concrete evidence has been found. For later Mutual coverage of the race, see:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.speedwayaudio.com/~speedway/cgi-bin/cart.cgi/F5001949.html |title=1949 Indianapolis 500 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |publisher=Speedway Audio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321030547/http://www.speedwayaudio.com/~speedway/cgi-bin/cart.cgi/F5001949.html |archive-date=March 21, 2007}}</ref>}} That autumn, Mutual won exclusive broadcast rights to the World Series. As described in a 1943 Supreme Court ruling upholding the regulatory power of the [[Federal Communications Commission]], Mutual "offered this program of outstanding national interest to stations throughout the country, including NBC and CBS affiliates in communities having no other stations. CBS and NBC immediately invoked the 'exclusive affiliation' clauses of their agreements with these stations, and as a result, thousands of people in many sections of the country were unable to hear the broadcasts of the games." This was the first instance of "abuses" committed by the two major broadcast companies given in the ruling.{{r|NBCvUS}}

Mutual also began building a reputation as a strong news service, rivaling the industry leaders in quality, if not budget. The broadcasts of WOR reporter [[Gabriel Heatter]] from the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]] "trial of the century" in 1935, heard over Mutual, were highly regarded; Heatter soon had his own regularly scheduled newscast, which aired nationally five nights a week.<ref>{{harvp|Bliss|1991|pp=34, 36}}.</ref> In 1936, also via WOR, Mutual began broadcasting the reports of news commentator [[Raymond Gram Swing]], who became one of the country's leading voices on foreign affairs.<ref>{{harvp|Bliss|1991|pp=60–61}}.</ref> In November 1937, conservative commentator [[Fulton Lewis|Fulton Lewis Jr.]], heard five nights weekly from Mutual affiliate [[WQOF|WOL]], became the first national news personality to broadcast out of Washington, D.C.; he would remain with the network until his death almost three decades later.<ref>{{harvp|Nimmo|Newsome|1997|p=173}}.</ref> In 1938, Mutual started rebroadcasting news reports from the [[BBC]] and English-language newscasts from the European mainland. The network also began employing its own reporters in Europe as the continent headed toward crisis, including John Steele, [[Waverley Root]], Arthur Mann, and Victor Lusinchi. Among these was [[Sigrid Schultz]], the first accomplished female foreign correspondent to appear on American news radio.<ref>{{harvp|Brown|1998|p=180}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Bliss|1991|pp=97–98}}.</ref>

===1940s: Becoming a radio network outside the "Big Three"===
According to scholar Cornelia B. Rose, at the beginning of 1940, Mutual's corporate structure expanded its inclusivity:
<blockquote>
Until January, 1940, six groups bore the expense of the network operation in varying degree: stations WGN and WOR owned all the stock of the corporation and guaranteed to make up any deficit; the Colonial Network in New England, the Don Lee System on the Pacific Coast, and the group of stations owned by the Cleveland ''Plain Dealer'', participated in responsibility for running expenses. A new contract effective February 1, 1940, provides for contributing membership by all the above group[s] plus station CKLW in Detroit-Windsor. These groups now agree to underwrite expenses and become stockholders in the network.... An operating board for the network is {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} representatives from each of these groups, together with additional representation appointed by other affiliated stations.<ref>{{harvp|Rose|1971|p=68}}.</ref>
</blockquote>
[[File:Mutual Broadcasting System - Fulton Lewis Radio 1940s-1950s Commercial.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=On the left, a suited man seated before a microphone, smiling and holding a script. On the right, radio station advertising copy.|Mutual featured a variety of political voices, but none for so long as that of conservative commentator [[Fulton Lewis|Fulton Lewis Jr.]] Many later pundits "copied his style—mocking, ridiculing, full of denials, full of sweeping generalizations, and full of inside-dopesterism."<ref>{{harvp|Nimmo|Newsome|1997|p=178}}.</ref> [[WKIC (AM)|WKIC]] was Mutual's affiliate in [[Hazard, Kentucky]].]]
The new cooperative structure was also joined by the owners of [[WKRC (AM)|WKRC]] in Cincinnati, which had replaced Mutual cofounder WLW in that market. The Mutual corporation now had 100 shares, apportioned as follows:<ref>{{harvp|Robinson|1979|p=29}}.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Shareholders of the Mutual Broadcasting System, 1940
|-
! scope = "col" | Shareholder
! scope = "col" | Lead station
! scope = "col" | Shares
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | Bamberger Broadcasting
| WOR || 25
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | WGN Inc.
| WGN || 25
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | Don Lee Network
| KHJ || 25
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | Colonial Network
| WAAB || 6
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | United Broadcasting
| WHK || 6
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | Western Ontario Broadcasting
| CKLW || 6
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | ''[[The Cincinnati Times-Star]]''
| WKRC || 6
|-
! scope = "row" {{rh}} | Fred Weber
| Mutual general manager || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right;" scope="row" {{rh}} | Total || '''100'''
|}

In 1941, WOR's official city of license was changed to New York. Within two years, the Colonial Network's affiliate roster and shares in Mutual had been fully absorbed into the Yankee Network by [[John Shepard III]]; WNAC was the sole flagship, WAAB having been moved to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], in central Massachusetts, to avoid [[duopoly (broadcasting)|duopoly]] restrictions. With [[WBZ (AM)|WBZ]] taking over the slot as the NBC Red affiliate in Boston, WNAC switched to Mutual. In January 1943, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) approved the sale of the Yankee Network—with WNAC, its three other owned-and-operated stations, its contracts with 17 additional affiliates, and its Mutual shares—to the Ohio-based [[General Tire|General Tire and Rubber Company]].{{r|BosTime}}<ref>Jaker et al. (1998), p. 93.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 18, 1943 |title=Radio: Rubber Yankee |url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1943-01-18/page/90/ |magazine=Time |volume=XLI |issue=3 |page=88 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210220818/https://time.com/vault/issue/1943-01-18/page/90/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1940, Mutual was already on par with the industry leaders in terms of affiliate roster size.{{efn|The two available authoritative sources differ widely on the affiliate figures for the year. Media historians F. Leslie Smith et al. give Mutual—140, NBC—113 (53 with Red, 60 with Blue), and CBS—112.<ref name="SmithWrightOstroff1998-p43">{{harvp|Smith|Wright II|Ostroff|1998|p=43}}.</ref> Media historian James Schwoch gives NBC—182, Mutual—160, and CBS—122.{{r|Schwoch}} It is unclear what different methodologies were employed to produce these varying results.}} Still, because Mutual affiliates were mostly in small markets or lesser stations in large ones, the network lagged way behind in advertising revenue—NBC took in eleven times as much as Mutual that year.<ref>See {{harvp|Robinson|1979|pp=26–27, 29}}.</ref>{{efn|For advertising sales in the first eight months of 1941, see "Happy Birthday MBS", from the September 15, 1941, issue of ''Time''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 15, 1941 |title=Radio: Happy Birthday MBS |url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1941-09-15/page/59/ |magazine=Time |volume=XXXVIII |issue=11 |pages=57–[https://time.com/vault/issue/1941-09-15/page/60/ 58] |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211072655/https://time.com/vault/issue/1941-09-15/page/59/ |url-status=live }}</ref> NBC's take was now less than eight times as much as Mutual's. All available reports suggest that the gap did not close much further during the decade.}} In 1941, the FCC, calling for NBC to divest one of its two networks, observed that the company "has utilized the Blue to forestall competition with the Red&nbsp;.... Mutual is excluded from, or only lamely admitted to, many important markets."<ref>Quoted in {{harvp|Robinson|1979|p=116}}.</ref><ref>"Chains Unchained?" ''Time'', May 12, 1941 (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20101115201232/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795283-2,00.html online]).</ref> On January 10, 1942, Mutual filed a $10.275 million suit against NBC and its parent company, [[RCA Corporation|RCA]], alleging a conspiracy "hindering and restricting Mutual freely and fairly to compete in the transmission in interstate commerce of nationwide network programs."<ref>Quoted in {{harvp|Robinson|1979|p=74}}.</ref> The FCC's Supreme Court victory in 1943 led to the sale of the Blue Network and Mutual dropping its lawsuit.<ref>"Mutual Seeks to End Action Against RCA; Official Says Transfer of Blue Network Will Solve Issue," ''New York Times'', October 12, 1943.</ref>

These developments appear to have been of more symbolic than practical value to Mutual—the transfer of the NBC Blue stations to the new [[American Broadcasting Company]] did little to help Mutual's competitive position. In 1945, it reached 384 affiliates, and by December 1948, Mutual Broadcasting was heard on more than 500 stations in the United States.{{r|SmithWrightOstroff1998-p43}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/1949am.html|title=AM Network-Affiliated Radio Stations, 1949|date=December 6, 1948|access-date=March 1, 2010|work=1949 Broadcasting-Telecasting Yearbook|publisher=History of American Broadcasting (Jeff Miller)|archive-date=May 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516155410/http://jeff560.tripod.com/1949am.html|url-status=live}}</ref> But this growth did not reflect any ability on Mutual's part to attract leading stations from the corporate-controlled networks. Rather, the FCC had eased its technical standards for local stations, facilitating the establishment of new outlets in small markets. Between 1945 and 1952, the number of AM stations rose from around 940 to more than 2,350.<ref>Leblebici et al. (1991), p. 17 (online pagination).</ref> It was these new, relatively weak stations that Mutual kept picking up. Though by now it had many more affiliates than any other U.S. radio network, for the most part they remained "less desirable in frequency, power, and coverage," as the Supreme Court had put it.{{r|NBCvUS}} For instance, in the postwar era, CBS and NBC covered all of North Carolina, each with only four stations. Mutual needed fourteen affiliates to deliver comparable statewide coverage.<ref name="Schwoch">{{harvp|Schwoch|1994}}.</ref>
[[File:KFRCMutualDonLeeLogo.jpg|thumb|left|300px|alt=Radio station call letters in bold sans-serif type, accompanied by the words "Mutual" and "Don Lee" in elegant cursive.|Logo for [[KFRC (defunct)|KFRC]], the Mutual station in San Francisco, owned by the [[Don Lee (broadcaster)|Don Lee Broadcasting System]]]]

====Mutual's involvement in television====
Late in the 1940s, there was a brief exploration into the idea of launching a Mutual-branded television network, serious enough to prompt talks with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] as a potential source of programming talent.<ref>{{harvp|Segrave|1999|p=22}}. For more on the evaporation of Mutual's TV plans, see {{harvp|Schwoch|1994}}.</ref> Plans for the proposed Mutual-branded network advanced far enough that, at the annual meeting of Mutual stockholders in April 1950, network president Frank White made an official announcement of the planned creation of a limited five-station Mutual network ([[Boston]]-[[WNAC-TV (Boston)|WNAC]], [[New York City]]-[[WWOR-TV|WOR]], [[Washington, D.C.]]-[[WUSA (TV)|WOIC]], [[Chicago]]-[[WGN-TV|WGN]], and [[Los Angeles]]-[[KCAL-TV|KHJ]]).<ref name="Eugene Register-Guard">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PR01AAAAIBAJ&pg=6828%2C3171846 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=MBS Television Plans Readied |page=2 |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |agency=United Press |date=1950-04-17 |access-date=2024-10-03 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091847/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PR01AAAAIBAJ&pg=6828,3171846 |url-status=live }}</ref> At that same time Mutual radio station [[KQV]] in [[Pittsburgh]], which was engaged in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to get a television license, was reportedly hoping for their station to be a Mutual television affiliate.<ref name="Pittsburgh Press">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YOUdAAAAIBAJ&pg=2373%2C1487863&q=KQV+lincese+gets+hopes+these+days+join+Mutual's+just+nounced+five-station |author=Si Steinhauser |title=TV Fans Rush to 'Aid' Silent Star on Vedio [sic] |page=43 |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |date=1950-04-18 |access-date=2024-10-03 }}</ref> "Mutual Television Network" ended up being the decided-on branding for the Mutual-branded network.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malloy, C.S.C |first1=Edward A. |title=Monk's Tale: The Pilgrimage Begins, 1941–1975 |date=24 August 2009 |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |isbn=978-0-268-16201-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWEFDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22mutual+television+network%22&pg=PT24 |language=en |quote=Television provided my first exposure to Notre Dame when I happened to watch an Irish football game in the 1950s on the Mutual Television Network (Washington [D.C.] being one of the few cities to have an outlet). |archive-date=December 22, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222102115/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Monk_s_Tale/tWEFDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mutual+television+network%22&pg=PT24&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Times-News |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bsbAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22mutual+television+network%22&pg=PA4&article_id=2289,143405 |language=en |quote=As a journalist, Mr. Sholar covered Olympic Games in Helinski, Melbourne, and Rome for the Mutual Television Network and newspapers. |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robb |first1=Brian |title=Quicklook at Television |date=1 August 2012 |publisher=Quicklook Books Limited |isbn=978-1-908926-66-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBUxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mutual+television+network%22&pg=PA26 |language=en |quote=As a result, the so-called Mutual Television Network was doomed.}}</ref> However, the 5-station Mutual network failed in short time, and Mutual became the only radio network outside the "Big Three" U.S. radio networks, even with a short-lived trial in TV, not to be long-term connected to (and eventually lose its dominance to) a television network. While the Mutual TV network was short-lived, this did not mean the group did not have an influence over commercial television's early development. Several Mutual radio affiliates launched their own television stations that would often be affiliated with the television networks of ABC, [[NBC]], CBS or [[DuMont Network|DuMont]].

The cooperative also held the rights to a number of valuable radio properties that made the transition to the new medium possible, including two of the era's most popular variations on what would later become known as the [[tabloid talk show]] and [[reality television|"reality" programming]]: the crabby gabfest ''[[Leave It to the Girls]]'' and, in particular, ''[[Queen for a Day]],'' which both started on Mutual radio in 1945. Referred to by some as a "misery show", ''Queen for a Day'' "awarded prizes to women who could come up with the most heart-stabbing stories told by the sick and the downtrodden&nbsp;.... On one show, a mother of nine requested a washing machine to replace one that broke when it fell on her husband and disabled him—and who, by the way, also needed heart surgery."<ref>{{harvp|Nachmann|2000|p=350}}.</ref> In May 1947, a simulcast version began airing on the Don Lee system's experimental TV station in Los Angeles, W6XAO (later [[KCBS-TV|KTSL]]). It was a smash hit, and by the turn of the decade, TV stations all along the coast were broadcasting it to high ratings.<ref>{{harvp|Cassidy|2005|pp=40–43, 187–188}}.</ref>{{efn|Media historian Marsha Francis Cassidy also refers to Mutual's wish-fulfillment show ''Heart's Desire'' as one of those that "made the shift to local or regional television",{{r|Cassidy 2005, p. 41}} but it has not been possible to confirm this. For a detailed account of this model of radio art, see:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA2/99CA2d56.htm|title=Kovacs v. Mutual Broadcasting System (1950) 99 CA2d 56 (California 2d District Court ruling)|date=August 18, 1950|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Continuing Education of the Bar—California (University of California/State Bar of California)|archive-date=February 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211072655/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA2/99CA2d56.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}} In the 1950s, Mutual would stare down NBC for four years as the mighty network sought to take control of the show.
{{clear}}

====Programming: World War II and ''Superman''====
[[File:FDR-December-24-1943.jpg|thumb|right|300px| President Franklin D. Roosevelt at his home in [[Hyde Park, New York]], December 24, 1943, delivering one of his nationwide radio '[[Fireside chats]]' on the [[Tehran Conference]] and [[Cairo Conference]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3333 |title=—Miller Center |access-date=September 14, 2015  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709061003/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3333 |archive-date=July 9, 2015 }} Roosevelt, Franklin D. "Fireside Chat 27: On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences (December 24, 1943)". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved July 6, 2016.</ref>]]
Offscreen, Mutual remained an enterprising broadcaster. In 1940, a program featuring Cedric Foster joined Mutual's respected schedule of news and opinion shows. Foster's claim to fame was as the first daytime commentator to be heard nationally on a daily basis.<ref>Bliss (1991), p. 65.</ref> The network aired that year's [[NFL Championship Game, 1940|NFL Championship Game]] on December 8, the first national broadcast of the annual event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profootballhof.com/history/general/chronology/1940-1959.aspx|access-date=March 1, 2010|title=History: Chronology (1940 to 1959)|publisher=Pro Football Hall of Fame|archive-date=April 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408021426/http://www.profootballhof.com/history/general/chronology/1940-1959.aspx}}</ref> Over the following half-decade, Mutual's war coverage held its own with that of the wealthier networks, featuring field correspondents such as Henry Shapiro and Piet Van T Veer and commentators such as [[Cecil Brown (journalist)|Cecil Brown]], formerly of CBS.<ref>Brown (1998), pp. 183, 190.</ref> At 2:26&nbsp;p.m. Eastern time, on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Mutual flagship station WOR interrupted a football game broadcast with a news flash reporting the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]]. It was the first public announcement of the attack heard on the U.S. mainland. The first bombs had dropped 63 minutes earlier.<ref>Bliss (1991), p. 135; {{cite web|url=http://www.authentichistory.com/1939-1945/1-war/2-PH/19411207_1426_WOR-PH_Attack_Interrupt.html|date=December 7, 1941|access-date=March 1, 2010|title=WOR: Interruption of Giants-Dodgers Football Game|publisher=Authentic History Center|archive-date=May 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510033817/http://www.authentichistory.com/1939-1945/1-war/2-PH/19411207_1426_WOR-PH_Attack_Interrupt.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1945, Sigrid Schultz reported from one of the last [[Nazi concentration camps]] to be discovered, [[Ravensbrück concentration camp|Ravensbrück]].<ref>{{harvp|Crook|1998|pp=206–207}}.</ref> The following month, ''[[Meet the Press]]'' premiered with [[Martha Rountree]] as moderator.<ref>{{harvp|Nimmo|Newsome|1997|p=311}}.</ref> For a year and a half in the late 1940s, [[William Shirer]] came over from CBS to do current events commentary after his famous falling out with [[Edward Murrow]].<ref>{{harvp|Bliss|1991|pp=202–203}}.</ref> In 1948, Mutual's four-part series ''To Secure These Rights'', dramatizing the findings of [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]]'s [[President's Committee on Civil Rights|Committee on Civil Rights]], outraged many politicians and the network's own affiliates in the [[segregated South]].<ref>Savage (1999), p. 345 n. 123.</ref>
[[File:MStrangerSession.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=Seven suited men holding scripts and an eighth man operating a bank of turntables.|A recording session for ''[[The Mysterious Traveler]]'', with the entire cast clustered around one microphone. Host [[Maurice Tarplin]] is directly behind the mic, third from the right. To the rear, a sound-effect artist and three phonographs (at least) provide music and effects.]]
In the field of entertainment, Mutual built on the incomparable success of ''The Shadow''. WGN's ''[[Chicago Theater of the Air]]'', featuring hour-long opera and musical theater productions before a live audience, was broadcast for the first time in May 1940. By 1943, the weekly show was being recorded in front of houses 4,000 strong, gathered to see performances featuring a full orchestra and chorus. ''Chicago Theater of the Air'' would run on Mutual through March 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wgngold.com/timeline/1940s1950s.htm|access-date=March 1, 2010|title=WGN Radio Timeline: 1940s–1950s|publisher=WGN Gold|archive-date=July 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035648/http://www.wgngold.com/timeline/1940s1950s.htm|url-status=live}} {{cite web|url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logc1053.htm|title=''Chicago Theater of the Air'' Episode Log|date=April 15, 2008|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Jerry Haendiges' Vintage Radio Logs|archive-date=March 6, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306014405/http://otrsite.com/logs/logc1053.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Mutual provided an early national outlet for the influential, iconoclastic satirist [[Henry Morgan (humorist)|Henry Morgan]], whose show ''Here's Morgan'' began its network run in October 1940. Though ''The Lone Ranger'' moved over to NBC Blue in May 1942, within a few months Mutual had another reliable, and no less famous, action hero. ''[[The Adventures of Superman (radio)|The Adventures of Superman]]'', picked up from WOR, would run on the network from August 1942 to June 1949. In April 1943, Mutual launched what would turn into one of its longest-lasting shows. Debuting as ''[[Nick Carter (literary character)|The Return of Nick Carter]]'' and later retitled ''Nick Carter, Master Detective'', it would be a network staple through September 1955. From May 1943 through May 1946, Mutual aired ''[[The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' starring [[Basil Rathbone]] and [[Nigel Bruce]], reprising their roles from the [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] film series. An earlier incarnation of the show had run briefly on the network in 1936; a less starry version would return to Mutual from September 1947 through June 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logs1041.htm|title=''Sherlock Holmes'' Episode Log|date=July 6, 2008|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Jerry Haendiges' Vintage Radio Logs|archive-date=April 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403115331/http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logs1041.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Mysterious Traveler]]'', a proto–''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|Twilight Zone]]'' anthology series, aired every week on Mutual from December 1943 until September 1952.

In February 1946, Mutual introduced a quiz show, ''[[Twenty Questions]]'', that would run for more than seven years. In October, the detective series ''[[Let George Do It (radio)|Let George Do It]]'', starring Bob Bailey, launched as a Mutual/Don Lee presentation; it would also run into the mid-1950s. For two years, starting in 1946 as well, [[Steve Allen]] got his first network exposure on the Mutual/Don Lee morning show ''Smile Time'', out of Los Angeles's [[KHJ (AM)|KHJ]]. In February 1947, the religiously oriented ''[[Family Theater]]'' premiered; with frequent appearances by major Hollywood stars, the series aired on Mutual for ten and a half years. That March, [[Kate Smith]], a major star on CBS since 1931, moved over to Mutual. During most of her initial run at the network, which lasted until September 1951, she had two distinct weekday shows, each 15 minutes long: ''Kate Smith Speaks'', at noon, and ''Kate Smith Sings'', later in the hour.<ref name="Dunning-1998">{{harvp|Dunning|1998|p=382}}.</ref> The network gave an outlet to radio dramatist [[Wyllis Cooper]] and his highly regarded suspense anthology ''[[Quiet, Please]]'', which ran on Mutual from June 1947 to September 1948. It also aired actor [[Alan Ladd]]'s similarly lauded drama about a crime-solving mystery novelist, ''[[Box 13]]'', which ran for precisely a year. Mayfair Productions, Ladd's own business, produced its 52 episodes, which began airing every Sunday on August 22, 1948.

=== 1950s: New ownership ===
==== General Tire asserts control, then sells ====
[[File:QueenForADay.gif|thumb|left|325px|alt=Headshot of a mustachioed man above advertising copy that leads off with "Hey! Guess What!"|On the radio in the morning, on TV in the afternoon—audiences couldn't get enough of ''[[Queen for a Day]]''. At the end of each episode, host [[Jack Bailey (actor)|Jack Bailey]] would proclaim, "We wish we could make every lady in America a queen for every single day!"<ref>Cassidy (2005), p. 20.</ref>]]
Toward the end of 1950, the executors of the estate of Thomas S. Lee (the son of Don Lee, who had died in 1934) liquidated the estate's broadcasting interests. The Don Lee Broadcasting System and its shares in Mutual were sold to General Tire for $12.3&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|12320000|1950}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}), which already had a sizable stake in Mutual via the Yankee Network.<ref name="LosAng19501218p64">{{Cite news |date=December 18, 1950 |title=Executive, 35, in Don Lee's Top Role |page=10-Section III |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |agency=Associated Press |location=Los Angeles, California |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118815198/executive-35-in-don-lees-top-role/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217043559/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118815198/executive-35-in-don-lees-top-role/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LosAng19501228p4">{{Cite news |date=December 28, 1950 |title=Sale of Don Lee System Approved: Cash Payment of $12,320,000 Involved in FCC Decision |page=4-Section I |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |agency=United Press |location=Los Angeles, California |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118816290/sale-of-don-lee-system-approved/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217043600/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118816290/sale-of-don-lee-system-approved/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|A scholarly journal article claims that the Don Lee purchase brought with it a "19 percent interest in the Mutual Broadcasting System," which would be down from the 25 percent of the 1940 restructuring. However, the reliability of this source is questionable, as it incorrectly claims in the same paragraph that the "East Coast-based Yankee Network ... was also acquired at this time" by General Tire.<ref>{{harvp|Crane|1980}}.</ref> As detailed above, General Tire in fact acquired Yankee in 1943.}} The sale prompted a challenge by [[Edwin W. Pauley]], who led a failed bid for the group, claiming it violated Mutual bylaws stating no group could hold more than 25&nbsp;percent of network stock.<ref name="LosAng19501219p23">{{Cite news |date=December 19, 1950 |title=Pauley Protest Made on Sale of Don Lee Stock |page=23-Part I |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles, California |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118815045/pauley-protest-made-on-sale-of-don-lee/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217043607/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118815045/pauley-protest-made-on-sale-of-don-lee/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LosAng19501220p22">{{Cite news |date=December 20, 1950 |title=Arguments on Don Lee Radio Sale Requested |page=22-Section I |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles, California |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118816151/arguments-on-don-lee-radio-sale/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217043600/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118816151/arguments-on-don-lee-radio-sale/ |url-status=live }}</ref> General Tire retained KHJ, KFRC and KGB, divesting the other stations.<ref name="LosAng19501228p4" /> At the same time, Mutual acquired the television broadcast rights to the World Series and All-Star Game for the next six years. Mutual was likely re-indulging in TV network dreams or was simply taking advantage of a long-standing business relationship; in either case, Mutual sold the broadcast rights to NBC in time for the following season's games at an enormous profit.<ref name="M&D">{{harvp|Marshall|1998|p=384}}; {{harvp|Day|2004|pp=230–231}}.</ref>{{efn|{{harvp|Marshall|1998}} and {{harvp|Day|2004}} describe the details of the original deal very differently, agreeing only that it was for six years at $1 million a year. Marshall says that a contract was signed on December 26, 1950, between baseball's major leagues, in the person of Commissioner [[Happy Chandler]], on one side and Mutual and the [[Global Gillette|Gillette Safety Razor Company]] on the other for the television rights. Day says baseball's contract was solely with Gillette, that it was for both radio and television rights, and that Gillette "[l]ess than a year after acquiring the broadcast rights ... transferred" them to Mutual. They also characterize the original contract rather differently. Marshall calls it "one of the outstanding achievements of the Chandler commissionership." Day credits Chandler with "deftly avoid[ing] a financial crisis," but agrees with the prevailing opinion of the players that Chandler "vastly underestimated the value" of the rights. The fact, which Day provides, that Mutual sold the package to NBC for $4 million a year lends support to his position.{{r|M&D}}}}

Early in 1952, General Tire purchased General Teleradio from R.H. Macy and Company. With the deal, General Tire acquired the WOR radio and TV stations and the rights to the General Teleradio brand, under which the company merged its broadcasting interests as a new division (Bamberger had previously sold its TV station in the nation's capital, WOIC, to CBS and the ''[[Washington Post]]'').<ref>"Radio-TV Merger Approved By F.C.C.; Deal Covers Macy's Transfer of WOR Interests to General Tire's Don Lee System", ''New York Times,'' January 18, 1952; "Earnings Fall 5% for Macy System; Television's High Cost for Subsidiary, General Teleradio, Cuts Consolidated Net," ''New York Times'', October 11, 1950; Howard (1979), pp. 150–52.</ref> Most importantly, WOR's founding shares in Mutual, when added to the Yankee and Don Lee holdings, gave General Tire majority control of the network.<ref>"General Tire Gets Control of M. B. S.; Shareholders at Meeting Vote 2-for-1 Stock Split—Company Buys More TV Stations," ''New York Times'', April 2, 1952.</ref> General Tire head [[Thomas F. O'Neil]], who had already taken over as president of the Don Lee stations,<ref name="LosAng19501218p64" /> became president of Mutual in an executive shakeup.<ref name="Broad19520428p23">{{Cite magazine |date=April 28, 1952 |title=O'Neil MBS President: White Resigns, Fineshriber Director |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-04-28.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=42 |issue=17 |pages=23, 34 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030856/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-04-28.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

While Mutual did have a short-lived TV network,{{efn|5-station network that operated for 11 months, as mentioned above in [[Mutual Broadcasting System#Mutual's involvement in television|Mutual's involvement in television]]}} it held rights to one of the most profitable shows in the medium: an early adaptation of ''Queen for a Day'' on General Teleradio/Don Lee's [[KCAL-TV|KHJ-TV]] boasted an audience triple that of the city's six other television stations combined.<ref name="Cassidy 2005, p. 41">{{Harvp|Cassidy|2005|p=41}}.</ref> It was also the largest U.S. radio network in affiliate numbers, by far—it had around 560, almost three times as many as its most powerful competitors, CBS (194) and NBC (191).<ref>{{harvp|Cox|2015|p=178}}; see also pp. 127–128, for the 1950 and 1960 figures for the four major networks.</ref>{{efn|In August 1951, the low-powered, baseball-oriented [[Liberty Broadcasting System]] (LBS) had 431 affiliates.<ref>{{harvp|Garay|1992|p=32}}.</ref>}} Still, the radio industry started to feel effects of major advertisers abandoning radio for television, with commercial rates being cut among all four networks, Mutual included.<ref name="Broad19570715p31">{{Cite magazine |date=July 15, 1957 |title=MBS may pull the plug this week |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1957/1957-07-15-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=31–32 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032933/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1957/1957-07-15-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> O'Neil proposed a [[barter]]-style restructuring at a July 1953 affiliates' conference in [[Cape Cod|Cape Cod, Massachusetts]], called "The Cape Cod Plan": the network would provide five hours of sponsored programming daily and 14 hours of additional programming weekly that affiliates could sell commercial time for.<ref name="Broad19530706p27">{{Cite magazine |date=July 6, 1953 |title=Mutual maps drastic moves to bolster sales, ratings |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1953/BC-1953-07-06.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=27 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024641/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1953/BC-1953-07-06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Cape Cod Plan" eventually met with resistance from the affiliates, some of which saw it as an attempt by Mutual to make money at their expense; by the time of the next affiliates' conference in January 1954, O'Neil called the barter plan "dead".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 25, 1954 |title=Mutual, affiliates meeting routine; program payment plan not revived |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1954/1954-01-25-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=46 |issue=4 |page=74 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023816/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1954/1954-01-25-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1955, General Tire expanded its media holdings by acquiring [[RKO Pictures]] from [[Howard Hughes]], renaming General Teleradio as RKO Teleradio Pictures.<ref name="Broad19570715p31" /> The next year, a Canadian subsidiary of RKO purchased a governing interest in Mutual shareholder, Western Ontario Broadcasting, owner of [[CKLW]] in [[Windsor, Ontario]], which served the [[Detroit]] market. When the deal closed, two of Western Ontario Broadcasting's directors were U.S. citizens.<ref name="Broad19560409p111">{{Cite magazine |date=April 9, 1956 |title=CKLW-AM-TV shares purchased by RKO |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-04-09-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=50 |issue=15 |page=111 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629112909/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-04-09-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> RKO Teleradio Pictures also purchased [[Washington, D.C.]] station [[WWRC|WGMS-AM]]-[[WTOP-FM|FM]] in April 1956, with WGMS joining Mutual.<ref name="Broad19560409p35">{{Cite magazine |date=April 9, 1956 |title=Brisk buying surge swaps four stations, $7.7 million |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-04-09-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=50 |issue=15 |pages=35–36 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629112909/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-04-09-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Closing the movie studio a year and a half later, the broadcasting division was renamed RKO Teleradio in 1957, and again to [[RKO General]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thumbnail History of RKO Radio Pictures |url=http://home.earthlink.net/~hdtv/History/RKOGeneral/RKOPictures.html |website=home.earthlink.net |access-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912042450/http://home.earthlink.net/~hdtv/History/RKOGeneral/RKOPictures.html |archive-date=September 12, 2005}}</ref> The "Mutual Dealer Plan", another attempt to revamp the network's operations containing elements of the barter-style "Cape Cod Plan", was unveiled to affiliates at an April 1956 conference to favorable reception.<ref name="Broad19560423p104">{{Cite magazine |date=April 23, 1956 |title=MBS unveils sales plan in Chicago |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-04-23-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=50 |issue=17 |pages=104, 107 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023803/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-04-23-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The plan, however, could not prevent two remaining minority shareholders in Mutual from leaving: United Broadcasting's WHK switched to NBC in July,<ref name="Broad19560730p58">{{Cite magazine |date=July 30, 1956 |title=WHK succeeds KYW as NBC affiliate |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-07-30-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=51 |issue=5 |page=58 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025951/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-07-30-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> while founding station WGN became an [[Independent station (North America)|independent]] on August 31, 1956, with ABC/''[[Prairie Farmer]]''-owned [[WLS (AM)|WLS]] becoming Mutual's Chicago affiliate.<ref name="Broad19560507p88">{{Cite magazine |date=May 7, 1956 |title=Mutual Seeks Station After WGN Bows Out |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-05-07-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=50 |issue=19 |page=88 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023906/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-05-07-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Broad19560730p60">{{Cite magazine |date=July 30, 1956 |title=Mutual Shows for Chicago To Be Carried by ABC's WLS |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-07-30-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting-Telecasting |volume=51 |issue=5 |page=60 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025951/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-07-30-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

By this point, Mutual was foundering. Even with the "Mutual Dealer Plan" and staff cutbacks, the network suffered a loss of $400,000 (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|400000|1957}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}) in 1956.<ref name="Broad19570715p31" /> In early July 1957, advertisers were notified the network could end operations at the end of the month, one of three options General Tire was considering for Mutual.<ref name="Broad19570715p31" /> Another option—spinning off Mutual while retaining the stations that had given it control—was ultimately taken, as a group led by Dr. [[Armand Hammer]] bought the network later in the month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shepard |first=Richard F. |date=July 17, 1957 |title=Sale of Mutual Expected Today; Radio Network Is Going to Group From West Coast |page=41 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/07/17/archives/sale-of-mutual-expected-today-radio-network-is-going-to-group-from.html |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001803/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/07/17/archives/sale-of-mutual-expected-today-radio-network-is-going-to-group-from.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Limited sponsorship packages were also introduced, in which an advertiser could back a show for an abbreviated period rather than an entire season, but there was no reversing the trend of television usurping radio.<ref name="Broad19590309p35">{{Cite magazine |date=March 9, 1959 |title=Time of trial for radio networks: Mutual takes worst buffeting but others have their troubles, too |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-09-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=35, 38, 40, 42 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030013/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-09-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The radio networks were left with the bills for an increasing number of [[sustaining program]]s, which had no sponsors.<ref>See {{harvp|Bareiss|Leigh|1998|pp=379–382}}; in particular, p. 381, for the development of limited sponsorship.</ref> The loss of mainstay advertisers was accompanied by what historian Ronald Garay describes as the "mass desertion of network radio talent, management and technicians for television&nbsp;.... [and] these people were taking with them the programming that had popularized the radio networks."<ref>{{harvp|Garay|1992|p=64}}.</ref>

==== Turmoil, propaganda allegations, and bankruptcy ====
[[File:Hal Roach Jr. circa 1950.jpg|thumb|Hal Roach Jr.]]
The network soon changed hands again: in September 1958, it was acquired by the Scranton Lace Company for $2&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|2000000|1958}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 12, 1958 |title=Mutual Network Brings 2 Million; Radio System Is Purchased by Scranton Corporation in Move for Expansion |page=50 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/12/archives/mutual-network-brings-2-million-radio-system-is-purchased-by.html |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001802/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/12/archives/mutual-network-brings-2-million-radio-system-is-purchased-by.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Scranton was under the control of the F. L. Jacobs Company, whose chairman, [[Alexander Guterma]], envisioned a media empire uniting Mutual with another purchase that year, [[Hal Roach Studios]].<ref name="Broad19580915p27">{{Cite magazine |date=September 15, 1958 |title=New giant growing in radio-TV? |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-09-15-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=27–28 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024143/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-09-15-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Guterma's tenure as Mutual president was brief: he resigned on February 13, 1959, amid increasing financial shortfalls, overdue payments to affiliates, unpaid phone bills with [[AT&T]], and an ongoing investigation by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC).<ref name="Broad19590309p36">{{Cite magazine |date=March 9, 1959 |title=SOS from Mutual as courts and creditors close in |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-09-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=56 |issue=10 |page=36 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030013/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-09-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hal Roach Jr.]] took over as president,<ref name="IndPrT19590322p4">{{cite news |date=March 22, 1959 |title=Roach Jr. Loses His Film Post |page=4 |work=Independent Press-Telegram |agency=United Press International |location=New York |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56955043/hal-roach-jr-loses-film-post/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001801/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56955043/hal-roach-jr-loses-film-post/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but the SEC labeled him "a Guterma puppet" due to how he assumed Guterma's shares and questioned his ability to run the network.{{r|Broad19590309p36}} A week after resigning, the SEC indicted Guterma on federal securities fraud charges,{{r|Time19590914}} which led Roach to be removed as president of the film studio, though he retained his position as Mutual president.{{r|IndPrT19590322p4}} The SEC also ordered [[stock trading]] for the F. L. Jacobs Company suspended.<ref name="Broad19840910p43">{{Cite magazine |date=September 10, 1984 |title=After 53 years the feeling's still Mutual |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-09-10.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=43, 46, 51, 54, 58 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024228/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-09-10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Scranton was under pressure to sell Mutual. The March 9, 1959, issue of ''[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]'' magazine stated Mutual had a deficit of $1.05&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|1050000|1959}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}) and was losing up to $100,000 a month. AT&T threatened to cut off Mutual's telephone service within 24 hours if all outstanding charges were not paid, which would sever the network from its affiliates.{{r|Broad19590309p36}} An attempt to sell the network to [[Max Factor]] collapsed after the cosmetics manufacturer could not find a way to create a [[tax advantage]] from the existing financial losses.<ref name="Broad19590302p9">{{Cite magazine |date=March 2, 1959 |title=At Deadline: Mutual on the block |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-02-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=56 |issue=9 |page=9 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032142/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-02-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|Broad19590309p36}} When AT&T made another threat to disconnect phone service, network news director Robert F. Hurleigh engineered a last-minute deal with businessman Malcolm Smith, whose transaction to buy the network included $1&nbsp;million of advertising time and payment of the outstanding AT&T phone bill, which totaled over $400,000.<ref name="Broad19590316p118">{{Cite magazine |date=March 16, 1959 |title=Mutual keeps walking tightrope: Intermountain stations depart as Smith group keeps up talks |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-16-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=118–119 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023904/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-16-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The deal, however, failed to stop [[KWDZ|KALL]] in [[Salt Lake City]] and its 41-station regional "Intermountain Network" from switching to ABC.<ref name="Broad19590330p27">{{Cite magazine |date=March 30, 1959 |title=Rescue squad takes over at MBS: Creditors okay deferments of old debts to keep network going |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-30-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=56 |issue=13 |pages=27, 30 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025849/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-30-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Don Lee Network folded on April 26, with all 20 affiliates switching from Mutual to ABC and ABC purchasing Don Lee's remaining programming.<ref name="Broad19590330p30">{{Cite magazine |date=March 30, 1959 |title=Don Lee to quit; ABC gets 20 affiliations |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-30-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=56 |issue=13 |page=30 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025849/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-03-30-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Yankee Network lead station [[WRKO|WNAC]] severed ties with Mutual in August to become independent, but Mutual was allowed to affiliate with the other Yankee stations individually.<ref name="Broad19590511p58">{{cite magazine |date=May 11, 1959 |title=Mutual and Yankee plan August divorce |volume=56 |page=58 |magazine=Broadcasting |issue=19 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-05-11-BC.pdf |access-date=February 25, 2020 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021224054/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-05-11-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = Mutual apparently refuses to believe that we have disaffiliated. We are sympathetic to their problem, but we have definitely affiliated with ABC Radio.
| author = Lynn Meyer
| source = president of the Intermountain Network/[[KWDZ|KALL]], on their March 1959 disaffiliation from Mutual{{r|Broad19590330p27}}
| width = 250px
| salign = right
}}

The troubles with Mutual worsened. While on a [[press junket]] to [[Ciudad Trujillo]] in May 1959, Hurleigh received confirmation that [[Dominican Republic]] dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]] secretly provided money to Guterma, Roach and Scranton Corp. vice president Garland Culpepper. Guterma accepted up to $750,000 from Trujillo, and in turn, Mutual newscasts were to have up to 425 minutes of [[Puffery|puff pieces]] favorable to Trujillo's regime broadcast per month.{{r|Time19590914}} One story read by [[Walter Winchell]] regarded plans by Hal Roach Studios to film future movies in the country, while another story about [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] allies planning attacks against the Trujillo regime was read by Fulton Lewis Jr.; assorted "news releases" were also sent intended for newscasts but never broadcast.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 7, 1959 |title=Grand jury indicts Guterma trio: Charged with selling MBS as Dominican propaganda vehicle |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-09-07-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=68–70, 75–76 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023853/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-09-07-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Outraged over the arrangement, Hurleigh went to the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Justice Department]], which also received a complaint from a Trujillo lawyer after Guterma failed to give the money back. By September, Guterma was indicted for failing to register as a [[foreign agent]], with Roach and Culpepper as defendants.<ref name="Time19590914">{{Cite magazine |date=September 14, 1959 |title=High Finance: The Price of Publicity |url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1959-09-14/page/96/ |magazine=Time |volume=LXXIV |issue=11 |page=94 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033718/https://time.com/vault/issue/1959-09-14/page/96/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ward|2005|pp=152–155}}.</ref> Guterma, who pleaded [[Nolo contendere|no contest]] to the charge, was sentenced to federal prison for stock fraud, but it was never proven that he actually fulfilled his part of the deal and arranged for slanted coverage.<ref name="Broad19840910p43" /> Nonetheless, the incident, combined with the network's precarious financial position, led to a reported 130 stations ending their Mutual affiliations.<ref>{{Harvp|Cox|2002|p=127}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Jaker|Sulek|Kanze|1998|p=155}}.</ref>

In the wake of the Trujillo scandal and affiliate defections, Smith sold Mutual to Hurleigh for $1 on July 1, 1959, which was followed by a voluntary [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] filing. Businessman Albert G. McCarthy took over operations, arranging to settle the network's over $3&nbsp;million in debts (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|3000000|1959}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}) while seeking an owner interested in running it on an ongoing basis.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Val |date=July 2, 1959 |title=Mutual Network 3 Million in Debt; Files Petition in U.S. Court Seeking Settlement While Continuing in Control |page=53 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/02/archives/mutual-network-3-million-in-debt-files-petition-in-us-court-seeking.html |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001759/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/02/archives/mutual-network-3-million-in-debt-files-petition-in-us-court-seeking.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Val |date=July 5, 1959 |title=News of TV and Radio; Garry Moore To Use 'Candid Camera' As Sporadic Feature in Fall -- Items |page=6-Section ART |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/05/archives/news-of-tv-and-radio-garry-moore-to-use-candid-camera-as-sporadic.html |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001801/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/05/archives/news-of-tv-and-radio-garry-moore-to-use-candid-camera-as-sporadic.html |url-status=live }}}}</ref> WOR signed a new contract with Mutual despite previously indicating the station would drop the network,<ref name="Broad19590727p50">{{cite magazine |date=July 27, 1959 |title=WOR New York keeps its Mutual affiliation |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-07-27-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=57 |issue=4 |page=50 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151449/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-07-27-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the lone RKO Teleradio station to renew ties as WGMS, KFRC, KHJ and [[WHBQ (AM)|WHBQ]] joined WNAC in independence.{{r|Broad19590511p58}} At the same time, WOR started to identify as "WOR-AM-[[WEPN-FM|FM]], owned by RKO General", eschewing on-air mentions of Mutual after listeners mistakenly thought WOR was ''also'' in bankruptcy; concurrently, Mutual changed their station cue to "the Network of Independent Stations".<ref name="Broad19590720p9">{{cite magazine |date=July 20, 1959 |title=At Deadline: Cue: station 'break' |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-07-20-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=9 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032503/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-07-20-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A three-part reorganization plan resolving all debts was approved in [[United States bankruptcy court|bankruptcy court]] on December 23, 1959, allowing Mutual to emerge from Chapter 11; a network spokesperson commented, "this means we start out with a clean slate; we are now divorced from any previous managements."<ref name="Broad19591228p9">{{cite magazine |date=July 20, 1959 |title=At Deadline: MBS reorganization approved by referee |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-12-28-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=57 |issue=26 |pages=9–10 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025239/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-12-28-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The Korean War and original drama's decline ====
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Mutual Broadcasting System - Perry Como 1954a.jpg
| image2 = Mutual Broadcasting System - Eddie Fisher 1954a.jpg
| align = right
| alt1 =
| alt2 =
| footer = "Mutual makes music" with [[Perry Como]] and [[Eddie Fisher]] in 1954, the twilight of live entertainment and music on network radio.{{r|Broad19530706p27}}
}}
Before the Guterma fiasco, the network had maintained its reputation for running a strong and respected news organization. As the conflict on the Korean peninsula began to escalate in mid-1950, Mutual began airing two special nightly reports on the situation, featuring the commentary of Major [[George Fielding Eliot]], military analyst for CBS during World War II. Six correspondents, more than NBC or ABC, were working for Mutual in Korea by August 1950.<ref>Bliss (1991), pp. 258–59.</ref> On occasion, Mutual's commentary programs made the news: On March 11, 1954, Fulton Lewis Jr. featured [[Joseph McCarthy|Senator Joseph McCarthy]] as his guest, two days after the senator's ethics had been called into question on the CBS TV show ''[[See It Now]]'', hosted by [[Edward R. Murrow]]. In his radio interview, McCarthy dismissed Murrow as "the extreme left-wing, bleeding-heart element of television."<ref>Doherty (2003), p. 184.</ref> In 1957, Mutual refused to air an episode of [[Clarence Manion]]'s ''Manion Forum'' featuring Herbert V. Kohler Sr. due to controversy over the [[Kohler strikes]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn = 978-0-8122-9307-4| last = Hemmer| first = Nicole| title = Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics| location = Philadelphia, UNITED STATES| date = 2016}}</ref>

Mutual began the 1950s by entering the realm of adult [[science fiction]] with ''[[2000 Plus]]'' on March 15, 1950, almost a month before NBC premiered the similarly themed ''[[Dimension X (radio program)|Dimension X]]''.<ref>{{Harvp|Dunning|1998|p=687}}.</ref> The network picked up adventure series ''[[Challenge of the Yukon]]'' from ABC Radio, which originated at Mutual cofounder WXYZ in 1938 (but after the station left the network). Renamed ''Sergeant Preston of the Yukon'', this show launched on Mutual on July 10, 1951.<ref name="Harmon-p18-25">{{Harvp|Harmon|2011|pages=18–25}}.</ref> A partnership with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer at the end of 1951 had the film studio supply up to six hours of programming per week starting in 1952 with ''[[The MGM Theater of the Air]]'' as its centerpiece,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 10, 1951 |title=MBS Promotion Centers On MGM Shows |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-12-10.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=41 |issue=24 |page=30 |access-date=December 27, 2014 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032048/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-12-10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but the programs lasted for only one year.<ref>{{Harvp|Dunning|1998|p=458}}.</ref> Another established drama, [[Phillips Lord|Phillips H. Lord]]'s ''[[Counterspy (radio series)|Counterspy]]'', moved to Mutual in 1953 after a prior run on ABC.<ref>{{Harvp|Dunning|1998|p=181}}.</ref> The network's other new offerings in 1953 were a further sign of the times—[[Electrical transcription|transcription]] reruns of ''[[Coke Time with Eddie Fisher]]'' (utilizing soundtracks from Fisher's NBC-TV show) and an audio simulcast of CBS-TV's ''[[Perry Como]] [[Chesterfield (cigarette)|Chesterfield]] Show''.<ref name="Broad19530706p27" /> ''The Shadow''{{'}}s long run finally ended in December 1954,<ref>{{Harvp|Harmon|2011|pages=149–168}}.</ref> followed by ''Sergeant Preston'' in June 1955.<ref name="Harmon-p18-25" /> ''[[Gang Busters]]'', another Lord serial that ran on ABC, CBS, and NBC throughout the 1940s and early 1950s, moved to Mutual in October 1955.<ref>{{Harvp|Dunning|1998|p=276}}.</ref> In November 1957, the final episodes of ''Counterspy'' and ''Gang Busters'' aired, ending the network's last two remaining half-hour original dramatic shows.<ref>{{Harvp|Dunning|1998|pp=181, 276}}.</ref> Mutual had forsworn the genre and would not broadcast a new dramatic series until 1973 with the short-lived [[Rod Serling]] vehicle ''[[The Zero Hour (U.S. radio series)|The Zero Hour]]''.{{efn|For more on ''The Zero Hour'', see:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rod-serling.com/zerohour.html|title=The Zero Hour—1974|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Submitted for Your Perusal: The Rod Serling Sound Collection|archive-date=January 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117175115/http://www.rod-serling.com/zerohour.html}}</ref>}}

In 1955, the famous comedy team [[Bob and Ray]] came over from NBC for a five-day-a-week afternoon show.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Griffith, Benjamin|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200115/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717012342/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200115/|archive-date=July 17, 2012|title=Bob and Ray|date=January 29, 2002 |access-date=March 1, 2010|encyclopedia=St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture |publisher=BNET (CBS Interactive)}}</ref> Kate Smith returned in January 1958 for her final radio series, which ran until August.{{r|Dunning-1998}} In June 1958, just a few months before the Scranton takeover, the network had launched a nightly 25-minute newscast, ''The World Today'', hosted by [[Westbrook Van Voorhis]], famous as the voice of ''[[The March of Time]]''. Sports began to occupy an increasing portion of Mutual's schedule: the network began regularly airing a Major League Baseball ''Game of the Day,'' every day except Sunday. This expansion into daily sports programming would run well into the 1960s.{{efn|Radio historian Ronald Garay says Mutual launched its Game of the Day in 1949.<ref>{{harvp|Garay|1992|p=50}}.</ref> Sports historians Jerry Gorman et al. say it was 1950.<ref>{{harvp|Gorman|Calhoun|Rozin|1994|pp=91, 105}}.</ref> Garay indicates that the concept was picked up from the [[Liberty Broadcasting System]], founded in 1947. Yet the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame]] lists among famed broadcaster [[France Laux]]'s credits "Mutual Game of the Day (1939–41, '44)".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=2005 Ford C. Frick Award Finalists |url=http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/library/2005_frick_finalists.htm  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509095657/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/library/2005_frick_finalists.htm |archive-date=May 9, 2006 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum}}</ref>}} While baseball's World Series and All-Star Game would go to rival NBC in 1957, Mutual secured national radio rights to [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football]] in 1954.<ref name="Billbo19540807p14">{{Cite magazine |date=August 7, 1954 |title=Mutual to Air All Notre Dame Tilts |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/50s/1954/Billboard%201954-08-07.pdf |magazine=Billboard |volume=66 |issue=32 |page=14 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131080723/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/50s/1954/Billboard%201954-08-07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Broad19560423p104" /> The rights would switch between networks over the following decade before Mutual became the exclusive broadcaster in 1968,<ref name="Broad19680115p42">{{Cite magazine |date=January 15, 1968 |title=Mutual goes Notre Dame |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-01-15-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=74 |issue=3 |page=42 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030849/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-01-15-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> which would remain a cornerstone for the rest of the network's existence.<ref name="Broad19880815p44">{{Cite magazine |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Scott |last2=Stump |first2=Matt |last3=Brown |first3=Rich |date=August 15, 1988 |title=Football rights pass $600 million |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-08-15.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=44–45, 47–48 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030244/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1988/BC-1988-08-15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ND19990913">{{cite web |date=September 13, 1999 |title=Irish Looks To Continue Ten-Game Home Win Streak |url=http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/091399aab.html  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503100824/http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/091399aab.html |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=Notre Dame Fighting Irish, The Official Athletic Site |publisher=CBS Interactive}} This source refers to "Mutual/Westwood One" months after Mutual's dissolution had taken place.</ref>

=== 1960s–1970s: Narrowed focus ===
==== From 3M to Amway ====
In the spring of 1960, the [[3M|Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company]] (3M) stepped in, purchasing Mutual for about $1.3 million and restoring much-needed stability to the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mutual Network to Be Sold Again; Minnesota Mining Expected to Close Deal This Week|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 18, 1960|page=59|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/18/archives/mutual-network-to-be-sold-again-minnesota-mining-expected-to-close.html|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713211715/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/18/archives/mutual-network-to-be-sold-again-minnesota-mining-expected-to-close.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 19, 1960|page=1|title=Mutual Network Is Bought By 3M}}</ref> Despite the late 1950s Guterma scandal, Mutual still had 443 affiliates, easily the most of any network. By this time, as historian Jim Cox describes, both Mutual and ABC "had largely wiped their slates clean of most of their network programming—save news and sporting events and a few long-running features".<ref>{{harvp|Cox|2002|p=128}}.</ref> This would characterize Mutual's essential approach for the next three and a half decades, through a further series of ownership changes.

In July 1966, 3M sold the network to the privately held Mutual Industries, Inc., headed by John P. Fraim and [[Loren M. Berry]], for $3.1&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|3100000|1966}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}); Fraim was vice president of Berry's [[Dayton, Ohio]]-based [[telephone directory]] publishing company.{{r|Broad19770815p202}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 10, 1966 |title=Mutual Network Changes Owners; 3M Company Sells System to Newly Formed Group |page=68 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/10/archives/mutual-network-changes-owners-3m-company-sells-system-to-newly.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315025435/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/10/archives/mutual-network-changes-owners-3m-company-sells-system-to-newly.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon Mutual Industries's acquisition of Mutual, it was renamed to "Mutual Broadcasting Corporation".<ref>{{cite news|title=New Company Buys Mutual Broadcasting|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19660706&id=qlQ0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5626,925907|access-date=October 28, 2014|work=Park City Daily News|date=July 6, 1966|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203231009/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19660706&id=qlQ0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5626,925907|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, after the death of Mutual stalwart Fulton Lewis Jr., his son [[Fulton Lewis III]] took over his nightly 7&nbsp;p.m. slot.<ref>{{harvp|Bliss|1991|pp=62–63}}.</ref> Another Ohio businessman, [[Daniel H. Overmyer]], sought a merger with Mutual in 1967 amid plans to start his own TV network. The offer was rebuffed, but three Mutual stockholders joined eleven other investors to buy Overmyer's hookup and rename it the [[Overmyer Network|United Network]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 13, 1967 |title=New Blood in New Network |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-03-13-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=23–26 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131025005/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-03-13-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The network and its only offering, ''[[The Las Vegas Show]]'', folded after only a month on the air.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 5, 1967 |title=United Network forced to quit |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-06-05-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=72 |issue=23 |pages=34, 36, 41 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032540/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-06-05-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

When [[Cumulus Media Networks|ABC Radio]]{{Efn|name=ABCAudio}} "split" into four demographically targeted networks on January 1, 1968, Mutual unsuccessfully sued to block the move. Meanwhile, the network was undergoing some management instability, with frequent changes at the top. For example, Matthew J. Culligan was Mutual's president from October 1966 to June 1968. He was replaced by [[Robert Pauley|Robert R. Pauley]], who came over from the ABC radio division, where he had served as president for nearly seven years.<ref>"Robert Pauley Heads Radio Network." (Washington DC) Evening Star, June 27, 1968, p. 2</ref> But Pauley only lasted a year, and resigned after clashes with the board over the need for cost-cutting, and other decisions with which he disagreed. His replacement was Victor C. Diehm, owner of several Mutual-affiliated radio stations and active on the Mutual Affiliates Advisory Council.<ref>"Victor Diehm New Prexy of MBS As Radio Web Regroups, Cuts Costs." Variety, October 22, 1969, p.46.</ref>[[File:Mutual Black Network 1974 Commercial Poster.jpg|thumb|alt=Photographs of a thoughtful man and woman, accompanied by extensive copy, including the slogan "The Voice of Black America".|Advertisement for the [[Mutual Black Network]], featuring Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and poet [[Nikki Giovanni]]]]Diehm was succeeded early in 1972 by [[Twenty-One (game show)#Aftermath|C. Edward Little]], a former executive and owner of [[Hollywood, Florida]], Mutual affiliate [[WLQY|WGMA]]. Little arrived in the position with a commitment to expand Mutual's news service and program offerings, conceding that Mutual had long been fourth among the legacy "big four" radio networks.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 24, 1972 |title=Week's Profile: C. Edward Little: out to boost MBS's batting average |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1972/1972-02-21-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=82 |issue=8 |page=63 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030021/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1972/1972-02-21-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Taking a page from ABC's move to split its radio network years earlier, Little launched two additional news services, the [[Mutual Black Network]] (MBN) and the [[Mutual Spanish Network]] (MSN; Mutual Cadena Hispánica, or MCH), on May 1, 1972.<ref name="Broad19720221p63">{{Cite magazine |date=February 21, 1972 |title=MBS to add news services |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1972/1972-02-21-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=82 |issue=8 |page=30 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030021/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1972/1972-02-21-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Targeting Black audiences, MBN supplied 100 five-minute-long news and sports reports weekly along with other programming,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 24, 1972 |title=Broadcast Journalism: Eight affiliate with black networks |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1972/1972-04-24-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=82 |issue=17 |page=44 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032323/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1972/1972-04-24-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with MCH featuring similar fare aimed at Spanish-language listeners.<ref name="Broad19720221p63" /> By July 1972, Mutual had 550 affiliates, MBN had 55 and MCH had 21.<ref name="Broad19840910p43" /> While MCH lasted only six months, by 1974, MBN had grown to 98 affiliates.<ref>{{Harvp|Thompson|1993|p=192 n. 85}}.</ref>

In July 1974, Mutual introduced the distinctive two-toned "Mutualert" network cue tones heard at the beginning and end of newscasts and programs, between commercials and during network identification breaks.{{r|MRTS-72-77}} For the rest of its existence, Mutual would use these cue tones, dubbed "bee-doops" by listeners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banel |first=Feliks |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Remembering the night Larry King broadcast live from the Space Needle |url=https://mynorthwest.com/2510858/remembering-the-night-larry-king-broadcasted-live-from-the-space-needle/ |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=KIRO-FM / MyNorthwest.com |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121044524/https://mynorthwest.com/2510858/remembering-the-night-larry-king-broadcasted-live-from-the-space-needle/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The youth-oriented Mutual Progressive News<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 25, 1976 |title=Networks will 'go like hell' election night |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-10-25-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=91 |issue=17 |pages=54–56 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024714/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-10-25-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> was launched for Top 40 and country outlets and was also made available for [[non-commercial educational station]]s in markets without an existing Mutual affiliate.{{r|MRTS-72-77}} Little later oversaw the 1978 launch of the Mutual Southwest Network, a regional "mininetwork" that handled distribution for the [[Dallas Cowboys Radio Network]] and featured [[Southwest Conference]] football games.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 8, 1978 |title=Big M in Big D: Mutual sets up 'mininetwork' to distribute Dallas Cowboys games, other sports and news programing from Texas offices |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-06-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=94 |issue=6 |page=62 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151427/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-06-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1976, 49&nbsp;percent of MBN ownership was sold to the Sheridan Broadcasting Corporation<ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 22, 1976 |title=Sheridan acquires 49% share of MBN |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-03-22-BC.pdf |website=Broadcasting |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=85, 88 |access-date=July 1, 2020 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308034419/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1976/1976-03-22-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by the remaining 51&nbsp;percent in 1979, at which point MBN was renamed the Sheridan Broadcasting Network<ref name="Broad19840910p43" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 10, 1979 |title=In Brief |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-09-10.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=32–33 |access-date=July 1, 2020 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031140045/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-09-10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and later merged into [[National Black Network]] to create [[American Urban Radio Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aurn.com/affiliates/aurnleadership.php |title=Company Profile—Leadership |access-date=March 1, 2010 |publisher=American Urban Radio Networks  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914195358/http://www.aurn.com/affiliates/aurnleadership.php |archive-date=September 14, 2011 }}</ref>

Fraim and Berry initially had control over Mutual Broadcasting Corp., but investor Benjamin D. Gilbert and his wife quietly bought out their stakes as well as those of the other investors, becoming the group's principal owners.{{r|Broad19770815p202}} The Gilberts would attract unwanted attention for themselves over one particular program. In 1974, the [[Liberty Lobby]], a [[think tank]] and [[Lobbying in the United States|lobby group]] that espoused [[Far-right politics|far-right]] views and [[Antisemitism in the United States|antisemitism]], purchased airtime for a daily five-minute show, ''This Is Liberty Lobby'', which also offered the organization's "America First" pamphlet at the end of every episode. While not directly from Mutual, it was made available to the network's over 600 stations, with 126 carrying it by July. The [[Anti-Defamation League]] alleged the Mutual connection came as the Gilberts personally contributed thousands of dollars to the Liberty Lobby since 1966.<ref name="StLoui19740717p19">{{Cite news |date=July 17, 1974 |title=ADL Finds Wide Distribution Of Anti-Semitic Radio Show |page=19 |newspaper=St. Louis Jewish Light |location=St. Louis, Missouri |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17795343/liberty-lobby-1974-07-17-p19/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414172010/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17795343/liberty_lobby_19740717_p19/ |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> After refusing to transmit two specific episodes in November, Mutual cancelled the Liberty Lobby contract at year's end.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McLean |first=Robert A. |date=December 14, 1974 |title=Dial-Log: MBS to drop controversial radio show |page=19 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118813822/dial-log-mbs-to-drop-controversial/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217043653/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118813822/dial-log-mbs-to-drop-controversial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|MRTS-72-77}}

In the March 21, 1977, issue of ''Broadcasting'' magazine, publisher [[John P. McGoff]] disclosed he had been in talks to purchase Mutual.<ref name="Broad19770321p30">{{Cite magazine |date=March 21, 1977 |title=In Brief |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1977/BC-1977-03-21.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=92 |issue=12 |page=30 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030407/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1977/BC-1977-03-21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A competition in offered prices followed between [[Amway]], a [[multi-level marketing]] company known for selling [[home care]] products, and [[Columbus, Georgia]]-based insurer [[American Family Insurance|American Family Corp.]], which dropped out after the [[Offer and acceptance|offer price]] approached $20&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|20000000|1977}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).{{r|Broad19770815p202}} On September 30, 1977, Amway bought the network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nysdta.org/STC/58244.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071025060344/http://www.nysdta.org/STC/58244.pdf|archive-date=October 25, 2007|title=In the Matter of the Petition of Mutual Broadcasting System Inc. for Redetermination of a Deficiency (New York State Tax Commission ruling)|date=August 27, 1987|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=New York State Division of Tax Appeals}}</ref> After the purchase, Mutual began to develop what would become the first nationwide commercial [[Communications satellite|broadcast satellite]] network, leading to the end of decades of reliance on telephone lines for the broadcast industry's transmission capacity.<ref>"Mutual Radio Applies to F.C.C. to Be First All-Satellite Network," ''New York Times'', November 22, 1977; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, ''Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1986'', p. 198.</ref> This proposal received FCC approval in late 1979.{{r|Billb19791103p3}} The biggest change to Mutual happened in 1978, when Amway purchased [[WCFL (AM)|WCFL]] from the [[Chicago Federation of Labor]] for $12&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|12000000|1978}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}); for the first time, the network founded by radio stations directly owned a station of its own, and in one of the country's largest markets.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 17, 1978 |title=Mutual blows into the Windy City |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-04-17-BC.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=94 |issue=16 |page=52 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151414/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-04-17-BC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 14, 1978 |title=Mutual Purchases WCFL For $12 Million |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1970s/1978/RR-1978-04-14.pdf |magazine=Radio & Records |issue=227 |page=1 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131021931/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1970s/1978/RR-1978-04-14.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mutual also reached its greatest number of affiliates that year with 950, fewer than ABC—whose multipronged approach had proven very successful—but far in front of NBC and CBS.{{r|Cox-2002}}

==== Rise of the call-in talk show ====
[[File:Larry King.jpg|thumb|201x201px|Larry King]]
Outside of news and sports, one of the few primary network programs initiated by Mutual during this era rapidly became one of the most successful in its history—the first nationwide, all-night call-in [[talk radio]] program, which launched on November 3, 1975, with [[Herb Jepko]] as host.<ref>{{harvp|Cox|2002|p=84}}.</ref><ref name="MRTS-72-77">{{Cite web |last=Johannessen |first=Kenneth I. |date=2009 |title=1972 - 1977: Coming to Life |url=http://www.mutualradiotributesite.org/mrts_history10_coming_2_life.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=Mutual Radio Tribute Site |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212212058/http://www.mutualradiotributesite.org/mrts_history10_coming_2_life.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jepko's show, which originated from [[KSL (AM)|KSL]] in [[Salt Lake City]] in 1964 as ''Nitecap'', was fed by Mutual for eight hours beginning at midnight [[Eastern Time Zone|ET]], allowing for stations on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] to carry it live. Mutual also signed up 12 high-powered AM stations to ensure coast-to-coast reception.<ref>{{harvp|Rose|1978|pp=47–48}}.</ref> Jepko so determinedly avoided controversial topics on the program that some callers simply talked about the weather where they lived. Fellow broadcaster [[Hilly Rose]] said of Jepko, "he is the exact opposite of [[Joe Pyne]] and 99% of the successful talk show hosts in America. If (he) were any nicer, he would make [[Mary Poppins (book series)|Mary Poppins]] look like a witch."<ref>{{harvp|Rose|1978|p=47}}.</ref>

In May 1977, Mutual dropped Jepko's show, replacing it with the husband-and-wife team of [[Long John Nebel]] and [[Candy Jones]] from [[WMCA (AM)|WMCA]] in New York City, whose program fared little better than Jepko's.<ref>{{harvp|Rose|1978|p=40}}.</ref>{{r|MRTS-72-77}} Nebel and Jones left Mutual by the end of the year and Mutual then hired a virtually unknown local talk show host at [[WIOD]] in [[Miami]]: [[Larry King]]. On January 30, 1978, the ''[[Larry King Show]]'' made its national debut on Mutual.<ref name="tb81">{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Tom |date=January 4, 1981 |title=The Radio 'King': From Midnight to Dawn |pages=C1, C3 |work=Toledo Blade |location=Toledo, Ohio |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19810104&id=7DBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3792,4986335 |access-date=November 28, 2014 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203235454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19810104&id=7DBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3792,4986335 |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially broadcast over 28 stations, by late 1979, King's increasingly popular all-night program was being carried by nearly 200 stations.{{r|NYT19820502p33sec2}} With a nightly audience of around 2 million listeners,<ref name="LATKingObit">{{cite web |last=McLellan |first=Dennis |date=January 23, 2021 |title=Larry King, TV broadcaster and talk-show host, dies at 87 |url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-01-23/larry-king-dead-at-87 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129051714/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-01-23/larry-king-dead-at-87 |url-status=live }}</ref> the ''Larry King Show'' continued to attract new affiliates to the network during the early 1980s.<ref name="NYT19820502p33sec2">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Kevin |date=May 2, 1982 |title=Radio's Latest Boom: Late-Night Talk Shows |page=33-Section 2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/arts/radio-s-latest-boom-late-night-talk-shows.html?sec=&pagewanted=1 |url-status=live |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033718/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/arts/radio-s-latest-boom-late-night-talk-shows.html?sec=&pagewanted=1 |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}|{{Cite news |last=Flamberg |first=Daniel |date=June 20, 1982 |title=TV Mailbag—About Radio Talk Shows |page=33-Section 2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/20/arts/l-tv-mailbag-about-radio-talk-shows-223943.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FR%2FRadio |url-status=live |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033718/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/20/arts/l-tv-mailbag-about-radio-talk-shows-223943.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FR%2FRadio |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}}}</ref><ref name="c82">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1982/11/22/midnight-snoozer-pbibt-wasnt-very-long/ |title=Midnight Snoozer |publisher=[[Harvard Crimson]] |date=November 22, 1982 |first=Thomas J. |last=Meyer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630072829/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1982/11/22/midnight-snoozer-pbibt-wasnt-very-long/ |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> King, like Jepko, generally steered clear of contentious topics and gave regular callers to the program pseudonyms or nicknames.{{r|c82}}

Originally a five-and-a-half hour program, the last half hour was relaunched as ''[[America in The Morning]]'', a morning news magazine hosted by WCFL alumnus [[Jim Bohannon]], in September 1984.<ref name="Broad19840910p58">{{Cite magazine |date=September 10, 1984 |title=Mutual: 50 and counting |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-09-10.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=58, 61, 64 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024228/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-09-10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RadOnAITM">{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2019 |title=WWO News ''America In The Morning'' Celebrates 35th Year |url=https://news.radio-online.com/articles/n37462/WWO-News-America-In-The-Morning-Celebrates-35th-Year |access-date=November 3, 2019 |website=Radio Online |language=en-US |archive-date=November 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103073004/https://news.radio-online.com/articles/n37462/WWO-News-America-In-The-Morning-Celebrates-35th-Year |url-status=live }}</ref> King continued with his Mutual call-in show until 1994, long after his move to television in 1985 as host of ''[[Larry King Live]]'' for [[CNN]].{{r|LATKingObit}}<ref name="LAT19940624">{{cite web |date=June 24, 1994 |title=Today's Talk-Radio Topic: The Future of Talk Radio |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-24-ca-8138-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018022909/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-24/entertainment/ca-8138_1_talk-radio |archive-date=October 18, 2015 |access-date=November 2, 2015 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> King's success soon prompted NBC Radio and ABC Radio to launch [[NBC Talknet]] and ABC TalkRadio, respectively, both featuring call-in shows airing into the late-evening and overnight hours.{{r|NYT19820502p33sec2}} The ''Larry King Show'' also won a [[Peabody Awards|Peabody Award]] for Mutual in 1982.<ref name="LATKingObit" />

Mutual made additional ventures beyond talk programming and newscasts. Along with the network's existing sports coverage, Mutual was the national radio broadcaster for ''[[Monday Night Football#MNF on radio|Monday Night Football]]'' from 1970 through 1977.<ref>{{harvp|Cox|2002|p=83}}.</ref> Mutual began nationally distributing ''[[Wheeling Jamboree|Jamboree USA]]'' from [[WWVA (AM)|WWVA]] in [[Wheeling, West Virginia]], on February 23, 1979, marking the first time in years that the network featured a regularly scheduled live music program.<ref name="Broad19790305p129">{{Cite magazine |date=March 5, 1979 |title=Program Briefs: Mutual jamboree. |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-03-05.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=96 |issue=10 |page=129 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030905/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-03-05.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Jamboree USA'' also became the first music program on radio to be transmitted by satellite;<ref name="Billb19791103p3">{{Cite magazine |date=November 3, 1979 |title=Mutual gains FCC OK for satellites |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1979/Billboard%201979-11-03.pdf |magazine=Billboard |volume=91 |issue=44 |pages=3, 28 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307133247/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1979/Billboard%201979-11-03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the new technology now further enabled Mutual to offer additional music programming to affiliates, including [[Anthology|anthologies]] and concerts.<ref name="Billb19800628p4">{{Cite magazine |last=Callahan |first=Jean |date=June 28, 1980 |title=New Mutual Web P.D. Will Increase Music Broadcasts: Morgan In Move After Natl Survey |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1980/BB-1980-06-28.pdf |magazine=Billboard |volume=92 |issue=26 |pages=4, 23 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131074223/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1980/BB-1980-06-28.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1980s–1990s: The end of Mutual===

==== Acquisition by Westwood One ====
[[File:DickCarkAd.gif|thumb|325px|alt=Advertisement including an illustration of headphones, a headshot of a smiling man, illustrations of nine other people, the slogan "The sound of success. Sounding even better", and additional copy.|Ad for ''[[Dick Clark]]'s National Music Survey'', among the last entertainment shows to originate on Mutual]]
With their purchase of WCFL still pending, Amway acquired a second station for Mutual with New York City's [[WEPN (AM)#WHN|WHN]] from [[Storer Communications|Storer Broadcasting]] on February 26, 1979, for $14&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|14000000|1979}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}), at the time the second-highest purchase price for a radio station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=William H. |date=February 27, 1979 |title=Mutual Agrees To Buy N.Y. Radio Station |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1979/02/27/mutual-agrees-to-buy-ny-radio-station/6210bb55-e8fd-40f5-a6cd-4bc04710678a/ |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818105843/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1979/02/27/mutual-agrees-to-buy-ny-radio-station/6210bb55-e8fd-40f5-a6cd-4bc04710678a/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Supplanting WMCA as Mutual's New York outlet, the deal closed on March 3, 1980.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 3, 1980 |title=WHN Radio Is Acquired By the Mutual System |page=19-Section S |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/03/03/archives/whn-radio-is-acquired-by-the-mutual-system.html |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220081837/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/03/03/archives/whn-radio-is-acquired-by-the-mutual-system.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Re-branded "Mutual/CFL", WCFL was relaunched in August 1979 as the flagship for [[Mutual Lifestyle Radio]], a form of talk radio oriented towards light conversation.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 3, 1979 |title=Mutual makes its move in Chicago |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-09-03.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=55–56 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043910/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-09-03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''On a Country Road'', a [[country music]] show hosted by WHN's Lee Arnold, was given national distribution.<ref name="MRTS-Clark">{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Glenn |date=2009 |title=Glenn Morgan and the story of... The Dick Clark National Music Survey |url=http://www.mutualradiotributesite.org/mrts_stories_dcnms.html |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=Mutual Radio Tribute Site |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212212133/http://www.mutualradiotributesite.org/mrts_stories_dcnms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in March 1980, Mutual picked up the ''[[Sears Radio Theater]]'' after CBS Radio dropped it, renaming it ''Mutual Radio Theater''. While a number of well-regarded episodes were produced, the series ended on December 19, 1980,<ref>{{harvp|Dunning|1998|p=603}}.</ref><ref name="Billbo19801213p23" /> and was Mutual's final radio drama.<ref>{{cite web|author=Judge, Dick|url=http://www.old-time.com/otrlogs2/mutualrt_dj.log.txt|title=Mutual Radio Theater|date=December 3, 2005|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Original Old-Time Radio (OTR) WWW Pages|archive-date=April 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411081222/http://www.old-time.com/otrlogs2/mutualrt_dj.log.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mutual Southwest Network also closed at the end of 1980; in both cases, ''Mutual Radio Theater'' and Mutual Southwest suffered from a lack of advertising support.<ref name="Billbo19801213p23">{{Cite magazine |date=December 13, 1980 |title=Country Show Will Play Most Top Markets |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1980/BB-1980-12-13.pdf |magazine=Billboard |volume=92 |issue=50 |page=23 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131084928/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1980/BB-1980-12-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1981, Mutual launched ''[[Dick Clark]]'s National Music Survey'', a three-hour-long weekly program combining music and interviews, a show Clark continued to host even after co-founding a competing syndicator, [[United Stations Radio Networks]], earlier in the year.<ref name="MRTS-Clark" /><ref name="RR 1994-02-18">{{cite magazine |date=February 18, 1994 |title=Clark, Verbitsky Revive United Stations Networks |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1994/RR-1994-02-18.pdf |magazine=Radio & Records |issue=1031 |pages=1, 25 |access-date=April 12, 2020 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216054155/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1994/RR-1994-02-18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sports commentaries were added, featuring the likes of [[Tommy Lasorda]] and [[Pat Summerall]], along with hourly "Wide Weekend of Sports" sportscasts throughout the weekend; the network also held play-by-play rights to Notre Dame college football, the [[PGA Tour]], the [[LPGA]], the [[United States Tennis Association]] and regional rights for four NFL teams.<ref name="Broad19840910p58" />

{{Quote box
| quote = When I entered this business, everybody I'd meet wanted to talk to me about [[owned-and-operated stations|O&O]]'s and I remember the first staff meeting I ever had at Mutual after we bought it, and I went in and I met everybody, and they said, "What about O&O's?" And I remember my answer was, "What's an O&O?" Well they all kind of laughed. Then they all told me that that was the way to go. We had to own a bunch of radio stations. Well, I didn't buy a network to think I had to buy a bunch of radio stations—I thought I'd already bought something.
| author = [[Richard DeVos]]{{r|Broad19840910p66}}
| align = left
| width = 325px
| salign = right
}}

Mutual's satellite network was fully online by 1982, but the new technology allowed for additional networks to emerge, some—including efforts from NBC, ABC, CBS, [[RKO Radio Network|RKO]], [[Satellite Music Network]] and [[Transtar Radio Networks|Transtar]]—providing continuous programming to radio stations on a "turnkey" basis.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Myron |date=August 2, 1981 |title=Network Radio Is Tuning into Satellites |page=23-Section 2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/arts/network-radio-is-tuning-into-satellites.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212012619/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/arts/network-radio-is-tuning-into-satellites.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite news |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=May 1, 1982 |title=Radio Networks: New 'Golden Age' |page=33-Section 2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/business/radio-networks-new-golden-age.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212012619/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/business/radio-networks-new-golden-age.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=June 13, 1982 |title=Bringing 'Turnkey' Radio into Everybody's Backyard |page=8-Section 3 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/13/business/bringing-turnkey-radio-into-everybody-s-backyard.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524105534/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/13/business/bringing-turnkey-radio-into-everybody-s-backyard.html |url-status=live }}}}</ref> WCFL also failed to meet the network's expectations. [[Chuck Swirsky]], hired as an evening sports talk host, later called WCFL "...&nbsp;the lowest rated 50-thousand watts station in American broadcast history. We had blank pages for logs. Zero commercial inventory. Any PSA content our traffic department received, we immediately played on the air that night."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masur |first=Andy |date=February 12, 2021 |title=Positivity, Preparation and Perseverance Are Essential For Chuck Swirsky |url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2021/02/12/positivity-preparation-and-perseverance-are-essential-for-chuck-swirsky/ |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=Barrett Media |language=en-US |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703024549/https://www.barrettsportsmedia.com/2021/02/12/positivity-preparation-and-perseverance-are-essential-for-chuck-swirsky/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As Mutual celebrated its 50th anniversary, Amway denied rumors of a possible sale,<ref name="Broad19840910p58" /> but executive [[Richard DeVos]] admitted the company was disappointed with their venture into broadcasting, calling Mutual "a learning experience" and their stewardship of WCFL "not a very good one&nbsp;... I began to question whether our people really knew how to run a radio station".<ref name="Broad19840910p66">{{Cite magazine |date=September 10, 1984 |title=The word from Ada to Arlington: "Accentuate the positive on Mutual" |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-09-10.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=66, 70, 74, 76 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024228/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-09-10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Network president John Brian Clements asserted "this network is not for sale",<ref name="Broad19840507p51">{{Cite magazine |date=May 7, 1984 |title=Riding Gain: Into the breech for Mutual |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-05-07.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=106 |issue=19 |page=51 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032028/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1984/BC-1984-05-07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but the radio stations were: WCFL was sold to Statewide Broadcasting in November 1983 at a $4&nbsp;million loss<ref>"Radio Station WCFL Sold to Religious Group," ''Chicago Tribune'', November 4, 1983.</ref> and WHN was sold to [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday Broadcasting]] in October 1984 at a $1&nbsp;million loss.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 2, 1984 |title=Doubleday to Buy Mutual's WHN |page=D5 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/02/business/doubleday-to-buy-mutual-s-whn.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212012605/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/02/business/doubleday-to-buy-mutual-s-whn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clements took over as president when Amway's board called for the resignation of several executives and followed downsizing due to "softening sales".<ref name="Broad19840507p51" /><ref name="Broad19840910p43" />

In 1985, [[Westwood One (1976–2011)|Westwood One]], a radio production company and syndicator based in [[Culver City, California]], sought to expand its operations. Westwood and Mutual were a good match: the demographics of Mutual affiliates tended to be adult, while most of the stations that bought Westwood's music-oriented programming had substantially younger audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gilpin |first1=Kenneth N. |last2=Purdum |first2=Todd S. |date=September 18, 1984 |title=Business People; Head of Westwood One Elated by Mutual Deal |page=D2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/18/business/business-people-head-of-westwood-one-elated-by-mutual-deal.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212012606/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/18/business/business-people-head-of-westwood-one-elated-by-mutual-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mutual had news operations Westwood lacked, and although down from its peak, still commanded 860 affiliates and generated $25&nbsp;million in revenue, a strong second among the Big Four.<ref name="NYT19850917pD4">{{Cite news |date=September 17, 1985 |title=Westwood to Buy Mutual Network |page=D4 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/westwood-to-buy-mutual-network.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125174816/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/westwood-to-buy-mutual-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Westwood-One-Inc-Company-History.html|title=Westwood One, Inc.—Company History|year=1998|access-date=March 1, 2010|work=International Directory of Company Histories|publisher=Funding Universe|archive-date=October 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022205112/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Westwood-One-Inc-Company-History.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 1985, Amway sold the network to Westwood One for $39&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|39000000|1985}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}})<ref>{{harvp|Cox|2015|p=178}}.</ref> outside of the satellite services division and uplink facility, which Amway retained.{{r|NYT19850917pD4}}<ref name="JohannessenWW1">{{Cite web |last=Johannessen |first=Kenneth I. |date=2009 |title=The Westwood One Years – 1985 to the End: Setting Sun Under Westwood One |url=http://www.mutualradiotributesite.org/mrts_history12_ww1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102243/http://misterk60.com/WW1.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=Mutual Radio Tribute Site}}</ref> "It's a perfect fit," declared Westwood head [[Norm Pattiz|Norman J. Pattiz]]. Referring to the united company's ability to give advertisers access to a broad demographic sweep, he called it "a classic case of two plus two equaling five."<ref>Quoted in {{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Westwood-One-Inc-Company-History.html|title=Westwood One, Inc.—Company History|year=1998|access-date=March 1, 2010|work=International Directory of Company Histories|publisher=Funding Universe|archive-date=October 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022205112/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Westwood-One-Inc-Company-History.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 20, 1987, the number got even bigger: Westwood One snapped up the NBC Radio Network for $50&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|50000000|1987}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}),<ref name="R&R19990409p3">{{Cite magazine |last=Shweder |first=Jeremy |date=April 9, 1999 |title=WW1 Signals Mutual's Demise: NBC News feeds also trimmed in consolidation |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1999/RR-1999-04-09.pdf |magazine=Radio & Records |issue=1294 |pages=3, 23 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131021155/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1999/RR-1999-04-09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> pursuing Mutual's long-time competitor since a planned sale of the network and NBC's radio stations to [[Westinghouse Broadcasting]] fell through.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 27, 1987 |title=Westwood One acquires NBC Radio for $50 million |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-07-27.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=35–36 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131024552/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-07-27.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mutual was now part of a much larger programming service, and its identity was being gradually phased out. In 1987, Mutual's longform fare, including Larry King and [[Toni Grant]], were placed in a new service called "Mutual P.M.", which Westwood One touted as "clon(ing) a new network from the existing network" in hopes of attracting new advertisers.<ref name="Broad19870323p130">{{Cite magazine |date=March 23, 1987 |title=Riding Gain: ABC continues RADAR dominance |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-03-23.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=112 |issue=12 |page=130 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031257/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1987/BC-1987-03-23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> NBC Radio's news and engineering staff was combined with Mutual personnel at the Arlington facility in 1989, and by 1992, programming between the two networks began to undergo consolidation, particularly in overnights and weekends.{{r|JohannessenWW1}}{{r|R&R19990409p3}} King switched his all-night radio show to a shorter daytime version on February 1, 1993, with the late-night slot going to Jim Bohannon;<ref name="Broad19921207p40">{{Cite magazine |last=Viles |first=Peter |date=December 7, 1992 |title='Larry King' moving to days in February |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1992/BC-1992-12-07.pdf |magazine=Broadcasting |volume=122 |issue=50 |page=40 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030741/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1992/BC-1992-12-07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> in addition to hosting ''America in The Morning'', Bohannon had been King's fill-in host since 1981 and later hosted his own weekend call-in program on Mutual with the same format as King's.<ref name="Lucier-1998">{{Harvp|Lucier|1998}}.</ref> King's daytime show ended in June 1994{{r|LAT19940624}}<ref name="WAKR 1994 Return">{{Cite news |last=Love |first=Steve |date=February 26, 1994 |title=Fans to get back their old WAKR: New owner will revive format that many listeners have missed, including five hours of Bob Friend |pages=C1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43946593/wakr/ C6] |newspaper=Akron Beacon Journal |location=Akron, Ohio |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43945233/fans_to_get_back_their_old_wakr/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120233532/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43945233/fans-to-get-back-their-old-wakr/ |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and was replaced with a talk show hosted by comedian [[David Brenner]], which lasted for two years.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 17, 2014 |title=David Brenner Dies; Top Comedian Hosted Radio Show In '90s |url=http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/127831/david-brenner-dies-top-comedian-hosted-radio-show- |access-date=February 11, 2023 |work=All Access |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211171134/https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/127831/david-brenner-dies-top-comedian-hosted-radio-show- |url-status=live }}</ref> Westwood One began simulcasting the television audio of King's nightly CNN talk show, ''Larry King Live'',{{r|JohannessenWW1}} which continued through the end of 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 7, 2009 |title=Westwood One Ends Larry King Show Simulcast |url=http://radiosyndicationtalk.com/2009/12/07/westwood-one-ends-larry-king-show-simulcast/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219022812/http://radiosyndicationtalk.com/2009/12/07/westwood-one-ends-larry-king-show-simulcast/ |archive-date=December 19, 2009 |access-date=November 2, 2015 |work=Radio Syndication Talk}}</ref> Outside of Bohannon's show, most Mutual programming was now being heard on smaller market stations, with many affiliates using it as a "backup" to a different primary affiliation; by 1999, Mutual News was down to approximately 300 affiliates.{{r|R&R19990409p3}}

==== Consolidation, streamlining and dissolution ====
Meanwhile, Westwood One began to be subject to larger [[mergers and acquisitions]]. Westwood One purchased competing syndicator [[Transtar Radio Networks|Unistar Radio Networks]] from [[CBS Radio|Infinity Broadcasting]] in 1994; as part of the deal, Infinity purchased 25&nbsp;percent of Westwood One, becoming its largest shareholder and effectively taking it over.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 5, 1994 |title=Company News; Westwood One Completes Purchase of Unistar Radio |page=39-Section 1 |work=The New York Times |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/05/business/company-news-westwood-one-completes-purchase-of-unistar-radio.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033719/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/05/business/company-news-westwood-one-completes-purchase-of-unistar-radio.html |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Westinghouse, which recently bought out CBS and was renamed [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|CBS Corporation]] shortly thereafter, then acquired Infinity in June 1996 for just shy of $5&nbsp;billion (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|5000000000|1996}}|}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news |date=June 21, 1996 |title=To Infinity and Beyond: Is a Radio Deal Too Big?; Westinghouse Would Own 32% of Top Markets |page=D1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/21/business/infinity-beyond-radio-deal-too-big-westinghouse-would-own-32-top-markets.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206055446/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/21/business/infinity-beyond-radio-deal-too-big-westinghouse-would-own-32-top-markets.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite news |last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |date=June 21, 1996 |title=Two Radio Giants to Merge, Forming Biggest Network |page=A1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/21/business/two-radio-giants-to-merge-forming-biggest-network.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212012607/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/21/business/two-radio-giants-to-merge-forming-biggest-network.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite news |date=December 27, 1996 |title=F.C.C. Approves Merger of Westinghouse and Infinity |page=D3 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/27/business/fcc-approves-merger-of-westinghouse-and-infinity.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033727/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/27/business/fcc-approves-merger-of-westinghouse-and-infinity.html |archive-date=February 10, 2023 }}|{{Cite news |date=January 1, 1997 |title=Company Briefs |page=63-Section 1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/01/business/company-briefs-987913.html |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033719/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/01/business/company-briefs-987913.html |archive-date=February 10, 2023 }}}}</ref> The direct descendants of the three original U.S. radio network companies had merged,{{r|Lucier-1998}} with Mutual little more than one of several brand names for programming under the aegis of Westwood One, itself under the control of a major conglomerate.{{r|R&R19990409p3}} Mutual and NBC Radio newscasters sat back to back in the Westwood One studio, the former main Mutual facility in [[Crystal City, Virginia]], which now also fed [[CBS News Radio|CBS Radio News]] from New York City and [[CNN Radio]] feeds—which Westwood One also distributed{{r|DailyN19990407p69}}—from Atlanta; despite newsroom signage still reading "Mutual Broadcasting System" as late as 1998, it was referred to internally as "the Westwood One newsroom".{{r|Lucier-1998}} The newsroom itself closed on August 31, 1998, with Mutual and NBC newscasts originating from the CBS Radio News facilities.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Spangler |first=Matt |date=August 7, 1998 |title=WW1 Consolidates NBC/Mutual News |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1998/RR-1998-08-07.pdf |magazine=Radio & Records |issue=1260 |pages=3, 12 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131021341/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1998/RR-1998-08-07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|JohannessenWW1}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "In this world of media brand names, there's so much synergy that's involved, and
Mutual had to hang out there by itself. It was very hard to support it."
| author = Nick Kiernan
| source = Westwood One vice president of affiliate relations, on the 1999 retirement of the "Mutual News" name{{r|R&R19990409p3}}
| width = 275px
| salign = right
}}

In early 1999, Westwood One announced that it would retire the Mutual name and end newscast production, with CNN Radio, CBS or [[Fox News Radio]]{{r|R&R19990409p3}} offered as replacements to affiliates. The majority of NBC Radio's remaining services would also cease outside of [[morning drive]] hours.{{r|DailyN19990407p69}} In addition to producing NBC, CBS and Mutual newscasts and distributing CNN content, Westwood One also began distributing Fox News; as a result, the company was marketing five different newscast brands in what one company representative called "wasteful".{{r|R&R19990409p3}}  A former staffer for Mutual's news service described the end of the network: "Official time of Mutual Radio's death was Midnight 4/17/99. No tribute, no mention it was the last newscast&nbsp;... it just died."<ref name="Cox2015p178-179">{{harvp|Cox|2015|pp=178–179}}.</ref><ref name="DailyN19990407p69">{{Cite news |last=Hinckley |first=David |date=April 7, 1999 |title=Mutual's riding off into radio sunset |page=69 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118758711/mutuals-riding-off-into-radio-sunset/ |access-date=February 16, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217031224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118758711/mutuals-riding-off-into-radio-sunset/ |url-status=live }}<!-- While this article is useful for its 1999 reports and quotes, it is filled with errors about Mutual's history.--></ref><!-- The final on-air mention occurred that evening when Jim Bohannon signed off his show with "This is the Mutual Broadcasting System" for the last time. --> The closure of Mutual News resulted in 12 staffers being dismissed from CBS Radio News, which itself underwent a recent series of cutbacks involving on-air talent.{{r|R&R19990409p3}}

While the dropping of the Mutual name was attributed to [[Concentration of media ownership|mass consolidation]], in particular following passage of the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996|1996 Telecommunications Act]],{{r|DailyN19990407p69}} Dick Rosse, a Mutual Broadcasting System correspondent for 36 years until his retirement in 1998, wrote the following for an op-ed in ''[[Broadcasting & Cable]]'':{{r|RosseMBS}}{{Blockquote|text=The Mutual Broadcasting System died (this week) and, aside from the folks who worked there, you'd have to go a long way to find anyone who was saddened, or even cared. Certainly, word of Mutual's demise was not a subject of discussion among the suits over lunch at "[[21 Club|21]]" or [[Four Seasons Restaurant|the Four Seasons]]. Maybe out there, in the boonies (Mutual's natural habitat) some listener might sense that something had vanished from his radio universe. Old age killed Mutual. That, and increasing irrelevance in a world that associates "radio" with [[Rush Limbaugh|Rush]], [[Howard Stern|Howard]] and [[Laura Schlessinger|Doctor Laura]]. So when [[Jack Kevorkian]] (in the guise of CBS head [[Mel Karmazin]]) paid his call, Mutual didn't need much of a push.}}

The Crystal City facility was closed in March 2001, with Westwood One's primary operations transferred to the [[CBS Broadcast Center]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Fee|url=http://www.frankmurphy.com/WAVA.html|title=WAVA 10 Year 'Death Anniversary' e-Reunion|year=2002|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=FrankMurphy.com|archive-date=August 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801042016/http://www.frankmurphy.com/WAVA.html|url-status=live}} Personal testimonial of Westwood One employee.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Jim Bohannon in 2021.jpg|thumb|Jim Bohannon]]
Westwood One's corporate fate proved almost as complicated as the fate of Mutual itself. Spun off by majority owner [[CBS Corporation]] (one of two successors to [[Viacom (1952–2006)|the first Viacom]], which acquired the first CBS Corporation in 1999<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=David |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Why Viacom and CBS Had to Merge to Survive |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/why-viacom-and-cbs-had-merge-survive/596338/ |access-date=December 18, 2019 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015031621/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/why-viacom-and-cbs-had-merge-survive/596338/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) to [[The Gores Group]] in 2007, it was merged into Dial Global—a subsidiary of [[Oaktree Capital Management]]'s [[Triton Media Group]] unit—in 2011, ultimately taking that company's name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kevin |first=Roose |date=August 1, 2011 |title=Westwood One and Dial Global to Merge |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/08/01/westwood-one-and-dial-global-to-merge/ |access-date=December 26, 2011 |archive-date=December 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220045317/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/08/01/westwood-one-and-dial-global-to-merge/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to its 2013 merger into [[Cumulus Media Networks]],<ref name="aa-cumulustownsquarepeak">{{cite news |date=August 30, 2013 |title=Official: Cumulus Buys Dial Global, Spins Some Stations To Townsquare; Peak Stations Sold To Townsquare, Fresno Spun To Cumulus |newspaper=All Access |url=http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/121835/official-cumulus-buys-dial-global-spins-some-stati |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901232826/http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/121835/official-cumulus-buys-dial-global-spins-some-stati |url-status=live }}</ref> Dial Global reverted to using the [[Westwood One]] name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moses |first=Lucia |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Dial Global Brings Back WestwoodOne Name |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/dial-global-brings-back-westwoodone-name-152195/ |access-date=September 13, 2019 |website=Adweek |language=en-US |archive-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211164435/https://www.adweek.com/digital/dial-global-brings-back-westwoodone-name-152195/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Dial Global becomes WestwoodOne ahead of Cumulus acquisition |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2013-sep-04-la-et-ct-dial-global-changes-westwoodone-20130904-story.html |access-date=September 13, 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321220949/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2013-sep-04-la-et-ct-dial-global-changes-westwoodone-20130904-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Even with all these changes, some current programming both on Westwood One (owned by [[Cumulus Media]]) and other syndicators can still trace their lineage directly to Mutual:

Jim Bohannon's interview/call-in show, which debuted on Mutual in 1985 (and was a direct descendant of Larry King and Herb Jepko's shows), continued until his abrupt retirement on October 14, 2022.<ref name="RIJimboRetires">{{cite news |last1=Venta |first1=Lance |date=October 10, 2022 |title=Jim Bohannon To Retire From Syndicated Talk Show; Rich Valdes To Take Over |work=RadioInsight |url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/243816/jim-bohannon-to-retire-from-syndicated-talk-show-rich-valdes-to-take-over/ |access-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010194841/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/243816/jim-bohannon-to-retire-from-syndicated-talk-show-rich-valdes-to-take-over/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rich Valdés took over hosting duties for the program, which became ''Rich Valdés America at Night'' in January, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venta |first=Lance |date=January 11, 2023 |title=Westwood One Rebrands Late Night Talker As Rich Valdés America at Night |url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/247258/westwood-one-rebrands-late-night-talker-as-rich-valdes-america-at-night/ |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=RadioInsight |language=en-US |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112034855/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/247258/westwood-one-rebrands-late-night-talker-as-rich-valdes-america-at-night/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bohannon missed much of the summer of 2022 for what were initially unexplained reasons but was later revealed to be a diagnosis of terminal [[Cancer staging|stage 4]] [[esophageal cancer]],{{r|RIJimboRetires}} and died {{age in years and days|2022|10|14|2022|11|12}} after his final show. Bohannon also hosted the morning news magazine ''America in the Morning'' from its 1984 premiere over Mutual until 2015;<ref name="JimboObit">{{Cite web |last=Venta |first=Lance |date=November 12, 2022 |title=Hall Of Fame Talker Jim Bohannon Dies At 78 |url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/245031/hall-of-fame-talker-jim-bohannon-dies-at-78/ |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=RadioInsight |language=en-US |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111234945/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/245031/hall-of-fame-talker-jim-bohannon-dies-at-78/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jimbotalk.net/pg/jsp/jimbo/aitmabouttheshow.jsp |title=''America In The Morning''—About The Show |access-date=March 1, 2010 |publisher=The Official Jim Bohannon Site  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810171347/http://www.jimbotalk.net/pg/jsp/jimbo/aitmabouttheshow.jsp |archive-date=August 10, 2009 }}</ref> ''America in the Morning'' continues to this day as a Westwood One program under Bohannon's successor as host, John Trout.{{r|RadOnAITM}}

Since 2004, the current incarnation of ''[[Meet the Press]]'', first broadcast over Mutual in 1945, has had an audio simulcast over Westwood One.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=May 14, 2004 |title=Newsbreakers: National Radio |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-05-14.pdf |magazine=Radio & Records |issue=1555 |page=13 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023328/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-05-14.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dial-global.com/index.php/programming/talk-radio/weekend-talk/meet-the-press |title=Meet the Press |access-date=April 11, 2012 |publisher=Dial Global  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315094745/http://www.dial-global.com/index.php/programming/talk-radio/weekend-talk/meet-the-press |archive-date=March 15, 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Country Countdown USA]]'', founded in 1992 as a Mutual-branded program after the Westwood One purchase, continues to air in its original format but moved to [[Compass Media Networks]] in August 2022.<ref name="CCUSACompass">{{unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news |last1=Venta |first1=Lance |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Westwood One Makes Distribution & Staff Cuts |work=RadioInsight |url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/230819/westwood-one-makes-distribution-staff-cuts/ |access-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630233659/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/230819/westwood-one-makes-distribution-staff-cuts/ |url-status=live }}|{{cite web |last=Venta |first=Lance |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Country Countdown USA Moves To Compass Media Networks |url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/234043/country-countdown-usa-moves-to-compass-media-networks/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Radioinsight |language=en-US |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720224750/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/234043/country-countdown-usa-moves-to-compass-media-networks/ |url-status=live }}|{{cite web|url=http://www.countrycountdownusa.com/|title=Welcome to Country Countdown USA|access-date=October 27, 2010|publisher=Country Countdown USA|archive-date=November 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111193755/http://www.countrycountdownusa.com/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> Radio broadcasts of [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football]] were eventually re-branded as from Westwood One a few years before the end of the Mutual network itself.{{r|ND19990913}} At the conclusion of the 2007 football season, Notre Dame ended its relationship with Westwood One, citing financial reasons,<ref name="Chicag20070627p 4-2">{{Cite news |last=Greenstein |first=Teddy |date=June 27, 2007 |title=If Roberts has anything to say, he'll rejoin Irish |page=4-Section 2 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago, Illinois |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118814286/if-roberts-has-anything-to-say-hell/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217043603/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118814286/if-roberts-has-anything-to-say-hell/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently announced a deal with [[ISP Sports]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Notre Dame And ISP Join To Produce Football Radio Network |publisher=und.cstv.com |url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/022208aaa.html |access-date=April 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419082857/http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/022208aaa.html |archive-date=April 19, 2008}}</ref>

After taking over Westwood One in 2013, Cumulus Media launched a [[White-label product|white-label]] news service, [[Westwood One News]] under a content-sharing deal with CNN.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venta |first=Lance |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Cumulus/WestwoodOne To Establish CNN Powered News Service |url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/89589/cumuluswestwoodone-to-establish-cnn-powered-news-service/ |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=RadioInsight |language=en-US |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004025201/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/89589/cumuluswestwoodone-to-establish-cnn-powered-news-service/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Launching on January 1, 2015, as a replacement service among Cumulus's radio stations that previously affiliated with [[ABC News Radio]], CBS News Radio and [[NBC Radio Network|NBC News Radio]] (the latter having replaced CNN Radio in 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2012 |title=Dial Global To Offer NBC News Radio Network, Drops CNN Radio |url=https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/103029/dial-global-to-offer-nbc-news-radio-network-drops- |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=All Access |language=en |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210052336/https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/103029/dial-global-to-offer-nbc-news-radio-network-drops- |url-status=live }}</ref>), it ended operations on August 30, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2020 |title=What Cumulus Told Westwood News Affiliates |url=https://radioink.com/2020/07/10/cumulus-closing-down-westwood-one-news-service/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=Radio Ink |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204259/https://radioink.com/2020/07/10/cumulus-closing-down-westwood-one-news-service/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mutual founding stations WOR and WLW are now both owned by [[iHeartMedia]], which operates their own syndication unit, [[Premiere Networks]]. Prior to being purchased by iHeartMedia in 2012 (as Clear Channel Communications), WOR operated a syndication service of their own, the [[WOR Radio Network]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Clear Channel Media and Entertainment to Buy New York's WOR News/Talk Radio 710 AM |date=August 13, 2012 |publisher=Business Wire |location=New York, New York |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120813005607/en/Clear-Channel-Media-and-Entertainment-to-Buy-New-York%E2%80%99s-WOR-NewsTalk-Radio-710-AM |last2=Bilotta |first2=Joseph |last1=Lawton |first1=Jenn |quote=Buckley Radio is an independently owned and operated broadcasting company. The company owns 17 radio stations in 6 markets and the WOR Radio Network, a syndication company distributing programming to over 400 radio stations across the U.S. and Canada. |access-date=February 9, 2013}}</ref> The other founding station, WGN, is owned by television broadcaster [[Nexstar Media Group]] as the lone radio station in their portfolio.<ref>{{cite web |last=Channick |first=Robert |date=September 16, 2019 |title=Tribune Media sale to Nexstar approved by FCC; WGN-Ch. 9 no longer Chicago's very own |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-tribune-nexstar-sale-approved-fcc-wgn-20190916-hlbtp65ye5htxg3hnuunmo5nqu-story.html |access-date=September 17, 2019 |work=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=September 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917092741/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-tribune-nexstar-sale-approved-fcc-wgn-20190916-hlbtp65ye5htxg3hnuunmo5nqu-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> WGN previously syndicated [[Orion Samuelson]] farm reports through its Tribune Radio Network,<ref>[https://www.agupdate.com/minnesotafarmguide/special_section/broadcaster-orion-samuelson-will-be-at-farmfest-aug-5/article_3872e1dd-6fc3-5930-83e6-171d55210ec3.html Broadcaster Orion Samuelson will be at Farmfest Aug. 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503214248/https://www.agupdate.com/minnesotafarmguide/special_section/broadcaster-orion-samuelson-will-be-at-farmfest-aug-5/article_3872e1dd-6fc3-5930-83e6-171d55210ec3.html |date=May 3, 2020 }}. ''Minnesota Farm Guide''. Retrieved September 7, 2015.</ref> which carried [[Chicago Cubs Radio Network|Chicago Cubs broadcasts]] until [[2014 Chicago Cubs season|the 2014 season]].<ref>{{cite news|title=WGN America to drop Chicago sports|url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20140530/NEWS01/140539978/wgn-america-to-drop-chicago-sports|first=Lynne|last=Marek|work=Chicago Business|date=May 30, 2014|access-date=June 27, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190255/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20140530/NEWS01/140539978/wgn-america-to-drop-chicago-sports|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The Mutual Broadcasting System has been the recipient of the following [[Peabody Awards]]:<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web |title=Mutual Broadcasting System and Alfred Wallenstein – (First Mutual Winner) for Outstanding Entertainment in Music |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/personal-award-alfred-wallenstein-for-outstanding-entertainment-in-music/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205014944/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/personal-award-alfred-wallenstein-for-outstanding-entertainment-in-music/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title='Human Adventure' for Outstanding Educational Program |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/human-adventure/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927143334/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/human-adventure/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Meet the Press |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/meet-the-press/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926094649/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/meet-the-press/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Mutual Broadcasting System and United Nations Radio for Contribution to International Understanding 'Pursuit of Peace' |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/institutional-award-mutual-broadcasting-system-for-contribution-to-internat/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205190714/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/institutional-award-mutual-broadcasting-system-for-contribution-to-internat/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title='Bob and Ray' Show |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/bob-and-ray1/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203050755/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/bob-and-ray1/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=The Larry King Show |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-larry-king-show/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203002103/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-larry-king-show/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Charities That Give and Take |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/charities-that-give-and-take/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926083904/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/charities-that-give-and-take/ |url-status=live }}}}</ref>
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1940–1949)#1941|1941 Peabody Award]]: Outstanding Achievement in Music—[[Alfred Wallenstein]] (co-honored with [[WOR (AM)|WOR]])
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1940–1949)#1944|1944 Peabody Award]]: Outstanding Educational Program—''Human Adventure''
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1940–1949)#1946|1946 Peabody Award Honorable Mention]]: ''[[Meet the Press]]''
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1950–1959)#1950|1950 Peabody Award Honorable Mention]]: Contribution to International Understanding—''Pursuit of Peace'' (co-honored with [[United Nations Radio]])
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1950–1959)#1956|1956 Peabody Award]]: ''The Bob and Ray Show'' (co-honored with NBC)
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1980–1989)#1982|1982 Peabody Award]]: ''The Larry King Show''
*[[List of Peabody Award winners (1980–1989)#1987|1987 Peabody Award]]: ''Charities That Give and Take''

== See also ==
=== Notable programs ===
Shows heard over the Mutual Broadcasting System during the "Golden Age of Radio" included the following:{{efn|Run dates on Mutual are per {{harvp|Dunning|1998}}, checked against {{harvp|Lackmann|2000}}. Note that Dunning does not list ''[[The Sea Hound]]'' as ever running on Mutual, but Lackmann does. Neither lists ''[[Skyroads (comics)|Skyroads]]''.}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Abbott Mysteries]]'', 1945–1947<!--June 10, 1945 – August 31, 1947-->
*''[[Adventure Parade]]'', 1946–1949
*''[[The Adventures of Champion (radio series)|The Adventures of Champion]]'', 1949
*''[[The Adventures of Father Brown]]'', 1945<!--June 10 – July 29, 1945-->
*''[[The Adventures of Maisie]]'', 1952<!--January 11 – December 26, 1952-->
*''[[The Adventures of Superman (radio series)|The Adventures of Superman]]'', 1942–1949<!--August 31, 1942 - February 4, 1949-->
*''[[The Amazing Nero Wolfe]]'', 1945<!--July 17 – November 30, 1945-->
*''[[A.L. Alexander's Mediation Board|A. L. Alexander's Mediation Board]]'', 1943–1952<!--January 11, 1943 – April 11, 1952-->
*''[[Archie Andrews (comics)#Archie on radio|Archie Andrews]]'', 1944<!--January 17 – June 2, 1944-->
*''[[Arch Oboler's Plays]]'', 1945<!--April 5 – October 11, 1945-->
*''[[The Black Museum (radio series)|The Black Museum]]'', 1952<!--January 1 – December 30, 1952-->
*''[[Blackstone, the Magic Detective]]'', 1948–1949<!--October 3, 1948 – April 3, 1949--><ref>According to Jerry Haendiges' website, the program ran through March 26, 1950. {{cite web|url=http://otrsite.com/logs/logb1020.htm|title=''Blackstone The Magic Detective'' Episode Log|date=April 12, 2005|access-date=April 11, 2012|publisher=Jerry Haendiges' Vintage Radio Logs|archive-date=April 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403175329/http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logb1020.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Captain Midnight]]'', 1940–1942; 1945–1949; 1949<!--September 30, 1940 – July 3, 1942; September 24, 1945 – June 17, 1949; September 20 – December 15, 1949-->
*''[[Charlie Chan#Radio|Charlie Chan]]'', 1935–1945 (original series); 1947–1948 (reruns)<!--November 14, 1935 – July 26, 1945 (Original Series); August 11, 1947 – June 21, 1948 (Reruns)-->
*''[[Nick Carter (literary character)#Radio|Chick Carter, Boy Detective]]'', 1943–1945<!--July 5, 1943 – July 6, 1945-->
*''[[The Cisco Kid#Radio|The Cisco Kid]]'', 1942–1945; 1946 (regional)<!--October 2, 1942 – February 14, 1945; 1946 [regional]-->
*''[[Ethel and Albert|The Couple Next Door]]'', 1937<!--April 12 – September 16, 1937-->
*''[[The Crime Club]]'', 1946–1947<!--December 2, 1946 – October 16, 1947-->
*''[[Crime Does Not Pay (radio)|Crime Does Not Pay]]'', 1952<!--January 7 – December 22, 1952-->
*''[[Dick Tracy (radio series)|Dick Tracy]]'', 1935–1937<!--September 30, 1935 – March 24, 1937-->
*''[[Family Theater]]'', 1947–1957
*''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'', 1950<!--January 1 – September 24, 1950-->
*''[[Hop Harrigan]]'', 1946–1948<!--October 2, 1946 – February 6, 1948-->
*''[[I Love a Mystery]]'', 1949–1952<!--October 3, 1949 – December 26, 1952-->
*''[[It Pays to Be Ignorant]]'', 1942; 1943–1944<!--June 25 – November 1942; March 29, 1943 – February 28, 1944-->
*''[[Johnny Modero, Pier 23]]'', 1947<!--April 24 – September 4, 1947-->
*''[[Land of the Lost (radio)|Land of the Lost]]'', 1945–1946<!--October 14, 1945 – July 6, 1946-->
*''[[Mandrake the Magician (radio)|Mandrake the Magician]]'', 1940–1942<!--November 11, 1940 – February 6, 1942-->
*''[[Mark Trail (radio)|Mark Trail]]'', 1950–1951<!--January 3, 1950 – June 8, 1951-->
*''[[Martin Kane, Private Eye]]'', 1949–1951<!--August 7, 1949 – June 24, 1951-->
*''[[Red Ryder (radio series)|Red Ryder]]'', 1942; 1942–1949 (regional)<!--May 20 – September 9, 1942; 1942–49 [regional]-->
*''[[Queen for a Day]]'', 1945–1947<!--April 30, 1945 - [?]-->
*''[[Simon Templar#The Saint on radio|The Saint]]'', 1949–1950<!--July 10, 1949 – May 28, 1950-->
*''[[The Lone Ranger]]'', 1933–1954<!--January 31, 1933 – March 29, 1954 [?]-->
*''[[The Sea Hound]]'', 1946–1947
*''[[The Sealed Book]]'', 1945<!--March 18 – September 9, 1945-->
*''[[The Shadow]]'', 1937–1954
*''[[Sky King]]'', 1950–1954<!--September 12, 1950 – June 3, 1954-->
*''[[Skyroads (comics)|Skyroads]]'', 1939<!--February 13 – May 19, 1939--><ref>{{cite web|last=Markstein|first=Donald D.|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/skyroads.htm|title=''Skyroads''|date=2005–2007|access-date=March 1, 2010|publisher=Don Markstein's Toonopedia|archive-date=September 19, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919184040/http://www.toonopedia.com/skyroads.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Two Ton Baker|The Two Ton Baker Show]]'', 1948–1949<ref>{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Jim |date=2005 |title=Music Radio |location= Jefferson, North Carolina|publisher=McFarland & Company |page=151 |isbn=0-7864-2047-2}}</ref>
*''[[Vic and Sade]]'', 1946<!--June 27 – September 19, 1946-->
*''[[Voyage of the Scarlet Queen]]'', 1947–1948<!--July 3, 1947 – February 14, 1948-->
*''[[The Zane Grey Show]]'', 1947–1948<!--September 23, 1947 – February 24, 1948-->
{{colend}}

=== Notable staff ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Jim Bohannon]], talk show host{{r|JimboObit}}
*[[Tom Cheek]], sportscaster
*[[Raymond Clapper]], commentator
*[[Bud Collyer]], actor
*[[Chuck Connors]], actor
*[[Dizzy Dean]], sportscaster
*[[Gene Elston]], sportscaster
*[[Bob Feller]], sportscaster
*[[Tex Fletcher]], [[singing cowboy]]
*[[Eli Gold]], sportscaster
*[[Morton Gould]], conductor/arranger/pianist
*[[Toni Grant]], talk-show host
*[[Ray Heatherton]], musical actor
*[[Gabriel Heatter]], commentator
*[[Skitch Henderson]], conductor/arranger/pianist
*[[Ernest Holmes]], religion-show host
*[[Quincy Howe]], commentator
*[[Stoopnagle and Budd|Wilbur Budd Hulick]], comic actor
*[[Herb Jepko]], talk show host
*[[Candy Jones]], talk show host
*[[Larry King]], talk show host{{r|LATKingObit}}
*[[Fredell Lack]], violinist
*[[Fulton Lewis]], commentator
*[[Fulton Lewis III]], commentator
*[[Tony Marvin]], newscaster
*[[Long John Nebel]], talk show host
*[[Lindsey Nelson]], sportscaster
*[[Van Patrick]], sportscaster
*[[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]],<ref>commentator
*[[Ripley's Believe It or Not!#Radio|Robert Ripley]], trivia</ref> https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/al-wester-original-voice-of-the-new-orleans-saints-passes-at-93-20350936-show host
*[[Ed Salamon]], programming executive
*[[Cesare Sodero]], conductor
*[[Bill Stern]], sportscaster
*[[Raymond Gram Swing]], commentator
*[[Aloysius Michael Sullivan]], announcer
*[[Phil Tonken]], announcer
*[[Westbrook Van Voorhis]], newscaster
*[[Al Wester]], sportscaster
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sustaining Programs |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of American Radio |last1=Bareiss |first1=Warren |editor-last=Godfrey |editor-first=Donald G. |location=Westport, Conn., and London |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-313-29636-7 |last2=Leigh |first2=Frederic A.}}
*{{cite book |last=Bliss |first=Edward |title=Now the News: The Story of Broadcast Journalism |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-231-04402-X |url=https://archive.org/details/nownewsstoryofbr0000blis}}
*{{cite book |last=Brady |first=Frank |title=Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles |location=New York |orig-date=1989 |publisher=Anchor |year=1990 |isbn=0-385-26759-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenwellesbio00brad}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Robert J. |title=Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America |url=https://archive.org/details/manipulatingethe0000brow |url-access=registration |location=Jefferson, N.C., and London |publisher=McFarland |year=1998 |isbn=0-7864-2066-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Callow |first=Simon |title=Orson Welles: Vol. 1—The Road to Xanadu |location=New York |publisher=Viking |year=1995 |isbn=0-14-025456-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Cassidy |first=Marsha Francis |title=What Women Watched: Daytime Television in the 1950s |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-292-70627-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Donald |title=The Rise and Fall of Popular Music |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofpopula00clar |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's |year=1996 |isbn=0-312-14200-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Jim |title=Say Goodnight, Gracie: The Last Years of Network Radio |location=Jefferson, N.C. |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |author-link=Jim Cox (historian) |orig-date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7864-1168-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpxGeViyuPwC&q=wor+woic+mutual+television&pg=PA83 |title=American Radio Networks: A History |location=Jefferson, N.C. |author-link=Jim Cox (historian) |access-date=July 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033717/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpxGeViyuPwC&q=wor+woic+mutual+television&pg=PA83 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=McFarland |year=2002 |isbn=0-7864-4192-5}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Crane |first=Marie Brenne |date=1980 |title=Radio Station KGB and the Development of Commercial Radio in San Diego |url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/80winter/kgb.htm |journal=Journal of San Diego History |volume=26 |issue=1 - winter |issn=0022-4383 |access-date=November 25, 2006 |archive-date=October 5, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005053924/http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/80winter/kgb.htm |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Crook |first=Tim |title=International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=0-415-09672-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Day |first=Frederick J. |title=Clubhouse Lawyer: Law in the World of Sports |location=Lincoln, Neb. |publisher=iUniverse |year=2004 |isbn=0-595-31850-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Doherty |first=Thomas |title=Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-231-12952-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarcoolmediu00dohe}}
*{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=John |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |location=New York and Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-507678-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn}}
*{{cite book |last=Garay |first=Ronald |title=Gordon McLendon: The Maverick of Radio |location=New York, Westport, Conn., and London |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-313-26676-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gorman |first1=Jerry |title=The Name of the Game: The Business of Sports |last2=Calhoun |first2=Kirk |last3=Rozin |first3=Skip |location=New York et al. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=1994 |isbn=0-471-59423-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/nameofgamebusine00gorm}}
*{{cite book |last=Harmon |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fReqCt2Nqk4C&pg=PA18 |title=Radio Mystery and Adventure and Its Appearances in Film, Television and Other Media |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-8508-6 |access-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216181927/https://books.google.com/books?id=fReqCt2Nqk4C&pg=PA18 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Head |first=Sydney W. |title=Broadcasting in America: Survey of Television and Radio |location=New York |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1976 |isbn=0-395-20644-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/broadcastinginam00head_1}}
*{{cite book |last=Hilmes |first=Michelle |title=Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952 |location=Minneapolis and London |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-8166-2621-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/radiovoicesameri0000hilm}}
*{{cite book |last=Hollis |first=Tim |title=Hi There, Boys and Girls!: America's Local Children's TV Programs |location=Jackson |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=2001 |isbn=1-57806-396-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Howard |first=Herbert H. |title=Multiple Ownership in Television Broadcasting: Historical Development and Selected Case Studies |location=New York |publisher=Arno Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-405-11759-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jaker |first1=Bill |title=The Airwaves of New York: Illustrated Histories of 156 AM Stations in the Metropolitan Area |last2=Sulek |first2=Frank |last3=Kanze |first3=Peter |location=Jefferson, N.C. |publisher=McFarland |year=1998 |isbn=0-7864-0343-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Kirkley Jr. |first=Donald H. |title=A Descriptive Study of the Network Television Western During the Seasons 1955–56—1962–63 |location=New York |orig-date=1967 |publisher=Arno Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-405-11761-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Lackmann |first=Ron |title=The Encyclopedia of American Radio: An A–Z Guide to Radio from Jack Benny to Howard Stern |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File/Checkmark |year=2000 |isbn=0-8160-4077-X}}
*Leblebici, Huseyin, [[Gerald R. Salancik]], Anne Copay, and Tom King (1991). "Institutional Change and the Transformation of Interorganizational Fields: An Organizational History of the U.S. Radio Broadcasting Industry," ''Administrative Science Quarterly'' (September). ISSN 0001-8392 (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220224934/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4035/is_n3_v36/ai_11399284/pg_17 online]).
*{{Cite journal |last=Lucier |first=James P. |author-link=James P. Lucier |date=February 9, 1998 |title=Jim Bohannon On Air—Radio Talk Show Host |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A20204514/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=3846be6b |journal=[[Insight on the News]] |volume=14 |issue=5 |page=15 |issn=1051-4880 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=Gale Academic Onefile |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212212127/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA20204514&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-AONE&asid=3846be6b |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=William J. |title=Baseball's Pivotal Era, 1945–1951 |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballspivotal0000mars |url-access=registration |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=1998 |isbn=0-8131-2041-1}}
*{{cite book |last=McDougal |first=Dennis |title=The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA, and the Hidden History of Hollywood |location=New York |orig-date=1998 |publisher=Da Capo |year=2001 |isbn=0-306-81050-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Nachmann |first=Gerald |title=Raised on Radio |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-520-22303-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nimmo |first1=Dan D. |last2=Newsome |first2=Chevelle |name-list-style=amp |title=Political Commentators in the United States in the 20th Century: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood |year=1997 |isbn=0-313-29585-9}}
*{{cite book |author=1973 World Book |title=The 1973 World Book Year Book: The Annual Supplement to the World Book Encyclopedia |location=Chicago |publisher=Field Enterprises Educational Corp. |year=1973 |isbn=0-7166-0473-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Olson |first=James Stuart |title=Historical Dictionary of the 1950s |location=Westport, Conn., and London |publisher=Greenwood |year=2000 |isbn=0-313-30619-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Patterson |first=Ted |title=The Golden Voices of Football |location=Champaign, Ill. |publisher=Sports Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-58261-744-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Thomas Porter |title=Radio Networks and the Federal Government |location=New York |orig-date=1943 |publisher=Arno Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-405-11772-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Cornelia B. Jr. |title=National Policy for Radio Broadcasting |location=New York |publisher=Arno Press/New York Times |year=1971 |isbn=0-405-03580-2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Hilly |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Business/But-That%27s-Not-What-I-Called-About-Hilly-Rose-1978.pdf |title=But That's Not What I Called About |publisher=Contemporary Books, Inc. |year=1978 |isbn=0-8092-7624-0 |location=Chicago |lccn=77-91174 |author-link=Hilly Rose |access-date=February 12, 2023 |via=World Radio History |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131162425/https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Business/But-That%27s-Not-What-I-Called-About-Hilly-Rose-1978.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Savage |first=Barbara Dianne |title=Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938–1948 |location=Chapel Hill, N.C. |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-8078-4804-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Schramm |first=Wilbur |title=Mass Communications: A Book of Readings |location=Urbana and Chicago |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1969 |isbn=0-252-00015-3}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Schwoch |first=James |date=1994 |title=A Failed Vision: The Mutual Television Network |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5533738_ITM |journal=Velvet Light Trap |volume=33 |issue=spring |issn=1542-4251 |access-date=January 19, 2007 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930212655/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5533738_ITM |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Segrave |first=Kerry |title=Movies at Home: How Hollywood Came to Television |location=Jefferson, N.C. |publisher=McFarland |year=1999 |isbn=0-7864-0654-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=F. Leslie |last2=Wright II |first2=John W. |last3=Ostroff |first3=David H. |title=Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States |location=Mahwah, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum |year=1998 |isbn=0-8058-2092-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonra0000smit_y6x0}}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Julius Eric |title=The Black Press in Mississippi, 1865–1985 |location=Gainesville |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=1993 |isbn=0-8130-1174-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Richard Lewis |title=A History of the Hal Roach Studios |location=Carbondale |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-8093-2727-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Whitaker |first=Jerry C. |title=Audio/Video Protocol Handbook: Broadcast Standards and Reference Data |location=New York et al. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2002 |isbn=0-07-139643-8 |url=http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RADIO_HIST_WHITAKER.html |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227215604/http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RADIO_HIST_WHITAKER.html |archive-date=February 27, 2011 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://westmb.org/L_Networks/L_Networks-Mutual.html Mutual Broadcasting System] — Western States Museum of Broadcasting
*[http://www.historians.org/Projects/GIroundtable/Radio/Radio_TOC.htm ''How Far Should the Government Control Radio?''] text of G.I. Roundtable pamphlet with details on Mutual in first section ("Who Is It That Fills The Air With Radio Waves?"), ca. 1945; part of American Historical Association website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070620192959/http://www.dirksencenter.org/emd_interviews/9.16.57%20Reporter%27s%20Roundup.pdf ''Reporters' Roundup'' Transcript] radio broadcast transcript of group interview with guest U.S. Senator [[Everett M. Dirksen]] on weekly Mutual news program, September 16, 1957; part of Everett Dirksen Center website
*[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/heslep.htm Truman Library—Charter Heslep Papers] summary introduction to and listing of archive holdings of Mutual broadcaster's papers (note that the Collection Description text incorrectly states that Chicago station [[WLS (AM)|WLS]] was an original member of Mutual; while it may have been involved in the predecessor Quality Network, it was not part of Mutual); part of Truman Presidential Museum and Library website

===Listening===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202114119/http://www.authentichistory.com/ww2/news/19420510_Gabriel_Heatter_On_The_Doolittle_Raid.html Gabriel Heatter on the Doolittle Raid] audio extract from news report, May 10, 1942; part of Authentic History Center website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202082027/http://www.authentichistory.com/ww2/news/19411208_2215c_Mutual_West_Coast_Blackout.html Mutual: Blackout on the West Coast] audio extract from news report, December 8, 1941; part of Authentic History Center website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203192632/http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/LookAround/la_networkspot_mbs.htm Spotlight on Golden Age Networks—MBS] links to audio samples of classic Mutual shows (note that the ''Lone Ranger'' sample comes from 1948, after the show had left Mutual); part of Digital Deli Online
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070202080044/http://www.authentichistory.com/ww2/news/19411207_1426_WOR-PH_Attack_Interrupt.html WOR: Interruption of Giants–Dodgers Football Game] audio clip of news flash, December 7, 1941; part of Authentic History Center website

{{featured article}}
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